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Acknowledgements and Abstract Department of Political and Social Sciences Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain Alex Wilson Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Florence, June 2009 EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Department of Political and Social Sciences Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain Alex Wilson Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Examining Board: Prof. Michael Keating (EUI, Supervisor) Prof. Peter Mair (EUI) Prof. Sergio Fabbrini (University of Trento) Dr. Jonathan Hopkin (London School of Economics) © 2009, Alex Wilson No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Wilson, Alex (2009), Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain European University Institute 10.2870/13381 Acknowledgements There are many people to whom I owe a huge debt of gratitude for their help with this research, certainly too many to list here. This work is essentially a product of the scholarly community at the European University Institute, and I am very thankful for the input of professors and students at different stages and versions of the project. Their detailed comments on my written work, or their valuable contributions in seminars, workshops, and colloquia, have been crucial to the progress and completion of this thesis. I would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs for awarding me the Salvador de Madariaga on three separate occasions, as well as the Political and Social Sciences Department for providing me with additional research funds. These allowed me to carry out in-depth interviews in four regional capitals, whose material contributed so much to my findings. I would also like to thank all my interviewees, who despite busy schedules nevertheless found the time to participate in this research project. I would additionally like to thank various regional experts in the academic profession, who provided me with invaluable perspectives on the specific nature of politics in their region. I would like to thank Dr. Manuel Lopez for his wonderful hospitality in Santiago de Compostela, as well as the frequent and enlightening discussions we had on Galician politics. I would also like to thank Professor Massimo Marrelli, who was so helpful in opening the doors to obtaining excellent interviews in the difficult region of Campania. Finally, I would like to thank Ewa and my family, for putting up with me from start to finish. And for tolerating my occasional bad humour along the way! Thank you. Alex Wilson Florence, May 2009 i Wilson, Alex (2009), Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain European University Institute 10.2870/13381 ii Wilson, Alex (2009), Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain European University Institute 10.2870/13381 Abstract This thesis undertakes an empirical exploration of multi-level party politics in Italy and Spain since the 1990s, with a particular focus on the regional level of party organisation and electoral competition. It finds that statewide parties have adopted different territorial strategies to confront the common challenge of multi-level coordination in a decentralised political system. Regional branches of statewide parties increasingly respond to the competitive pressures emerging from sub-national party systems, rather than the preferences of the national leadership, although the interests of national and regional elites may often coincide. Regional party systems in both countries are diverging in their structures of competition, not only from the national level but also from each other. This is closely related to the different types of electoral challenge posed by the main non-statewide parties in these regions. The methodological design consists of two national frameworks and four regional case studies, two in Italy (Campania, Lombardia) and two in Spain (Andalusia, Galicia). These are linked through the use of comparable empirical indicators over a similar timeframe. The national frameworks required the compilation of a new data-set on regional elections in Italy and Spain, a detailed analysis of party statutes and their evolution, and a full exploration of the secondary literature in different languages. The regional case studies required extensive archival analysis of the main national newspapers and their regional editions, reinforced by a series of in-depth interviews with political actors in all four regions. The case studies found strong empirical evidence concerning the distinctive character of presidentialism at regional level; the continued importance of clientelism in shaping political relations at sub- national levels; the pursuit of autonomist strategies by regional branches of statewide parties; the variety of competitive strategies adopted by non-statewide parties; the role of regional arenas as battlegrounds for national factional disputes; and the importance of local coalition testing for subsequent coalitional choices at regional level. The comparative conclusions serve to consolidate these findings, as well as to reflect on further avenues for research in this rapidly developing field. iii Wilson, Alex (2009), Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain European University Institute 10.2870/13381 iv Wilson, Alex (2009), Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain European University Institute 10.2870/13381 CHAPTER TITLE PAGES Chapter 1.1 Introduction 3-10 Chapter 1.2 Literature Review 11-22 Chapter 1.3 Regionalisation and Party Strategies 22-28 Chapter 1.4 Methodological Design 29-32 Chapter 1.5 Regionalisation in Italy and Spain 33-49 Chapter 2.1 Multi-Level Party Organisation in Italy (1995-2007) 51-67 Chapter 2.2 Multi-Level Party Systems in Italy (1995-2007) 68-92 Chapter 2.3 Organisational and Systemic Linkages in Italy 92--94 Chapter 3.1 Multi-Level Party Organisation in Spain (1991-2007) 95-114 Chapter 3.2 Multi-Level Party Systems in Spain (1991-2007) 115-132 Chapter 3.3 Organisational and Systemic Linkages in Spain 132-134 Chapter 3.4 Concepts and Regional Case Studies 135-146 Chapter 4 Regional Party Politics in Italy 147-242 Chapter 4.1 Regional Party Politics in Campania (1995-2007) 148-194 Chapter 4.2 Regional Party Politics in Lombardia (1995-2007) 195-236 Chapter 4.3 Comparative Conclusions for the Italian Regions 237-242 Chapter 5 Regional Party Politics in Spain 243-337 Chapter 5.1 Regional Party Politics in Andalusia (1990-2007) 244-283 Chapter 5.2 Regional Party Politics in Galicia (1989-2007) 284-330 Chapter 5.3 Comparative Conclusions for the Spanish Regions 331-337 Chapter 6 Comparative Conclusions 339-354 Bibliography 355-370 Annexes 371-381 1 Wilson, Alex (2009), Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain European University Institute 10.2870/13381 Wilson, Alex (2009), Multi-level Party Politics in Italy and Spain European University Institute 10.2870/13381 Chapter 1.1: Introduction This thesis examines the impact of state decentralisation to the regional level (hereafter ‘regionalisation’) on party politics in Italy and Spain, through the adoption of a multi- level perspective that compares national and regional levels of party competition. Focusing on recent changes to multi-level party organisations and party systems, this research generates intra-national and cross-national comparisons. These will be of particular interest for scholars of Italian and Spanish politics, but will have broader implications for scholars of comparative politics. This research addresses the question of whether political parties in Italy and Spain are diverging between territorial levels in organisational or systemic terms, and in doing so highlights the mechanisms through which regionalisation impacts on political parties. Existing studies of federal systems have posited an interdependent relationship between decentralisation and political parties, with more decentralised federations fostering more decentralised parties, while more centralised federations foster more centralised parties (Elazar, 1987; Riker, 1975; McKay, 2001; Filippov et al., 2004; Thorlakson, 2007). Yet we know little about the transmission mechanisms through which state decentralisation affects political parties, and this limits our understanding of recent processes of federalisation in Western Europe, where centralised unitary states have undergone substantial processes of regionalisation (Hesse and Wright, 1996), resulting in the creation of decentralised systems with federal features (Stepan, 2001). Italy and Spain fit the profile of centralised unitary states undergoing substantial processes of regionalisation, although this process is occurring for rather different reasons (Moreno, 2001; Fabbrini and Brunazzo, 2003). Party politics in these multi-level systems sheds revealing light on the territorial dynamics of state decentralisation, because parties are not only responsible for shaping the institutional reforms that lead to state decentralisation, but are also heavily affected by the competitive and organisational pressures unleashed by the creation of new (or reinforced) levels of elected sub-national government. The response of political parties to these pressures can induce powerful centripetal or centrifugal dynamics into the process of decentralisation (Keating and Wilson, 2009). However party organisations in Western Europe achieved the ‘nationalisation’ of electoral politics precisely through the
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