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Poneromorfas Do Brasil Miolo.Indd 3 - Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e filogenia de Ectatomminae Gabriela P. Camacho Rodrigo M. Feitosa SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros CAMACHO, GP., and FEITOSA, RM. Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e filogenia de Ectatomminae. In: DELABIE, JHC., et al., orgs. As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil [online]. Ilhéus, BA: Editus, 2015, pp. 23-32. ISBN 978-85-7455-441-9. Available from SciELO Books <http://books.scielo.org>. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. 3 Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Ectatomminae Gabriela P. Camacho, Rodrigo M. Feitosa Resumo Ectatomminae é formada por quatro gêneros, especialmente daqueles que ocorrem no gêneros: Ectatomma Fr. Smith e Typhlomyrmex Brasil. Atualmente, a identifi cação das espécies de Mayr, exclusivos da região Neotropical; Ectatomminae é relativamente fácil, contando com Rhytidoponera Mayr, que ocorre apenas na Região chaves dicotômicas efi cientes para os três gêneros. Australiana; e Gnamptogenys Roger, presente Quanto à sua biologia, a subfamília apresenta nas regiões Neotropical, Neártica, Indo-malaia espécies nidifi cando no solo, na serapilheira, em e Australiana. Em termos de diversidade, a troncos em decomposição ou mesmo no estrato subfamília é composta por 266 espécies no mundo arbóreo e arbustivo de fl orestas, incluindo o todo, com 112 ocorrendo na Região Neotropical, dossel. São na maioria predadoras generalistas, e 50 presentes no Brasil. Pouco se sabe sobre as com algumas espécies que coletam honeydew relações fi logenéticas internas em Ectatomminae, de hemípteros e néctar-extrafl oral de plantas. mas muitos estudos têm sido feitos na tentativa Há ainda o registro de pelo menos um caso de de se compreender a taxonomia e a biologia dos parasitismo social nesta subfamília. CAMACHO, Gabriela P. ; FEITOSA, Rodrigo M. Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Ectatomminae. In: DELABIE, Jacques H. C. et al. As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil. Ilhéus: Editus, 2015. p. 23-32. Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Ectatomminae | 23 PPoneromorfasoneromorfas ddoo BBrasil_miolo.inddrasil_miolo.indd 2233 113/01/20163/01/2016 111:48:321:48:32 Abstract State of the art of the taxonomy and been conducted in an attempt to understand the phylogeny of the subfamily Ectatomminae - taxonomy and biology of the ectatommine genera, Ectatomminae consists of four genera: Ectatomma especially in Brazil. Currently, the identifi cation Fr. Smith and Typhlomyrmex Mayr, exclusive of Ectatomminae species is a relatively easy task, from the Neotropical region; Rhytidoponera Mayr, with effi cient dichotomous keys available for the which occurs only in the Australian region; and three genera in Brazil. In regards to their biology, Gnamptogenys Roger, present in Neotropical, the subfamily has species nesting in soil, leaf litter, Nearctic, Indo-Malayan and Australian regions. rotten logs and even in the tree and shrub layer In terms of diversity, the subfamily is composed of forests, including the canopy. Th e species are of 266 species worldwide, with 112 representatives usually generalist predators, with some collecting occurring in the Neotropics, 50 of them in Brazil. honeydew from Hemiptera and extrafl oral nectar Little is known about the phylogenetic relationships from plants. In addition, there is at least one record within the Ectatomminae, but many studies have of social parasitism in ectatommines. Sistemática de Ectatomminae fi logenética para a tribo, demonstrando a polifi - lia de Ectatommini. De acordo com a nova clas- A subfamília Ectatomminae abriga formi- sifi cação, Ectatommini passou a ser formada por gas pequenas a médias, monomórfi cas e ampla- dois grupos: o clado Heteroponera, formado por mente distribuídas, sendo formada por quatro gê- Acanthoponera e Heteroponera, e o clado Ectatomma, neros: Ectatomma Fr. Smith e Typhlomyrmex Mayr, com Gnamptogenys, Ectatomma e Rhytidoponera exclusivos da Região Neotropical; Rhytidoponera (Figura 3.1A). Mais tarde, através da ampliação da Mayr, que ocorre apenas na Região Australiana; e matriz de caracteres e da inclusão de novos táxons, Gnamptogenys Roger, presente nas regiões Neotro- Keller (2000) desenvolveu uma nova análise fi loge- pical, Neártica, Indo-malaia e Australiana. Apesar nética para o grupo (Figura 3.1B). Seus resultados de sua abundância, ainda há muito a se conhecer confi rmaram a polifi lia da tribo, apontando a mo- sobre as relações fi logenéticas entre estes gêneros. nofi lia dos grupos Heteroponera e Ectatomma, com Os gêneros ectatommíneos foram primei- Typhlomyrmex apresentando uma grande distância ramente posicionados na subfamília Ponerinae, fi logenética destes grupos. mais precisamente na tribo Ectatommini (com ex- Dadas tais instabilidades nas classifi cações ceção de Typhlomyrmex), por Brown (1954) e por de Ectatommini e demais tribos de Ponerinae, Bol- vários autores subsequentemente (BOLTON, 1994; ton (2003) desenvolveu um estudo morfológico 1995). A primeira revisão para a tribo classifi cou abrangente e a dividiu em seis subfamílias, sendo como pertencentes à Ectatommini Acanthoponera, uma delas a nova subfamília Ectatomminae, com- Aulacopone, Discothyrea, Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, posta pelos gêneros Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, Heteroponera, Paraponera, Proceratium e Rhytidoponera e Typhlomyrmex. Os demais gêne- Rhytidoponera (BROWN, 1958). Neste trabalho, atra- ros que compunham a tribo Ectatommini foram vés de análises morfológicas, Brown estabelece uma classifi cados nas subfamílias Heteroponerinae maior relação entre Gnamptogenys e Rhytidoponera (Acanthoponera, Aulacopone e Heteroponera) e e os gêneros Acanthoponera e Heteroponera, e pro- Proceratiinae (Discothyrea, Probolomyrmex e põe Ectatomma como uma linhagem basal dentro Proceratium). As subfamílias originadas do trabalho da tribo, juntamente com Paraponera. O gênero de Bolton (2003) foram por muito tempo chamadas Typhlomyrmex, até então, era considerado como de poneromorfas, devido a inferências sobre as re- pertencente à subtribo Typhlomyrmecini, posterior- lações entre elas com base na morfologia externa. mente elevada à tribo (BROWN, 1965). Apenas recentemente, com a ampliação das Utilizando-se de caracteres morfológi- fi logenias utilizando dados moleculares, as rela- cos, Lattke (1994) apresenta a primeira análise ções entre as subfamílias até então consideradas 24 | Gabriela P. Camacho, Rodrigo M. Feitosa PPoneromorfasoneromorfas ddoo BBrasil_miolo.inddrasil_miolo.indd 2244 113/01/20163/01/2016 111:48:321:48:32 Figura 3.1 – Relações entre os gêneros de Ectatommini com as propostas para a reclassifi cação da tribo segundo (A) Lattke (1994) e (B) Keller (2000). As barras azuis mostram a posição dos gêneros ectatommíneos incluídos nas análises (Modifi cado de FEITOSA, 2011). A B poneromorfas foram devidamente estudadas. Di- conduzidas. O gênero Gnamptogenys é, certamente, versos trabalhos demonstraram que, na verdade, o mais estudado de Ectatomminae. A primeira re- as subfamílias Ectatomminae e Heteroponerinae visão do gênero foi feita por Brown (1958), com es- formam juntas o complexo ectaheteromorfo e, ao tudos posteriores conduzidos por Brandão e Lattke lado de Formicinae e Myrmicinae, compõem o (1990) e Lattke (1992), com ênfase no grupo minu- atual clado formicoide (Brady et al., 2006; Moreau ta. Além disso, Lattke (1995) apresenta uma revisão et al., 2006; Ouellette et al., 2006; Rabeling et al., para as espécies neotropicais e Lattke (2004), para 2008) (Figura 3.2). Em adição Keller (2011), uti- as espécies do Velho Mundo. Além destes trabalhos, lizando exclusivamente caracteres morfológicos, Lattke (1990), Fernández (1991), Fernández et al., comprova a parafi lia do complexo poneromorfo (1996) e Lattke et al. (2008) estudaram as espécies e a relação de grupo-irmão entre Ectatomminae e que ocorrem na Venezuela e na Colômbia, Wu; Heteroponerinae (grupo ectaheteromorfo). Wang (1995), Xu; Zhang (1996), Zhou (2001) forne- A taxonomia global e as relações fi logené- ceram chaves para as espécies da China e Shattuck ticas internas em Ectatomminae ainda não foram (2000) fez a sinopse das espécies australianas. Des- estudadas profundamente, embora revisões taxonô- de então, espécies novas encontradas para o grupo micas dos gêneros que a compõem estejam sendo têm sido descritas (LATTKE, 2002; LATTKE et al., Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Ectatomminae | 25 PPoneromorfasoneromorfas ddoo BBrasil_miolo.inddrasil_miolo.indd 2255 113/01/20163/01/2016 111:48:321:48:32 Figura 3.2 – Sumário das relações fi logenéticas entre subfamílias de formigas reconstruídas com base em dados moleculares. Os triângulos representam a diversidade de cada subfamília (Modifi cado de Keller, 2011). 2004; LATTKE et al., 2007; PACHECO et al., 2004), momento. No Brasil, são conhecidas 11 espécies, mas sabe-se que muitas ainda estão por descrever. caracterizadas por serem formigas grandes, abun- Mais recentemente, Camacho (2013) apresentou dantes e conspícuas e com uma clara preferência uma revisão taxonômica para as espécies do grupo por hábitats quentes. striatula que ocorrem no Brasil, redescrevendo seis As espécies do gênero são caracterizadas espécies e descrevendo quatro espécies novas. pela presença
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