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Electricity Production in Sweden IVA’S Electricity Crossroads Project © Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, 2016 P.O Electricity production in Sweden IVA’s Electricity Crossroads project © Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, 2016 P.O. Box 5073, SE-102 42 Stockholm Tel: +46 (0)8 791 29 00 Fax: +46 (0)8 611 56 23 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.iva.se IVA-R 489 ISSN: 1102-8254 ISBN: 978-91-7082-920-8 Author: Karin Byman, IVA Project manager: Karin Byman, IVA Editor: Camilla Koebe, IVA Layout: Anna Lindberg & Pelle Isaksson, IVA Cover photo: Siemens This report is also available for download at IVA’s website www.iva.se Contents 1. Summary ...................................................................................................................... 5 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 6 3. Electricity production in Sweden .................................................................................. 7 4. Renewable energy sources ............................................................................................. 9 Hydropower ................................................................................................................. 9 Wind power ................................................................................................................ 11 Solar power ..................................................................................................................13 Wave and offshore power production ...........................................................................15 Tide power plants and plants in flowing water .............................................................15 Geothermal energy generation .................................................................................... 16 5. Electricity production based on fuel combustion ........................................................ 17 Coal power plants ....................................................................................................... 18 Gas turbines ................................................................................................................ 19 Combined-cycle power plants .................................................................................... 20 CHP – biofuels ............................................................................................................ 20 CHP in industry .......................................................................................................... 22 CHP – waste ................................................................................................................. 23 Gas engines ................................................................................................................ 24 6. Nuclear power plants ..................................................................................................25 Nuclear power – fission ...............................................................................................25 Fusion ........................................................................................................................ 28 7. Economics and the investment climate ...................................................................... 29 Hydropower................................................................................................................ 29 Wind power ................................................................................................................ 31 Solar cells ................................................................................................................... 31 Conventional power plants ........................................................................................ 32 Gas turbines ................................................................................................................ 32 Combined-cycle power plants ..................................................................................... 32 CHP in district heating systems ................................................................................... 32 CHP in the forest industry .............................................................................................33 Nuclear power .............................................................................................................33 8. Appendix .................................................................................................................... 34 Footnotes .................................................................................................................... 34 References ................................................................................................................... 34 3 GLOSSARY Alpha value – The ratio between electricity production and Primary control – Reserves (hydropower) activated heat production in a combined heat and power (CHP) automatically in response to deviation from the 50.0 Hz plant, calculated as electricity production divided by heat frequency. The reserves are activated between 49.9 and production. 50.1 Hz and between 49.5 and 49.9 Hz. Partial load – When a power plant is operating at a lower Balancing energy – Electricity generation technology that production level than its installed capacity allows. can be adapted – increased or decreased – according to energy requirements, for example hydropower and CHP. Power balance – To maintain a stable frequency of 50 Hz, there must be a balance between production and usage. Balancing energy market – A market where there is If this is out of balance, the frequency in the system will bidding for positive and negative balancing of the energy increase or decrease. used in Sweden’s national grid during “operating hours” to maintain a balance and handle flows and bottlenecks Electrical efficiency – The efficiency of a power plant’s in the grid. electricity generation in relation to the amount of energy used to operate it. Usually this is the percentage Energy balancing resource – Production or use that can be of the power plant’s energy input that can be used in adjusted during operation for the purpose of achieving a the form of electrical energy in a grid outside the plant. balance between production and consumption. Gross efficiency means how much electrical energy the generator provides (some of which is used for the Reserves, reserve power, power reserves – Reserves are power plant itself) and net efficiency means the energy a collective energy balancing resource used to ensure used outside the power plant, in relation to the energy balanced power in the grid and by extension operational input. reliability and quality in energy delivery. Fluidised bed – A combustion process where fuel in the Inertia – Inertia occurs in all rotating machines (generators form of particles is mixed with sand and set in motion and engines) that are directly connected to a synchronous using powerful air flows from underneath. There are two system. If an imbalance arises between production and main types: bubbling fluidised beds (BFB) or circulating consumption the rotational energy slows down the fluidised beds (CFB). This technique creates a very frequency adjustment. Inertia also occurs in wind turbines, effective and efficient combustion process. but special technology is needed in order for the system to benefit from it. This is so-called synthetic inertia. Frequency – The Nordic power grid has an alternating current frequency of 50 Hz. Frequency indicates the Total efficiency – Some power plants produce both number of periods per second. There is a definite thermal energy in the form of steam or hot water for relationship between a generator’s rotational speed and consumers, while also producing electrical energy. The the frequency generated. total efficiency is the percentage of the energy supplied that can be used in the form of heat energy and electrical Combined-cycle power plant – A plant where a gas energy, in the direct vicinity of the plant. turbine is combined with an exhaust gas boiler and a steam turbine. Turbine – In a turbine, kinetic energy in a liquid or gas is converted into mechanical work in the form of a rotating Generator – Kinetic energy is converted in a generator turbine axle. into electrical energy when a copper spool rotates in a magnetic field. Operating time – A theoretical calculation of the number of hours a power plant would need to operate at full Intermittent power – Electricity production technology power to generate the same amount of energy that the where the output cannot be planned, but the plant actually generates, but with a variable load, i.e. total maximum possible output of which is determined by energy production divided by installed capacity. Also the prevailing weather conditions, for example wind called “equivalent full-load hours” or “duration.” and solar. Often also called “weather-dependent” or “volatile” power. Heat market – A CHP plant requires a market/destination for the cooled heat energy it generates. This is normally Open cycle – The simplest type of gas turbine where a district heating system or an industrial process. combustion gases expand in a turbine which drives a generator. Enthalpy (heat) of vaporisation – The amount of energy consumed in order for liquid at a certain pressure and Baseload power – Electricity production technology at the corresponding boiling point to be converted into the output of which can be planned regardless of the steam. The same energy can be recovered if the steam is weather conditions, such as nuclear
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