Oxford High School Class – V Subject – Computer Study Notes Youtube Link (Evolution of Computers Class - 5)

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Oxford High School Class – V Subject – Computer Study Notes Youtube Link (Evolution of Computers Class - 5): https://youtu.be/Uos53AX7OdM History of Computers Abacus: An ABACUS is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. ABACUS made of wooden frame (divided into Earth and Heaven) with several rods having beats. The ABACUS was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. It was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It is used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Napier Bones: Invented by John Napier in 1614 It was used to Multiply, Divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. Pascaline (Pascal Calculator): Invented by Blaise Pascal (French Mathematician) in 1642 It calculation limited to addition and subtraction. Stepped Reckoner (Leibniz Calculator): Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1671. It was a modified version of Pascal Calculator. It can add, subtract multiply and divide. Difference Engine: Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822. It was an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate table of mathematics and statistics. In 1834 Charles Babbage invented Analytical Engine. As all the Modern Computers works on the concept of Analytical Engine, Charles Babbage known as ‘Father of Computer’, It was the first mechanical computer. Assignment: 1) What is ABACUS? 2) What are the two different parts of ABACUS? 3) Who invent Pascal Calculator? 4) What is Stepped Reckoner? 5) Who is the Father of Computer and why? Generations of Computers First Generation Computer (1940 - 1956) Used Vacuum Tubes for circuitry. Big in size, taking up entire rooms. Consume huge electricity Generate a lot of Heat and often the cause of malfunctions. Support only Machine language Second Generation Computer (1956 - 1963) Used Transistor Transistor small in size and faster compared to Vacuum Tubes Support High Level programming languages (Fortan, Algol, Cobol) Third Generation Computer (1964 - 1971) Used IC (Integrated Circuits) Small in size and can be placed on a Table Less expensive Fast in speed More reliable and accurate Fourth Generation Computers (1971 – Present day) Used LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Cheaper, faster, more accurate and reliable compared to previous generation. Easily transport and placed because of its small size. It includes hand held devices like Tablet, Smartphone. Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Future) Based on Artificial Intelligence Capable of Logical thinking like human Characteristics of Computers: Speed: Computers can perform calculations at a very high speed. Its speed measured in Gigahertz (GHz). Accuracy: Computers are too accurate to detect and correct errors easily. Storage Capacity: Computer has the ability to store very huge amount of data. Computers stores data in RAM (Temporary Memory) and Hard disk, CD, DVD, Pen Drive (Permanent Memory). Diligence: Computer never get tired like humans. Versatility: Computer performs many types of works as per software available for specific tasks. It can be used for listen to songs, type letters, surf the internet. Limitation of a Computer: Dump machine Can’t do anything on its own. Works on electricity Assignment: 1) Write the Limitation of computer. 2) Discuss the characteristics of computer. 3) Complete the Table: Sl. No. Generation Period Technology used 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) .

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"Computers" Abacus—The First Calculator
Component 4: Introduction to Information and Computer Science Unit 1: Basic Computing Concepts, Including History Lecture 4 BMI540/640 Week 1 This material was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015. The First "Computers" • The word "computer" was first recorded in 1613 • Referred to a person who performed calculations • Evidence of counting is traced to at least 35,000 BC Ishango Bone Tally Stick: Science Museum of Brussels Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 2 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Abacus—The First Calculator • Invented by Babylonians in 2400 BC — many subsequent versions • Used for counting before there were written numbers • Still used today The Chinese Lee Abacus http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/ Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 3 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 1 Slide Rules John Napier William Oughtred • By the Middle Ages, number systems were developed • John Napier discovered/developed logarithms at the turn of the 17 th century • William Oughtred used logarithms to invent the slide rude in 1621 in England • Used for multiplication, division, logarithms, roots, trigonometric functions • Used until early 70s when electronic calculators became available Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 4 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Mechanical Computers • Use mechanical parts to automate calculations • Limited operations • First one was the ancient Antikythera computer from 150 BC Used gears to calculate position of sun and moon Fragment of Antikythera mechanism Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 5 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, Italy Leonardo da Vinci • Two notebooks discovered in 1967 showed drawings for a mechanical calculator • A replica was built soon after Leonardo da Vinci's notes and the replica The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine .
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Family Math math, we’ve got this! Everyone can participate in these puzzles, compare notes, and share solutions. Enjoy! Math Unplugged Long before computers, tablets, and cell phones, people used calculators that needed no electricity or batteries. They also looked for patterns in their calculations to check their work or to be able to compute faster. Unplugged Calculators You may have seen or even used an abacus. A version of the abacus like the one shown here is a popular toy today for young mathematicians. Have you ever used Napier’s bones to help multiply multiple-digit numbers? Many tools have been created throughout history to assist with numerical calculations. Find out more on your own about these mechanical calculators: • Blaise Pascal’s 17th-century calculating machine, the Pascaline • Gottfried Leibniz’s 18th-century automatic calculator, the Stepped Reckoner • Thomas de Colar’s 19th-century Arithmometer, the first machine used commercially Has anyone you know ever used a slide rule? It may be either rectangular or circular in shape, and its scale is based on logarithms. The slide rule is used for multiplication, division, and other higher-level math calculations. At first glance, the rectangular version of the tool looks like several rulers put together. On closer inspection, you see that the center ruler moves back and forth and that the numbers get closer together on the rule as you go to the right. High school math classes in the first half of the 20th-century included use of the slide rule. Abacus The abacus is the oldest known calculator on record, with historical evidence showing its use for over two thousand years.
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History in the Computing Curriculum 6000 BC to 1899 AD
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Computer Programming and Data Science
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Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Informàtica Universitat Politècnica de València Arqueología informática: diseño e implementación de una calculadora tipo Leibniz con Scratch TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Grado en Ingeniería Informática Autor: Salvador Pérez Heras Tutor: Xavier Molero Prieto Curso 2015-2016 Resumen La calculadora de Leibniz fue creada en 1673 y fue un gran avance en la época. Dicha calculadora fue utilizada durante tres siglos por el mundo de la computación y sobretodo por su famoso Stepped Reckoner. Su creador fue el ﬁlósofo, matemático y político alemán Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Este invento fue heredado por la mayor parte de las calcula- doras mecánicas y ha sido la madre de prácticamente todos los aparatos matemáticos e informáticos de los que podemos hacer uso hoy en día. En este trabajo se pretende realizar un estudio histórico y un análisis de las distintas calculadoras que ha creado el ser humano, centrándonos en la de Leibniz y en la Schu- bert. A causa del gran valor histórico de las calculadoras mecánicas, este trabajo ha sido utilizado para dar a conocer este mecanismo en la página web destinada al Museo de In- formática de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática de la UPV y contribuir así a la difusión del patrimonio digital. A parte, se ha realizado una aplicación en lenguaje SCRATCH del funcionamiento de la máquina calculadora Schubert, la cual va a servir también para mostrar interactiva- mente su uso a personas que no la conozcan. Palabras clave: calculadora Schubert, calculadora Leibniz, Museo de la informática, di- fusión de patrimonio, Scratch. Resum La calculadora de Leibniz va ser creada a l’any 1673 i va ser un gran avanç en l’època.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716)
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
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THE HISTORY of the INVENTIONS LEADING to the Developmffintofthecomputersandthe RELATED EFFECTS on EDUCATIONAL INSTRUCTION and SOCIETY
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Chapter 1 History of Computers
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