DOCSLIB.ORG

Charting Uncertainty About Ant Origins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Charting Uncertainty About Ant Origins COMMENTARY Charting uncertainty about ant origins Ross H. Crozier* School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia ver a wide range of environ- ments, up to five ant species forage every square meter of ground (1). In Amazonian Orainforests, the biomass of ants dwarfs that of vertebrates (2), and in many rainforest trees, ants make up a large fraction of individual insects (3). This ecological dominance and the complex- ity of their societies makes their phylo- geny of great interest as a glimpse into the development of the modern world in terms of the relationships between the various groups of ants, how their charac- Fig. 1. Certainty becomes managed uncertainty. Analyzing the complete sequence ant data set together teristics evolved, and when they origi- with outgroups yielded tree A, with the outgroups joining at the filled star, implying that the Leptanillinae nated. This year we have seen not one are the sister group to all other ants. Analyzing just the ant sequences led to a significantly different result, tree B. Testing nine hypotheses (dots or stars) for rooting the ant tree eliminated four but left five as but two blockbuster articles examining statistically not separable. The most likely of these, shown with a filled star, remains on the branch to the ant phylogeny and time of origin of the Leptanillinae, but the second most likely, shown with an open star, falls on the branch to the rest of the group, one of which is by Brady et al. ants, implying that the leptanillines are closely related to the Amblyponinae, with which they share some (4) in this issue of PNAS. The two arti- striking characteristics. Thick lines denote branches with posterior probability of at least 0.95. The cles (4, 5) agree in several important instability of the ingroup according to whether outgroups are included in the analysis may have resulted respects but disagree in others. from long branch attraction. Early thought on ant phylogeny was bedeviled by the belief that all or most of the genera with armored cuticles and species from all 20 currently recognized geny inference, can also lead to spurious strong stings belonged in a single sub- ant subfamilies and 10 outgroups and rearrangement of the ingroup taxa (13). family, the Ponerinae (6). Brown (7) using 6 kb of DNA sequence from seven The problem is mainly one for parsi- pointed the way forward by suggesting nuclear genes. There is much agreement mony and will not occur for maximum that various other ant subfamilies arose between the two studies. In particular, likelihood or Bayesian analysis when the within the ponerines, which are thus most subfamilies are monophyletic, and substitution model has been correctly paraphyletic; presciently, he proposed a the two trees place them in similar posi- specified (14), but the models now avail- close relationship between the Ectatom- tions. Brown’s suggestion of a strong able may not reflect reality sufficiently minae (then a ponerine tribe) and the relationship between the Ectatomminae well to avoid it in some small, but un- giant subfamily Myrmicinae [Ͼ4,500 and the Myrmicinae is not contradicted known, number of cases (15). To para- species (8)]. However, he made no no- statistically by the new findings. phrase Li (16), substitution models are menclatural change, and subsequent au- There is thus now the emergence of the naturally artificial despite the attempt to thors tended to treat the ponerines as a promise of stability in ant phylogeny, with be artificially natural. Brady et al. (4) single group. This tendency to agglom- these studies having very similar trees, but surmised that long branch attraction erate seriously compromised the ability this result includes a puzzling anomaly, might have affected the placement of to make sense of ant phylogeny, and for namely the placement of the Leptanillinae the ant groups and thus repeated the decades the procession of phylogenetic as the sister group to all other ants. Those analysis with the outgroups omitted. Sig- schemes was notable in its diversity leptanillines that have been studied are nificant differences appeared between rather than its stability. The crucial tiny, eyeless subterranean ants with an the two analyses (Fig. 1). In particular, breakthrough came from Bolton (24), army-ant lifestyle, preying on geophilo- the poneroids, a group of morphologi- who erected a host of new subfamilies morph centipedes like wolves on elk (10). cally similar subfamilies, which had and subdivided the original subfamily Their bizarre habit of the queen feeding formed a monophyletic assemblage in Ponerinae into six; although he still on hemolymph from her larvae also oc- the rooted tree, no longer did so when placed all of these together, this recog- curs in the Amblyoponinae (11), and this the outgroups were omitted. Next, nition of difference liberated phyloge- and morphological similarities raised sus- Brady et al. tested nine hypotheses for neticists to make new findings (4, 5, 9). picions that these groups are closely re- the rooting of the ant tree by constrain- Bolton’s (24) reorganization of ant lated. Having the Leptanillinae placed at ing each such link in turn and found systematics joined with the increasing the base of the tree of all ants (4, 5) is that only four of these were eliminated ease of obtaining DNA sequence, a therefore very odd. For one thing, eye- statistically. The most likely one of the moderately good fossil record, and the balling the resulting tree gives the impres- remaining five still placed the Leptanilli- rise of phylogenetic methods able to sion that the ancestral ant was eyeless and nae as the sister group to the rest of handle large data sets and estimate di- lived underground, so that the great ma- vergence dates. The first major and con- jority of ants today must have secondarily vincing effort to elucidate ant phylogeny regained eyes and moved to hunt in the Author contributions: R.H.C. wrote the paper. at a grand scale and set it in temporal open air. The author declares no conflict of interest. context was that of Moreau et al. (5) Long branch attraction (12), in which See companion article on page 18172. earlier this year. The study by Brady et groups at the ends of long branches are *E-mail: [email protected]. al. (4) is even larger, dealing with 162 wrongly placed together during phylo- © 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0608880103 PNAS ͉ November 28, 2006 ͉ vol. 103 ͉ no. 48 ͉ 18029–18030 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 antdom, but the second most likely of surface, it also opened the night; many gent of these dates and their confidence them nests them near the Amblyoponi- ants forage at night, but exceedingly few limits yields the range 105.6–143.2 Mya. nae and allows the interpretation of the flying social insects manage this (22). The two ranges overlap, but whereas that ancestral ant as an above-ground forager It is in dating the origin of ants that the of the earlier study overlaps the Jurassic, with eyes. Thus, an ant tree in accor- emphases of this year’s blockbuster ant that of Brady et al. (4) does not. However, dance with morphological expectation is articles differ most sharply. Moreau et al. Brady et al. regard the older ages as prob- among those fitting the molecular data, (5) explored a number of dating tech- lematic and hence stress a mid-Cretaceous but it is not a done deal. niques, but both Moreau et al. and Brady age for the most recent common ancestor Given the thoroughness of the phylo- et al. (4) settled on the method of penal- for ants. Even so, Brady et al. concede genetic analysis, it is striking that this ized likelihood (23) and used the same set that there may have been ants on Earth sophistication did not extend to compar- of ant fossil ages. Whereas Moreau et al. even earlier, in the form of the apparent ative analysis, for which no details have appear to have used only the minimum ant ancestors, the enigmatic fossil-only been given. Powerful Bayesian methods ages of ant fossils in their analysis, Brady Sphecomyrminae. Where this uncertainty are now available, which, unlike earlier et al. also assigned two different fixed ages leaves the association with the angio- approaches, take uncertainty in the phy- (145 and 185 Mya) to the most basal sperms is a little unclear; it seems less logeny into account (17, 18). Given the node, basically marking the origin of the problematic to have ants diversifying in wealth of morphological, ecological, so- the presence of rich angiosperm forests cial, and behavioral characteristics ants than before these arose, but homopterans present, the data now available promise There is now the would have provided the sugary secretions a further revolution in understanding all consumed by adults in preangiosperm features of ant biology. emergence of the times. But when did ants arise? Most mod- A rich interplay between systematics, ern ants (and many predatory wasps) promise of stability morphology, and molecular phylogeny have adults subsisting mostly on floral can be traced. As noted above, the sys- nectar or hemipteran exudates while in ant phylogeny. tematic decision (24), based on mor- hunting prey (or carrion) for the young. phology, to disaggregate the various These characteristics speak for an asso- groups then classified as tribes within ciation with angiosperms, which has aculeate Hymenoptera. In each article, a the Ponerinae freed molecular phyloge- been suggested as important to the ori- maximum and minimum age was esti- neticists trying to relate the subfamilies, gin of ants (19).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Newly Discovered Sister Lineage Sheds Light on Early Ant Evolution
    Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution Christian Rabeling†‡§, Jeremy M. Brown†¶, and Manfred Verhaagh‡ †Section of Integrative Biology, and ¶Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Texas, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX 78712; and ‡Staatliches Museum fu¨r Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Edited by Bert Ho¨lldobler, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, and approved August 4, 2008 (received for review June 27, 2008) Ants are the world’s most conspicuous and important eusocial insects and their diversity, abundance, and extreme behavioral specializations make them a model system for several disciplines within the biological sciences. Here, we report the discovery of a new ant that appears to represent the sister lineage to all extant ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The phylogenetic position of this cryptic predator from the soils of the Amazon rainforest was inferred from several nuclear genes, sequenced from a single leg. Martialis heureka (gen. et sp. nov.) also constitutes the sole representative of a new, morphologically distinct subfamily of ants, the Martialinae (subfam. nov.). Our analyses have reduced the likelihood of long-branch attraction artifacts that have trou- bled previous phylogenetic studies of early-diverging ants and therefore solidify the emerging view that the most basal extant ant lineages are cryptic, hypogaeic foragers. On the basis of morpho- logical and phylogenetic evidence we suggest that these special- EVOLUTION ized subterranean predators are the sole surviving representatives of a highly divergent lineage that arose near the dawn of ant diversification and have persisted in ecologically stable environ- ments like tropical soils over great spans of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Ant Type Specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Deposited in the Museu De Zoologia Da Universidade De São Paulo, Brazil
    Volume 48(11):75-88, 2008 Catalogue of “poneromorph” ant type specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil Cristiane P. Scott-Santos Flávia A. Esteves Carlos Roberto F. Brandão AbsTracT The present catalogue lists the type specimes of 112 nominal “poneromorph” ant species housed in the Formicidae collection of the Hymenoptera laboratory, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP). The catalogue includes types of Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae, Ponerinae, and Proceratiinae, that is, all poneromorph (sensu Bolton, 2003) but for the monotypic Paraponerinae, of which the collection bears no type specimens. We present here information on type categories (holotype, paratype, syntype, lectotype, and paralectotype), label data, nomenclatural changes since the original description and type specimens conservation status. At last we present indexes for the taxa names presented. Keywords: Hymenoptera, ants, types, MZSP, Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae, Ponerinae, Proceratiinae. INTRODucTION The purpose of the present catalogue is to pro- vide updated information on poneromorph type The Formicidae collection housed in the Hy- specimes of the MZSP collection, following Article menoptera laboratory of the Museu de Zoologia da 72 F.4 of the International Code for Zoological No- Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP) is under con- menclature (1999). struction since the end of the 19th century and is to- The poneromorph group of ants, as defined by day one of the largest and more representative ant col- Bolton (2003), is distributed worldwide and consists lections in and for the Neotropical region, as regard of circa 1,700 described species in 49 genera of six to the number of specimens, including types, and subfamilies: Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Hetero- localities (Brandão, 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Digging Deeper Into the Ecology of Subterranean Ants: Diversity and Niche Partitioning Across Two Continents
    diversity Article Digging Deeper into the Ecology of Subterranean Ants: Diversity and Niche Partitioning across Two Continents Mickal Houadria * and Florian Menzel Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Soil fauna is generally understudied compared to above-ground arthropods, and ants are no exception. Here, we compared a primary and a secondary forest each on two continents using four different sampling methods. Winkler sampling, pitfalls, and four types of above- and below-ground baits (dead, crushed insects; melezitose; living termites; living mealworms/grasshoppers) were applied on four plots (4 × 4 grid points) on each site. Although less diverse than Winkler samples and pitfalls, subterranean baits provided a remarkable ant community. Our baiting system provided a large dataset to systematically quantify strata and dietary specialisation in tropical rainforest ants. Compared to above-ground baits, 10–28% of the species at subterranean baits were overall more common (or unique to) below ground, indicating a fauna that was truly specialised to this stratum. Species turnover was particularly high in the primary forests, both concerning above-ground and subterranean baits and between grid points within a site. This suggests that secondary forests are more impoverished, especially concerning their subterranean fauna. Although subterranean ants rarely displayed specific preferences for a bait type, they were in general more specialised than above-ground ants; this was true for entire communities, but also for the same species if they foraged in both strata. Citation: Houadria, M.; Menzel, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Ant Venoms. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical
    CE: Namrta; ACI/5923; Total nos of Pages: 5; ACI 5923 Ant venoms Donald R. Hoffman Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Purpose of review Greenville, North Carolina, USA The review summarizes knowledge about ants that are known to sting humans and their Correspondence to Donald R. Hoffman, PhD, venoms. Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Recent findings 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC 27834, USA Fire ants and Chinese needle ants are showing additional spread of range. Fire ants are Tel: +1 252 744 2807; e-mail: [email protected] now important in much of Asia. Venom allergens have been characterized and Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical studied for fire ants and jack jumper ants. The first studies of Pachycondyla venoms Immunology 2010, 10:000–000 have been reported, and a major allergen is Pac c 3, related to Sol i 3 from fire ants. There are very limited data available for other ant groups. Summary Ants share some common proteins in venoms, but each group appears to have a number of possibly unique components. Further proteomic studies should expand and clarify our knowledge of these fascinating animals. Keywords ant, fire ant, jack jumper ant, phospholipase, sting, venom Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 10:000–000 ß 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1528-4050 east [4] and P. sennaarensis in the middle east [5]. These Introduction two species are commonly referred to as Chinese needle Ants are among the most biodiverse organisms on earth. ants and samsum ants.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytogenetic Studies of the Neotropical Ant Genus Ectatomma (Formicidae: Ectatomminae: Ectatommini) by Luísa Antônia Campos Barros1; Cléa S.F
    555 Cytogenetic Studies of the Neotropical Ant Genus Ectatomma (Formicidae: Ectatomminae: Ectatommini) by Luísa Antônia Campos Barros1; Cléa S.F. Mariano2; Davileide de Sousa Borges2; Silvia G. Pompolo1 & Jacques H.C. Delabie2* AbsTRacT The ant genus Ectatomma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is typically Neo- tropical and is the only genus of the subfamily Ectatomminae for which no cytogenetic data previously existed. Cytogenetic studies of five species of the Ectatomma genus are reported here. Colonies were collected at Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil), Ilhéus and Manoel Vitorino (Bahia, Brazil). In this genus, the chromosome number ranged from 2n=36 to 46: Ectatomma brunneum Smith, 2n=44 (karyotype formula: 2K=22M + 22A); Ectatomma muticum Mayr, n=20 (K=16M + 4A); Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 2n=46 (2K=20M + 26A); Ectatomma tuberculatum Olivier, 2n=36 (2K=30M + 6A), while the observed metaphases of Ectatomma edentatum Roger, with 2n=46, did not allow a precise karyotype definition. The variations presented by the karyotypes of these ants can be attributed to the increase in the number of acrocentric chromosomes, probably because of rearrangements such as centric fission. This study is important for the understanding of evolutionary processes in the Ectatomminae subfamily. Key-words: chromosome, karyotype, Minimum Interaction Theory INTRODUCTION Many animal studies have proven that cytogenetics is a useful tool for the biological understanding of a species, especially in evolutionary, taxonomic, phylogenetic and speciation mechanism studies, because chromosome al- terations are normally significant for species evolution (White 1973; King 1Laboratório de Citogenética de Insetos. Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. 36570-000Viçosa-MG, Brazil. [email protected], [email protected] 2U.P.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Borowiec Et Al-2020 Ants – Phylogeny and Classification
    A Ants: Phylogeny and 1758 when the Swedish botanist Carl von Linné Classification published the tenth edition of his catalog of all plant and animal species known at the time. Marek L. Borowiec1, Corrie S. Moreau2 and Among the approximately 4,200 animals that he Christian Rabeling3 included were 17 species of ants. The succeeding 1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA two and a half centuries have seen tremendous 2Departments of Entomology and Ecology & progress in the theory and practice of biological Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, classification. Here we provide a summary of the NY, USA current state of phylogenetic and systematic 3Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State research on the ants. University, Tempe, AZ, USA Ants Within the Hymenoptera Tree of Ants are the most ubiquitous and ecologically Life dominant insects on the face of our Earth. This is believed to be due in large part to the cooperation Ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, which also allowed by their sociality. At the time of writing, includes wasps and bees. ▶ Eusociality, or true about 13,500 ant species are described and sociality, evolved multiple times within the named, classified into 334 genera that make up order, with ants as by far the most widespread, 17 subfamilies (Fig. 1). This diversity makes the abundant, and species-rich lineage of eusocial ants the world’s by far the most speciose group of animals. Within the Hymenoptera, ants are part eusocial insects, but ants are not only diverse in of the ▶ Aculeata, the clade in which the ovipos- terms of numbers of species.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Ancient Diversity and the Rise of Modern Lineages
    Myrmecological News 24 1-30 Vienna, March 2017 Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages Phillip BARDEN Abstract The ant fossil record is summarized with special reference to the earliest ants, first occurrences of modern lineages, and the utility of paleontological data in reconstructing evolutionary history. During the Cretaceous, from approximately 100 to 78 million years ago, only two species are definitively assignable to extant subfamilies – all putative crown group ants from this period are discussed. Among the earliest ants known are unexpectedly diverse and highly social stem- group lineages, however these stem ants do not persist into the Cenozoic. Following the Cretaceous-Paleogene boun- dary, all well preserved ants are assignable to crown Formicidae; the appearance of crown ants in the fossil record is summarized at the subfamilial and generic level. Generally, the taxonomic composition of Cenozoic ant fossil communi- ties mirrors Recent ecosystems with the "big four" subfamilies Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae comprising most faunal abundance. As reviewed by other authors, ants increase in abundance dramatically from the Eocene through the Miocene. Proximate drivers relating to the "rise of the ants" are discussed, as the majority of this increase is due to a handful of highly dominant species. In addition, instances of congruence and conflict with molecular- based divergence estimates are noted, and distinct "ghost" lineages are interpreted. The ant fossil record is a valuable resource comparable to other groups with extensive fossil species: There are approximately as many described fossil ant species as there are fossil dinosaurs. The incorporation of paleontological data into neontological inquiries can only seek to improve the accuracy and scale of generated hypotheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae) and Description of the Worker Caste
    Zootaxa 3734 (3): 371–379 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3734.3.6 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2890D856-2245-4B79-9D7D-61D265238DDB Rediscovery of the rare ant genus Bannapone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae) and description of the worker caste BENOIT GUÉNARD1,3, BENJAMIN BLANCHARD1, CONG LIU1,2, DA-RONG YANG2 & EVAN ECONOMO1 1Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The genus Bannapone was described in 2000 on the basis of a single dealate queen specimen. Since its original collection in Yunnan, China, no other specimen has been reported, making it one of the rarest ant genera in the world. Here we report the collection of two workers of Bannapone also from Yunnan province. The description of the worker caste is presented. Furthermore, we found significant differences with the described B. mulanae Xu, 2000 which leads us to describe the workers as a new species, B. scrobiceps n. sp.. Finally, we briefly discuss the importance of leaf-litter collection methods to collect taxa considered as “rare”. Key words: Formicidae, Amblyoponinae Introduction The subfamily Amblyoponinae includes 116 species spread over 13 genera. Most of the Amblyoponine genera exhibit a pan-tropical distribution (Guénard et al. 2011), although a few species are also known to be adapted to cooler habitats of temperate regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/30/2021 01:18:19AM Via Free Access 10 Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie, Volume 155, 2012
    Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 155 (2012) 9–14 brill.nl/tve Two new species of the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) from the Himalaya Himender Bharti Two new species of the genus Myrmica are described from the Himalaya. Myrmica adrijae sp. n. is reported from North-western region in India, while Myrmica pseudorugosa sp. n. is reported from North-eastern Pakistan. Myrmica adrijae sp. n. and Myrmica pseudorugosa sp. n. belong to the smythiesii and rugosa species groups respectively. Both species are considerably distinct from already described species in these groups. Himender Bharti, Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, India, 147002. [email protected] Introduction lided with the Eurasian plate, followed by a sec- The genus Myrmica Latreille, 1804 is represented ond phase of mountain development about 65 mil- in the old world by 146 valid species, which are lion years ago. Rising of the Himalaya as an isola- well distributed in the Palearctic zone and in south- tion barrier has led to a high degree of endemism east Asian tropical and subtropical regions (Rad- (Radchenko & Elmes 2001, 2010; Bharti 2008a, chenko & Elmes 2010; Bharti 2011, 2012; Bharti 2008b, 2011, 2012; Bharti & Sharma 2011a, 2011b, & Sharma 2011a, 2011b, 2011c). The central Asian 2011c). Only during the last ten years, the author has mountains, which comprise Hindu Kush, Karako- started exploring the Himalayan fauna. The region rum and the south-western slopes of the Himalaya appears to have quite a number of undescribed or (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan), unnoticed species which would contribute in under- harbour 37 species representing seven species groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of a New Genus of Primitive Ants from Canadian Amber
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 8-11-2017 Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Leonid H. Borysenko Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Borysenko, Leonid H., "Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (2017). Insecta Mundi. 1067. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1067 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI A Journal of World Insect Systematics 0570 Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Leonid H. Borysenko Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes AAFC, K.W. Neatby Building 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, K1A 0C6, Canada Date of Issue: August 11, 2017 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Leonid H. Borysenko Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Insecta Mundi 0570: 1–57 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C6CCDDD5-9D09-4E8B-B056-A8095AA1367D Published in 2017 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa 2878: 1–61 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (Print Edition) Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (Online Edition)
    Zootaxa 2878: 1–61 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) ZOOTAXA 2878 Generic Synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), Part I — Myrmicinae and Pseudomyrmecinae KATSUYUKI EGUCHI1, BUI TUAN VIET2 & SEIKI YAMANE3 1Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] 2Vietnam National Museum of Nature, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan. Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by J. Longino: 25 Jan. 2011; published: 13 May 2011 KATSUYUKI EGUCHI, BUI TUAN VIET & SEIKI YAMANE Generic Synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), Part I — Myrmicinae and Pseudomyrmecinae (Zootaxa 2878) 61 pp.; 30 cm. 13 May 2011 ISBN 978-1-86977-667-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-668-8 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2011 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2011 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 2878 © 2011 Magnolia Press EGUCHI ET AL.
    [Show full text]
  • Poneromorfas Do Brasil Miolo.Indd
    3 - Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e filogenia de Ectatomminae Gabriela P. Camacho Rodrigo M. Feitosa SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros CAMACHO, GP., and FEITOSA, RM. Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e filogenia de Ectatomminae. In: DELABIE, JHC., et al., orgs. As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil [online]. Ilhéus, BA: Editus, 2015, pp. 23-32. ISBN 978-85-7455-441-9. Available from SciELO Books <http://books.scielo.org>. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. 3 Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Ectatomminae Gabriela P. Camacho, Rodrigo M. Feitosa Resumo Ectatomminae é formada por quatro gêneros, especialmente daqueles que ocorrem no gêneros: Ectatomma Fr. Smith e Typhlomyrmex Brasil. Atualmente, a identifi cação das espécies de Mayr, exclusivos da região Neotropical; Ectatomminae é relativamente fácil, contando com Rhytidoponera Mayr, que ocorre apenas na Região chaves dicotômicas efi cientes para os três gêneros. Australiana; e Gnamptogenys Roger, presente Quanto à sua biologia, a subfamília apresenta nas regiões Neotropical, Neártica, Indo-malaia espécies nidifi cando no solo, na serapilheira, em e Australiana. Em termos de diversidade, a troncos em decomposição ou mesmo no estrato subfamília é composta por 266 espécies no mundo arbóreo e arbustivo de fl orestas, incluindo o todo, com 112 ocorrendo na Região Neotropical, dossel.
    [Show full text]