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NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT PAPERS 31 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE WAR NAVAL Perspectives on Maritime Strategy Essays from the Americas NEWPORT PAPERS NEWPORT S NNA EES AVV TT AA AA LL T T WW SS AA D D R R EE C C T T I O I O L N L N L L U U E E E E G G H H E E T T R IIA VVIIRIIBU ORR A S CTT MARI VII 31 Paul D. Taylor, Editor The world as seen from the South Pole Cover The Naval War College complex on Coasters Harbor Island, in a photograph taken about 2000, looking roughly northeast. In the center foreground is Luce Hall, with Pringle Hall to its left and Mahan Hall hidden behind it; be- hind them, to the left, are Spruance, Conolly, and Hewitt halls. In the center, partly obscured by Conolly Hall, is McCarty Little Hall. On the extreme right in the foreground is Founders Hall, in which the College was established. In recent years the College has expanded into parts of several buildings of the Surface Warfare Officers School Com- mand, on the northern part of the island. In the middle distance are facilities of Naval Station Newport (the decom- missioned aircraft carriers ex-Forrestal and ex-Saratoga are visible at Pier 1) and, beyond that, of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center. In the far distance can be seen parts of the towns of Portsmouth and Tiverton, Rhode Is- land. Photograph © 2008 by Onne van der Wal Photography, Inc. Perspectives on Maritime Strategy Essays from the Americas Paul D. Taylor, Editor N ES AV T A A L T W S A D R NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS E C T I O N L L U E E G Newport, Rhode Island H E T R I VI IBU OR A S CT MARI VI Naval War College The Newport Papers are extended research projects that the Newport, Rhode Island Director, the Dean of Naval Warfare Studies, and the Center for Naval Warfare Studies President of the Naval War College consider of particular Newport Paper Thirty-one interest to policy makers, scholars, and analysts. August 2008 The views expressed in the Newport Papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the President, Naval War College Naval War College or the Department of the Navy. Rear Adm. Jacob L. Shuford, USN Correspondence concerning the Newport Papers may be Provost/Dean of Academics (Acting) addressed to the Director of the Naval War College Press. William R. Spain To request additional copies, back copies, or subscriptions Dean of Naval Warfare Studies to the series, please either write the President (Code 32S), Robert C. Rubel Naval War College, 686 Cushing Road, Newport, RI 02841-1207, or contact the Press staff at the telephone, fax, Naval War College Press or e-mail addresses given. Director: Dr. Carnes Lord Reproduction and printing are subject to the Copyright Act Managing Editor: Pelham G. Boyer of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document may be freely reproduced for academic or other Telephone: 401.841.2236 noncommercial use; however, it is requested that Fax: 401.841.1071 reproductions credit the author and Newport Papers series DSN exchange: 948 and that the Press editorial office be informed. To obtain E-mail: [email protected] permission to reproduce this publication for commercial Web: www.nwc.navy.mil/press purposes, contact the Press editorial office. Printed in the United States of America ISSN 1544-6824 ISBN 978-1-884733-49-9 Contents Foreword, by Rear Admiral Jacob L. Shuford, U.S. Navy vii Preface ix PART ONE: FORMULATING MARITIME STRATEGY CHAPTER ONE A Maritime Strategy for the South Atlantic 1 REAR ADMIRAL ALVARO J. MARTÍNEZ, ARGENTINE NAVY CHAPTER TWO Changing Asymmetrical Threats Require New Responses 11 CAPTAIN JUAN CARLOS DEL ALAMO CARRILLO, PERUVIAN NAVY CAPTAIN JOSÉ CARVAJAL RAYMOND, PERUVIAN NAVY COLONEL CHARLES LAMBRUSCHINI ACUY, PERUVIAN AIR FORCE CHAPTER THREE From a Local Perspective: Toward a Maritime Strategy for the South Atlantic 19 CAPTAIN CRISTIAN SIDDERS, ARGENTINE NAVY CHAPTER FOUR Two Approaches to Security: Cooperation and Obstacles to Cooperation 25 CAPTAIN CLAUDIO ROGERIO DE ANDRADE FLÔR, BRAZILIAN NAVY (RETIRED) CHAPTER FIVE Toward a Maritime Strategy 33 REAR ADMIRAL MIGUEL ANGEL TROITIÑO, ARGENTINE NAVY (RETIRED) PART TWO: SUGGESTIONS FOR A NEW U.S. MARITIME STRATEGY CHAPTER SIX Views of the Chilean Navy on a New U.S. Maritime Strategy 41 REAR ADMIRAL FEDERICO NIEMANN FIGARI, CHILEAN NAVY iv THE NEWPORT PAPERS CHAPTER SEVEN A Brazilian View of U.S. Maritime Initiatives 53 CAPTAIN ANTONIO CARLOS TEIXEIRA MARTINS, BRAZILIAN NAVY CHAPTER EIGHT A New U.S. Maritime Strategy for the Twenty-first Century Viewed from an Insti- tutional Perspective 63 REAR ADMIRAL JORGE BALARESQUE WALBAUM, CHILEAN NAVY (RETIRED) VICE ADMIRAL OSCAR L. MANZANO, CHILEAN NAVY (RETIRED) COMMANDER HUGO F. FONTENA, CHILEAN NAVY (RETIRED) CHAPTER NINE Contributions to Designing a New U.S. Maritime Strategy 73 CAPTAIN LUIZ CARLOS DE CARVALHO ROTH, BRAZILIAN NAVY (RETIRED) CHAPTER TEN A Chilean View of Regional and Global Security Cooperation and the Implications for a New U.S. Maritime Strategy 85 PROF. FRANCISCA MÖLLER UNDURRAGA, CHILEAN NAVAL WAR COLLEGE CAPTAIN OMAR GUTIÉRREZ, CHILEAN NAVY (RETIRED) VICE ADMIRAL GERMÁN GODDARD, CHILEAN NAVY (RETIRED) VICE ADMIRAL JOSÉ MARCHANT ORTEGA, CHILEAN NAVY (RETIRED) MR. MARCELO PALMA, CHILEAN NAVAL WAR COLLEGE CAPTAIN JAIME SEPÚLVEDA, CHILEAN MARINE CORPS (RETIRED) PART THREE: COOPERATION THROUGH REGIONAL MARITIME PARTNERSHIPS CHAPTER ELEVEN A Regional Maritime Strategy against New Threats 103 CAPTAIN FEDERICO RECHKEMMER PRIETO, PERUVIAN NAVY CAPTAIN RICARDO MENÉNDEZ CALLE, PERUVIAN NAVY CAPTAIN CARLOS PILCO PÉREZ, PERUVIAN NAVY PERSPECTIVES ON MARITIME STRATEGY v CHAPTER TWELVE Grey on Grey: The Critical Partnership between the Canadian and U.S. Navies 113 DR. JAMES BOUTILIER, CANADIAN NAVY CHAPTER THIRTEEN Cooperation on National Security: Toward a New Hemispheric Security System 121 CAPTAIN JAMES THORNBERRY SCHIANTARELLI, PERUVIAN NAVY COLONEL CÉSAR AGUIRRE RODRÍGUEZ, PERUVIAN AIR FORCE CAPTAIN LUIS GARCÍA BARRIONUEVO, PERUVIAN NAVY Final Thoughts 131 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 143 Contributors 147 The Newport Papers 153 Foreword In September 2005, fifty-five chiefs of navies and coast guards, along with twenty-seven war college presidents from around the world gathered in Newport for the Seventeenth International Seapower Symposium. We shared perspectives on a broad range of issues important to the global maritime community and individual countries through the mechanism of regionally oriented seminars (eight of them). The two days produced comprehensive lists of key concerns from each region, the similarity of which was remarkable. As the symposium drew to a close, a consensus was articulated that mari- time security was fundamental to address these concerns, that the scope of security challenges reached beyond the waters of individual nations, and most importantly, that the responsibilities in the maritime domain—the great “commons” of the world—were shared. Moreover, the need was expressed for regional and global mechanisms that allowed maritime nations to more routinely and effectively bring their particular capa- bilities together to ensure a free and secure maritime domain. The host of the ISS, Admiral Mike Mullen, summarized the key proposition of the symposium: “Because today’schallengesareglobalinnature,wemustbecollectiveinourresponse.Weare bound together in our dependence on the seas and in our need for security of the vast commons. This is a requisite for national security, global stability, and economic prosperity.” Acknowledging that “the United States Navy could not, by itself, preserve the freedom and security of the entire maritime domain,” Admiral Mullen said that “it must count on assistance from like-minded nations interested in using the sea for lawful purposes and precluding its use by others that threaten national, regional, or global security.” So too must each nation count on assistance from other nations. Over the past two years the Naval War College has found itself in a position of promi- nence in helping the leadership of our maritime forces, and the leaderships of our global partners, think through the implications of a new set of global security chal- lenges and opportunities. It has been a very productive period since the College— against the fundamental notions of the Seventeenth International Seapower Sympo- sium—was tasked to work on a new strategy “of and for its time.” Critical to our effort to rethink maritime strategy has been an extensive scenario analysis and war-gaming effort and a series of high-level conferences, symposia, and other professional exchanges with maritime partners here in Newport and at other venues around the world. This collaborative effort has produced great insight and brought into focus the viii THE NEWPORT PAPERS diverse perspectives necessary to make this strategy robust across multiple arguments and useful for both naval leadership and national policy makers in understanding the key role maritime forces must play in the evolving international system. We see some interesting new ideas in this strategy: the preeminent value of maritime forces to underwrite stability for the global system and an emphasis on unique capabil- ities inherent in maritime forces to prevent global shocks and to limit and localize regional conflict. While this enhances the long-standing naval commitment to provide high-end capability, there are clear new demands related to sustaining the global system—unique in the maritime domain. The new maritime strategy also recognizes that capacity must rely increasingly, across the range of military operations, on an expanded set of more robust, global maritime relationships—in effect, partnerships that engender trust, enable prevention, and yield more effective maritime security. The present volume contributes clearly and significantly to building just this sort of maritime partnerships. As all participants at the ISS recognized, partnerships must be complementary and built on mutual benefit.

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