Nepal Jatra La Diversitat Cultural Del Nepal a Través De Les Manifestacions Festives Populars

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Nepal Jatra La Diversitat Cultural Del Nepal a Través De Les Manifestacions Festives Populars 114 MISCEL·LÀNIA Revista d’etnologia de Catalunya Juny 2010 Nº 36 Nº 36 Juny 2010 Revista d’etnologia de Catalunya MISCEL·LÀNIA 115 Manel Carrera i Escudé L’ aUTOR EXPEDICIONS Director de festes.org Llicenciat i màster en Direcció i Administració d´Empreses per ESADE, BARCELONA és el fundador i director de festes.org, un espai web especialitzat en proporcionar informació ETNOGRÀFIQUES AL NEPAL sobre celebracions festives populars catalanes i d’altres indrets del món. Nepal jatra La diversitat cultural del Nepal a través de les manifestacions festives populars ’associació cultural Rebom- Una de les línies de treball de l’associació Re- bori Digital és una orga- bombori Digital és la recerca i difusió al voltant nització que té per missió de diversos aspectes de la cultura popular del Nepal. La recerca, iniciada l’any 2000 i encara contribuir al coneixement en curs, està fonamentada en diverses expedi- i difusió de la diversitat de cions etnogràfiques a aquest petit país al peu les celebracions festives po- de l’Himàlaia, abraça elements de la religiositat, pulars catalanes i del conjunt de la nostra dels ritus de pas, de l’arquitectura i, sobretot, cultura tradicional, així com contribuir al de les celebracions festives populars d’algu- L nes de les comunitats que viuen al Nepal. coneixement i reconeixement de la diver- sitat cultural a través de les manifestacions Una de les línies de treball de l’associació Re- festives populars d’altres cultures d’arreu bombori Digital és la recerca i difusió al voltant del món. de diversos aspectes de la cultura popular del Nepal. La recerca, iniciada l’any 2000 i encara D’acord amb el primer dels objectius fun- en curs, està fonamentada en diverses expedi- cions etnogràfiques a aquest petit país al peu dacionals, la principal ocupació de l’entitat de l’Himàlaia, abraça elements de la religiositat, és el manteniment diari de l’espai telemàtic dels ritus de pas, de l’arquitectura i, sobretot, festes.org (http://www.festes.org) un indret de les celebracions festives populars d’algunes web que, des del 1999, focalitza els seus con- de les comunitats que viuen al Nepal. tinguts al voltant de les celebracions festives populars dels territoris de parla catalana. Ara bé, des de l’entitat estem convençuts que l’etnografia comparada és un valuosís- sim instrument al servei del coneixement i l’aprenentatge. I que mirar de comprendre com són els altres ens ajuda a comprendre Els déus nepalesos cerca etnogràfica va ser l’interès per conèixer durada amb l’univers judeocristià occiden- EL NEPAL presenten una gran diversitat millor com som nosaltres mateixos. Per això, de formes (imatge del una realitat cultural absoluta i radicalment tal. I en segon lloc, perquè en ser el Nepal COMPTA AMB d’acord amb el nostre segon àmbit de tre- Janabahaa Dya, el Blanc diferent a la nostra. I, efectivament, la cultu- un país en el què hi conviuen més de trenta UN NOMBRE ball, des de l’any 2000 i fins avui, diferents Matxendra). MANEL CARRERA ra nepalesa té alguns elements d’indubtable comunitats humanes diferenciades, compta GRAN I DIVERS membres de l’entitat estan desenvolupant interès per a qualsevol que es proposi inves- amb un nombre extraordinàriament gran i DE CELEBRACIONS un treball de recerca i difusió al voltant de tigar sobre les formes de vida tradicional dels divers de celebracions festives populars. FESTIVES les festes populars del Nepal. pobles i sobre l’estructura i funcionament POPULARS del fenomen festiu. En la tria del Nepal com a espai geogràfic i Perquè el Nepal? humà per a la recerca etnogràfica també hi La principal motivació per triar el Nepal i no En primer lloc perquè fins fa ben poc no hi van comptar, però, altres factors, com l’in- un altre país per a desenvolupar la nostra re- ha hagut cap connexió constant o de llarga terès dels membres de l’entitat pel budisme 116 MISCEL·LÀNIA Revista d’etnologia de Catalunya Juny 2010 Nº 36 Nº 36 Juny 2010 Revista d’etnologia de Catalunya MISCEL·LÀNIA 117 i la pràctica de les tècniques per assolir pau nèixer durant la primera expedició i que ara L’OBJECTE mental (el Nepal és el país on neix el Buda volíem aprofundir: el Janabahaa Dya Jatra FOU L’ESTUDI històric i on es desenvolupa una de les for- o festa del Matxendra blanc de Kathman- DEL CICLE FESTIU mes de budisme primigeni), l’interès per dú, un dels ídols més populars de la ciutat, ANUAL nePALÈS la pràctica de l’excursionisme i la vida a la a qui tracten com una persona i que final- I D’ALGUneS muntanya (el Nepal compta amb una de ment passegen amb un altíssim carruatge CELEBRACIONS les àrees muntanyoses més importants del pels carrers; el Losar o cap d’any de les co- FESTIVES DE planeta) i, finalment, l’interès per conèixer munitats tibetanes afincades a Kathmandú LA VALL DE de prop un procés polític i pacífic en marxa i especialment el ritus xamànic bon-po que KATHMANDÚ (la substitució d’una monarquia absolutista té lloc a l’interior dels monestirs aquests di- per una república parlamentaria). es; el Bisket Jatra, una complexa celebració newar que durant nou dies transforma la vi- Les expedicions etnogràfiques i da de la ciutat de Baktapur i que inclou una la metodologia de la recerca completíssima seqüència ritual que inclou, L’inici d’aquest projecte sobre les festes del teatre, arrossegament de carros, cercaviles, Nepal cal situar-lo a l’abril de l’any 2000 lluites violentes i l’erecció d’un gran pal ce- quan comença a prendre cos la idea. Des rimonial; i, finalment, tot allò que passa al d’aleshores, i fins a l’actualitat, l’associació voltant de la gran Stupa de Boudhanath, la Rebombori Digital ha realitzat tres expedi- més gran del món i un dels indrets sagrats cions etnogràfiques al Nepal. més importants pel budisme tibetà. La primera expedició va durar cinc mesos La metodologia de treball, aplicada a totes (del juliol al novembre del 2000) i va a ser les expedicions etnogràfiques realitzades fins esponsoritzada pel Consulat del Nepal a ara, ha estat més o menys la mateixa. Barcelona, la Royal Nepal Airlines i diverses companyies de trekking nepaleses. L’objec- La primera fase sempre té lloc abans de mar- te de recerca fou l’inici de l’estudi del cicle xar al Nepal. L’equip realitza la delimitació festiu anual nepalès en el seu conjunt i, en dels objectius de l’expedició: el què, el com, concret, d’algunes celebracions festives dels el qui, el quan, el quant i el perquè de tot ple- newars de la Vall de Kathmandú i de les co- gat. Tot seguit es realitza un intens i exhaustiu munitats d’origen tibetà que es celebren a treball de recerca bibliogràfica i un llarg pro- les zones muntanyoses del país. cés de documentació al voltant dels objectius establerts. En aquesta fase també es procedeix La segona expedició només va durar un mes, a la recerca dels recursos econòmics necessa- L’elefant Ganesh cerca les l’agost del 2003, i fou finançada íntegrament ris per a dur a terme l’expedició. tormentes i la pluja, durant l’escenificació a Indra de amb recursos propis de l’entitat. En aquella la llegenda d’aquest déu ocasió, l’objectiu de la recerca fou aprofun- La segona fase és la més important i comen- hinduista del cel. MANEL CARRERA dir en el coneixement del Sa-Paru o Carna- ça amb el trasllat físic al Nepal amb val dels Difunts, una interessantíssima cele- avió i l’establiment d’un lloc de bració newar del dia dels morts que té lloc a residència, que en les prime- la ciutat de Baktapur i que inclou gegants i res expedicions fou una casa bastoners, així com molts elements carna- particular, després un ho- valescos, en la seva posada en escena. tel i finalment una casa llogada. També es fa el La tercera expedició va durar cinc mesos (del contacte amb diverses desembre de 2006 a l’abril de 2007) i també persones del país que va ser totalment autofinançada per l’entitat. ens puguin oferir la seva Els objectius d’aquesta tercera expedició fo- col·laboració, fent d’in- ren la realització de la segona part del procés troductors i d’intèrprets. de recerca, iniciat l’any 2000, a l’entorn del En aquest sentit, durant la cicle festiu anual nepalès i sobretot l’apro- primera expedició es va parlar fundiment en quatre aspectes que vam co- amb diversos professors univer- Gegant que representa una figura històrica del buddhisme mahayana, el Dipankar Buddha, durant el Dipankar Mahadaan.MA NEL CARRERA 118 MISCEL·LÀNIA Revista d’etnologia de Catalunya Juny 2010 Nº 36 Nº 36 Juny 2010 Revista d’etnologia de Catalunya MISCEL·LÀNIA 119 sitaris i, en concret, es va contactar amb el gudes de la recerca bibliogràfica, s’escriuen EL FET DE que fins ara han estat dues persones clau: la els primers textos. CONVIURE SOTA Chunda Bajracharya, una professora uni- CALenDARIS versitària i activista cultural que ens fa d’en- La tercera fase és la tornada a Catalunya amb DIFERenTS La cultura popular del Nepal llaç en tot allò relacionat amb la cultura dels tot el material obtingut. Aquí es clou la fa- POSSIBILITA newars, i en Ringi Nurbu Sherpa, director se de recerca i comença l’anàlisi del materi- QUE en UN SOL d’una important oficina de senderisme, que al recopilat i l’inici del procés de producció ANY ES CELEBRIN Faria falta tota una vida d’estudi i dedicació per poder - El documental “Sa-Paru: el Carnaval dels difunts” (http:// ens fa d’enllaç amb les comunitats d’origen de continguts.
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