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The Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate (12Th - 16Th Centuries)

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The Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate (12Th - 16Th Centuries) The Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate (12th - 16th Centuries) 5.1 Do you know Description Image Source The Indo-Islamic architecture of the Indian subcontinent came into existence for Islamic patrons which started with the establishment of Turkish rule in the subcontinent. In spite of an earlier presence in Sind in modern Pakistan, its main history began when Muhammad Ghori made Delhi a capital city in 1193. The Quwwatul-Islam mosque built by Qutbud-Din Aibak (1206-11) in Delhi during the years 1191-98 marks the beginning of Islamic architecture in India. Another monument of this period is the Qutb Minar (1206-36) founded by Qutbud-Din Aibak and completed by Iltutmish. It was subsequently repaired by Firuz Tughluq (1351-88) and Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517). Another very famous mosque, constructed during this period, namely, the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra, at Ajmer in Rajasthan originally started by Qutbud-din Aibak and later on provided with the arched screen by Iltutmish. The Alai Darwaza (gateway) that has earned the reputation of being a treasured gem of Indo-Islamic architecture forms part of the ambitious scheme of Alaud- Din Khalji (1296 – 1316) by enlarging further the Quwwatul-Islam Mosque at Delhi. The Alai Darwaza inspired another building of this period, namely, the Jamaat Khana mosque. It is situated to the immediate west of the tomb of Hazrat Nizamud-Din Auliya at Delhi. This is the earliest example of a mosque constructed wholly in accordance with Islamic principles. Another secular monument built during the reign of Alaud-Din Khalji is the city wall of Siri Fort and very little of its remains has survived like round and tapering bastions, flame- shaped battlements and loopholes within. The earliest monument of the Tughlaq style is the fort of Tughlaqabad, the first of the city- palace-fort series, now in ruins. The tomb of Ghiyathud-Din- Tughlaq, the most outstanding monument of this period (c. 1325) is in perfect state of preservation and of considerable interest. Firuz Shah’s capital at Delhi known as Kotla Firuz Shah is presently a mere shadow of its original self. The most notable feature of its fortification is appearance of machicoulis for the first time in India. Within the forth walls, the remains of two buildings have survived partially. The Jami mosque seems to have been originally an imposing building of two storeys, in the usual open courtyardand cloisters style. In the tomb of Mubarak Shah, the octagonal plan was the same but the height of the veranda was increased. The height of the central dome was also raised by placing it on a high drum and around it on the roof were placed graceful kiosks built on pillars. Finials were added at each angle of the many-sided drum of the dome while the apex of the dome was crowned by a finial which looks like an arched lantern. The tomb of Sikandar Lodi (1489- 1517) belongs to the octagonal type and is almost same as the Sayyid tomb but without any kiosks. The interior walls are profusely decorated with polychrome tileswhile the dome-ceiling is painted in bright colours in manuscript-like design. The tomb proper is situated within a spacious walled garden enclosure with octagonal turrets at the four corners and an ornamental gateway on the southern side. The mosque at Moth-Ki-Masjid is regarded as an epitome of all that is best in the architecture of the Lodi period. 5.2 Timeline Timelines Image Description 1193 Mohammad Ghori made Delhi his capital 1191-1198 Quwwatul- Islam mosque was constructed Circa 1192-1199 Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra 1235 Tomb of Iltutmish was built 1206-1236 Qutb Minar was constructed 1311 Alai Darwaza was built 1320 Ukha Masjid Circa 1325 Tomb of Ghiyathud-Din-Tughlaq 1370 Tomb of Khan-i-Jahan Tilangani 1517-18 Tomb of Sikandar Lodi 5.3 Glossary Staring Related Term Definition Character Term An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter- thrusting the next, supported by columns, piers, or a A Arcaded covered walkway enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. Arcuate Shaped like a bow; curved B Bastion A projecting part of a fortification built at an angle to the line of a wall, so as to allow defensive fire in several directions. Battlement A parapet at the top of a wall, especially of a fort or castle, that has regularly spaced squared openings for shooting through. Buttress A structure of stone or brick built against a wall to strengthen or support it is called a buttress. Battering wall Batter in architecture is a receding slope of a wall, structure, or earthwork. A wall sloping in the opposite direction is said to overhang. C Colonnades A row of evenly spaced columns supporting a roof, an entablature, or arches. Cresting An ornamental decoration at the ridge of a roof or top of a wall. E Encaustic tiles Encaustic tiles are ceramic tiles in which the pattern or figure on the surface is not a product of the glaze but of different colors of clay. They are usually of two colors but a tile may be composed of as many as six H Hemispherical The hemispherical dome is half of a sphere. dome L Lintel A horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window. M Medallion An oval or circular painting, panel, or design used to decorate a building or textile is a medallion Minar A Muslim tower from which the call to prayer is Manara generally but not always given P Pendentive a curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches. R Recessed arch An arch set within another to correspond with splayed jambs of a doorway. S Spandrel The almost triangular space between one side of the outer curve of an arch, a wall, and the ceiling or framework is a spandrel. Squinch-arches A structure, such as a section of vaulting or corbeling, set diagonally across the interior angle between two walls to provide a transition from a square to a polygonal or more nearly circular base on which to construct a dome. T Trabeated In architecture, a post-and-lintel or trabeated system refers to the use of horizontal beams or lintels which are borne up by columns or posts. V Voussoired arch The wedge-shaped blocks, called voussoirs, hold each other firmly in place and prevent each other from slipping. 5.4 Web links Web links https://www.importantindia.com/11075/art-and-architecture-during-delhi-sultanate-period/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalji_dynasty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_dynasty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty 5.5 Bibliography Bibliography Brown, Percy (1956). Indian Architecture ( Islamic Period). Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co. Pvt. Ltd. Bunce, Fredrick W. (2004). Islamic Tombs in India: The Iconography and Genesis of Their Design. New Delhi: D.K. Print World. Havell, E.B. (1915). The Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India: A Study of Indo-Aryan Civilization. London. ______. (1927) Indian Architecture. London. Merklinger, Elizabeth Schotten. (2005). Sultanate Architecture of Pre-Mughal India. New Delhi. MunshiramManoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Nath, R. (1978). History of the Sultanate Architecture. New Delhi. _______(1982). Islamic Architecture and Culture in India. New Delhi. Desai, Ziyaud-Din A. (1970). Indo-Islamic Architecture. Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. Michell, George., (ed.) (1984). The Islamic Heritage of Bengal. Paris. Dani, A. H. (1961). Muslim Architecture in Bengal. Dacca Yazdani, G. (1929). Mandu, City of Joy. Oxford. Fuhrer, A. and E. Smith. (1889). The Sharqi Architecture of Jaunpur, Archaeological Survey of India, New .
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