History of Computers
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"Computers" Abacus—The First Calculator
Component 4: Introduction to Information and Computer Science Unit 1: Basic Computing Concepts, Including History Lecture 4 BMI540/640 Week 1 This material was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015. The First "Computers" • The word "computer" was first recorded in 1613 • Referred to a person who performed calculations • Evidence of counting is traced to at least 35,000 BC Ishango Bone Tally Stick: Science Museum of Brussels Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 2 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Abacus—The First Calculator • Invented by Babylonians in 2400 BC — many subsequent versions • Used for counting before there were written numbers • Still used today The Chinese Lee Abacus http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/ Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 3 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 1 Slide Rules John Napier William Oughtred • By the Middle Ages, number systems were developed • John Napier discovered/developed logarithms at the turn of the 17 th century • William Oughtred used logarithms to invent the slide rude in 1621 in England • Used for multiplication, division, logarithms, roots, trigonometric functions • Used until early 70s when electronic calculators became available Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 4 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Mechanical Computers • Use mechanical parts to automate calculations • Limited operations • First one was the ancient Antikythera computer from 150 BC Used gears to calculate position of sun and moon Fragment of Antikythera mechanism Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 5 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, Italy Leonardo da Vinci • Two notebooks discovered in 1967 showed drawings for a mechanical calculator • A replica was built soon after Leonardo da Vinci's notes and the replica The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine . -
Math Unplugged(Opens in a New Tab)
Family Math math, we’ve got this! Everyone can participate in these puzzles, compare notes, and share solutions. Enjoy! Math Unplugged Long before computers, tablets, and cell phones, people used calculators that needed no electricity or batteries. They also looked for patterns in their calculations to check their work or to be able to compute faster. Unplugged Calculators You may have seen or even used an abacus. A version of the abacus like the one shown here is a popular toy today for young mathematicians. Have you ever used Napier’s bones to help multiply multiple-digit numbers? Many tools have been created throughout history to assist with numerical calculations. Find out more on your own about these mechanical calculators: • Blaise Pascal’s 17th-century calculating machine, the Pascaline • Gottfried Leibniz’s 18th-century automatic calculator, the Stepped Reckoner • Thomas de Colar’s 19th-century Arithmometer, the first machine used commercially Has anyone you know ever used a slide rule? It may be either rectangular or circular in shape, and its scale is based on logarithms. The slide rule is used for multiplication, division, and other higher-level math calculations. At first glance, the rectangular version of the tool looks like several rulers put together. On closer inspection, you see that the center ruler moves back and forth and that the numbers get closer together on the rule as you go to the right. High school math classes in the first half of the 20th-century included use of the slide rule. Abacus The abacus is the oldest known calculator on record, with historical evidence showing its use for over two thousand years. -
History in the Computing Curriculum 6000 BC to 1899 AD
History in the Computing Curriculum Appendix A1 6000 BC to 1899 AD 6000 B.C. [ca]: Ishango bone type of tally stick in use. (w) 4000-1200 B.C.: Inhabitants of the first known civilization in Sumer keep records of commercial transactions on clay tablets. (e) 3000 B.C.: The abacus is invented in Babylonia. (e) 1800 B.C.: Well-developed additive number system in use in Egypt. (w) 1300 B.C.: Direct evidence exists as to the Chinese using a positional number system. (w) 600 B.C. [ca.]: Major developments start to take place in Chinese arithmetic. (w) 250-230 B.C.: The Sieve of Eratosthenes is used to determine prime numbers. (e) 213 B.C.: Chi-Hwang-ti orders all books in China to be burned and scholars to be put to death. (w) 79 A.D. [ca.]: "Antikythera Device," when set correctly according to latitude and day of the week, gives alternating 29- and 30-day lunar months. (e) 800 [ca.]: Chinese start to use a zero, probably introduced from India. (w) 850 [ca.]: Al-Khowarizmi publishes his "Arithmetic." (w) 1000 [ca.]: Gerbert describes an abacus using apices. (w) 1120: Adelard of Bath publishes "Dixit Algorismi," his translation of Al-Khowarizmi's "Arithmetic." (w) 1200: First minted jetons appear in Italy. (w) 1202: Fibonacci publishes his "Liber Abaci." (w) 1220: Alexander De Villa Dei publishes "Carmen de Algorismo." (w) 1250: Sacrobosco publishes his "Algorismus Vulgaris." (w) 1300 [ca.]: Modern wire-and-bead abacus replaces the older Chinese calculating rods. (e,w) 1392: Geoffrey Chaucer publishes the first English-language description on the uses of an astrolabe. -
Computer Programming and Data Science
Computer programming and Data Science William Hsu Advanced Computation Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science National Taiwan Ocean University 2020/3/12 1 › Course name: Computer programming and Data Science COURSE (程式設計與資料處理) INFO – Credit hours: 2 – Course ID: B31012SX – Class hour: Thr 10:20AM~12:10PM – Course website: http://www.deepsea9.taipei/wwyhsu/? page_id=1732 – Lecturer: William Hsu – Office hours: Thursday all day – Lab location: CSE R405 – Email: [email protected] – Office phone: 6657 › Teaching assistant: – 李依柔: [email protected] – 胡瑞興: [email protected] 2020/3/12 2 › Course name: Computer Programming and Data Science Lab COURSE (程式設計與資料處理實習) INFO – Credit hours: 1 (2 hours) This course – Course ID: B31013GE accompanies the – Class hour: Thr 1:10PM~3:00PM main course. – Course website: http://www.deepsea9.taipei/wwyhsu/?p age_id=1732 – Lecturer: William Hsu – Office hours: Thursday all day – Lab location: CSE R405 – Email: [email protected] – Office phone: 6657 › Teaching assistant: – 李依柔: [email protected] – 胡瑞興: [email protected] 2020/3/12 3 Who am I? 許為元 (William W.-Y. Hsu) 資訊工程學系 環境生物與漁業科學系 先進計算實驗室(Advanced Computation Laboratory) 巨量資料科學, 雲端系統, 衛星遙測, 生物資源評估, 系統程 式, 財務工程演算法 APCS 團隊 IOI國際資訊奧林匹亞國家教練團 資工系競賽程式團隊教練 3/12/2020 4 Introduction The basics of computer science 2020/3/12 5 本學期課程摘要 (預計) › Week 01: 計算機概論總綱 › Week 10: Python: Dictionaries › Week 02: 思維運算 › Week 11: Python: 數值運算 Numeric Computing is Fun › Week 03: 電腦基本組成, Python簡 -
1. Computer Prehistory – Calculating Machines
1. Computer Prehistory – Calculating Machines “For it is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labour of calculation which could safely be regulated to anyone else if machines were used”, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1685. The Origins of the Computer For centuries, scholars have striven to develop tools to simplify complex calculations. As demand increased and the technology advanced, these became increasingly sophisticated, eventually evolving into the machines that are the direct ancestors of modern computers. Therefore, the origins of the electronic digital computer lie not in the electronic age but with the development of mechanical calculating aids and mathematical instruments. In order to fully understand the amazing developments that took place in the 20th century, it is necessary to go further back in time and examine humanity’s earliest efforts to mechanise calculation. Calculating Aids The need for tools to aid the process of mental calculation first arose with the adoption of trading by ancient civilisations and the subsequent development of numerical and monetary systems. In the absence of written numerals, and as trading became more widespread and the arithmetic calculations increasingly complex, merchants began using readily available objects such as beads or pebbles to help keep count. These evolved into the earliest calculating aids. The first calculating aid was probably the counting board, a flat rectangular board made from wood or stone and marked with parallel lines to provide placeholders for the counters. Each line denoted a different amount, such as tens, hundreds, thousands and so on, and numbers were represented by the combined positions of a set of counters on the board. -
Richardson's Fantastic Forecast Factory
AccessionIndex: TCD-SCSS-T.20121208.105 Accession Date: 8-Dec-2012 Accession By: Prof.J.G.Byrne Object name: Richardson’s Fantastic Forecast Factory Vintage: c.1922 Synopsis: Painting of imaginary prediction factory, based on Ch.11 of Richardson’s 'Weather Prediction by Numerical Process', ink and water colour, commissioned and owned by Prof.J.G.Byrne, painted by and Copyright of Stephen Conlin, 1986, see also Literature category of this catalog. Description: This painting was commissioned and owned by Prof.J.G.Byrne, painted by and Copyright of Stephen Conlin, 1986. For an engaging short introduction to the painting, see the MPEG4 video [7] in the related folder in this catalog. Dr.Dan McCarthy’s account in [10] reproduces manuscript evidence of Prof.Byrne’s contribution to the design of the painting. The description below is by Prof.Peter Lynch, School of Mathematics & Statistics, University College Dublin, also see: http://www.emetsoc.org/resources/rff/ . For zoom browsing of the painting, see: http://www.emetsoc.org/resources/rff/rff/ Richardson’s Fantastic Forecast Factory In 1922 Lewis Fry Richardson published a remarkable book, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process , describing his attempt to forecast changes in the weather by numerical means. Weather Prediction by Numerical Process Richardson devised a method of solving the mathematical equations that describe atmospheric flow by dividing the globe into cells and specifying the dynamical variables at the centre of each cell. In Chapter 11 of his book, he presents what he calls a ‘fantasy’, describing in detail his remarkable vision of an enormous building, a fantastic forecast factory. -
The History of Computer Science from Ancient Times to the Present
The History of Computer Science From ancient times to the present Updated: 12/5/2019 This presentation owes much of its content and images to the following documents: 1) “An Illustrated History of Computer Science”Found online at: http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm 2) “The Wonderful World of Early Computing http://www.neatorama.com/2008/01/25/the-wonderful-world-of-early-computing/#!n IS0z 1 The First Computers Were People The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613), meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations. The first computers were people! That is, electronic computers (and the earlier mechanical computers) were given this name because they performed the work that had previously been assigned2 to people. "Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings (predominantly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute multiplications. Boredom would quickly set in, leading to carelessness, leading to mistakes. And even on your best days you wouldn't be producing answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize (that is, find a mechanism that can perform) this task. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High Speed Flight Station "Computer Room" Notice there are people here, not machines. 3 In the not-so-distant past, engineers, scientists and mathematicians routinely consulted tables of numbers for the answers to questions that they could not solve analytically. -
Diseño E Implementación De Una Calculadora Tipo Leibniz Con Scratch TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO
Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Informàtica Universitat Politècnica de València Arqueología informática: diseño e implementación de una calculadora tipo Leibniz con Scratch TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Grado en Ingeniería Informática Autor: Salvador Pérez Heras Tutor: Xavier Molero Prieto Curso 2015-2016 Resumen La calculadora de Leibniz fue creada en 1673 y fue un gran avance en la época. Dicha calculadora fue utilizada durante tres siglos por el mundo de la computación y sobretodo por su famoso Stepped Reckoner. Su creador fue el filósofo, matemático y político alemán Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Este invento fue heredado por la mayor parte de las calcula- doras mecánicas y ha sido la madre de prácticamente todos los aparatos matemáticos e informáticos de los que podemos hacer uso hoy en día. En este trabajo se pretende realizar un estudio histórico y un análisis de las distintas calculadoras que ha creado el ser humano, centrándonos en la de Leibniz y en la Schu- bert. A causa del gran valor histórico de las calculadoras mecánicas, este trabajo ha sido utilizado para dar a conocer este mecanismo en la página web destinada al Museo de In- formática de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática de la UPV y contribuir así a la difusión del patrimonio digital. A parte, se ha realizado una aplicación en lenguaje SCRATCH del funcionamiento de la máquina calculadora Schubert, la cual va a servir también para mostrar interactiva- mente su uso a personas que no la conozcan. Palabras clave: calculadora Schubert, calculadora Leibniz, Museo de la informática, di- fusión de patrimonio, Scratch. Resum La calculadora de Leibniz va ser creada a l’any 1673 i va ser un gran avanç en l’època. -
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz Leibniz occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy. He developed the infinitesimal calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and Leibniz's mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was published. He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary number system, which is at the foundation of virtually all digital computers. In philosophy, Leibniz is mostly noted for his optimism, e.g., his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th century advocates of rationalism. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or prior definitions rather than to empirical evidence. Leibniz made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, linguistics, and information science. He wrote works on politics, law, ethics, theology, history, philosophy, and philology. Leibniz's contributions to this vast array of subjects were scattered in various learned journals, in tens of thousands of letters, and in unpublished manuscripts. -
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Alena Šolcová FIT ČVUT v Praze November 10, 2014 Alena Šolcová, CTU in Prague 1 The Stepped Reckoner of Gottfried Leibniz • The great polymath Gottfried Leibniz was one of the first men (after Raymundus Lullus and Athanasius Kircher), who dreamed for a logical (thinking) device. • Even more—Leibniz tried to combine principles of arithmetic with the principles of logic and imagined the computer as something more of a calculator— as a logical or thinking machine. • In his treatises De progressione He discovered also that Dyadica, March1679, and computing processes can be Explication de l'Arithmetique done much easier with a binary Binaire, 1703. numberNovember coding10, 2014 . Alena Šolcová, CTU in Prague 2 Calculating machine - the binary system • In the De progressione Dyadica Leibniz even describes a calculating machine which works via the binary system: a machine without wheels or cylinders—just using balls, holes, sticks and canals for the transport of the balls: • This [binary] calculus could be implemented by a machine (without wheels)... provided with holes in such a way that they can be opened and closed. • They are to be open at those places that correspond to a 1 and remain closed at those that correspond to a 0. • Through the opened gates small cubes or marbles are to fall into tracks, through the others nothing. • It [the gate array] is to be shifted from column to column as required...! November 10, 2014 Alena Šolcová, CTU in Prague 3 Dream of the general problem-solver • Leibniz dreamed of inventing the general problem-solver, as well as a universal language: • I thought again about my early plan of a new language or writing-system of reason, which could serve as a communication tool for all different nations.. -
THE HISTORY of the INVENTIONS LEADING to the Developmffintofthecomputersandthe RELATED EFFECTS on EDUCATIONAL INSTRUCTION and SOCIETY
THE HISTORY OF THE INVENTIONS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMffiNTOFTHECOMPUTERSANDTHE RELATED EFFECTS ON EDUCATIONAL INSTRUCTION AND SOCIETY By NORMA IRENE SCUDDER d Bachelor of Arts Oklahoma City University Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1%6 Master of Arts in Teaching Oklahoma City University Oklahoma City, Oklahoma l%9 Master of Arts in Teaching Oklahoma City University Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1973 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION july, 1988 ~es'\s \~i~~ .:S !...\ s~.,p \-, Co~,;t.. THE HISTORY OF THE INVENTIONS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPUTERS AND THE RELATED EFFECI'S ON EDUCATIONAL INSTRUCTION AND SOCIETY Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii 1322549 COPYRIGHT by Norma Irene Scudder july, 1988 ACKNOWLEDGEMENfS I wish to express deep appreciation to Dr. Kenneth L. King, committe chairman, for his encouragement, perseverance, and willingness to assist me in this project, without which this effort would not have been possible. My sincere gratitude goes to Dr. Bruce A. Petty for advising and directing the writing of the dissertation. To aU of my committee members, including Dr. William E. Segall and Dr. Kenneth A. Stern. for giving immeasurable help to me, both in the courses taken and in personal assistance, I give my thanks. Also, I am grateful to my professorial colleagues for their support and friendship, and especially to Dr. Donald R. Brumfield, Dr. Melva W. Curtis, Rena johnson, Ron Kriesel, and Dr. William McDonald for their contributions. A very special thanks goes to my secretary, Mrs. -
Regarding the Constants of Nature and of Art
Regarding the Constants of Nature and of Art Working Paper Number 3 Baki Cakici IT University of Copenhagen 19 June 2018 ARITHMUS w: http://arithmus.eu/ Centre for Invention and Social Process (CISP) Department of Sociology Goldsmiths | University of London New Cross | London SE14 6NW e: [email protected]) w: http://www.gold.ac.uk/csisp/ The ARITHMUS project is funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement no. 615588. Copyright Information: CC-BY 2.0 UK (for further information please refer to the following terms: (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/) ARITHMUS Working Papers Regarding the Constants of Nature and of Art Regarding the Constants of Nature and of Art Working Paper Number: 03 Authors: Baki Cakici Author Affiliations: IT University of Copenhagen Page Count: 9 How to cite: Cakici, B. 2018. “Regarding the Constants of Nature and of Art.” ARITHMUS Working Paper Series, Paper No. 3. Abstract: In 1832, Charles Babbage proposed the collection of “The Constants of Nature and of Art”, a list of diverse phenomena organised into twenty categories to be counted and measured, ranging from atomic weights and the conductive power of electricity, to the quantity of air consumed per hour by humans, and the number of books in public libraries at given dates. During the same period, he was also developing the difference engine, a machine for computing and printing tables of numbers. Babbage’s constants and engines exemplified a rationality which emphasised counting and measurement as essential means for legitimate knowledge production, also evidenced by the Statistical Society of London’s interest in the establishment of regular censuses throughout the 1800s.