DOCSLIB.ORG

Direct Dating of Neanderthal Remains from the Site of Vindija Cave and Implications for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Direct Dating of Neanderthal Remains from the Site of Vindija Cave and Implications for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition Direct dating of Neanderthal remains from the site of Vindija Cave and implications for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition Thibaut Devièsea,1, Ivor Karavanicb,c, Daniel Comeskeya, Cara Kubiaka, Petra Korlevicd, Mateja Hajdinjakd, Siniša Radovice, Noemi Procopiof, Michael Buckleyf, Svante Pääbod, and Tom Highama aOxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; cDepartment of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071; dDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; eInstitute for Quaternary Palaeontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; and fManchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved July 28, 2017 (received for review June 5, 2017) Previous dating of the Vi-207 and Vi-208 Neanderthal remains from to directly dating the remains of late Neanderthals and early Vindija Cave (Croatia) led to the suggestion that Neanderthals modern humans, as well as artifacts recovered from the sites they survived there as recently as 28,000–29,000 B.P. Subsequent dating occupied. It has become clear that there have been major pro- yielded older dates, interpreted as ages of at least ∼32,500 B.P. We blems with dating reliability and accuracy across the Paleolithic have redated these same specimens using an approach based on the in general, with studies highlighting issues with underestimation extraction of the amino acid hydroxyproline, using preparative high- of the ages of different dated samples from previously analyzed performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC). This method is sites (6). We have been working on redating some of the pur- more efficient in eliminating modern contamination in the bone col- ported late-surviving Neanderthal sites from around Europe, lagen. The revised dates are older than 40,000 B.P., suggesting the which have included human and archaeological remains from Vindija Neanderthals did not live more recently than others across sites such as Mezmaiskaya (Russia), where a previous directly Europe, and probably predate the arrival of anatomically modern dated Neanderthal infant yielded a radiocarbon age of ∼29,000 ANTHROPOLOGY humans in Eastern Europe. We applied zooarchaeology by mass B.P. (7), and Zafarraya (Spain), which was thought to contain spectrometry (ZooMS) to find additional hominin remains. We iden- Neanderthal remains clustering in age around a small group of tified one bone that is Neanderthal, based on its mitochondrial DNA, U-series–dated animal bones between 33,400 and 28,900 B.P. and dated it directly to 46,200 ± 1,500 B.P. We also attempted to (8). At Mezmaiskaya, the AMS dates obtained for the Nean- date six early Upper Paleolithic bone points from stratigraphic units derthal excavated above the previously dated individual were + ± G1,Fd/d G1 and Fd/d, Fd. One bone artifact gave a date of 29,500 substantially older (9). This, along with other AMS dates from 400 B.P., while the remainder yielded no collagen. We additionally cut-marked fauna from the same archaeological horizons, sug- GENETICS – dated animal bone samples from units G1 and G1 G3. These dates gested the original date of 29,000 B.P. could not be correct. At suggest a co-occurrence of early Upper Paleolithic osseous artifacts, Zafarraya, Wood et al. (10) showed that, when redated using particularly split-based points, alongside the remains of Neander- ultrafiltration methods, the bones that produced ages of ∼33,000 thals is a result of postdepositional mixing, rather than an associa- B.P. were in fact beyond the radiocarbon limit, suggesting the tion between the two groups, although more work is required to show this definitively. Significance Vindija Cave (Croatia) | single-compound AMS dating | Radiocarbon dating of Neanderthal remains recovered from DNA analysis | zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry | Vindija Cave (Croatia) initially revealed surprisingly recent re- Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition sults: 28,000–29,000 B.P. This implied the remains could repre- sent a late-surviving, refugial Neanderthal population and ∼ he period between 45,000 and 35,000 cal B.P. in Europe suggested they could have been responsible for producing Twitnessed the so-called biocultural transition from the Mid- some of the early Upper Paleolithic artefacts more usually produced dle to early Upper Paleolithic, when incoming anatomically by anatomically modern humans. This article presents revised ra- modern humans displaced Neanderthal groups across the con- diocarbon dates of the human bones from this site obtained using tinent (1, 2). Significant questions still remain regarding the a more robust purification method targeting the amino acid precise nature of this transition, the humans responsible for the hydroxyproline. The data show that all the Neanderthal remains various transitional early Upper Paleolithic industries, the de- are from a much earlier period (>40,000 cal B.P.). These revised gree of overlap between Neanderthals and modern humans, and dates change our interpretation of this important site and dem- the timing of the disappearance of the former. The European onstrate that the Vindija Neanderthals probably did not overlap record for the transition retains its interest because it is the best- temporally with early modern humans. documented sequence for the disappearance of a hominin group available (3). The latest data, both radiometric and genetic, Author contributions: T.D., S.P., and T.H. designed research; T.D., I.K., D.C., C.K., P.K., M.H., S.R., N.P., M.B., S.P., and T.H. performed research; T.D., D.C., and T.H. contributed suggest Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted or over- new reagents/analytic tools; T.D., I.K., D.C., C.K., P.K., M.H., S.R., N.P., M.B., S.P., and T.H. lapped for up to several thousand years in Europe until Neander- analyzed data; T.D. and T.H. wrote the paper; and I.K., D.C., C.K., P.K., M.H., S.R., N.P., thal disappearance at around 40,000 cal B.P. (4, 5). Ascertaining the M.B., and S.P. contributed to writing the paper. spatial attributes of Neanderthal and modern human populations The authors declare no conflict of interest. in Europe is an area of active research, and a reliable chronology This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. remains essential. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. Our understanding of the biocultural processes involved in the 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. transition have been greatly influenced by improved accelerator This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. mass spectrometry (AMS) dating methods and their application 1073/pnas.1709235114/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1709235114 PNAS Early Edition | 1of6 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 Neanderthal remains were unlikely to be as young as previously Svoboda (18)]. Karavanic and Smith (19) have suggested that the thought. In both cases, revised radiocarbon dates produced with mixture of elements may represent the interaction and possible more robust chemical pretreatment methods have illustrated sig- acculturation between modern humans and late Neanderthals. nificant underestimates in the previous dates that cannot be rec- These alternatives are testable by selecting human and organic onciled with a hypothesis of late-surviving refugial Neanderthals. osseous points, as well as animal bones, for renewed AMS dating. The Neanderthal fossil remains from level G1 of Vindija Cave This is what we have undertaken and describe here. in northern Croatia have remained in the literature as potentially late individuals. Given the evidence from the Pes¸tera cu Oase Materials specimen, which demonstrates a recent Neanderthal ancestry in A total of 10 samples from Vindija Cave were selected for AMS radiocarbon a 40,000 cal B.P. modern human from the Danube corridor (5), dating (Table 1). These included three previously dated Neanderthal specimens the renewed dating of the Vindija remains is overdue. (Vi-207, Vi-208, and Vi-33.19), as well as a fourth Neanderthal bone (Vi-*28) Two specimens, Vi-207 and Vi-208, were originally directly discovered using zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS) screening. In AMS dated in the late 1990s at the Oxford Radiocarbon Ac- addition, to test the reality of the co-occurrence of earlier Upper Paleolithic bone and antler point artifacts with the Neanderthal remains, we selected six celerator Unit (ORAU). Vi-207 is a right posterior mandible and osseous points for dating (SI Appendix,Fig.S1). To test collagen preservation, Vi-208 is a parietal fragment, both showing Neanderthal-specific we took ∼3–5 mg bone powder, using tungsten carbide drills, and measured morphology (11, 12). The initial radiocarbon results were the %N content. This is an indicator of collagen preservation (20). The results 29,080 ± 400 B.P. (OxA-8296) and 28,020 ± 360 B.P. (OxA- show that only one bone point sample (Vi-3446) had sufficient levels of ni- 8295) (13). Higham et al. (14) attempted to redate these speci- trogen to warrant full sampling for collagen extraction and AMS dating; the mens by taking the very small amounts of collagen remaining remainder failed and therefore were not sampled further (SI Appendix,Table from the original sample pretreatment and ultrafiltering the S1). We also included the sample from a split-based bone point (Vi-3437) that product before AMS dating. The revised measurements were had been analyzed in the laboratory previously, producing only a small collagen 32,400 ± 1,800 B.P.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • B39 Homo Neanderthalensis and Archaic Homo Sapiens
    138 Chapter b THE GREAT ICE AGE The Present is the Key to the Past: HUGH RANCE b39 Homo neanderthalensis and archaic Homo sapiens < 160,000 years, burial, care > Haud ignara mali miseris succurrere disco. [Not unacquainted with distress, I have learned to succor the unfortunate.] —Virgil proverb.1 Hybridization may be ‘the grossest blunder in sexual preference which we can conceive of an animal making’[—Ronald Fisher, 1930], but it is nonetheless a regular event. The fraction of species that hybridize is variable, but on average around 10% of animal and 25% of plant species are known to hybridize with at least one other species. —James Mallet.2 Peripatetic though they were, Cro-Magnon (moderns) did not intermix with other human groups that existed, but kept to themselves for mating purposes, and then prevailed to the complete demise of competitors wherever they roamed.3 Invading species succeed often by virtue of leaving behind their predators, parasites, and pathogens.4 Humanity has decreased in overall robustness (healthy body mass) since 11,000 years ago. With adult heights that average 5' 4" and observed range of 1' 10½" (Gul Mohammed) to 8' 11"( Robert P. Wadlow), we Cro-Magnon descendants are 13% less their body size that Christopher B. Ruff has estimated from their fossilized bones. In Europe, Cro-Magnon developed an ivory, antler, and bone toolkit with apparel-making needles (Magdalenian culture) and had arrived equipped with stone-pointed projectiles (Aurignation technology).5 Moderns were in frigid Russia (Kostenki sites) 45,000
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Pleistocene Human Remains from Vindija Cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 54~499-545(1981) Upper Pleistocene Human Remains From Vindija Cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia MILFORD H. WOLPOFF, FRED H. SMITH, MIRKO MALEZ, JAKOV RADOVCIC, AND DARKO RUKAVINA Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (MH.W.1,Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Kmxuille, Tennessee 37916 (FHS.),and Institute for Paleontology and Quaternary Geology, Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia (M.M., J.R., D.R.) KEY WORDS Vindija, Neandertal, South Central Europe, Modern Homo sapiens origin, Evolution ABSTRACT Human remains excavated from Vindija cave include a large although fragmentary sample of late Mousterian-associated specimens and a few additional individuals from the overlying early Upper Paleolithic levels. The Mousterian-associated sample is similar to European Neandertals from other regions. Compared with earlier Neandertals from south central Europe, this sam- ple evinces evolutionary trends in the direction of Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Compared with the western European Neandertals, the same trends can be demon- strated, although the magnitude of difference is less, and there is a potential for confusing temporal with regional sources of variation. The early Upper Paleo- lithic-associated sample cannot be distinguished from the Mousterian-associated hominids. We believe that this site provides support for Hrdlicka’s “Neandertal phase” of human evolution, as it was originally applied in Europe. The Pannonian Basin and surrounding val- the earliest chronometrically dated Upper leys of south central Europe have yielded a Paleolithic-associated hominid in Europe large and significant series of Upper Pleisto- (Smith, 1976a). cene fossil hominids (e.g. Jelinek, 1969) as well This report presents a detailed comparative as extensive evidence of their cultural behavior description of a sample of fossil hominids re- (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sopeña Rockshelter, a New Site in Asturias (Spain) Bearing Evidence on the Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic in Northern Iberia
    MUNIBE (Antropologia-Arkeologia) nº 63 45-79 SAN SEBASTIÁN 2012 ISSN 1132-2217 Recibido: 2012-01-17 Aceptado: 2012-11-04 The Sopeña Rockshelter, a New Site in Asturias (Spain) bearing evidence on the Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic in Northern Iberia El abrigo de Sopeña, un nuevo yacimiento en Asturias (España) con depósitos de Paleolítico Medio y Superior Inicial en el Norte de la Península Ibérica KEY WORDS: Middle Paleolithic, Early Upper Paleolithic, Gravettian, Auriñaciense, Mousterian, northern Spain, Cantabrian Mountains. PALABRAS CLAVES: Paleolítico Medio, Paleolítico Superior Inicial, Gravetiense, Auriñaciense, Musteriense, norte de España, montañas Cantábricas. GAKO-HITZAK: Erdi Paleolitoa, Hasierako Goi Paleolitoa, Gravettiarra, Aurignaciarra, Mousteriarra, Espainiako iparraldea, Kantauriar mendikatea. Ana C. PINTO-LLONA(1), Geoffrey CLARK(2), Panagiotis KARKANAS(3), Bonnie BLACKWELL(4), Anne R. SKINNER(4), Peter ANDREWS(5), Kaye REED(6), Alexandra MILLER(2), Rosario MACÍAS-ROSADO(1) and Jarno VAKIPARTA(7) ABSTRACT Iberia has become a major focus of modern human origins research because the early dates for the Aurignacian in some sites in northern Spain seem to preclude an ‘Aurignacian invasion’ from east to west. Neanderthals associated with Mousterian industries occur late in time. The occurrence of Neanderthal-modern hybrids dated to around 24 ka, and the possibility of in situ transition between the Middle and Upper Pa- leolithic along the north Spanish coast, also raise important questions. To approach these questions requires excavations with modern methods of sites containing relevant archaeological records, in situ stratigraphic deposits, and reliable dating. Here we offer a preliminary report on the Sopeña site, a rockshelter containing well stratified late Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic deposits.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture Derbyshire Papers
    Culture Derbyshire 9 December, 2.30pm at Hardwick Hall (1.30pm for the tour) 1. Apologies for absence 2. Minutes of meeting 25 September 2013 3. Matters arising Follow up on any partner actions re: Creative Places, Dadding About 4. Colliers’ Report on the Visitor Economy in Derbyshire Overview of initial findings D James Followed by Board discussion – how to maximise the benefits 5. New Destination Management Plan for Visit Peak and Derbyshire Powerpoint presentation and Board discussion D James 6. Olympic Legacy Presentation by Derbyshire Sport H Lever Outline of proposals for the Derbyshire ‘Summer of Cycling’ and discussion re: partner opportunities J Battye 7. Measuring Success: overview of performance management Presentation and brief report outlining initial principles JB/ R Jones for reporting performance to the Board and draft list of PIs Date and time of next meeting: Wednesday 26 March 2014, 2pm – 4pm at Creswell Crags, including a tour Possible Bring Forward Items: Grand Tour – project proposal DerbyShire 2015 proposals Summer of Cycling MINUTES of CULTURE DERBYSHIRE BOARD held at County Hall, Matlock on 25 September 2013. PRESENT Councillor Ellie Wilcox (DCC) in the Chair Joe Battye (DCC – Cultural and Community Services), Pauline Beswick (PDNPA), Nigel Caldwell (3D), Denise Edwards (The National Trust), Adam Lathbury (DCC – Conservation and Design), Kate Le Prevost (Arts Derbyshire), Martin Molloy (DCC – Strategic Director Cultural and Community Services), Rachael Rowe (Renishaw Hall), David Senior (National Tramway Museum), Councillor Geoff Stevens (DDDC), Anthony Streeten (English Heritage), Mark Suggitt (Derwent Valley Mills WHS), Councillor Ann Syrett (Bolsover District Council) and Anne Wright (DCC – Arts). Apologies for absence were submitted on behalf of Huw Davis (Derby University), Vanessa Harbar (Heritage Lottery Fund), David James (Visit Peak District), Robert Mayo (Welbeck Estate), David Leat, and Allison Thomas (DCC – Planning and Environment).
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of the Fuyan Teeth: Challenging Or Complementing the Out-Of-Africa Scenario?
    ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH Discovery of the Fuyan teeth: challenging or complementing the out-of-Africa scenario? Yu-Chun LI, Jiao-Yang TIAN, Qing-Peng KONG Although it is widely accepted that modern humans (Homo route about 40-60 kya (Macaulay et al, 2005; Sun et al, 2006). sapiens sapiens) can trace their African origins to 150-200 kilo The lack of human fossils dating earlier than 70 kya in eastern years ago (kya) (recent African origin model; Henn et al, 2012; Eurasia implies that the out-of-Africa immigrants around 100 Ingman et al, 2000; Poznik et al, 2013; Weaver, 2012), an kya likely failed to expand further east (Shea, 2008). Consistent alternative model suggests that the diverse populations of our with this notion, the Late Pleistocene hominid records species evolved separately on different continents from archaic previously found in eastern Eurasia have been dated to only human forms (multiregional origin model; Wolpoff et al, 2000; 40-70 kya, including the Liujiang man (67 kya; Shen et al, 2002) Wu, 2006). The recent discovery of 47 teeth from a Fuyan cave and Tianyuan man (40 kya; Fu et al, 2013b; Shang et al, 2007) in southern China (Liu et al, 2015) indicated the presence of H. in China, the Mungo Man in Australia (40-60 kya; Bowler et al, s. sapiens in eastern Eurasia during the early Late Pleistocene. 1972), the Niah Cave skull from Borneo (40 kya; Barker et al, Since the age of the Fuyan teeth (80-120 kya) predates the 2007) and the Tam Pa Ling cave man in Laos (46-51 kya; previously assumed out-of-Africa exodus (60 kya) by at least 20 Demeter et al, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Erik Trinkaus
    9/2014 Curriculum Vitae Erik Trinkaus Education and Degrees 1970-1975 University of Pennsylvania Ph.D 1975 Dissertation: A Functional Analysis of the Neandertal Foot M.A. 1973 Thesis: A Review of the Reconstructions and Evolutionary Significance of the Fontéchevade Fossils 1966-1970 University of Wisconsin B.A. 1970 ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS Primary Academic Appointments Current 2002- Mary Tileston Hemenway Professor of Arts & Sciences, Department of Anthropolo- gy, Washington University Previous 1997-2002 Professor: Department of Anthropology, Washington University 1996-1997 Regents’ Professor of Anthropology, University of New Mexico 1983-1996 Assistant Professor to Professor: Dept. of Anthropology, University of New Mexico 1975-1983 Assistant to Associate Professor: Department of Anthropology, Harvard University MEMBERSHIPS Honorary 2001- Academy of Science of Saint Louis 1996- National Academy of Sciences USA Professional 1992- Paleoanthropological Society 1990- Anthropological Society of Nippon 1985- Société d’Anthropologie de Paris 1973- American Association of Physical Anthropologists AWARDS 2013 Faculty Mentor Award, Graduate School, Washington University 2011 Arthur Holly Compton Award for Faculty Achievement, Washington University 2005 Faculty Mentor Award, Graduate School, Washington University PUBLICATIONS: Books Trinkaus, E., Shipman, P. (1993) The Neandertals: Changing the Image of Mankind. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Pub. pp. 454. PUBLICATIONS: Monographs Trinkaus, E., Buzhilova, A.P., Mednikova, M.B., Dobrovolskaya, M.V. (2014) The People of Sunghir: Burials, Bodies and Behavior in the Earlier Upper Paleolithic. New York: Ox- ford University Press. pp. 339. Trinkaus, E., Constantin, S., Zilhão, J. (Eds.) (2013) Life and Death at the Peştera cu Oase. A Setting for Modern Human Emergence in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing Palaeoenvironments of the White Peak Region of Derbyshire, Northern England
    THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL Reconstructing Palaeoenvironments of the White Peak Region of Derbyshire, Northern England being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull by Simon John Kitcher MPhysGeog May 2014 Declaration I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own, except where otherwise stated, and that it has not been previously submitted in application for any other degree at any other educational institution in the United Kingdom or overseas. ii Abstract Sub-fossil pollen from Holocene tufa pool sediments is used to investigate middle – late Holocene environmental conditions in the White Peak region of the Derbyshire Peak District in northern England. The overall aim is to use pollen analysis to resolve the relative influence of climate and anthropogenic landscape disturbance on the cessation of tufa production at Lathkill Dale and Monsal Dale in the White Peak region of the Peak District using past vegetation cover as a proxy. Modern White Peak pollen – vegetation relationships are examined to aid semi- quantitative interpretation of sub-fossil pollen assemblages. Moss-polsters and vegetation surveys incorporating novel methodologies are used to produce new Relative Pollen Productivity Estimates (RPPE) for 6 tree taxa, and new association indices for 16 herb taxa. RPPE’s of Alnus, Fraxinus and Pinus were similar to those produced at other European sites; Betula values displaying similarity with other UK sites only. RPPE’s for Fagus and Corylus were significantly lower than at other European sites. Pollen taphonomy in woodland floor mosses in Derbyshire and East Yorkshire is investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Authentict: a Model of Ancient DNA Damage to Estimate the Proportion of Present-Day DNA Contamination Stéphane Peyrégne* and Benjamin M
    Peyrégne and Peter Genome Biology (2020) 21:246 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02123-y SOFTWARE Open Access AuthentiCT: a model of ancient DNA damage to estimate the proportion of present-day DNA contamination Stéphane Peyrégne* and Benjamin M. Peter * Correspondence: stephane. [email protected] Abstract Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Contamination from present-day DNA is a fundamental issue when studying ancient Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 DNA from historical or archaeological material, and quantifying the amount of Leipzig, Germany contamination is essential for downstream analyses. We present AuthentiCT, a command-line tool to estimate the proportion of present-day DNA contamination in ancient DNA datasets generated from single-stranded DNA libraries. The prediction is based solely on the patterns of post-mortem damage observed on ancient DNA sequences. The method has the power to quantify contamination from as few as 10,000 mapped sequences, making it particularly useful for analysing specimens that are poorly preserved or for which little data is available. Keywords: Contamination, Ancient DNA, Deamination, Damage patterns Background After the death of an organism, its DNA decays and is progressively lost through time [1, 2]. Under favourable conditions, DNA can preserve for hundreds of thousands of years and provide valuable information about the evolutionary history of organisms [3, 4]. Yet, only minute amounts of ancient DNA (aDNA) often remain in historical or archaeological material. In addition, most of the extracted DNA usually comes from microorganisms that spread in decaying tissues [5, 6]. Whereas microbial sequences rarely align to the reference genome used for identifying endogenous sequences if ap- propriate length cut-offs are used [7–9], contamination with DNA from closely related organisms represents a recurrent problem [10–12].
    [Show full text]
  • SOM Postscript
    This is the final peer-reviewed accepted manuscript of: M. Romandini, G. Oxilia, E. Bortolini, S. Peyrégne, D. Delpiano, A. Nava, D. Panetta, G. Di Domenico, P. Martini, S. Arrighi, F. Badino, C. Figus, F. Lugli, G. Marciani, S. Silvestrini, J. C. Menghi Sartorio, G. Terlato, J.J. Hublin, M. Meyer, L. Bondioli, T. Higham, V. Slon, M. Peresani, S. Benazzi, A late Neanderthal tooth from northeastern Italy, Journal of Human Evolution, 147 (2020), 102867 The final published version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102867 Rights / License: The terms and conditions for the reuse of this version of the manuscript are specified in the publishing policy. For all terms of use and more information see the publisher's website. This item was downloaded from IRIS Università di Bologna (https://cris.unibo.it/) When citing, please refer to the published version. Supplementary Online Material (SOM): A late Neanderthal tooth from northeastern Italy This item was downloaded from IRIS Università di Bologna (https://cris.unibo.it/) When citing, please refer to the published version. SOM S1 DNA extraction, library preparation and enrichment for mitochondrial DNA The tooth from Riparo Broion was sampled in the clean room of the University of Bologna in Ravenna, Italy. After removing a thin layer of surface material, the tooth was drilled adjacent to the cementoenamel junction using 1.0 mm disposable dental drills. Approximately 50 mg of tooth powder were collected. All subsequent laboratory steps were performed at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, using automated liquid handling systems (Bravo NGS workstation, Agilent Technologies) as described in Rohland et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Group 5: Village Farmlands
    GROUP 5: VILLAGE FARMLANds GROUP 5: VILLAGE FARMLANDS P G AGE ROUP 5 S 149-174 Rolling landform and frequent woodland and hedgerow trees are characteristic of the Village Farmlands (© Derbyshire County Council) 149 SECTION 4 150 5A: VILLAGE FARMLANds 5A: VILLAGE FARMLANDS Gently undulating landscape with well treed character (© Derbyshire County Council) KEY CHARACTERISTICS ▪ Gently undulating lowlands, dissected by stream valleys with localised steep slopes and alluvial floodplains; ▪ Moderately fertile loamy and clayey soils with impeded drainage over extensive till deposits on higher ground and gravel terraces bordering main rivers; ▪ Mixed agricultural regime, with localised variations but with a predominance of either dairy farming on permanent pastures, or arable cropping; ▪ Small and moderately sized broadleaved woodlands and copses, often on sloping land; extensive new areas of planting associated with The National Forest; ▪ Hedgerows and frequent oak and ash trees along hedgelines and streams contribute to well treed character of landscape; ▪ Moderately sized well maintained hedged fields across rolling landform create patchwork landscape of contrasting colours and textures; ▪ Extensive ridge and furrow and small historic villages linked by winding lanes contribute to historic and rural character of the landscape; and ▪ Localised influence of large estates. 151 SECTION 4 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER PHYSICAL INFLUENCES The Village Farmlands Landscape Character Type The underlying geology of Permian and Triassic forms part of an extensive tract of landscape that mudstone, siltstone and sandstone gives rise to a extends beyond the Study Area and across wide gently undulating lowland landscape that is further areas of the West Midlands. The landscape is softened by extensive deposits of till and by gravel characterised by undulating farmlands over Triassic terrace deposits and alluvial floodplains fringing the and Permian geology, with localised influences main river channels.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient DNA and Multimethod Dating Confirm the Late Arrival of Anatomically Modern Humans in Southern China
    Ancient DNA and multimethod dating confirm the late arrival of anatomically modern humans in southern China Xue-feng Suna,1,2, Shao-qing Wenb,1, Cheng-qiu Luc, Bo-yan Zhoub, Darren Curnoed,2, Hua-yu Lua, Hong-chun Lie, Wei Wangf, Hai Chengg, Shuang-wen Yia, Xin Jiah, Pan-xin Dub, Xing-hua Xua, Yi-ming Lua, Ying Lua, Hong-xiang Zheng (郑鸿翔)b, Hong Zhangb, Chang Sunb, Lan-hai Weib, Fei Hani, Juan Huangj, R. Lawrence Edwardsk, Li Jinb, and Hui Li (李辉)b,l,2 aSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China; bSchool of Life Sciences & Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; cHubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, 430077 Wuhan, China; dAustralian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; eDepartment of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, 106 Taipei, Taiwan; fInstitute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China; gInstitute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China; hSchool of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China; iResearch Centre for Earth System Science, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China; jCultural Relics Administration of Daoxian County, Daoxian 425300, China; kDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and lFudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, 037006 Datong, China Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved November 13, 2020 (received for review September 10, 2020) The expansion of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) from year before present, i.e., before AD1950) Ust’-Ishim femur Africa around 65,000 to 45,000 y ago (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Isotopic Evidence for Diet and Subsistence Pattern of the Saint-Ce´Saire I Neanderthal: Review and Use of a Multi-Source Mixing Model
    Journal of Human Evolution 49 (2005) 71e87 Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-Ce´saire I Neanderthal: review and use of a multi-source mixing model Herve´Bocherens a,b,*, Dorothe´e G. Drucker c, Daniel Billiou d, Maryle` ne Patou-Mathis e, Bernard Vandermeersch f a Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, Universite´ Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France b PNWRC, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4 Canada c PNWRC, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4 Canada d Laboratoire de Bioge´ochimie des Milieux Continentaux, I.N.A.P.G., EGER-INRA Grignon, URM 7618, 78026 Thiverval-Grignon, France e Institut de Pale´ontologie Humaine, 1 rue Rene´ Panhard, 75 013 Paris, France f C/Nun˜ez de Balboa 4028001 Madrid, Spain Received 10 December 2004; accepted 16 March 2005 Abstract The carbon and nitrogen isotopic abundances of the collagen extracted from the Saint-Ce´saire I Neanderthal have been used to infer the dietary behaviour of this specimen. A review of previously published Neanderthal collagen isotopic signatures with the addition of 3 new collagen isotopic signatures from specimens from Les Pradelles allows us to compare the dietary habits of 5 Neanderthal specimens from OIS 3 and one specimen from OIS 5c. This comparison points to a trophic position as top predator in an open environment, with little variation through time and space. In addition, a comparison of the Saint-Ce´saire I Neanderthal with contemporaneous hyaenas has been performed using a multi-source mixing model, modified from Phillips and Gregg (2003, Oecologia 127, 171).
    [Show full text]