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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83816-0 — The Invention of the Maghreb Between Africa and the Middle East Abdelmajid Hannoum Index More Information

Index

Abdel Kader, Émir, 230 145–147, 149–150, 154, 158–161, Abduh, Muhammad, 209–210 166–167, 172, 174, 177–178, 181, Abû al-Fidâ’, 82, 175 184, 188–189, 191–194, 196, adab al-nahda, 233 199–202, 205, 207, 210–211, 213, Adam, André, 284 217–219, 225, 227–230, 232, 234, Afri. See Africani 242, 247–250, 253, 255, 258, 260, Africa, iii, viii, ix, 1–2, 4–5, 7–9, 13, 16, 264–266, 269–271, 273–274, 276, 18, 23, 28, 33–34, 36–39, 42–43, 278 46–48, 50–52, 60–61, 64, 66–68, Algerian nationalism, 211, 229, 250 70–74, 78–80, 83–84, 88–89, 92, 97, Algerian Popular Party, 246 99–103, 105–106, 108, 110, 113, Algerian revolution, 232 118–121, 123, 127–128, 130–132, Algerian war, 4, 242, 246 137, 141, 143–146, 148–149, al-Idrissi, 26 158–159, 163–164, 167–169, Al-Khattabi, Abdelkrim, 247 174–175, 180–182, 189–194, al-Madani, Ahmed Tewﬁk, 211 196–197, 199–200, 202, 204–205, al-Manfaluti, Mustafa, 233 214–215, 217–218, 222, 229, al-Mili, Mubarak, 211, 217–219, 244 232–246, 253, 255, 260, 265–266, al-Shabi, Abu al-Qasim, 228, 309 269, 274–275, 283 Altekamp, Stefan, 105, 107, 120–121 African kingdoms, 37 Althusser, Louis, 4 Africani,8 al-Wazzân, Hassan. See Leo Africanus Africanus, 9, 16, 41 Amazigh nationalism, 264 Afrique. See Africa Amazigh question, 248, 264 Afrique blanche. See White Africa Amrouche, Jean, 228, 267, 269 Afrique noire. See Black Africa Andalusia, 9, 135 Afrique Septentrionale, 41, 51 Anderson, Benedict, 153, 224–225, Aït Ahmed, Hocine, 247 260 ʿAjîssa, 14 André, Pierre Capitaine, 192, 267 al-Afghani, Sayyid Jamal al Din, 68, animism, 68, 192, 196, 236–237 209 Arab, 2–3, 5, 8–9, 12, 15, 17–19, 26, Alaouite, 16, 252 31, 41, 45, 47–48, 50–51, 53–54, 59, al-ʿAqqad, Abbas Mahmood, 233 66, 72, 82, 89, 92–93, 99, 107, 110, al-Bakri, 26, 29 126–127, 130, 134–138, 140, 143, al-Fassi, Allal, 202, 211, 213, 217, 247, 145, 150, 157–160, 164–167, 169, 249, 266 171, 174, 177–181, 183, 185–190, Algeria, 2–6, 17–22, 41, 43–45, 47, 50, 192–193, 195, 198–199, 201, 52–55, 60, 65, 71–72, 74, 76–78, 203–205, 209–210, 213, 218–221, 84–88, 90–91, 93–96, 98–106, 223, 228, 230, 232–234, 238–240, 109–110, 112, 114, 118, 121, 123, 244–245, 247, 249, 258, 264–265, 125–127, 130, 136–137, 139–140, 267–271, 273, 276, 283, 285–286

312

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83816-0 — The Invention of the Maghreb Between Africa and the Middle East Abdelmajid Hannoum Index More Information

Index 313

Arab Bureau, 18, 26, 50, 53, 126, 130, Berbérie, 92, 174, 201–202 137, 150, 157, 160, 174, 178–179, Berberism. See Amazigh nationalism 181, 188, 190, 201, 264 Berbrugger, Louis-Adrien, 44, 49–50, Arab Islam, 192–193, 267 60, 91–92, 95, 101, 126, 129, 177, Arab Maghreb, 5, 209, 219, 234, 247, 272 259, 276 Bernard, Augustin, 113 Arab nationalism, 2, 140, 181, Berque, Jacques, 5, 158–160, 196, 202, 219–220, 234, 240, 264 210, 240, 266, 283–285 Arab Spring, 258, 285 Bertrand, Louis, 106, 114, 118 Arab, Greek, and Roman maps, 31 Beulé, Charles Ernest, 80 archaeo-Christian narratives, 81 Binger, Louis Gustave, 145 archaeological formation, 100, 111 biopower, 207 archaeological trace, 114 Black Africa, 2, 68, 74, 143, 194–195, archaeology, 4, 19, 24, 27, 77–78, 235–236, 238–239, 241–242 80–82, 84, 86, 88–91, 93, 96, 98, Black Islam, 192–193, 242 100, 102–111, 114, 116, 119–121, blackness, 1, 48, 127–128, 236–238, 139, 170, 205, 214, 236, 253, 241, 243 269–270 Blacks, 61, 192, 197, 240 archives, 44, 50, 65, 91, 177–178, 180, blad al-makhzen, 154 280–281 Blais, Hélène, 3, 43, 50–52, 64, 76 Armée d’Afrique, 43 bled as-siba, 155–158, 164–166 ʿasabiya, 13, 15, 166, 185–187 Boas, Franz, 236 Asia, 2–3, 8, 37, 42–43, 48, 70, 85, 99, Boumedienne, Houari, 249, 255 106, 132, 195, 200, 205, 235, 237 Bourdieu, Pierre, 255–256, 263–264, Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama, 284 210–211 Braudel, Fernand, 6, 22, 25, 61–62, 64, atlas, 18, 65, 69–71, 73, 75, 101, 114 95, 202 Aurès, 102, 181 British Egypt, 3, 85 Burckhardt, Jacob, 41 badâwa, 185 Burke III, Edmund, 94, 126, 158–159, Bani Yfran, 12, 14 172, 283 Barbarie. See Barbary Butler, Judith, 224 barbarism, 151, 174, 195–196, 219, 238 Camus, Albert, 118, 227, 230 Barbary, 17, 37, 39, 41, 52, 74, 82, Carette, Ernest, 45–46, 53–54, 56, 173–176 58–60, 72, 177, 181, 184 Béja, 48 Carthage, 8, 80–81, 84, 102, 121, 182, Belot, Jean-Baptist, 133 213–216 Ben Badis, Abdelhamid, 211, 217, 244, cartographic power, 172 249, 266 cartographic representation, 30 Benedict, Ruth, 236 cartography, 24, 33, 43–45, 52–53, Benjelloun, Abdelmajid, 230, 266–267 138, 145, 170, 203 Berber, 12, 14, 27, 59–60, 63, 66, 72, Césaire, Aimé, 241 88–89, 126–127, 130, 132–148, 154, Chad, 73, 196 157–166, 168–169, 174, 177, Chancel, Ausone de, 44 179–180, 183, 185–189, 192, 199, Chateaubriand, 180 201, 203–205, 215–216, 219, Chatelain, Louis, 107, 109, 115 222–223, 228, 230–232, 238–239, Chatterjee, Partha, 224 244, 260, 262, 264, 267–271, 273, Chénier, Louis de, 41, 176 285–286 Chraïbi, Driss, 228, 230

314 Index

Christian Europe, 5, 37, 179, 239 destruction, 27, 120–121, 129, 163, Christian humanism, 80, 83 180, 207, 243 civilization, 8, 37, 39, 52, 62, 64, 69, Diaz-Andrew, Margarita, 77, 107–109 85, 87–89, 92, 97, 99, 101, 104, 110, dictionaries, 130–133, 136, 140–141, 114–115, 133, 139–141, 144, 151, 146, 168 158, 174, 176, 192–193, 195–197, Dielter, Michael, 77–78, 87, 92 201, 205, 207, 210, 215, 219, Diop, Cheikh Anta, 235–239 236–237, 259, 266 Dirks, Nicholas, 87, 94, 121, 178 colonial domination, 4, 220 discursive formation, 25–26, 81–82, colonial imaginaries, 25, 170, 183 93, 111, 166, 187, 189, 244, 249, colonial modernity, 20 275, 278, 280 colonial power, 3–5, 7, 27–28, 31–32, discursive invisibility, 281 36, 65, 69, 71, 76–77, 94, 101, 110, Djait, Hichem, 237 117, 167, 201, 206–208, 212, 224, Djardjoura, 181 241, 253, 266, 275 Djemilâ, 114 Comité de l’Afrique Française, 158 Dougga, 114 Committee of the Liberation of the Doutté, Edmond, 137–138, 148, Maghreb, 246 159–160 conquest of Algiers, 4, 16, 79, 105, 113, Du Bois-Aymé, 39, 179–180 137, 174–175, 177, 217 Dubois, Felix, 194 Constantine, 14, 46, 184, 189–190, Dubois, W. E. B., 239 213, 250 Dundes, Alan, 261 Crone, G. R., 36 Durkheim, Emile, 68, 159, 164 Cyrenaica, 9, 197 Duvivier, General, 99, 176

d’Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon, East Africa, 2, 66–67, 236, 265 36–37 Ecole Française de Rome, 9, 109 Dar, Jean, 141–142 Ecole Normale Supérieure, 159 Daumas, Eugène, 53–55, 59–60, 126, Effros, Bonnie, 79, 83, 86, 89, 92, 161, 215 120–121 Davis, Natalie, 16–17 Egypt, 1–2, 7–8, 12–13, 19, 28, 35–37, Dawla, 186 41–43, 50, 63–64, 74, 82, 85, 87–90, de Gaulle, Charles, 196, 258 99, 121, 123, 132, 137, 140, 148, de Gobineau, Arthur, 124–125, 195, 161, 179–182, 187, 189, 191, 193, 265 197, 199–200, 203, 205, 209–210, de Nerval, Gérard, 227 219–220, 234, 237–241, 245, 265, de Saussure, Ferdinand, 131, 238, 273, 285 256 Egyptian desert, 63–64, 199 de Segonzac, René, 158 Egyptology, 86, 88 De Slane, William, 51, 181, 184–187, Empire of Morocco, 46, 54, 154 190, 270 Errington, Joseph, 143, 146 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 21, 125–126, Essaouira, 152 129, 177–178, 207 Ethiopians, 14 decolonizing history, 220 ethnographic state, 17, 94, 121, 178, 188 Delafosse, Maurice, 194, 240 ethnography, 24, 84, 150, 155, 161, Delamare, Alphonse, 90–91 226, 272 Delattre, Alfred Louis, 80–81, 84–85 Etoile Nord Africaine, 246 Delisle, Guillaume, 35–36, 38, 40 Europe, 1, 3–4, 7, 9–10, 14, 16–17, 19, Description de l’Afrique, 16, 41, 51 21–22, 27, 32–33, 35, 39, 41–42, Deslile, George, 22 47–48, 52, 67, 69, 72–74, 77–79, 81,

Index 315

83, 85–86, 92, 99–100, 102, 211–212, 214–215, 221, 223, 240, 124–125, 129, 132, 149, 173–176, 244, 279 180, 193–194, 198, 201, 215, 222, Geatuli, 46 225, 233, 235–237, 239–240, 253, Geertz, Clifford, 17, 27–28, 155, 260, 265, 267, 275, 277, 281, 286, 226–227, 236, 282 299, 309 geographic imagination, 26, 30, 51, 75 European colonies, 37, 66, 70, 73 geography, 3–4, 7, 11–12, 14, 23–24, Exploration scientiﬁque de l’Algérie, 3, 28, 32–33, 36–37, 39, 41, 46–47, 50, 26, 45–46, 50–51, 85–87, 90–91, 53–54, 61, 63, 66–67, 69–70, 73–74, 112, 150, 177 77, 86, 92, 96, 110, 136–137, 149–150, 167, 175, 195, 199–200, Faidherbe, Louis Léon, 142–146, 148 205, 213, 217, 227, 231, 235, 238, Fanon, Frantz, 127, 159, 242–243, 278, 242, 246–248, 253, 264, 274, 277, 281, 285 285–286 Fazzan, 9 geopolitics, 66, 74, 108, 173, 183, 191, fez,2,44 220, 224, 234, 245, 248 ﬁeld of discourse, 275, 277–280, 283 Germany, 44, 87, 258 Flaubert, Gustave, 118, 180, 227 Ghallab, Abdelkrim, 230 FLN, 248 Gibran, Kahlil, 233 Foucauld, Charles de, 130, 150, Gozalbes Cravioto, Enrique, 107–108 153–158 Grande Kabylie, 181 Foucault, Michel, 4, 25, 154–155, Graphic representation. See 157–158, 184, 206, 223–225, 251, cartographic representation 260, 278, 281, 284–285 Grataloup, Christian, 8, 35 France, 2–3, 6–7, 9, 18, 21, 23, 32–33, Great Britain, 23, 44, 86–88, 101, 108, 35, 43–44, 48, 52–53, 60, 66–67, 121, 152, 191, 277 71–73, 77, 79, 81, 83–90, 92–95, Greimas, Algirdas-Julien, 221 98–106, 108–110, 112–116, Gsell, Stéphane, 91, 95–96, 100–103, 118–119, 121, 130, 137, 142, 149, 105, 112–115, 120, 139, 182–183, 152–153, 158, 162, 172–173, 176, 215 178–180, 183, 185, 191, 193, 196, Guennoun, Abdallah, 228, 230, 266 200, 203, 205, 211, 215, 217, 219, Gutron, Clémentine, 81, 83, 98 222, 227, 231, 233–234, 237, 240, 243, 246, 249, 251, 255–260, 262, Hanoteau, Adolphe, 130–131, 267, 269–270, 273, 275, 277, 136–137, 141 280–285 Haratin, 187, 242 francophone literature, 230 Hardy, George, 193 French Africa, 43, 49–50, 62, 70, 113, Hase, Johann Mathias, 34, 37 217 Hassan I, 152, 155–156 Front de Libération Nationale. See FLN Hassan II, 255 Fula, 131 Hassaniya (language), 145 Hassar, Mohamed, 228, 268 Gaetulian, 9 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 238 Gal, Susan, 131 Herodotus, 8, 45–46, 200 Gambia, 73, 88 Hespéris, 160–161, 163, 171, 192, 220, Garvey, Marcus, 241, 245 254 Gautier, Emile-Félix, 1, 8, 53, 60–64, historicism, 220 75, 85, 127–128, 137–141, 148–149, historiographic state, 93, 95, 100, 104, 169, 180, 195, 197–203, 208, 181, 189

316 Index

historiography, 4, 7, 9, 13, 17, 24, 77, journalistic discourse, 118 84, 155–156, 172, 181, 183, Julien, Charles–André, 1–3, 8, 186–187, 198, 202–203, 210–211, 202–203, 211, 221, 283–284 221, 223, 228, 232, 237, 245, 256, Justinard, Captain, 147–148, 161 272 Hobbes, Thomas, 165 Kahina, 269 Hobsbawm, Eric, 23–24 Kant, Immanuel, 173–174 Höckel, Ernst, 144 Khaïr-Eddine, Mohammed, 228, Hussein, Taha, 233 231 Huwâra, 14 Kitâb al-ʿibar,11 Huyghe, Gustave, 130 Kouloughlis, 126, 187 Kusayla, 269 Ibn ʿAbd al-Hakam, ʿAbd al-Rahma¯n,8 Kutâma, 14 ˙ ˙ Ibn Abi Diyâf, 18 Ibn Battouta, 41 l’Académie des inscriptions et belles- Ibn Hawqal, 17, 26, 41 lettres, 26, 109 Ibn ʻIda¯r¯ı al-Murrâkushî, 15 L’Histoire des Berbères, 11, 184, 186, ˉ Ibn Khaldûn, 10–18, 26, 128, 134–136, 189–190 163–164, 166, 172, 183–186, 190, L’islam arabe,67 198, 201, 214–215, 217, 219, 221, L’islam berbère,67 228–229, 244, 264, 268, 270, 272, L’islam noir,67 300 L’islamisation de l’Afrique du Nord, Idrissites, 15, 181 197 Ifriqiya, 8–9, 12–15, 48, 66, 135, 174, La Chapelle, Frederic de, 161–163, 166, 197, 223 192 indigenous, 8, 86, 88, 97, 99, 101–102, Lalande, Jérôme, 41 110, 132, 148, 159, 182, 189–190, Lambaesis, 106 201, 265 Lambèse, 114 Institut des Hautes Études Marocaines, Lane, Edward, 180 26 language, 3, 7, 12, 23, 28, 37, 48, 63, Institut Français d’Afrique Noire, 200 69, 99, 123–126, 129–149, 165, Iraq, 9, 88, 210, 285 167–169, 188, 191, 204–205, Irvine, Judith, 130–131, 133, 143–146, 215–216, 220, 225–227, 229–231, 148 233, 236, 238, 241, 244, 247–248, Islam, 18, 24, 39, 42, 52, 67–68, 76–77, 250–251, 253, 256–262, 269–274, 94, 120, 126, 133–134, 144–145, 277–280, 285 172, 179, 181, 186, 192–197, 205, language ideologies, 131, 147 209–210, 215–216, 237, 239, 241, Laoust, Henri, 136, 141, 148, 161 245, 247, 259, 261, 263–265, 267, Laroui, Abdallah, 10, 202–203, 271 220–224, 226, 237, 240, 244–245, Islamophobia, 192–193 251–252, 256, 261, 279, 285 Italy, 17, 23, 44, 72, 105–106, 121, Le Chatelier, Alfred, 181, 194–196 191, 277 le polygone étoilé, 229 Le Tourneau, Roger, 1–3, 283–284 Jacqueton, Gilbert, 113, 115 leff, 162–163, 165–166 Jews, 72, 126, 128, 187, 231, 264–265, Leo Africanus, 16 268, 270, 285 Letourneux, Aristide, 137 jîl, 134, 185 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 22, 80, 83, 125, Jomard, 39, 179 138, 227, 284 Jouenne, Pierre, 88 Libophoenicians, 46

Index 317

Libya, 5, 9, 17, 36, 43, 74, 90, 105–107, Mediterranean, 1–3, 8, 12, 23, 25, 35, 110, 120–121, 136–137, 146, 176, 46–48, 52, 62–64, 72, 77, 79, 85, 88, 191, 198, 200, 218, 233, 247–248, 96, 99, 106, 108, 112, 144, 146, 173, 274, 276 175, 177, 182, 194, 200, 202, 214, Libyan-Phoenician, 104 218, 222 linguistics, 4, 24, 129–130, 132, 136, Meknes, 109 143, 148 Mercier, Ernest, 139, 189–191, 198, literature, 17, 24, 75, 112, 115, 117, 202, 279 139, 173–175, 179, 221, 226–231, Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 259, 282, 284 233–234, 238, 256, 260–261, 270, Mesopotamian archaeology, 88 285 Messali Hadj, 246 local knowledge, 17, 21, 27, 29, 51, 84, Meynier, Capitain O., 194 183 Michaux-Bellaire, Edouard, 174, 266 Lyautey, Hubert, 109, 113, 160–161, Michelin, 75, 112–114 172, 191, 266 Middle East, 2–5, 7, 9, 28–29, 66, 68, 89, 110, 132, 140, 143, 193, 220, Machiavelli, 154 231, 233–234, 241–242, 245–246, Maghreb, 1–2, 4–7, 9–10, 12–15, 21, 253, 265, 275, 278, 283–284 23–28, 31–32, 41, 43, 48, 51, 53, 61, millet,17 63–66, 75, 79, 95, 99, 101, 103, 105, Ministry of Commerce, 132 110, 113, 121, 123, 126–127, 135, Ministry of the Colonies, 70 139–140, 142, 149, 153, 159, 164, Ministry of War, 101, 132 167–168, 171–172, 175, 177, Mission archéologique française à 179–181, 183, 188–189, 191, Carthage, 26 194–198, 200–203, 205–206, Mission scientiﬁque au Maroc, 26 208–214, 216–223, 225–229, Missions Catholiques,80 231–234, 236, 240–249, 252–253, modern Egypt, 2 255–256, 258–259, 262–265, modernity, 4, 7–8, 10, 19, 21–23, 27, 269–270, 272–286, 305 42, 73, 81, 83, 90, 108, 119, 129, Maghrebi literature. See francophone 140, 167, 183, 207, 210, 225, 228, literature 230, 243, 254–255, 257–258, Maghrebi nationalism, 264 260–261, 263, 266, 269, 272–273, makzhen, 152 277, 280 Mali, 45, 48, 61, 253, 265 Mogador, 22 Mandinka (race), 145 Montagne, Robert, 160–166, 220, 266, Marin, Louis, 35, 305 284 Marrakech, 10, 74, 207, 218 Montalbán, César Luis de, 107 Martinière, Henri de la, 117–118, 155, Monteil, Vincent, 193, 265 174 Moors, 46, 125–127, 187, 222, 242 Marty, Paul, 127, 192, 199, 265, 267 Moreno, Manuel Gómez, 108 Marx, Karl, 223, 238, 281 Moroccan bourgeoisie, 230 Masqueray, Emile, 137, 163, 166, 272 Moroccan nationalism, 228 Massignon, Louis, 240, 284 Morocco, 3, 5, 17, 22, 44–45, 47, 51, Mauretania Caesariensis, 9, 183 59, 69–74, 94, 97–101, 105, Mauretania Tingitana, 9 107–110, 113, 116–118, 121, 123, Maurette, Fernand, 67–68 126, 130, 136, 146–150, 152–155, Mauritania, 46, 97, 176, 192, 233, 247, 157–161, 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, 251, 274 191, 194–196, 203, 205, 210–211, McKenzie, Donald, 152 213, 217, 219, 227–231, 235, 247,

318 Index

249–253, 255, 258, 262, 264–266, Pelet, Paul, 70–73, 75 269, 271, 273–274, 276, 285–286 Pellissier, Edmond de Reynaud, 46–47, Moulouya River, 12 126 muʿallaqât. See pre–Islamic poetry Pères Blancs, 80 Mudimbe, V.Y., 7, 23, 241 Petite Kabylie, 181 Müller, Friedrich, 144 Peul (language), 144–145 Mullucha river. See Mulluvia river Peul (race), 144–145, 242 Mulluvia river, 176 Phoenicians, 63, 104, 215–216, 219, Musée Lavigerie, 80 222 Musulamian, 9 photography, 112, 116 photos. See photography Nafzawa, 12 Pompeii, 106 naming, 46, 92, 97, 99, 170, 172–173, postcolonial power, 225, 281 175–176, 181–182, 198, 201–202, pre-Islamic poetry, 233 208, 224, 236, 243, 286 premodern Arabic literature, 233 Napoleon, 2, 19, 43, 52, 85–87, 94, Pricot de Sainte-Marie, Jean Baptiste 112, 159, 161, 170, 174, 188 Evariste Charles, 80 Napoleon’s expedition, 2 Prussia, 93, 188 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 203, 219, 240 Ptolemy, 8, 11, 41–42, 175, 182 Nassiri, Ahmad ibn Khalid, 20, 264, Punic, 63, 89, 99, 101–102, 107, 110, 272 114, 136, 216 national discourse, 209, 225, 248–250, 256, 268–269 Qadiriya, 266 national elite, 254, 261 Qayrawan, 15 national identities, 77, 123 Quellien, Alain, 192 nationalism, 6, 28, 88, 149, 151, 209–210, 219–220, 224, 226, 239, race struggle, 139, 195, 204, 222–223 246, 248–250, 253, 264, 269–271, racial theory, 149 283 Rahmaniya, 266 Nedjma, 228–230, 311 raʿiya, 152–153, 156 Neffousa, 12 Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 16 Negritude, 234, 238, 240 Randau, Robert, 118 Negroes, 14, 39, 48, 52, 54, 61, Ranger, Terence, 23–24, 301 194 realm of discourse. See ﬁeld of discourse Nietzsche, Friedrich, 76, 224, 238 Reclus, Elisée, 47–48, 67–68 Nifzawa, 14 Red Sea, 36–37, 63, 182 Nile, 1, 47, 63 Regimes of Language, 130, 253 Nkrumah, Kwame, 241–242 Reig, Daniel, v Numidia, 9 Rémusat, Abdel, 47 Numidians, 46, 222 Revue Tunisienne, 254 Ricoeur, Paul, 111, 187, 224 Obenga, Théophile, 238 Rif region, 174 Oran, 22, 46, 83, 139, 254 Rif war, 108 Orwell, George, 207, 307 Roger, Jacques-François, 141–142 Ottoman Empire, 3, 10, 17, 19, 22, 42, Roman Africa, 50, 106 66, 200, 265 Roman Mediterranean, 8 oumma, 12, 66, 152, 210, 249, 264 Roman past, 77–78, 85–87, 102, 106, 121, 190 Pan-African Cultural Festival, 255 Roman ruins, 76 Paris, 118, 227 Roman rule, 104, 120, 179

Index 319

Rome, 6, 9, 13, 42, 77, 79–81, 83, sub-Saharan Africa, 9–10, 37, 51, 123, 86–87, 91–93, 95–97, 99–100, 286 102–106, 110, 114–115, 118–119, Sudan, 12, 192, 195, 239 121, 173, 176, 183, 190, 213–216, Sudanese, 14 219, 222–223, 269 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 108 Rosenthal, Franz, 18, 208 symbolic power, 155 Royaume d’Alger, 22, 35 Syria, 9, 43, 187, 210, 285 Royaume de Tripoly, 35 Royaume de Tunis, 22, 35 Talbi, Mohamed, 237 Royaume du Maroc, 35 Tamuda, 107–108, 171, 254 Tangier, 12, 22, 41, 48, 213, 251, 258 Saadian, 16 tanzimat,19 Sacy, Antoine Isaac de, 184 Tarradell, Miquel, 108–109 Sahara, 14, 28, 35, 46, 51–55, 59–61, Tébessa, 106 63–64, 71–74, 90, 96, 99, 105, 110, technologies of power, 3, 9, 16–18, 20, 121, 127, 132, 145, 149, 175, 181, 27, 39, 43–44, 74, 76, 84, 88, 123, 192, 194, 199–200, 205, 214, 218, 153, 208, 214, 235, 243, 253, 275 222, 245, 248, 250–253, 274 territory, 69, 123, 150–151, 154–155, Said, Edward, 227, 284 157 Salaﬁ historiography, 220 Thaʿâlibi, Abdel ‘Aziz, 211 Salaﬁsm, 209 Tharaud, Jean, 227 Salhi, Mohamed, 220 Tharaud, Jerome, 227 Saqâliba, 14 third world nationalism, 225 savagery, 33, 39, 64, 174, 185, 205, 207 Thomas, Nicholas, 102 school of Durkheim, 159, 164 Tijaniya, 266 school of Rabat, 98 Timgad, 106, 114 secular, 81, 130, 133, 210, 252, Tissot, Charles, 97–99, 109–110, 118, 264–266, 271 182–183 Semiotics (of the Atlas), 69, 221 Tlemcen, 14, 274 Senegal, 61, 68, 88–90, 131, 142–146, tourism, 112, 115 192, 194, 196, 205, 251–252, 265, Treaty of Fez, 160 267 tribalism, 11, 185, 195, 207, 237 Senghor, Leopold, 237–238, 240–241 Tripolitania, 9, 197 Serer, 145 Tunisia, 3, 5, 17, 22, 44, 47, 50–51, 59, Sfar, Béshir, 217, 244, 249, 266 71–72, 74, 96–98, 101, 104–105, Shaw, Brent, 8 109–110, 112, 114, 123, 130, 154, Shaw, Thomas, 41, 81–82, 175 172, 205, 210–211, 213, 217, 219, Shawqi, Ahmed, 233 227–228, 230, 234, 247–249, Shiʿa, 15 265–266, 269, 271, 276, 285–286 Siba, 155 Tunisian nationalism, 228 Sidi Ferruch, 2 Turks, 17, 21, 37, 126, 128, 135, 154, Soninke (language), 145 175, 178, 187, 270 Soudan. See Sudan ʿumrân, 185 Sous, 127, 152, 154 south Africa, 148 University of Algiers, 26, 60, 62, 95–96, Spain, 10, 23, 39, 44, 72, 107, 121, 152, 103, 107, 137, 139, 163, 211, 254, 264 274, 277 Spanish archaeology, 108 Venture de Paradis, Jean Michel, 132, Strabo, 46 154 Sublime Porte, 16–17, 19 Verzijl, J. H. W., 154–155

320 Index

Vidal de la Blache, Paul, 67 Western Sahara, 250, 252 Villefosse, René Héron, 80 White Africa, 1–2, 53, 237 violence, 4, 21, 44, 77, 86, 104, 170, White North Africa, 193 187–188, 207, 261 whiteness, 1, 174 Volney, Constantin-François, 132 Whorf, Benjamin, 259 Volubilis, 106, 109, 114, 117 Wolof, 131, 145

Wadi Tine, 8 Yacine, Kateb, 228–230, 232–233, Walckenaer, Charles, 36, 41 242–243, 257, 261, 267, Weber, Max, 104, 151, 260 269 West Africa, 2, 7, 28, 60, 66, 68, 72–73, 88–90, 110, 121, 128, 132, 145, 148, Zaydan, Georgy, 233 150, 191–193, 195–196, 199–200, Zenata tribes, 12 205, 238–239, 247, 265, 273 Zuwâwa, 14