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B39 Homo Neanderthalensis and Archaic Homo Sapiens
138 Chapter b THE GREAT ICE AGE The Present is the Key to the Past: HUGH RANCE b39 Homo neanderthalensis and archaic Homo sapiens < 160,000 years, burial, care > Haud ignara mali miseris succurrere disco. [Not unacquainted with distress, I have learned to succor the unfortunate.] —Virgil proverb.1 Hybridization may be ‘the grossest blunder in sexual preference which we can conceive of an animal making’[—Ronald Fisher, 1930], but it is nonetheless a regular event. The fraction of species that hybridize is variable, but on average around 10% of animal and 25% of plant species are known to hybridize with at least one other species. —James Mallet.2 Peripatetic though they were, Cro-Magnon (moderns) did not intermix with other human groups that existed, but kept to themselves for mating purposes, and then prevailed to the complete demise of competitors wherever they roamed.3 Invading species succeed often by virtue of leaving behind their predators, parasites, and pathogens.4 Humanity has decreased in overall robustness (healthy body mass) since 11,000 years ago. With adult heights that average 5' 4" and observed range of 1' 10½" (Gul Mohammed) to 8' 11"( Robert P. Wadlow), we Cro-Magnon descendants are 13% less their body size that Christopher B. Ruff has estimated from their fossilized bones. In Europe, Cro-Magnon developed an ivory, antler, and bone toolkit with apparel-making needles (Magdalenian culture) and had arrived equipped with stone-pointed projectiles (Aurignation technology).5 Moderns were in frigid Russia (Kostenki sites) 45,000 -
An Early Modern Human from the Pes¸Tera Cu Oase, Romania
An early modern human from the Pes¸tera cu Oase, Romania Erik Trinkaus*†, Oana Moldovan‡,S¸ tefan Milota§, Adrian Bıˆlga˘r¶, Laurent¸iu Sarcina§, Sheela Athreyaʈ, Shara E. Bailey**, Ricardo Rodrigo††, Gherase Mircea§, Thomas Higham‡‡, Christopher Bronk Ramsey‡‡, and Johannes van der Plicht§§ *Department of Anthropology, Campus Box 1114, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130; ‡Institutul de Speologie ‘‘Emil Racovit¸a˘ ,’’ Clinicilor 5, P.O. Box 58, 3400 Cluj, Romania; §Pro Acva Grup, Strada˘Surduc 1, 1900 Timis¸oara, Romania; ¶Strada˘Decebal 1, 1500 Drobeta Turnu Severin, Romania; ʈDepartment of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843; **Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, 2110 G Street, Washington, DC 20052; ††Centro Nacional da Arqueologia Na´utica e Subaqua´tica, Instituto Portugueˆs de Arqueologia, Avenida da India 136, 1300 Lisboa, Portugal; ‡‡Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, 6 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QJ, United Kingdom; and §§Centrum voor Isotopen Onderzoek, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands Contributed by Erik Trinkaus, August 8, 2003 The 2002 discovery of a robust modern human mandible in the Pes¸tera cu Oase, southwestern Romania, provides evidence of early modern humans in the lower Danubian Corridor. Directly accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (14C)-dated to 34,000– 36,000 14C years B.P., the Oase 1 mandible is the oldest definite early modern human specimen in Europe and provides perspec- tives on the emergence and evolution of early modern humans in the northwestern Old World. The moderately long Oase 1 mandi- ble exhibits a prominent tuber symphyseos and overall proportions that place it close to earlier Upper Paleolithic European specimens. -
Upper Pleistocene Human Remains from Vindija Cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 54~499-545(1981) Upper Pleistocene Human Remains From Vindija Cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia MILFORD H. WOLPOFF, FRED H. SMITH, MIRKO MALEZ, JAKOV RADOVCIC, AND DARKO RUKAVINA Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (MH.W.1,Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Kmxuille, Tennessee 37916 (FHS.),and Institute for Paleontology and Quaternary Geology, Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia (M.M., J.R., D.R.) KEY WORDS Vindija, Neandertal, South Central Europe, Modern Homo sapiens origin, Evolution ABSTRACT Human remains excavated from Vindija cave include a large although fragmentary sample of late Mousterian-associated specimens and a few additional individuals from the overlying early Upper Paleolithic levels. The Mousterian-associated sample is similar to European Neandertals from other regions. Compared with earlier Neandertals from south central Europe, this sam- ple evinces evolutionary trends in the direction of Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Compared with the western European Neandertals, the same trends can be demon- strated, although the magnitude of difference is less, and there is a potential for confusing temporal with regional sources of variation. The early Upper Paleo- lithic-associated sample cannot be distinguished from the Mousterian-associated hominids. We believe that this site provides support for Hrdlicka’s “Neandertal phase” of human evolution, as it was originally applied in Europe. The Pannonian Basin and surrounding val- the earliest chronometrically dated Upper leys of south central Europe have yielded a Paleolithic-associated hominid in Europe large and significant series of Upper Pleisto- (Smith, 1976a). cene fossil hominids (e.g. Jelinek, 1969) as well This report presents a detailed comparative as extensive evidence of their cultural behavior description of a sample of fossil hominids re- (e.g. -
The Sopeña Rockshelter, a New Site in Asturias (Spain) Bearing Evidence on the Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic in Northern Iberia
MUNIBE (Antropologia-Arkeologia) nº 63 45-79 SAN SEBASTIÁN 2012 ISSN 1132-2217 Recibido: 2012-01-17 Aceptado: 2012-11-04 The Sopeña Rockshelter, a New Site in Asturias (Spain) bearing evidence on the Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic in Northern Iberia El abrigo de Sopeña, un nuevo yacimiento en Asturias (España) con depósitos de Paleolítico Medio y Superior Inicial en el Norte de la Península Ibérica KEY WORDS: Middle Paleolithic, Early Upper Paleolithic, Gravettian, Auriñaciense, Mousterian, northern Spain, Cantabrian Mountains. PALABRAS CLAVES: Paleolítico Medio, Paleolítico Superior Inicial, Gravetiense, Auriñaciense, Musteriense, norte de España, montañas Cantábricas. GAKO-HITZAK: Erdi Paleolitoa, Hasierako Goi Paleolitoa, Gravettiarra, Aurignaciarra, Mousteriarra, Espainiako iparraldea, Kantauriar mendikatea. Ana C. PINTO-LLONA(1), Geoffrey CLARK(2), Panagiotis KARKANAS(3), Bonnie BLACKWELL(4), Anne R. SKINNER(4), Peter ANDREWS(5), Kaye REED(6), Alexandra MILLER(2), Rosario MACÍAS-ROSADO(1) and Jarno VAKIPARTA(7) ABSTRACT Iberia has become a major focus of modern human origins research because the early dates for the Aurignacian in some sites in northern Spain seem to preclude an ‘Aurignacian invasion’ from east to west. Neanderthals associated with Mousterian industries occur late in time. The occurrence of Neanderthal-modern hybrids dated to around 24 ka, and the possibility of in situ transition between the Middle and Upper Pa- leolithic along the north Spanish coast, also raise important questions. To approach these questions requires excavations with modern methods of sites containing relevant archaeological records, in situ stratigraphic deposits, and reliable dating. Here we offer a preliminary report on the Sopeña site, a rockshelter containing well stratified late Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic deposits. -
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Direct Dating of Neanderthal Remains from the Site of Vindija Cave and Implications for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition
Direct dating of Neanderthal remains from the site of Vindija Cave and implications for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition Thibaut Devièsea,1, Ivor Karavanicb,c, Daniel Comeskeya, Cara Kubiaka, Petra Korlevicd, Mateja Hajdinjakd, Siniša Radovice, Noemi Procopiof, Michael Buckleyf, Svante Pääbod, and Tom Highama aOxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; cDepartment of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071; dDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; eInstitute for Quaternary Palaeontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; and fManchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved July 28, 2017 (received for review June 5, 2017) Previous dating of the Vi-207 and Vi-208 Neanderthal remains from to directly dating the remains of late Neanderthals and early Vindija Cave (Croatia) led to the suggestion that Neanderthals modern humans, as well as artifacts recovered from the sites they survived there as recently as 28,000–29,000 B.P. Subsequent dating occupied. It has become clear that there have been major pro- yielded older dates, interpreted as ages of at least ∼32,500 B.P. We blems with dating reliability and accuracy across the Paleolithic have redated these same specimens using an approach based on the in general, with studies highlighting issues with underestimation extraction of the amino acid hydroxyproline, using preparative high- of the ages of different dated samples from previously analyzed performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC). -
Assessing Relationships Between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology Via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling William E
Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco-cultural niche modeling William E. Banks To cite this version: William E. Banks. Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco- cultural niche modeling. Archaeology and Prehistory. Universite Bordeaux 1, 2013. hal-01840898 HAL Id: hal-01840898 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840898 Submitted on 11 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches Université de Bordeaux 1 William E. BANKS UMR 5199 PACEA – De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie Assessing Relationships between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling Soutenue le 14 novembre 2013 devant un jury composé de: Michel CRUCIFIX, Chargé de Cours à l'Université catholique de Louvain, Belgique Francesco D'ERRICO, Directeur de Recherche au CRNS, Talence Jacques JAUBERT, Professeur à l'Université de Bordeaux 1, Talence Rémy PETIT, Directeur de Recherche à l'INRA, Cestas Pierre SEPULCHRE, Chargé de Recherche au CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette Jean-Denis VIGNE, Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, Paris Table of Contents Summary of Past Research Introduction .................................................................................................................. -
The Discovery of an in Situ Neanderthal Remain in the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, West- Central Zagros Mountains, Kermanshah
PLOS ONE RESEARCH ARTICLE The discovery of an in situ Neanderthal remain in the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, West- Central Zagros Mountains, Kermanshah 1,2,3 4,5 5,6 1,2 Saman Heydari-GuranID *, Stefano Benazzi , Sahra Talamo , Elham Ghasidian , Nemat Hariri2,7, Gregorio Oxilia4, Samran Asiabani3,8, Faramarz Azizi3, Rahmat Naderi3, 9 5,10 11 11 Reza SafaieradID , Jean-Jacques Hublin , Robert A. Foley , Marta M. Lahr 1 Stiftung Neanderthal Museum, Mettmann, Germany, 2 Department of Prehistoric Archaeology University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, 3 DiyarMehr Centre for Palaeolithic Research, Kermanshah, Iran, 4 Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 5 Department of Human Evolution, a1111111111 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, 6 Department of Chemistry G. a1111111111 Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 7 Department of Archaeology, a1111111111 University of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran, 8 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and a1111111111 Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, 9 Department of Physical Geography, University of a1111111111 Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 10 Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, France, 11 Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Heydari-Guran S, Benazzi S, Talamo S, Abstract Ghasidian E, Hariri N, Oxilia G, et al. (2021) The discovery of an in situ Neanderthal remain in the Neanderthal extinction has been a matter of debate for many years. New discoveries, better Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, West-Central Zagros chronologies and genomic evidence have done much to clarify some of the issues. -
Authentict: a Model of Ancient DNA Damage to Estimate the Proportion of Present-Day DNA Contamination Stéphane Peyrégne* and Benjamin M
Peyrégne and Peter Genome Biology (2020) 21:246 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02123-y SOFTWARE Open Access AuthentiCT: a model of ancient DNA damage to estimate the proportion of present-day DNA contamination Stéphane Peyrégne* and Benjamin M. Peter * Correspondence: stephane. [email protected] Abstract Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Contamination from present-day DNA is a fundamental issue when studying ancient Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 DNA from historical or archaeological material, and quantifying the amount of Leipzig, Germany contamination is essential for downstream analyses. We present AuthentiCT, a command-line tool to estimate the proportion of present-day DNA contamination in ancient DNA datasets generated from single-stranded DNA libraries. The prediction is based solely on the patterns of post-mortem damage observed on ancient DNA sequences. The method has the power to quantify contamination from as few as 10,000 mapped sequences, making it particularly useful for analysing specimens that are poorly preserved or for which little data is available. Keywords: Contamination, Ancient DNA, Deamination, Damage patterns Background After the death of an organism, its DNA decays and is progressively lost through time [1, 2]. Under favourable conditions, DNA can preserve for hundreds of thousands of years and provide valuable information about the evolutionary history of organisms [3, 4]. Yet, only minute amounts of ancient DNA (aDNA) often remain in historical or archaeological material. In addition, most of the extracted DNA usually comes from microorganisms that spread in decaying tissues [5, 6]. Whereas microbial sequences rarely align to the reference genome used for identifying endogenous sequences if ap- propriate length cut-offs are used [7–9], contamination with DNA from closely related organisms represents a recurrent problem [10–12]. -
Isotopic Evidence for Diet and Subsistence Pattern of the Saint-Ce´Saire I Neanderthal: Review and Use of a Multi-Source Mixing Model
Journal of Human Evolution 49 (2005) 71e87 Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-Ce´saire I Neanderthal: review and use of a multi-source mixing model Herve´Bocherens a,b,*, Dorothe´e G. Drucker c, Daniel Billiou d, Maryle` ne Patou-Mathis e, Bernard Vandermeersch f a Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, Universite´ Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France b PNWRC, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4 Canada c PNWRC, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4 Canada d Laboratoire de Bioge´ochimie des Milieux Continentaux, I.N.A.P.G., EGER-INRA Grignon, URM 7618, 78026 Thiverval-Grignon, France e Institut de Pale´ontologie Humaine, 1 rue Rene´ Panhard, 75 013 Paris, France f C/Nun˜ez de Balboa 4028001 Madrid, Spain Received 10 December 2004; accepted 16 March 2005 Abstract The carbon and nitrogen isotopic abundances of the collagen extracted from the Saint-Ce´saire I Neanderthal have been used to infer the dietary behaviour of this specimen. A review of previously published Neanderthal collagen isotopic signatures with the addition of 3 new collagen isotopic signatures from specimens from Les Pradelles allows us to compare the dietary habits of 5 Neanderthal specimens from OIS 3 and one specimen from OIS 5c. This comparison points to a trophic position as top predator in an open environment, with little variation through time and space. In addition, a comparison of the Saint-Ce´saire I Neanderthal with contemporaneous hyaenas has been performed using a multi-source mixing model, modified from Phillips and Gregg (2003, Oecologia 127, 171). -
Palaeoart of the Ice Age
Palaeoart of the Ice Age Palaeoart of the Ice Age By Robert G. Bednarik Palaeoart of the Ice Age By Robert G. Bednarik This book first published 2017 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by Robert G. Bednarik All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-9517-2 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-9517-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Outlining the Issues Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 The nature of palaeoart .......................................................................... 3 About this book ...................................................................................... 6 About Eve .............................................................................................. 9 Summing up ......................................................................................... 21 Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 37 Africa Earlier Stone Age (ESA) and Lower Palaeolithic ............................... -
Patterns of Late Quaternary Megafaunal Extinctions in Europe and Northern Asia
Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg | 259 | 287 – 297 | 2 Figs | Frankfurt a. M., 13. 12. 2007 Patterns of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in Europe and northern Asia With 2 figs Anthony J. STUART & Adrian M. LISTER A b s t r a c t This paper summarizes the results so far of our ‘Late Quaternary Megafaunal Extinctions’ project, focussing on an assessment of latest available dates for selected target species from Europe and northern Asia. Our approach is to directly radiocarbon-date material of extinct megafauna to construct their spatio-temporal histories, and to seek correlations with the environmental and archaeological records with the aim of estab- lishing the cause or causes of extinction. So far we have focussed on Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, and Megaloceros giganteus, and are accumulating data on Panthera leo/spelaea, Crocuta crocuta and Ursus spelaeus. Attempts to date Palaeoloxodon antiquus and Stephanorhinus hemitoechus (from southern Europe) were largely unsuccessful. The pattern of inferred terminal dates is staggered, with extinctions occurring over ca. 30 millennia, with some species previously thought extinct in the Late Pleistocene – M. primigenius and M. giganteus – surviving well into the Holocene. All species show dramatic range shifts in response to climatic/vegeta- tional changes, especially the beginning of the Last Glacial Maximum, Late Glacial Interstadial, Allerød, Younger Dryas and Holocene, and there was a general trend of progressive range reduction and fragmenta- tion prior to final extinction. With the possible exceptions of P. antiquus, S. hemitoechus and Homo nean- derthalensis, extinctions do not correlate with the appearance of modern humans. However, although most of the observed patterns can be attributed to environmental changes, some features – especially failures to recolonize – suggest human involvement.