U.S. Army Military History Institute WWI-Eastern Front 950 Soldiers Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5021 11 Aug 2012

EASTERN FRONT, WWI

A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources

CONTENTS Overview/General Sources…..p.2 1914….p.4 -Stallupönen (17 Aug)…..p.6 -Gumbinnen (20 Aug)…..p.7 -Volchkovtsky (21 Aug)…..p.7 -Jaroslavice (21 Aug)…..p.7 -Tannenburg…..see separate bibliography -First Battle Masurian Lakes (9 Sep)…..p.8 -Lodz (Sep)…..p.8 1915…..p.8 -Second Battle Masurian Lakes (7 Feb)…..p.10 -Gorlice-Tarnow (2 May)…..p.10 1916…..p.11 -Brusilov Offensive (4 Jun-16 Aug)…..p.11 1917…..p.12 -Kerensky Offensive (Jul)…..p.12 - Campaign (1-3 Sep)…..p.12 Personal Experiences.....p.13 -German Perspective…..p.14 -Russian Perspective….p.16 -Polish Perspective…..p.16 Various Special Aspects.....p.16 -German Redeployment….p.17 Eastern Front Overview p.2

OVERVIEW/GENERAL SOURCES

Eastern Front operations did not mirror those on the more static and spatially-contained Western Front. This theater of war roughly ran north-south from St. Petersburg to the Black Sea and east-west from the Baltic Sea to Moscow. War in the vast east began 4-23 Aug 1914 as the Russian Army advanced into .

Bauer, Max. Österreich-Ungarn im Welt-Kriege: Wirklichkeitsaufnahmen, Ausgewählt und Zusammengestellt…. Siegen: H. Monatus, 1915. D527.B3.

Boot, Max. “Triumph of Prussian Technology and Tactics.” MHQ (Autumn 2006): pp. 56-65. Per.

Churchill, Winston S. The Unknown War: The Eastern Front. NY: Scribner's, 1931. 387 p. D550.C4.

Clark, Alan. The Eastern Front, 1914-18: Suicide of Empires. Moreton-in-Marsh, England: Windrush, 1999. 111 p. D551.C522.

____. Suicide of the Empires: The Battles on the Eastern Front, 1914-18. NY: American Heritage, 1971. 127 p. D551.C52.

Camon, Hubert. “The Battles of Ludendorff on the Russian Front.” Wash, DC: AWC, 1925. 23 p. D551.C35.

_____. “The Strategy of Ludendorff on the Russian Front.” Pt. 1: “In East Prussia and , Sept.-Dec 1914.” [Translated from an article in (15 Oct 1923) Revue Militaire Général by D.S. Appleton] Typescript, 1923? 6 p. DD51.C35213pt.1.

Dupuy, Trevor, & Onacewicz, Wlodzimierz. Triumphs and Tragedies in the East, 1914-1917. NY: F. Watts, 1967. 89 p. D551.D86.

Fuller, William A., Jr. “The Eastern Front.” In The Great War and the Twentieth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale, 2000. 30-68. D521.G743.

Golovine, Nicholas N. The Russian Campaign of 1914: The Beginning of the War and Operations in East Prussia. [Translated by Arthur Muntz] East Sussex, England: Naval and Military Press, 2009 reprint of 1933 edition. 410 p. D552.T3.G652.

Helsey, Edouard. Les Adventures d l’Armée d’Orient. Paris: La Renaissance du Livre, 1920. 249 p. D560.H4.

Hudson, C.E. “Back to the Front.” Army Quarterly (Apr 1934): pp. 135-49. Per.

“Impressions of the Eastern German Front.” Infantry Journal (Jun 1918): pp. 913-42. Per. Organization & training of the German Army. Eastern Front Overview p.3

Kihntopf, Michael P. Victory in the East: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial German Army. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000. 99 p. D551.K54.

Military Effectiveness. Vol. I: The First World War. [Edited by Allan R. Millett & Williamson Murray] Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1988. 361 p. U42.M54v.1. See Chap 8.

Nieberg, Michael L., & Jordan, David. The Eastern Front 1914-1920: From Tannenberg to the Russo- Polish War. London: Amber, 2012. 224 p. D550.N45.

Niemann, Hans. Die Befreiung Galiziens. Berlin: Mittler, 1916. D556.N5.

Poseck, Maximilian. “The German in Poland, 1914-1915.” [Translated from the German by B.B. McMahon & Charles E. Rayens] Ft. Leavenworth, KS: CGSC, 1935. D532.4.P5913. Die Deutschen Kavallerie in Polen, 1914/15. Berlin: Mittler, 1935. 151 p. D532.4.P59.

Prusin, Alexander V. The Lands Between: Conflict in the East European Borderlands, 1870-1992. NY: Oxford, 2010. 324 p. DJK48.5.P78.

Raicer, Ted S. "When Eagles Fight: The Eastern Front in WWI." Command (Nov/Dec 1993): pp. 14-41. Per. Overview.

Rostovtzeff, Theodore. “Military Errors in .” Infantry Journal (May 1922): pp. 509-17; (Jun 1922): pp. 630-39. Per.

Niemann, Hans. Hindenburgs Siegeszug gegen Russland: Kurzgefasste Volkstümliche Darstellung seiner Feldzüge. Berlin: Mittler, 1917. 82 p. D551.N5.

Stone, Norman. World War One: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917. NY: Scribner, 1975. 348 p. D550.S76.

"Twelve Months of the War on the Eastern Front." Journal of the United Service Institution of India (Apr & Jul 1916): pp. 105-32 & 213-54. Per.

U.S. Army. Infantry School. Monographs of the World War. Ft Benning, GA, 1923? 695 p. D509.U55. Compilation of 75 selected student monographs. See Monographs 5-9.

Vinogradsky, Aleksandr N. La Guerre sur le Front Oriental: En Russie-en Roumanie. Paris: Charles- Lavauzelle, 1926. 380 p. D550.V5.

Williams, G.C. “Wholesale Demolitions.” Royal Engineers Journal (Mar 1924): pp, 25-27. Per. Demolition on Eastern Front, 1914, and Western Front, 1918.

Wright, Clement H. “Military Strategy of the World War, the Eastern Front: Staff Presentation.” Newport, RI: Naval War College, 1938. 61 p. D550.W74. Eastern Front Overview p.4

1914

By virtue of the complex pre-war alliance system, the Russian General Staff had agreed to support the French Army with an offensive opening a second front within fifteen days of general mobilization. By 14 Aug, General Jilinsky’s Northwest Army Group began to move westward, and on 17 Aug, First Russian Army under General Pavel Rennenkampf entered East Prussia. General Alexander Samsonov’s Second Army was to keep pace with the First and converge on the outnumbered German Eighth.

The reality of Russia’s plan of engagement was not reflected in the long, arduous path to the German front lines. Russian combat units were relatively filled-out, but they were poorly trained and equipped, with virtually non-existent supply and support services, for which numbers could not compensate. The front required a high degree of mobility and flexibility, neither a hallmark of Russian armed forces, even in peace time. Russia experienced a rude awakening with German victories in small engagements on the East Prussian frontier that preceded the massive battles of Tannenburg (26-30 Aug) and Masurian Lakes (9-14 Sep).

Russian armies enjoyed far greater success with their subsequent invasion of (Austrian Poland) which began on 23 Aug. The Austro-Hungarian Empire had long viewed Russia as a secondary threat, having more concern with Serbia to the south. Additionally, Austria mistakenly assumed that Italy and Romania would join their alliance with Germany. Austrian armies were divided as Generals Ivanov and Brusilov defeated them successively in the battles at Gnila-Lipa, Rava-Russka and Lemberg, and laid siege to Przemyśl. From 12-26 Sep, a battered Austrian army withdrew, ceding to Russian arms the whole of Galicia, save a narrow corridor between the Vistula and the Carpathian Mountains. Germany was concerned enough with the situation in eastern Austria that they fielded a new army, the Ninth, to relive pressure on their ally. The center of gravity shifted to Poland; battles along the Vistula in October and at Lódź in November failed to achieve a clear Austro-Hungarian victory, but it kept the Russians at bay.

What ensued were three more years of fluid warfare with longer and thinner lines of troops than on the Western Front. Defensive warfare did not present the same advantage as in the west because lines of communication made difficult the efficient placement of reinforcements and the terrain did not lend itself to constructing defensive networks. d’Adamovitch, Boris. “Some Russian Cavalry Charges During the Great War.” Cavalry Journal (Jul 1926): pp. 403-05. Per. Corodoc (4 Aug); Galicia (Aug); Vetrzino (Dec).

“The Austrian Plan Against Russia, 1914: Genesis and Arrangement for German Cooperation.” Army Quarterly (Apr 1941): pp. 122-25. Per.

Compton, T.E. “The Campaign of 1914 in East Prussia.” Royal United Service Institute Journal (RUSI) (Feb 1919): pp. 74-91. Per. Gumbinnen & Masurian Lakes. Eastern Front Overview p.5

Danilov, Juri. “Russia in the World War, 1914-1915.” [Translated by Gustavus M. Blech] Ft. Leavenworth, KS: General Service Schools, 1927. 207 p. D550.D313. Translated from Russland im Weltkriege, 1914-1915 (Jena: Walter Biedermann, 1925. 581 p. D550.D3.

“The Defeat of Rennenkampf.” Cavalry Journal [British] (Jul 1924): pp. 269-79. Per. Soltmahnen (9 Sep); Rominten Forest (12 Sep); and Tannenberg.

Eden, Steven J. “The Battle of Königgrätz.” Field Artillery (Aug 1992): pp. 26-29. Per. Focuses of artillery aspects.

Edmonds, J.E. “The Austrian Plan of Campaign, 1914, and its Development.” Army Quarterly (Jul 1921): pp. 300-11. Per. First Lemberg (25 Aug-13 Sep); Rava Russka (5-11 Sep); Komarov (22 Aug-8 Sep)

_____. “The Warsaw Campaign, October 1914.” Army Quarterly (Apr 1941): pp. 17-26. Per.

Golovine, N.N. “Cavalry on the Front.” Cavalry Journal (Jul 1921): pp. 256-73. Per. Part 1 of a two-part article; Khodel River, Aug.

_____. “The Cavalry Action at Yanoff.” Cavalry Journal (Apr 1924): pp .112-23. Per. Sep.

_____. “A Cavalry Charge.” Cavalry Journal (Oct 1920): pp. 266-75. Per. Opole, Aug.

Goodeve, L.C. “Strategy of the Interior and Exterior Line of Operation.” Canadian Defence Journal (Apr 1927): pp. 319-24. Per.

Inostransev, M.A. “Cavalry in Action at Poradok.” [Translation of article from (Nov/Dec 1935): Revue de Cavalerie by W.C. Koenig] 10 p. D556.I5. 17 Aug battle of Gorodok.

Ironside, Edmund. “The Lessons of the East Prussian Campaign.” Cavalry Journal [British] (Oct 1924): pp. 379-85. Per. Aug/Sep.

Kearsey, A. A Study of the Strategy and Tactics of the East Prussian Campaign, 1914. London: Sifton, Praed, 1932. 66 p. D551.K4.

“The Lemberg Campaign: August-September, 1914.” Army Quarterly (Apr 1931): pp. 23-40; (Jul 1932): pp. 261-80. Per. Pt. 1 covers Krasnik (21-23 Aug) and Komarov (24-28 Aug); Pt. 2, Gnila Lipa (25 Aug); Lublin (6-7 Sep); Rava Russka (6 Sep); and Wereszyca River (6-7 Sep).

Mantey, Eberhard von. Kartenbild des Herbstfeldzuges 1914…im Osten. Berlin: Mittler, 1931. 48 p. D551.M352. Eastern Front Overview p.6

Meltzer, _____. “The Use of Demolitions in the Campaign in South Poland, October 1914.” Royal Engineers Journal (Jun 1938): pp. 204-12. Per.

Murray, Marr. The Russian Advance. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1914. 192 p. D550.M8.

“Operations of the Second Russian Army.” Cavalry Journal [British] (Apr 1924): pp. 135-55. Per.

Pitreich, Maximilian. “The Initial Austro-Hungarian Operations Against Russia in the World War and the Siedlce Problem.” [Translation of article from (20 Aug 1937): Militär Wochenblatt by F.W. Merten] Typescript, AWC, 1937? 13 p. D551.P5.

Radus-Zenkavicius, L. “Russian Cavalry in East Prussia.” Cavalry Journal (Oct 1927): pp. 608-23. Per.

Salmon, Henri. Les Opérations en 1914 sur le Front Oriental. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle, 1930. 106 p. D550.S3.

Showalter, Dennis E. “Even Generals Wet Their Pants: The First Three Weeks in East Prussia, .” War & Society (Sep 1984): pp. 60-86. Per.

Smirnoff, Alexander. “A New Light Upon the Invasion of East Prussia by the Russians in August 1914.” Army Quarterly (Apr 1926): pp. 96-105. Per.

Standing, Percy C. The Campaign in Russian Poland. NY: Hodder & Stoughton, 1914. 185 p. D551.S7.

Tăslăuanu, Octavian C. With the Austrian Army in Galicia. London: Skeffington, n.d. 255 p. D556.T32.

Vācietis, Jukums. "Operations on the Eastern German Frontier, 1914." Wash, DC: AWC, 1934. 156 p. D551.V313. Russian edition also available, D551.V3.

_____. “Strategic Study of the World War Campaign in East Prussia During July and August to the Beginning of September, 1914: A Strategic Outline of the Operations of the 1st and 2nd Russian Armies and 8th German Army.” [Translated from the Russian by Charles Berman] Typescript, AWC, 1930. 196 p. D551.V3813.

Waldstatten, Egon. “The Battle of Lawrow, October 20-27, 1914.” Cavalry Journal (Apr 1926): pp. 166-82. Per.

-Stallupönen

Hickey, Thomas. Papers. 3 Boxes. Arch. Includes map of both Stallupönen and Gumbinnen. Eastern Front Overview p.7

-Gumbinnen

Gibson, Adelano. “Leadership in Great Crises of the World War.” Typescript CGSC lecture, 1933. 43 p. UB210.G52.

Golovin, Nikolai N. The Russian Campaign of 1914: The Beginning of the War and Operations in East Prussia, cited above. D550.G57. See Pt. 2-“The First Operations in East Prussia.

Ironside, Edmund. “Russian Cavalry Operations in East Prussia in 1914.” Cavalry Journal [British] (Jan 1924): pp. 5-30. Per. Gumbinnen & Tannenberg.

Pearkes, G.R. “The 1914 Campaign in East Prussia.” Canadian Defence Quarterly (Jan 1931): pp. 248-54. Per.

-Volchkovtsky

Golovine, N.N. “Cavalry Fight at the Village of Volchkovtsky, August 21, 1914.” Cavalry Journal (Jan 1923): pp. 11-26. Per.

_____. “The Fight at Volchkovtsky.” Cavalry Journal (Apr 1927): pp. 144-55. Per.

_____. _____. Cavalry Journal (Oct 1927): pp. 575-81. Per.

_____. “The Fourth Austrian Cavalry Division in the Fight at Volchkovtsky.” Cavalry Journal (Apr 1923): pp. 183-96. Per.

-Jaroslavice

von Berchem, Beda. “Jaroslavice, 1914.” Cavalry Journal (May/Jun 1933): pp. 30-34. Per.

von Lauer, B. “The avalry Action at Jaroslavice.” Cavalry Journal [British] (Jul 1927): pp. 453-63. Per.

Vidale, Emil. “The Cavalry Combat at Jaroslavice.” Cavalry Journal (Jul 1930): pp. 366-85; (Oct 1930): pp. 532-58. Per. Eastern Front Overview p.8

-Tannenburg (see separate bibliography)

-First Battle of Masurian Lakes

Floericke, Kurt E. Die Masurenschlachten. Stuttgart: Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, 1916. 78 p. D551.F55Halbbd.1

-Lodz

The Battle of Lodz. West Point, NY: USMA, 1940? 31 p. D552.L6.B38.

Floericke, Kurt E. Gegen Lodz und Warschau. Stuttgart: Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, 1916. 83 p. D551.F55.

H.C.W. “Cavalry Operations on the Russo-German Border.” Cavalry Journal [British] (Apr 1929): pp. 241-53. Per. Lodz and Wilna.

Knox, Alfred. “Hindenburg’s Second Offensive in Poland: The Operation of Lodz, November, 1914.” Army Quarterly (Jul 1921): pp. 335-47. Per.

Korolkov, G.K. “The Battle of Lodz, November 2-December 19, 1913.” [Translated from the Russian by Charles Berman] Typescript, AWC, 1939. 370 p. D552.L6.K6.

Lodzinskai a Operatsiia. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe voennoe izdatelstvo Narodnogo Komissariata Oborony Soiuza SSR, 1936. 505 p. D552.L6.

Ludvigsen, Eric C. "Lodz: A Nonlinear Battlefield of 1914." Army (Feb 1991): pp. 44-46 & 48. Per. Case study of reorientation of units and directions during operations.

Wulffen, Karl von. "The Battle of Lodz." 2 vols. Wash, DC: n.p., 1932. 67 p. D552.L6.W8413. Die Schlacht bei Lotz: Unter Benutzung Amtlicher Quellen. Oldenburg: G. Stalling, 1918. 110 p. D509.G7Hft19.

1915

Although it was not the universal choice of the high command, Germany made the East its primary offensive front in 1915. Early in the year, Russians attempted to march through passes in the Carpathians. They had limited success with this endeavor, but did manage to lift the siege of Przemyśl, and the Austrians withdrew to the plains of , where their presence served as a deterrent for future enemy advances. Eastern Front Overview p.9

In mid-February, Hindenburg and Ludendorff planned a massive campaign of maneuver to envelop Russians on the northern end of the front. The Ninth Army baited the Russians to Bolimov, east of Warsaw, while the Eighth and Tenth Armies prepared for an offensive action in the area of the Masurian Lakes. Germans here used, albeit ineffectively, a poison gas for the first time at this Second Battle of Masurian Lakes, also known as “the Winter Battle” because it began in a blinding snowstorm. A decisive victory was not achieved, but the battle was devastating to the Russians, who suffered over 200,000 casualties.

After the Winter Battle, German and Austrian forces on the Eastern Front operated under a unified command. Von Falkenhayn took command of the southern sector in the spring and attacked Russian positions just north of the Carpathian foothills between the towns of Gorlice and Tarnow. The assault turned into a massive offensive, cracking the Polish Salient; on 3 Jun Przemyśl was taken; on 22 Jun Lemberg (Lvov) was captured; and 23-27 Jun, they crossed the Dniester River. By mid-1915, Russia had been expelled from Russian Poland and the front was 300 miles further east than it had been at the beginning of the year. Czar Nicholas II assumed command of Russian field armies, overseeing the front that essentially would not change until his government was overthrown in 1917.

Augerd, Marie F.A.L. “Une Campagne d’Hiver dans Les Carpathes: Les Opérations de l’Armeé Austro-Allemande du Sud (Janvier-Avril 1915).” Typescript, 192? 20 p. D556.A83.

Burgin, H.T. “The Russian Campaign, 1915.” In Campaigns of the World War. Wash, DC: Infantry Association, 1923. pp. 116-29. D521.U5.

_____. _____. Infantry Journal (Aug 1924): pp. 177-90. Per.

Floericke, Kurt E. Der Siegeszug in Polen: Sommer 1915. Stuttgart: Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, 1918. 133 p. D551.F55.Halbbd5-6. San, Stryj, Grodek, Narewlinie, Njemenlinie, Nowo-Georgiewsk.

Inostrantsev, Michael A. “Cavalry in the Breakthrough of Sventsany, September 3-30, 1915.” Cavalry Journal (May/Jun 1937): pp. 276-83. Per.

Jukes, Geoffrey. Carpathian Disaster: Death of an Army. NY: Ballantine, 1971. 159 p. D550.J8.

Mönckeberg, Carl. Unter Linsingen in den Karpathen. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anst, 1917. 72 p. D551.M63.

Müller-Brandenburg, Hermann. Die Schlacht bei Grodek-Lemberg (June 1915). Oldenburg: Stalling, 1918. 88 p. D509.G7Hft4.

Poseck, Maximilian. “German Cavalry in Lithuania and Courland.” Ft. Riley, KS: Cavalry School, 192? 415 p. D551.P613. Die Deutschen Kavallerie 1915 in Litauen und Kurland. Berlin: Mittler, 1924. 235 p. D551.P6. Eastern Front Overview p.10

Tunstall, Graydon A. Blood on the Snow: The Carpathian Winter War of 1915. Lawrence, KS: U KS, 2010. 258 p., maps. D557.P7.T86.

-Second Battle of Masurian Lakes

164 Lichtbilder aus der Winterschlacht in Masuren von Kalwarja, Kowno, Wilna, Myssa und Narotschsee. Hamburg: Hartnung, 191? D532.32.266thA16.

Floericke, Kurt E. Die Masurenschlachten, cited above. D551.F55Halbbd.1

Litzmann, Karl. La Ruptura Hacia Brzeziny: La Batalla de Invierno en Masuria; el Ataque a la Plaza Fuerte de Kowno; Servicio de Estado Mayor: Conferencias Pronunciadas en el Circulo Militar. Buenos Aires: Bernard, 1921. 83 p. D552.B7.L5.

_____. “The Winter Battle in Masuria.” [Translated from the German by Paul B. Harm] Typescript, 1932. 14 p. D552.M3.L5813.

Niemann, Hans. Hindenburgs Winterschlacht in Masuren, 7. bis 15. Februar 1915. Berlin: Mittler, 1915. 29 p. D551.N55.

Redern, Hans von. Die Winterschlacht in Masuren. Oldenburg: Stalling, 1918. 56 p. D509.G7Hft20.

“The Winter Battle in Masuria.” [Translated from the German by Henry Hossfeld] n.p., 193? 54 p. D552.M3.W35213.

“The Winter Battles in Masurenland, February 1915.” Royal United Service Institute Journal (RUSI) (Nov 1920): pp. 711-17. Per. Spirding See (7 Feb); Lyck (10-14 Feb); Augastowo (17 Feb).

-Gorlice-Tarnow

Floericke, Kurt E. Das Ringen um Galizien: Lemberg, Limanowa, Przemnsl. Stuttgart: Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, 1916. 95 p. D551.F55Halbbd.2

_____. Der Wendepunkt, Frühjahr 1915: Das Ringen um die Karpathenpässe, Der Vorstoss in die Beltenmark, Die Durchbruchsschlacht von Gorlice. Stuttgart: Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, 1917. 87 p. D551.F55Halbbd4.

François, Hermann K.B. von. “Gorlice, 1915: The Piercing of the Carpathian Mountains and the Liberation of Galicia.” [Translated from the German by Alfred R.W. de Jonge] Typescript, 1931? 229 p. D557.G6.F7313.

“Gorlice-Tarnow: A German Breakthrough in 1915.” Army Quarterly (Apr 1931): pp. 116-22. Per. Eastern Front Overview p.11

Heyman, Neil M. "Gorlice-Tarnow: The Eastern Front in 1915." Army Quarterly (Jan 1980): pp. 60-73. Per.

Rothkirch, Leonhard A. von. Gorlice-Tarnow: Unter Benutzung Amtlicher Quellen Bearbeitet von…. Oldenburg: Stallung, 1918. 87 p. D509.G7Hft21.

1916

In early 1916, France asked Russia to help relieve pressure on Verdun by renewing offensive operations in the east. Russia responded with the unsuccessful Lake Naroch offensive. After the inconclusive Somme Offensive, the western Allies again requested that Russia take the offensive. General Aleksei Brusilov proposed a massive offensive against Galicia which, when executed, nearly knocked Austro- Hungary out of the war. The operation was initially successful, largely because Brusilov employed a version of shock tactics. Austrians were pulled away from the Italian front and pressure on Verdun was relieved by the withdrawal of eastbound German troops, but the success failed to turn around the deterioration of the political and economic situation on the Russian home front.

Mönckeberg, Carl. Deutsche Truppen an der Düna, Herbst 1916. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anst, 1917. 52 p. D551.M632.

-Brusilov Offensive

Cockfield, Jamie H. “Brusilov’s Immortal Days.” MHQ (Autumn 2001): pp. 24-33. Per.

Dowling, Timothy C. The Brusilov Offensive. Bloomington, IN: IN U, 2008. 208 p. D550.D68.

Golovine, N.N. “Cavalry on the Front.” Cavalry Journal (Oct 1921): pp. 384-93. Per. Part 2 of a two-part article.

Die Russische Sommeroffensive, 1916. Berlin: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1916. 24 p. D521.G346Hft20.

Schlotheim, Ludwig E. von. “The Imperial German Army South in the Battles During the Brussilov Offensive from 4 June to 14 .” n.p., 1937. 68 p. D532.1.S3613. Die Kaiserlich Deutsche Südarmee in den Kämpfen Während der Brussilow-Offensive vom 4. Juni bis 14 August 1916. München: Ceck’sche, 1936. 87 p. D532.1.S36.

Terraine, John. "1916: The Year of the Somme." Army Quarterly (Oct 1986): pp. 441-60. Per. Also covers concurrent Brusilov offensive.

Turner, Brian. “Brusilov’s Brilliant Offensive.” Military History (Aug 2005): pp. 38-44 & 72. Per. Eastern Front Overview p.12

1917

By 1917, the Russian economy neared collapse under pressure of the war effort. Civil unrest and the Czar’s abdication led to the and establishment of the Russian Provisional Government. Two more significant military actions occurred on the Eastern Front—the Russian Kerensky Offensive in July and the German Riga Offensive in September, when the Germans took the northern end of the front.

Heavey, W.F. “German Crossing of the Duna River.” Military Engineer (May/Jun 1925): pp. 204-06. Per. Apr 1917.

Martynov, A.E. “Russian Generals and Bolshevism: The Last Days of the Russian Army.” Army Quarterly (Apr 1921): pp. 48-68. Per. Morale during campaigns in Galicia, Jul 1917.

Smirnoff, Alexander. “The Soviet Red Army.” Army Quarterly (Oct 1929): pp. 58-67; (Jan 1930): pp. 350-57. Per. Eastern front during the Revolution.

-Kerensky Offensive

Abraham, Richard. : The First Love of the Revolution. NY : Columbia, 1987. 503 p. DK254.K3.A67.

-Riga Offensive

Corda, H. “Evolution in Offensive Methods.” Field Artillery Journal (May/Jun 1922): pp. 248-64. Per. Pt. 1 of a 3-part article; covers Riga offensive.

Edmonds, J.E. “The Capture of the Baltic Islands.” Coast Artillery Journal (May 1926): pp. 476-82. Per.

_____. “A German Landing: The Capture of the Baltic Islands, Oesel, Moon and Dagö, October, 1917.” Army Quarterly (Jul 1925): pp. 270-76. Per. And updated version, Army Quarterly (Apr 1932): pp. 148-50.

_____. “Hutier’s Rehersal (Riga 1st-3rd of September 1917.” Army Quarterly (Apr 1924): pp. 11-20. Per. Eastern Front Overview p.13

Grove, Eric. “Climax in the Baltic: The German Maritime Offensive in the Gulf of Riga in October 1917.” In 1917: Beyond the Western Front. Boston, MA: Brill, 2009. pp. 97-112. D521.A1.1917.

Der Kriegsverlauf im vierten und funften Jahr: August 1917-November 1918 [The Course of War in the Fourth and Fifth Year: August 1917-November 1918]. 3 vols. Berlin: Heymanns, 1919. Vol. 3, pp. 69-76. D505.K92.

Land and Water (Sep-Oct 1917). Per. Includes numerous reports on the campaign.

Levedan, Henri. "L'Abandon de Riga." L'Illustration (8 Sep 1917): pp. 246-48. Per.

"La Manouvre de von Hutier." L'Illustration (1 Jun 1918): pp. 534-37. Per.

Marshall, S.L.A. . NY: Morrow, 1940. pp. 85-88. D743.M3.

"The War on Land, The War at Sea." Army Navy Gazette (Sep & Oct 1917). Per.

PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

Grow, Malcolm C. Surgeon Grow: An American in the Russian Fighting. NY: Stokes, 1918. 304 p. D551.G8.

Hamilton, Gilbert. I Fält. Stockholm: Bonniers, 1919. 402 p. D640.H32. Swedish observer of war and the .

Knox, Alfred. With the Russian Army, 1914-17: Being Chiefly Extracts from the Diary of a Military Attaché. 2 vols. NY: Dutton, 1921. D550.K6.

Liddell, R. Scotland. Actions and Reactions in Russia. London: Chapman & Hall, 1917. 227 p. D551.L445.

_____. On the Russian Front. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1916. 273 p. D551.L45.

McCormick, Robert R. With the Russian Army. NY: Macmillan, 1915. 306 p. D551.M3.

Morse, John. An Englishman in the Russian Ranks. London: Duckworth, 1915. 337 p. D551.M65.

Reed, John. The War in Eastern Europe. London: Nash, 1916. 334 p. D550.R4. Eastern Front Overview p.14

Washburn, Stanley. Field Notes from the Russian Front. London: Melrose, n.d. 291 p. D551.W3. London Times correspondent with Russian armies.

_____. On the Russian Front in : Memoirs of an American War Correspondent. NY: Speller, 1982. 332 p. D551.W323.

_____. The Russian Offensive: Being the Third Volume of Field Notes from the Russian Front, Embracing the Period June 5th to September 1st 1916. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1917. 275 p. D551.W3v3.

_____. The Russian Campaign: Being the Second Volume of “Field Notes from the Russian Front.”. NY: Scribner, 1915. 347 p. D551.W3v2.

_____. Victory in Defeat: The Agony of Warsaw and the Russian Retreat. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1916. 180 p. D550.W32.

-German Perspective

Aschauer, Phillipp. Auf Schirksalwegen den Osten: Krigseriebnisse eines Deutschen Jegerreginments in Rumanien, auf der Krim und im Kaukasurs. MuenterWestf.: Helius-Veriag, 1931? 378 p. D551.A8.

Brandt, Rolf. Um Riga und Oesel. Bielefeld: Belhagen & Klafing, 1917. 87 p. D552.B3.B7.

Cramm, Freiherrn V. “Patrol Rides and Battles of a Cavalry Division, 1914.” [Translated from the German by Joseph S. Herron] S.l.: Champagne War Newspaper of the 8th Reserve Corps, 1916. 58 p. D640.C7213.1916Draft.

Danilov, Juri. “Russia in the World War, 1914-1915.” [Translated by Gustavus M. Blech] Ft. Leavenworth, KS: General Service Schools, 1927. 207 p. D550.D313. Translated from Russland im Weltkriege, 1914-1915 (Jena: Walter Biedermann, 1925. 581 p. D550.D3.

Falkenhayn, Erich von. “The Campaign of the 9th German Army Against the Rumanians and Russians, 1916-1917.” [Translated from the German by P.B. Harm] 2 vols. Typescript, 192? D550.F3513. Pt. 1-“The Triumphal Progress Through Transylvania; Pt. 2-“The Combats and Victories in Rumania.”

_____. Der Feldzug der 9. Armee Gegen die Rumänen und Russen, 1916/17. 2 vols. Berlin: Mittler, 1921. D550.F35. T. 1-“Der Siegeszug durch Siebenbürgen; T. 2-“Die Kämpfe und Siege in Rumänien.”

Flex, Walter. Die Russische Frühjahrsoffensive 1916. Oldenburg: Stalling, 1919. 102 p. D509.G7Hft31. Eastern Front Overview p.15

Freybe, Paul. Von Tennenberg bis Brest-Litowsk. Berlin: K. Curtius, 1918? 28 p. D551.F74.

Immanuel, Friedrich. Wie wir die Westrussischen Festungen Erobert Haven: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Weltkriegs. Berlin: Mittler, 1916. 66 p. D551.I4.

Lobsien, Wilhelm. Heilige Not: Bilder aus Deutschlands Kampf gegen die Russen. Weimar: Gustav Kiepenheuer, 1915. 178 p. D551.L6.

Mackensen, Anton L.F.A. von. Mackensen, Briefe und Aufzeichnungen des Generalfeldmarschalls aus Krieg und Frieden, Bearbeitet und mit Geschichtlichem Begleittext Versehen von Wolfgang Foerster…. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1938. 414 p. D550.M3.

Moraht, Ernst. Die Ostfront: Der Krieg an der Ostfront von Kurland bis Konstantinopel. Dachau: Gelbe Verlag, 1916? ca 150 p. D550.M6.

Morgen, Curt von. Meiner Truppen Heldenkämpfe: Aufzeichnungen. Berlin: Mittler, 1920. 182 p. D531.M66.

Nowak, K.F. Hötzendorfs Lager. Berlin: Fischer, 1916. 240 p. D556.N6.

Pehlemann, Kurt. Die Kämpfe der Bug-armee. Oldenburg: Stalling, 1918. 63 p. D509.G7hft26.

Praclik, Gustav. Unter Stahlhelm und Fliegerhaube: Fronterlebnisse eines Kriegsfreiwilligen, 1914- 1918. Kassel: Oncken, 1936. 175 p. D640.P72.

Rosenhainer, Ernst. Forward, March!: Memoirs of a German Officer. [Translated from the German & edited by Ilse R. Hance] Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000. 186 p. D550.R6713.

Schubert, Generaloberst von. Meine Führung der 8. Armee im September 1914. Berlin: Mittler, 1929. 50 p. D531.S38.

Strachan, Hew. “Time, Space and Barbarisation: The German Army and the Eastern Front in Two World Wars.” In The Barbarisation of Warfare. London, England: Hurst, 2006. pp. 58-82. HV6322.B37.

Vogel, Walter. Die Befreiung Siebenbürgens und die Schlachten bei Targu Jiu und am Argesch. Oldenburg: Stalling, 1918. 134 p. D509.G7Hft33.

Wild, Max. Mes Adventures dans le Service Secret, 1914-1918. Paris: Payot, 1932. 294 p. D639S8.W5414. German secret service. Eastern Front Overview p.16

-Russian Perspective

Brusilov, Alekseĭ A. Moi Vospominanii. Moskva: Voen, 1983 reprint of 1930 ed. 256 p. D550B7. A Soldier’s Note-book. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1971. 340 p. D550.B68132.

_____. “Memoirs of General Broussilov, War 1914-1918.” [Translated from the French by Frank J. Haronian] NY: Haronian, 1934? D550.B713. Translation of preface and first chapter of Mémoires du Général Broussilov, Guerre 1914-1918. Paris: Hachette, 1929. 286 p. D550.B7.

La Grande Guerre, Relation de l’État-Major Russe: Concentration des Armées Premières Opérations en Prusse Orientale en Galicie et en Pologne (1er Août-14 Novembre 1914). Paris Charles- Lavauzelle, 1926. 582 p. D550.A4.

Gurko, Vasilĭĭ I. War and Revolution in Russia, 1914-1917. NY: Macmillan, 1919. 420 p. DK265.G85.

Monkévitz, Nicolas de. “The Decline of the Russian Army, 1917-1918…Memoirs of a Russian General.” [Translated from the French by Lindell T. Bates] Typescript, 1930. 52 p. D565.A2.M6613.

Pollock, John. War and Revolution in Russia: Sketches and Studies. London: Constable, 1918. 280 p. DK265.P55.

Rutherford, Ward. The Ally: Russian Army in World War I. London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1977. 303 p. D550.R87. Reprint of The Russian Army in World War I (London: Cremonesi, 1975; E550.R87).

-Polish Perspective

Klimecki, Michaeł. Polish Military Formations in the Years 1914-1918 Which Were Organized and Fought on Historically Polish Lands. Warsaw: Military Historical Institute, 199? 20 p. D539.5.P7.K55a.

VARIOUS SPECIAL ASPECTS

Kozlow, N. "A Study of the Military-Technical Supply of the Russian Army in the World War." Typescript, USAWC, Wash, DC, 1931. Originally published in Moscow, 1926. 252 p. D551.K6.

Schroeter, J. The Importance of Land Fortifications in the World War. [Translation by Colonel Samuel G. Shartle] [Schweidnitz, Germany: Schroeter, 1922]. pp. 30-41. D521.S37. Eastern Front Overview p.17

Stockdale, Melissa K. “’My Death for the Motherland in Happiness’: Women, Patriotism, and Soldiering in Russia’s Great War, 1914-1917.” American Historical Review (Feb 2004): pp. 78-116. Per.

Stoff, Laurie S. “They Fought for the Homeland: Russia’s Women Soldiers of the First World War.” PhD dss, U KS, 2002. 356 p. D570.8.W6.S86.

_____. They Fought for the Motherland: Russia’s Women Soldiers in World War I and the Revolution. Lawrence, KS: U KS, 2006. 294 p. UB419.R87.S78.

-German Redeployment

An analysis of the transfer of German forces appears in an Army War College translation of the study by von Kuhl cited below. An abridgement of that analysis appears in The Causes of the German Collapse in 1918: Hoover War Library Publication No 4 (Stanford: 1934; D531.A42), pp. 53-61. See:

"The Break-Up of the German Armies on the Russian Front in November 1918." Army Quarterly (Apr 1937): pp. 33-42. Per. Describes conditions on the front.

Hoffmann, Max. War Diaries and Other Papers. 2 vols. [Translated from the German] London: Secker, 1929. DD231.H6.A33. GEN Hoffmann was chief of staff in the east and, in effect, the commander. See especially his remarks on the Eastern Front, Vol. 2, pp. 225-37.

von Kuhl, Hermann. "Genesis, Execution and Collapse of the German Offensive in 1918." [Translation of 1927 German publication]. Wash, DC: USAWC, 1933. D531.K813. Pages 5-35 answer the section's title, "Was it Possible to Obtain from the West Front Greater Forces from the Eastern Theatres of Operations than Was Actually Procured?"

Kabish, Ernst. "Controversial Questions of the World War, 1914-18." Manuscript translation from German of a 1924 pub. D521.K213. See pp. 300-05 & 338-39. Also see pp. 548-51 on east-west transfer of Austrian forces.