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The Implementation of Mass-Vaccination Against SARS-Cov-2: a Systematic Review of Existing Strategies and Guidelines

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The Implementation of Mass-Vaccination Against SARS-Cov-2: a Systematic Review of Existing Strategies and Guidelines Review The Implementation of Mass-Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review of Existing Strategies and Guidelines Tasnim Hasan 1,2, Justin Beardsley 1, Ben J. Marais 3 , Thu Anh Nguyen 2 and Greg J. Fox 1,2,* 1 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; [email protected] (T.H.); [email protected] (J.B.) 2 The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia; [email protected] 3 Marie Bahir Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The global drive to vaccinate against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in December 2020 with countries in Europe, Middle East, and North America leading the roll out of a mass-vaccination program. This systematic review synthesised all available English-language guidelines and research regarding mass-vaccination for COVID-19 until 1 March 2021—the first three months of the global mass-vaccination effort. Data were extracted from national websites, PubMed, Embase, Medline and medRxiv, including peer and non-peer review research findings. A total of 15 national policy documents were included. Policies were summarised according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) framework for mass vaccination. All included policies prioritised front-line health care workers and the elderly. Limited information was available regarding staffing, cold chain, communication strategies and infrastructure requirements for effective vaccine Citation: Hasan, T.; Beardsley, J.; delivery. A total of 26 research studies were identified, reporting roll-out strategies, vaccine uptake Marais, B.J.; Nguyen, T.A.; Fox, G.J. and reasons for refusal, adverse effects, and real-life estimates of efficacy. Early data showed a The Implementation of reduction in SARS-CoV-2 cases, hospitalisation and deaths in settings with good coverage. Very low Mass-Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: rates of vaccine-related serious adverse events were observed. These findings provide an overview of A Systematic Review of Existing current practice and early outcomes of COVID-19 mass-vaccination, guiding countries where roll-out Strategies and Guidelines. Vaccines is yet to commence. 2021, 9, 326. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/vaccines9040326 Keywords: covid; vaccination; national policy data; implementation Academic Editor: Ralph A. Tripp Received: 9 March 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 19 March 2021 Published: 1 April 2021 By the end of January 2021, the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was responsible Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral for more than 100 million infections and 2.5 million deaths globally [1]. Vulnerable com- with regard to jurisdictional claims in munities and ethnic minorities have shouldered particularly high physical, psychological, published maps and institutional affil- social, and economic burdens [2,3]. While the implementation of border restrictions, social iations. distancing and infection control practices has curtailed the pandemic in some settings, such measures do not provide a feasible long-term solution, given that SARS CoV-2 has become an endemic virus [4]. Vaccination has the potential to substantially reduce the incidence of severe disease, Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. morbidity, and mortality, especially if "herd immunity" can be attained. By January 2021, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. more than 10 vaccines were in production, utilising a range of established and new vaccine This article is an open access article technologies, including novel mRNA approaches [5]. The variable efficacy reported with distributed under the terms and different vaccines has been the source of much scientific debate and media speculation. conditions of the Creative Commons However, with regards to vaccine acceptance and uptake amongst the public, govern- Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// ment trust and implementation strategies have been shown to be more important than creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ objective measures of vaccine efficacy [6,7]. Despite the excellent progress made in some 4.0/). Vaccines 2021, 9, 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040326 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines Vaccines 2021, 9, 326 2 of 15 countries, equity of access to vaccines by vulnerable populations remains a challenge— particularly those in low- and middle-income countries. Without an effective global vacci- nation response, vulnerable populations will continue to experience preventable morbidity, economic recoveries are likely to stall, and border closures will remain. The drive to vaccinate large populations began in earnest in mid-December 2020 in Europe, the Middle East, and North America [8]. By the end of February 2021, Israel had vaccinated over 80% of its population, presenting a model for rapid implementa- tion [8]. Israel’s success has been attributed to high-level political commitment together with coordinated and well-resourced collaboration between the government and health care providers [9]. Despite this early progress, more than 100 countries are yet to com- mence vaccination [8]. The WHO has produced a framework for mass vaccination policies, including the following domains: coordination, planning, vaccination strategies, access, and community engagement [10]. However, few national plans for vaccine roll-out have been made publicly available—most of which were from high-income settings [11,12]. Dissemination of existing national guidelines for mass-vaccination will assist countries to develop their own local strategies. This rapid review assessed the publicly-available policies and implementation strate- gies used for COVID-19 mass vaccination. It characterises differences in national vaccine policies and evaluates determinants of successful scale-up, so that countries currently developing mass-vaccination strategies can benefit from the experiences in countries where mass-vaccination has already begun. 2. Materials and Methods We reviewed all literature available until the 1st of March 2021. As this is a rapidly evolving area, articles from both peer-reviewed and selected non-peer reviewed online sources were included. The review was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines (Figure1) [13]. Figure 1. PRISMA Flow diagram for study inclusion in the systematic review Vaccines 2021, 9, 326 3 of 15 2.1. Search Strategy—Research Articles We performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Medline, Embase and medRxiv databases using the following terms for title/abstract: “SARS-CoV-2”, “covid*”, “coron- avirus” and “vaccine”. The search strategy was restricted to articles published between the 10th of December (the approximate timing of the commencement of vaccination) and the 1st of March. Articles were imported into Endnote X9.3.2 (Clarivate Analytics), and dupli- cates were removed. All types of articles from all countries were considered acceptable for inclusion, provided they described real-life experience with vaccine rollout. Non-English language articles, case-reports, Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials, and vaccine efficacy trials were excluded as they did not reflect large-scale vaccine deployment. Title and abstract screening for articles was performed to exclude articles not meeting the inclusion crite- ria. The remaining articles underwent full-text review for final inclusion. Articles in the reference lists of included papers were also screened for inclusion. 2.2. Search Strategy: Non-Peer Reviewed Literature A search of “grey” (unpublished) literature was completed on 1 March 2021. National and health websites for United Kingdom (UK), European Union (EU), United States of America (USA), Israel, Canada, India, China, and Russia were searched. Additionally, data were sought from high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries [14], from each World Health Organization (WHO) region. Only English language sources were included. Documents that were not official government or related to national vaccine campaigns were excluded (e.g., sub-national policies). The most recent version of documents was included. The Google.com search was used to identify publicly available national policy docu- ments and reports of vaccine outcomes for all 85 countries that had commenced vaccina- tions by the March 1st, 2021 [8]. The following terms were used: “[Country name]” COVID-19 vaccination policy “[Country name]” COVID-19 vaccination delivery plan “[Country name]” COVID-19 vaccination progress “[Country name]” COVID-19 vaccination tracker Country profiles in “Our World in Data” [8], a website which provides a live tracker of global vaccination status, were interrogated for articles which met inclusion criteria. Data sources requiring clarification were reviewed by three different authors (TH, JB, GF) with a majority decision made about inclusion. 2.3. Data extraction and Analysis Extracted data included population demographics, vaccination strategy, implemen- tation challenges and vaccination outcomes. National policy documents were reviewed according to the WHO framework for vaccination [10]. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel. Findings were also synthesised narratively. 2.4. Ethical Issues Ethical approval was not required for this search of publicly available documents. 3. Results Our combined searches retrieved 3026 articles, of which 596
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