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Bibliography Bibliography This bibliography on the ongms of digital computers covers the period from the first mechanical aids to digital calculation until the first practical stored program electronic com­ puter was put into operation in 1949. Particular attention is paid to the period following BABBAGE, and to papers shedding light on the extent to which the various pioneers were influenced by each other. All the items listed have been inspected (sometimes rather cursorily) by the editor. The bibliography is listed in alphabetical order by author, anonymous papers and reports being listed last. In order to facilitate the use of the index, in the case that more than one publication is listed for a given author, the name of the author is followed by the year of publication in parentheses. If there is more than one publication in one year, the year is followed by a, b, ... AIKEN, H. H.: Proposed automatic calculating machine (previously unpublished memorandum). IEEE Spectrum, 62-69 (Aug. 1964). Reprinted in full on pages 191-197. AIKEN, H. H., HOPPER, G. M.: The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Electrical Engineering 65, 384-391, 449-454,522-528 (1946). Reprinted in full on pages 199-218. AIKEN, H. H., and the staff of the Computation Laboratory: A manual of opera­ tion for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1946. The first chapter 'Historical Introduction' is a very useful account of the development of calculating machines, difference engines, and BABBAGE'S work. It includes mention of MULLER and TORRES. ALT, F. L. (1948): A Bell Telephone Laboratories' computing machine. M.T.A.C. 3,1-13,69-84 (1948). Reprinted in full on pages 257-286. ALT, F. L. (1972): Archaeology of computers - reminiscences, 1945-1947. Commun. ACM 15, no. 7,693-694 (1972). Anecdotes concerning the use of ENIAC, including a description of the-technique of set­ ting-up programs on the function tables. ANDREWS, E. G. (1949): The Bell Computer, Model VI. Proceedings of a 2nd Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 26, pp. 20-31. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1951. Well-illustrated general description of the Model VI. 403 ANDREWS, E. G. (1951): A review of the Bell Laboratories digital computer developments. In: Review of Electronic Digital Computers. Joint AIEE-IRE Computer Conference, 10-12 Dec., 1951, pp. 101-105. New York: American Institute of Electrical EngiIloors 1952. A useful, well-illustrated account of the series of Bell Laboratory calculators. ANDREWS, E. G. (1963): Telephone switching and the early Bell Laboratories com­ puters. Bell System techno J. 42, 341-353 (1963). An account of the historical development of the Bell Laboratory relay computers, and of the basic facilities of each model. ANDREWS, E. G., Box, H. W.: Use of relay digital computer. Electrical Engineer­ ing 69,158-163 (1950). A description of some of the problems solved using the Bell Laboratories Model V com­ puter, including a brief description of how the computer was programmed. ApRAXINE, N.: Machine a cal euler mue electriquement. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 195, 857-858 (Nov. 1932). Brief general account of an accumulator, with multiple decimal digits, composed of electromechanical relays. ARCHIBALD, R. C. (1947 a): P. G. Scheutz, publicist, author, scientific mechanician, and Edvard Scheutz, engineer - biography and bibliography. M.T.A.C. 2, 238-245 (1947). -. Brief biography of GEORGE SCHEUTZ and his son, and a very good annotated bibliography. ARCHIBALD, R. C. (1947 b): Martin Wiberg, his tables and his difference engine. M.T.A.C. 2, 371-373 (1947). Brief biography of WIBERG, and discussion of the mathematical tables he produced using his difference engine. ARCHIBALD, R. C. (1948): Mathematical table makers. In: Scripta Mathematica, Vol. 3. New York: Yeshiva University 1948. Bio-bibliographical notes on 53 compilers of mathematical tables, including BABBAGE, BURGI, COMRIE and NAPIER. ARKIN, H.: Development and principles of the punched card method. In: Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities (ed. G. W. BAEHNE), pp. 1-20. New York: Columbia University Press 1935. Very brief account of the development of punched card machinery. Includes an illustrated survey of the currentrIollerith equipment. ATANASOFF, l V.: Computing machine for the solution of large systems of linear algebraic equations (unpublished memorandum). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State College, Aug. 1940. Reprinted in full on pages 305-325. ATANASOFF, J. V., BRANDT, A. E.: Application of punched card equipment to the analysis of complex spectra. J. Optical Society of America 26, no. 2, 83-88 (Feb. 1936). Detailed description of the use of a tabulator, to which a home-made 'cross-connecting board' was attached, on which numerical values could be set up. 404 BABBAGE, B. H.: Babbage's calculating machine; or difference engine. London: Science and Art Department, South Kensington Museum 1872. A description of the Difference Engine constructed by BABBAGE in 1833, now on exhibition in the Science Museum. BABBAGE, C. (1822): A note respecting the application of machinery to the cal­ culation of astronomical tables. Mem. Astronomical Soc. 1,309 (June 1822). The first publication on the Difference Engine. Very brief, ending: "from the experiments I have already made, I feel great confidence in the complete success of the plans I have proposed". BABBAGE, C. (1835): Letter to M. Quetelet. Bulletins de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles 2, no. 5, 124-125 (May 1835). Indicates that BABBAGE had been working for six months on a new machine, and implies that the machine had the ability to execute sequences of arithmetic operations. BABBAGE, C. (1837 a): The ninth Bridgewater Treatise: A fragment. London: John Murray 1837. Makes numerous references to his work on calculating engines, and includes a short appendix describing the history of his efforts to produce first a difference and then an analytical engine. BABBAGE, C. (1837 b): On the mathematical powers of the calculating engine (un­ published manuscript, Dec. 1837). Oxford: Buxton MS7, Museum of the History of Science. Reprinted in full on pages 17-52. BABBAGE, C. (1851): The exposition of 1851; or, views of t"he industry, the science and the government of England. London: John Murray 185l. Contains one chapter 'Calculating Engines' (reprinted in H. P. BABBAGE: 1889, and P. and E. MORRISON: 1961), describing the then-current state of development of the Analytical Engine, and including a description of the method used for parallel assimilation of carry in the adder, and a chapter 'Intrigues of Science' which includes material on his dealings with the government regarding the calculating machines. BABBAGE, C. (1855): Note sur la machine suedoise de MM. Scheutz pour calculer les tables mathematiques par la methode des differences et en imprimer les resultats sur les planches stereotypes. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 41, 557-560 (8 Oct. 1855),42,798-800 (28 April 1856). The first part is a description by CHARLES BABBAGE of the drawings made by his son, using the 'Mechanical Notation', of the Scheutz Engine. The second part consists of further correspondence regarding the engine. BABBAGE, C. (1864): Passages from the life of a philosopher. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green 1864. Reprinted by Augustus M. Kelley, New York 1969. Contains several chapters relating to the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine (which have been reprinted in H. P. BABBAGE: 1889; and P. MORRISON and E. MORRISON: 1961). A fascinating book, which throws much light on the strange character of CHARLES BABBAGE. BABBAGE, H. P. (1855): On mechanical notation, as exemplified in the Swedish calculating machine of Messrs. Scheutz. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1855,203-205. Describes the mechanical notation, but does not include the charts that it states were made of the Scheutz difference engine by BABBAGE using the notation. 405 BABBAGE, H. P. (1888): On the mechanical arrangements of the analytical engine of the late Charles Babbage F. R. S. Report of the British Association for the Ad­ vancement of Science 616-617, (1888). Abstract of a paper given by Major General H. P. BABBAGE, which described BABBAGE'S anticipating carriage, counting apparatus, and mechanical notation. BABBAGE, H. P. (ed.) (1889): Babbage's calculating engines: Being a collection of papers relating to them, their history, and construction. London: E. and F. N. Spon 1889. A reprinting of the writings of BABBAGE and others, on both difference and analytic engines, edited by his son. Much of the material has been reprinted in P. MORRISON and E. MORRISON (1961). BABBAGE, H. P. (1910): Babbage's analytical engine. Monthly Not. roy. astron. Soc. 70,517-526,645 (1910). Reprinted in full on pages 65-69. BABBAGE, R: H.: The work of Charles Babbage. Proceedings of a Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Com­ putation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 13-22. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1948. Consists almost entirely of quotations from BABBAGE'S writings (including 'The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise', and 'The Exposition of 1851') and from LARDNER'S article. Some of the quotations concern the Difference Engine, but most concern the Analytical Engine. It in­ cludes, from the 'Exposition', a description of the 'carry mechanism' that BABBAGE invented. BAILY, F.: On Mr. Babbage's new machine for calculating and printing mathe­ matical and astronomical tables. Phil. Mag. 63, 355-367 (May 1824). Mainly concerned with surveying the various types of mathematical tables for which the Difference Engine would be useful. At the end it includes the comment "It would not be very complicated to place three such machines by the side of each other, and cause them to transfer their results to a common axis, with which the printing apparatus might be connected" BALLOT, c.: L'Introduction du machinisme dans l'industrie Francaise.
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