Harships and Downfall by Giovanni Verardi.Indd

Index

‘Abd al-Ra]hmān 388 Ahmedpur (Vidiśā), Brahmanical Abhaya, Buddhist teacher 394 temple at 182 Abhayadatta 346; his Aihole 164 Caturaśītisiddhaprav_rtti 346 ff. Aira family 122 Abhayākara Gupta, abbot 310, 397 Ajanta 21, 110, 179, 187, 270 abhicāra ritual 315 Ajitasena, Jain master 340 Abhimanyu, king of Kashmir 168, 169 Ājivaka(s)/Ājivika(s), Ājīvakism 82, Ābhīra country (south-east Gujarat) 86, 107, 118 327; Ābhīras 167, 299 Ajmer 359 AbhisamayālaAfghanistan 172, 389; south-eastern/ Prayāga eastern Afghanistan 172, 308, 356, Alōr (Rohri) in Sind 352 389, 391 al-Rukhaj, region in southern Africa 248 Afghanistan 308 Aggañña Sutta 147 Ālvār(s) 214, 224, 227, 258 Agastya 340 Amaravati/Amarāvatī, Buddhist site 74, Agathocles, coins of 188 99, 112, 124, 165, 331; Śiva’s Agham Lohānā, ruler of Sind 351 temple at 331 Aghoraka]n_ta, Kāpālika 238 Amarāvatī/Indrapuri, heavenly town Aggika, a brāhma]na 147 369 Agni 123, 158, 268 Ambala 337 Agni Purā]na 285, 288, 323, 324 Ambedkar, B.R. 53-54, 58, 379 Agnimitra, Śu

Āmradvīpa, name of LaNepal ruler 263; his Arhantikā, nun 151 Kailāsakū_tabhavana 263 Arikamedu 113 Amu Darya 79 Arikēsari Parā

Atharvaveda, Atharvavedin 158 BāBasava, reformer 26-27, 344, 384 Āvarta (Saurashtra), Āvartas 299, 327 Basak, Radhagovinda 48 Ayodhyā 102, 103, 107, 124, 135, 173, Basilides, Gnostic 115 180; see also Sāketa Bāthuris 378 Ayuwan zhuan 192 Bātula Mahātantra 378 Bavād, Sindhi monk 353 Bactria, Bactrian(s) 60, 76, 112 Bautze-Picron, C. 110 Badami/Vātāpī 163 ff., 190 Beal, Samuel 405 Badoh-Pathari 159, 326 Bedsa 74 Bagalpur (Orissa), Dak]si]neśvara temple Begusarai district (Bihar) 325 at 374, 396 Belgami (Ba_l_ligāve, Balligavi) in Baghelkhand 293 Shimoga district 337; Jayantipura Bahayudam, village in Āndhra 274 Bauddha vihāra at 337, 381 Bairāgi, Sivaite ascetic 280 Belpada, village in Orissa 374 Baijnath (Himachal Pradesh) 332; Belur district 221 inscription from 312 Benares/Banāras/Bāra]nāsi/Varanasi 21, Bajapur (Orissa), Ku]n]dhei Ma_tha at 374 22, 23, 29, 36, 41, 63, 222, 223, Bajhara/Bachehrā, governor 352-53 366; as battlefield 299; as Bakker, H. 179, 180 Brahmanical centre 138-39; as [Mu]hammad] Bakhtyār-i Khaljī 36, Gāha]davāla capital 358, 427, 429; 362, 365, 368, 390, 392 Asi river at 139; K_r]s]na Govardhana Bala, asura 265 image from Bakaria Kund 139; Balarāma 104 Kapālamocana tīrtha at Balasore district 285, 323 239; K_rttivāseśvara liMadhya Pradesh 435 Rajghat 138; territory of 52, 177, Bamiyan 93, 171, 193, 356 182; as town of Vi]s]nu 301-02; Bammakū_ru, locality in Karnataka 385 Vara]nā river at 139 Bā]na/Bā]nabha_t_ta 47, 121, 122, 131; his Bengal/BaBanavasi/Banavāsī 232, 337 Buddhist block in 306-07; as Banbhore 351; Sivaite temple and Buddhist stronghold 19, 31, 35, 36, mosque at 351, 387; see also Debal 49, 336; Gupta rule in 133; Heruka Banerji, Bibekananda 397 image from 372; Muslim population Bangladesh 379 in 53, 379; under Pāla control 234; 496 Index

Turu]ska rulers of 361; western bha_t_ta-s 146-47, 199, 232, 233 Bengal 390; yoginī-s temples in 293 Bhaumagupta, minister 242 Berenike 113 Bhaumakara(s), Bhauma kings 175, [St] Bernard [of Clairvaux] 46 239, 240, 281, 374; period 396 Besnagar, Baba Dana Ghat at 104; Bhavabhūti 238, 261; his Bhāgavata temple at 98, 103-04, Mālatīmādhava 238, 261 125; Heliodorus pillar at 103, 104; Bhavadeva-Bha_t_ta, Jain master from see also Vidiśā Bengal 340 Betwa river 104, 159; valley 74 Bhavyas 340; see Jains Bhadrabāhu 118 Bheraghat, yoginī temple at 293, 325-26 Bhadrabodhi 385 Bhillideuli (Orissa), Pūr]neśvara temple BhadraKathmandu 240 ff.; in 272, 289, 293, 373, 374; as a tīrtha Nagarjunakonda 167; in the Sanchi 282; Bindusarovar lake at 235, 323; area 98; in Sirpur 311; gods of 157, Brāhmeśvara temple at 229, 230; 158; monotheism of 104; ostracised Ekāmra, name of 284; Ekāmravana by the vaidika-s 105, 108, 109, 157; at 284; Gandhavatī (Gangua), river their role in attacking Buddhist at 284; Kālikā temple at 323; institutions 144, 275; Mohinī temple at 323; Bhāgavatas-Pāñcarātras 107, 279, Paraśurāmeśvara (Parāśarēśvara) 297 temple at 228, 284; Rājarā]nī Bhāgavatism, Bhāgavata religion 91, (Indreśvara) temple at 229-30; 103-04, 125, 257 Uttareśvara temple at 323; Vaitāl Bhairavas 292 Deu_l at 228, 235 ff., 289, 323; Bhaja 97 Amoghasiddhi image there 261 Bhallika, Bactrian merchant 75 Bhūkampa, Śabara 316 Bhāradvāja [brāhma]na(s)] 99, 147, 176 Bhūk]siravātikā, locality in Kashmir 169 Bhāraśiva kings 107 Bihar/Bihār 201, 279, 289, 385; as Bhārgava clan 276 Buddhist stronghold 19, 49; Bhārgava Rāma 275, 276 supposed native place of Kumārila Bharhut 74, 88, 91, 96, 97, 98, 112, 251; under Pāla control 234; 295-96, 303, 316, 326; Prasenajit Muslims in 362; south Bihar 200; Pillar at 402 see also Magadha Bharmour (Chamba), Lak]sa]na image Bihar (Behar) Sharif 53, 365; military from 309 commander of 368; see also Bhā]sā Va^mśāvalī 247, 335 Odantapurī Bhāskaravarman, king of Kar]nasuvar]na Bijjala, Kalacuri king 384 93, 95-96, 121 Bina valley 159 Index 497

Birbhum 365 Brahma]nābād 350, 351, 352, 354 Birganj, town in Nepalese Tarai 368 brāhma]nagāma-s 100, 118 Black Sea 75-76 Brahmā]n]da Purā]na 265, 276 Blue Annals 394, 396 B_rhaddharma Purā]na 349 Blumenberg, H. 189 B_rhadratha, last Mauryan king 99, 123, Bodhgayā, Bauddha Gayā 17, 22, 29, 189, 267 31, 33, 59n, 60, 130, 131, 144, 200, B_rhannāradīya Purā]na 348-49 201, 244, 277, 279 ff., 296, 359, b_rhaspatisava (part of vājapeya ritual) 394; Akshay Bat, orthodox name of 52 Bodhi tree 22; Aśoka column at Bronkhorst, J. 110 402; bodhighara 401 ff.; Bodhi tree bhrū]nahan 239 401 ff., its uprooting 173, 407, 408; Buchanan, Francis 23, 25, 32, 275, 281, Brahmanical sculptures from 411; 319, 412 Burmese missions to 63, 411-12; Buddha passim; as Buddhadeva 337; as Campaśa, nearby place with liRukmini kunda 22; 147, 148; as Śākyamuni/Sakya Muni Heruka image from 371; Huvi]ska 75, 187, 281, 313; as Siddhārtha coin from 404; inscriptions: on 116, 332; as Sugata 213, 243, 340; coping stone 404, of Kyanzittha as Śrīghana 359; Pitāmaha, attribute 412, of Mahānāman 178, 319; of 133; Buddhasainya 312, 315; Mahābodhi temple 35, 63, 280, 370, Buddhavacana 82, 85, 90, 221 371, 401 ff., 405 ff., camouflaged as Buddha Nandi, logician 216 Śiva temple 367, repaired by Grub Buddhabhadra, bodhisattva 187 thob O rgyan, by the king of La

Cai Mo, literate 136 Carcitā Nagara/Charchita Nagari 23, 60 Caitanya Mahāprabhu 375 ff., 378, 397 Cāri Buddha, logician 217 Cākkiyanār, Sivaite convert 384 Cārvākas 183, 340 cakradhvaja 51 Cātan, merchant 113 Cakrasa^mvara 366; Cakrasa^mvara cycle Catholic Reform 15 308, 346 cā_t_ta-s 146-47, 199, 233 cakravartin 83, 87, 89, 90, 91, 102, 142 Cedis 298, 303; see also Cā_lukya(s) 163-64, 176, 195; temples Kalacuris-Cedis 323; Eastern Cā_lukyas 176; Western Cēkkilār, author 203 Cā_lukyas 337-38 Cenna Basava, reformer 26-27, 347 Cambodia 355 Central Asia 38, 93, 95, 106, 192, 355; Campā 147 western Central Asia 172, 308, 313; Campantar 26, 214, 215-17, 222, 233, Buddhist kingdoms of 94, 355 254, 256, 376 Cēra, ruling family of south India 76 Cā^mtamūla I, Ik]svāku king 107, 166, Cēramān Perumā_l, king in Kerala 26, 167 60, 219, 276 Cā^mtamūla II (Vāśi]s_thiputra Ehuvula Cerdon, Gnostic 77 Cā^mtamūla), Ik]svāku king 166 Ceylon 26, 28, 131, 213, 370; see also Cā^mtaśrī, Ik]svāku queen 167, 191 LaRadha 54 Māra’s army 372, 395; trampled on Chan Buddhism 313 by Buddhist gods 372; see also Kālī Chang’an 95, 315 Cā]nakya 82 Charkh, town in Logar 330 Cā]n]dālas/Chā]n]dālas 278 Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh) 294 Cā]n]dālī, Buddhist devī 372, 395 Chhattisgarh 282, 310 Candella dynasty, Candella(s) 296 ff., Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal 126 328; court 298; intelligentsia 299; Chen dynasty of southern China 94 territory/territories 238, 302, 361 Chennai 60 Candra, king of Sind 351 Chidambaram 217, 218; see also Tillai Candra kings 287, 372 Chikmagalur 382 Candra, Turu]ska king; see Qu_tb al-Dīn Childers, Robert C. 39 Aybak China 21, 37, 38, 43, 93, 95, 106, 113, Candradeva, brāhma]na 168, 169 120, 121, 122, 135, 136, 171, 172, Candragomin, Buddhist teacher 253 173-74, 177, 178, 196, 201, 313, Candragupta I, Gupta king 128 315, 358, 388; peasants of 343; Candragupta II, Gupta king 128, 131, Tang China 94, 95, 96; see also 132; coins of 133 Tang Candragupta Maurya 82, 86, 118 Chinda rulers 362, 370 Candrakīrti 251 Chittagong hills 288 Candrāpī]da, king of Kashmir 329 Chojnacki, C. 231 Candraprabha, image of 128 Chorasmia 79 Ca

60, 79, 108-09, 256, 384; ascetics, ^Dāmaras, landlords 292 saints 72, 201; missionaries 38; Dambal/Dharmavo_lal 338 place names 328 Dāmodara, Buddhist bha_t_ta 370 Church of England 40 Da^m]s|trānivāsin, yak]sa/king 101, 124 Church Fathers 78, 112 dānava-s/Danavas 161, 188, 267, Ciompi, underclass in medieval 268 Florence 383 Da]n]dakāra]nya/Dandacaranya, forest Clement of Alexandria 77 212, 253 Cohen, Richard 179, 186-87 da]n]danīti 82 Cō_la(s) 60, 219, 239; temples, temple (SāhasatuGhazni 329 Descartes 46 Dāhir, king of Sind 351, 352, 387 Deshpande, M.N. 331 daitya-s/daityas 158, 161, 188; destruction and appropriation of identified with the heretics 162, 222 Buddhist sites 31; at Bodhgayā 244, Dak]si]nāpatha 167 279, 321, 401 ff.; in Bhubaneswar Damānandin, Jain master 340 222, 261, 284; in the Dhauli area ^Damara (identified with Damarnagar) (Orissa) 375; at Gotihawa 138; at 384 Ellora 271; in Gandhāra 193; in 500 Index

Kashmir 168-69; at Khajuraho 300; Dharmasvāmin 364, 367-68, 370, 371, in Kāñcī 227; in Nagarjunakonda 395 165-66, 167-68; at Nālandā 33, 42, Dharmavo_lal (Dambal), monasteries at 363, 364; in Nepal 240-42, 243-44, 338 245; at Odantapurī 362-63; at Dhauli 325, 375; Aśoka inscription at Pā_taliputra 101-02; at Puri 375, 397; 375 in the Prachi Valley 373-74; at dhimmī-s 354, 388 Sarnath 29, 139, 419-20, 421, 423 Dhruvapa_ta, Buddhist king of Valabhī ff.; Sirpur 310, 311; in Sind 352; at 175 Śrāvastī 134-35, 137; in U]d]diyāna Dhruvasena I, Valabhī king 146; Mota 193, 330; at Undavalli 195; in Machiala grant of 146 Valabhī 175; in the Vidiśā region Dhruvasena III, Valabhī king 175 182; at Vikramaśīla 365-66, 392 Dhundhu, asura 265 Devacandra-munipa, Jain master 340 Dibboka, Kaivarta chief 343 Devagrama, village in Orissa 286 Dinajpur region (Bangladesh) 325 Devakīrti Pa]n]ditadeva, Jain master 340 DiDhanvantari, celestial doctor 265 Dvārakā, Dwarka 208 Dhanyaka_taka 176, 195, 312 Dhara]nīko_ta 74, 111, 195 Eastern Ga

Daśāvatāra Cave 269, 271; Do Thal 171, 186, 333; prototypes 192; cave 270; Gajāntaka panel at 256; reliefs with Nāga dances 316, 332; Kailāsanātha temple/Cave XVI 223, Buner stair-raiser reliefs 316; Śivaite 228, 270-71; LaGhaznavids 194 Gandhāra 170-72, 173, 175, 176, 193, Ghosundi inscription 127 303, 309, 316, 317, 328, 333 [Sul_tān] Ghyāth al-dīn A‘]zam 369 Gandharan art, iconography 116, 125, [Sul_tān] Ghiyāth al-dīn ‘Iwa]z 368, 373 502 Index

Gibbons, Cardinal 43 Gujarat 276, 385 Gnosticism, Gnostic system(s) 71 ff., Gu]namati, Buddhist logician 206 78, 79, 110 Gupta dynasty/kings, Guptas 18, 24, Gnostic ascetics 73; docetism 72; 52-53, 60, 95, 122, 128 ff., 139 ff., communities, groups 75, 76, 77, 178 ff., 198, 227, 314, 392; art, 78-79, 90; gospel of St Thomas 127; patronage, style 131, 178, 179, 196, saviour 72 228; hegemony, ideology, policy 12, Godavari delta 312 117, 163, 169, 171, 177, 204; Gokhale, B.G. 116, 118 period, times 11, 52, 155, 159, 168, Goldman, R.P. 125 178, 198, 207, 243; remains, sites Gonanda, king of Kashmir 168, 169, 138; later Gupta history 179; 192 post-Gupta art 228; post-Gupta Gonandīya, dynasty of Kashmir 154 period 139, 198, 266 Gondophares, king of Gandhāra 75 Gupta, S.P. 68, 119 Gondrani caves in Baluchistan 386-87 Gurgi, yoginī temple site 293 Gopāditya, king of Kashmir 169, 192 Gurjara-Pratihāra 280 Gopak]setra 259 Gwalior 34 [Śrī] Gopāla, Candella military Gwalior-Lalitpur region 293 commander 298 Gopāla, Pāla king 306, 392 ^Habbān, merchant 76 Gopeśvara hills in Datia and Damoh Habib, I. 54 districts 303 Hadda 187 Gorakhnāth 393 Hadu, householder monk 336 Gotihawa, Buddhist site in Nepalese al-^Hajjāj, governor of Iraq 352 Tarai 119, 126, 138, 145 Han dynasty 106; bureaucracy 181; Gotiputra, Buddhist master 98 religious staff 329 Govindacandra, Gāha]davāla king 54, Harappa 387 358, 359, 425 Hardy, Robert Spence 38 Govindapāla, Pāla king 360, 361-62 Hargreaves, H. 418 ff. Govindavarman, Vi]s]nuku]n]din king 232 Hari Candra, king 288 grāma monks 151 ff.; see also Hari-Hara, Gupta image of 157 householder monks Haribhadra, Buddhist master 380 Granoff, Phyllis 213, 252 Haribhadra, Śvetāmbara author 211, Greek(s) 75, 77, 104; buildings 138; 252, 340 merchants 111; slaves 343, 383; Harigaon 240, 244, 263; excavation at temples (banking functions of) 73 240-41, 242; Vi]s]nu temple at 240, Gros, F. 223, 257-58 242; Garu]dastambha at 240-41, 242; Grub thob O rgyan, monk 370, 394 see also Andigrāma Gudimallam li

as king of Magadha 94; Banskhera Hira]nyakaśipu, asura 157, 159, 161, and Madhuban plates of 146, 184; 189, 214, 266, 267, 273, 275 benefitting śrama]na-s 252; Buddhist Hira]nyāk]sa, asura 266, 284 geopolitical block created by 18, 94, Hira]nyavarman, Pallava king; see 96, 306; his control over northern Hemaśītala India 175; his death marking Hirapur, yoginī temple at 289, 293, 325 historical discontinuity 35, 96, 132, Hitopadeśa 179 177, 198, 204, 207, 208, 350, 364; Hiuen Tsang; see Xuanzang his governor in Sind 387; his sister Hodgson, Brian Houghton 36-37, 64-65 316; survival of Buddhism due to Hooghly river 377 his policy 165, 177, 195; his victory Horn of Africa 76 over Gau]da 173 householder monk(s) 153-55, 156-57, Har]sa, Candella king 303 176, 306, 334 ff., 341-42; see also Hastin, Parivrājaka king 199, 248 grāma bodhisattvas, śākyabhik]su-s Hazra, R.C. 107-08 Hubli 385 Heliodorus, Indo-Greek ambassador Hudson, D.D. (and M.H. Case) 257 103 Huike, disciple 313 Hellenistic models 187; temples, see Huili, author 177 Greek temples Huisheng, envoy 171 Hemaśītala/Himaśītala/Yemasithalan, Hultzsch, E. 253 king in Kāñcīpuram 212, 213, 227; human sacrifice; see naramedha identified with Hira]nyavarman 212, Hū]nas 299, 327 252 Huvi]ska, coins of 188 Hemavata School 98 Hyecho/Hui Chao, pilgrim 177 Herder, Johann Gottfried 43 Hephthalites, 193, 194 Ibbalūru (Ablur) in Dharwar district 385 Heruka 308, 312; images of 371, 372, Ibrahim b. Jibril 389 395; Heruka temple in Rajasthan Ibrāhīm Shāh, Sharqī ruler of Jaunpur 338; Heruka/Hevajra 372 369 Hevajra-Nairātmyā, images of 346, Ik]svāku dynasty, Ik]svākus 99, 107, 385 166-67, 191 Hevajra Tantra 315, 342, 395 ‘Imrān b. Mūsā, governor of Sind 388 Himalaya(s), Himálaya 28, 31, 188, Indo-Greek(s) 124 209; cis- and trans-Himalayan block Indra 93, 159, 160, 161, 266, 317 355; valleys 341; trans-Himalaya(n) Indrabala, tribal king 287 350; trans-Himalaya route 193 Indrabha_t_tārakavarman, Vi]s]nuku]n]din Himatala, king 170 king 233 Hindukush 112, 177, 388; Hindukush Indrabhūti, king of U]d]diyāna 309, 329 route 95, 356 Indus river 309, 352 hindutva 51, 57-58 Irila, yavana 74 Hindū ]Sāhīs 194, 328, 330, 356; Islam 96, 343, 379, 398; see under agrarian state of 309; marble Muslim(s) production of 391 Īśvara Dāsa 289, 377, 397; his Hinglajgarh, yoginī temple site 293, Caitanya Bhāgavata 377, 397 325 Italy 15, 343 Hirakawa, A.155 Isipatana; see Sarnath 504 Index

Jabalpur 293 361, 389; his Bodhgayā inscription Jagamara/Jāgamarā, locality near 359 Khandagiri (Bhubaneswar) 284, 322 Jayadeva, devotee at Nālandā 368 Jagasara/Jāgasarā, locality near Jayadeva II, Licchavi king 243 Khandagiri (Bhubaneswar) 284 Jayānanda Dāsa 377; his Jagat Singh, dīvān 22 CaitanyamaJainism 35, 86, 107, 213; medieval Bengal] 365, 392 Jainism 338 ff., 381, 385 Jibin; see Kapiśi Jajpur (Yājapur, Jājnagar) 31, 239, 262, [Eastern] Jin dynasty 135 281, 377; Daśāśvamedha Ghā_t at Jina; see Mahāvira 293; Buddhist site of Kha]dipadā at Jinasena 338; his Ādipurā]na 229, 240; Guhira_tikirā, Bhaumakara 338-39 capital at 239-40; as nābhīk]setra Jīvaskas, heretics 266 62-63; Turu]skas inroads at 373; Jiye, pilgrim 358 Yayātinagara/Yayātipura (Viraja) at Jones, Sir William 21 239 Junnar 73, 74, 114 Jalandhara 173 Justinian’s plague 171-72, 193, 248 Jaleruha, tribal king 287 Jyotirīśvara Kaviśekharācārya, minister Janamejaya II Mahāśivagupta, Kēśarī in Mithilā 369; his Var]naratnākara king 230, 259 369, 393 Jangama system 27 Japan 252, 322, 341, 350; Japanese Kābul 308, 356; Turkish rulers of 327, Buddhism 342 355 (see also Turkī ]Sāhīs) Jā_ts 353, 388 Kābul-Kapiśi region 329 Jātimanta, brāhma]na 103 Kadamba(s) 61, 232, 260 Jaulaka, king of Kashmir 169, 192 Kadua, river in Orissa 374 Java 355 Kadwāhā temples 259 Jāv_r]sa/Ajāv_r]sa; see Śrāvastī Kafir Kot, Buddhist site in Logar 330 Jayacandra, Gāha]davāla king 359-60, Kailāsa, Mount 245, 274 Index 505

Kai_tabha, asura 157, 159 Kā]n]hapa, siddha 386 Kaivartas 336, 343-44, 384; Kaivarta Kāñcī/Kāñcīpuram 176, 212, 213, 217, fishermen 360 218, 223, 227, 243; Bauddhapa_l_li at Kāka, ruler of Budhīya 353 228, 337; Ekāmbiranātha temple Kakatpur, village in Orissa 374 217; ga_thikā 232; Kailāsanātha Ka_labhra rule, Ka_labhras 177, 196, 254 temple 223; Kāmāk]sī temple and Kālacakra 374, 394; Kālacakra cycle goddess 227-28; ma_tha 227, 258; 346, 385 Vaiku]n_tha Perumā_l temple 224, 226, Kalacuri/Kalachuri 296; 260; Kāñcī district 258 Kalacuris-Cedis 303 Kāñcivāyil, village in Tamil Nadu 226, Kalahaka]n_taka, loafer 151 233 Kālakeya, asura 265 Kanheivindha, locality in Balasore Kālāmas, inhabitants of Kesaputta 205 district 323 Kālāmukhas 238, 261 Kanheri 74, 91, 331 Kalapāla, local ruler in South India 325 Ka]ni]ska 91-92 Kāla_ti (ŚaKalki Purā]na 277 ff., 360 (Orissa) 323 KaliKarachi 387 Kalliena/Kalyāna, port 74 Karahā]da (Karad) in Satara district Kalugumalai, town in Tamil Nadu 215 385 Kaluvēttal festival 215 Karakorum route 95 Kamalāk]sa, asura 267 Karas of Bengal 336 Kamalarak]sita, Tantric master 366 Karle 74, 91 Kāmarūpa 96 Kar]na, Kalacuri king 321 Kāma Sūtra 150-51 Kar]na, Turu]ska king 366 Ka]nan, merchant 113 Kar]nasuvar]na 47 Ka]nataroru, brāhma]na 220 Karnataka 76, 221 Kanauj/Kānyakubja 92, 121, 169, 173, Kar]nā_tas, Kar]nā_ta kings 360; 176, 177, 239, 337, 427; as capital chronology of 393 town 94-95, 428; devoid of Kārpa_tas, heretics 266 Buddhists 358, Muslim Kanauj 360, Karrānī Sul_tāns 373 361, 393 Kārttikeya (Skanda, Subrahmanya) 27, 506 Index

120, 157, 158, 188, 191, 228, 266, Khāsa_tā, locality in Kashmir 169, 192 293; as Mahāsena 92; as Mihir 92; Khiching, Kiñcakeśvarī temple at 289 as Viśākha-Narasa 92 [Śrī ]Sāhi] Khi^mgāla, king of Kābul and Karunanta_takkan, king in Kerala 231 U]d]diyāna 308 Karu]naśrīmitra, ascetic 279, 320 Khotan 170 Kasakudi plates 242, 260 Khuras, king of Zābulistān 308 Kāśasena, local Sena ruler 361 Kīka_ta/Keekătă 22, 277; Kīka_ta country Kashgar (king of) 93 319; see also Bodhgayā Kashmir 53, 55, 60, 92, 128, 154, Ki^mnaragrāma, village in Kashmir 168 168-70, 172, 192, 308, 312, 329, Kīrti, asura 284 336 kīrtimukha 228-29 Kāśī 215, 223; see Benares Kīrtivarman, Candella king 298, 300 Kassapa brothers 86 Kīrtivarman I, Cā_lukya king 163, 164 Kāśyapa clan 276 Kittoe, Markham (Major) 32, 34, 64, Kathmandu 15, 37, 62; earthquake 240; 262, 417, 430 Cārumatī Vihāra/Chabahil in 243, van Kooj, K.R. 282, 292 246, 264; Paśupatinātha temple in Kolāvatī Devī, queen 230 245, 264; Svayambhū stūpa in 246; Kolkata 22, 30, 37, 60, 64, 378 ancient Kathmandu or Viśālanagara, Ko]nārak 31 Bisālnagara 240, 244-45, 263; see Kondane 122 also Andigrāma, Harigaon Kondivte 331 Kaula cakra-s 294 KoKrishna delta, Krishna-Guntur region Khaddaha/Khardaha, locality in Bengal 122, 176 (Kolkata) 378, 398 Krishna river 274; valley 165, 167 Khā]di 361 K_rmiśa, king 101, 124 Khajuraho 293, 296 ff., 326, 327; Krodhavighnāntaka, images of 315 Ādinātha temple 299-300, 327, 428; K_r]s]na, brāhma]na 213 Buddha image from 296, 326; Devī K_r]s]na I, Rā]s_trakū_ta king 270 Jagadambā temple 300; Duladeo K_r]s]na and mount Govardhana 182 temple 425, 428; Gha]n_tāi temple Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī 376; his 300; Kandariyā Mahādeva temple Caitanya Caritām_rta 376, 397 297, 298, 326; Lak]sma]na temple K_r]s]na Miśra 34, 298, 299, 300, 326, 297, 298, 299, 326; Parśvanātha 328; his Prabodha Candrodaya 68, temple 299, 327; Yoginī temple 294, 298-99, 300 ff. 297, 303, 326 [Digambara] K]sapa]nika monks 299 Khandipa, siddha 347 K]satrapa(s) 122 Khāravela, king of Kali

Kuda 74, 91 Kuvalayacandra, prince 231 Kuku_ta Siddha/Kakuta Sidha, minister [Kubera] Kuvera 124 363 Kuwayama, S. 193 Ku_lacarman, a brāhma]na 226 Kyanzittha, king of Burma 411 Kulika (Juafardih), Maudgalyāyana’s birthplace 391 Lāda chief, country 220 KulōttuUniversity, fire at library 363 Kunar Valley in eastern Afghanistan Lévi, S. 335, 380 173 [Southern] Liang dynasty 194 Ku]ninda coins 188 Liang Huaijing, envoy 95 Kū]n Pā]n_tya; see Arikēsari Parā

Lokhari, yoginī temple site 293 implosion of 19, 357; monks of 165; Lokottaravādins 111 Muslims in 361, 366; part of Lombardy 197 geopolitical block 306-07; political London 60, 64, 328 instability in 358; Śaśāuniversities’ of Lorenzen, D.N. 238 279; unnamed king of 363; warfare Loti, Pierre 44 in 321, 359, 360 Lotus Sūtra; see Saddharmapu]n]darīka Māgadhas 299 Sūtra Māga]n]diya Sutta 118, 141 Lucknow, Archaeological Museum in Maghreb 199 328 Magi 90 Lun fo jiao biao 194 Mahābhārata 59n, 123, 143, 157, 187, Luoyang 313; White Horse monastery 200, 267, 275, 319, 321 in 113 Mahābodhi; see Bodhgayā Luoyang qielan ji, work by Yang Mahāca]n]daro]sa]na, image of 331 Xuanzhi 193, 313 Mahad 91, 331 Lūyipa, siddha 347 Mahājana, Tantric master 336 Mahākāla Buddha 245 Machiavelli 117 Mahākāśyapa 394 Maclean, D.N. 354, 388 mahāmāta-s/mahāmātra-s 86, 90, 93, Mackenzie, Colin (Colonel) 22; 117, 118 Mackenzie’s journal 321; Mahanadi delta, valley 235, 310 Mackenzie Manuscripts/collection Mahānāman, fifth century monk from 25, 26, 28, 60, 61, 212, 276 La

Mahendravarman I Pallava 233, 256, 395; four Māras 395; Māra Pāpīyas 260; his Mattavilāsa 68, 217, 255 128 Maheśvara, subjugation of 307, 308, Māratajjanīya Sutta 148 312, 329 Marcion, a Gnostic 75, 77, 115 Maheth, see Śrāvastī Marcus the Magian, Gnostic 77 Mahīpāla II, Pāla king 343 Mārka]n]deya, Buddhist ascetic 85 Mahi]sa, asura 159, 266, 267, 288 Mar pa 336 Ma]hmūd of Ghazni 33, 326, 357 Marshall, Sir John 97, 418 ff., 431 ff. Mahobā 302, 327, 361; Buddhist stele Martin, Montgomery 59 from Kirat Sagar 302, 327-28; Māru]dige (Maradigi), locality in Cāmu]n]dā stele from 302, 328; Dharwar district 385 Sātana, painter from 328; Chītnaka, Marx, Karl 55; Marxism, Marxist(s) 55 donor 328 ma_tha(-s) 184, 231-32, 233, 258, 313, Mahobā Kha]n]d 327 374 Mahua, town in Rajasthan 194 Mā_t (Ku]sā]na sanctuary) 91, 92, 167 Maitreya 153 Mā_tharīputra Vīrapuru]sadatta, Ik]svāku Maitripa, Buddhist master 336 king 166 Majumdar, R.C. 47-49, 54; his History Mathurā 33, 74, 104, 107, 158, 159, of Bengal 47-48 173, 223; Brahmanical movements Makōtai (Kodungallur) 219 in 133; Buddhist revival in Mathurā Malakū_ta, country in south India 176 region 132-33; Gupta images from Malandra, G.H. 318, 405 ff. 131; Mathurā demimonde 151; Mālavā, Malwa 74, 174; Mālavas 299; Pāśupata temple at 128 Mālavaka province 194 māt_rkā-s, Mothers 158, 228, 235, 262, Malayasi^mha, Kalacuri-Cedi feudatory 267, 268, 271, 285, 318, 348; 303 a]s_tamāt_rkā-s 288; saptamāt_rkā-s Malladeva, Kar]nā_ta dignitary 393 297 Mallar, locality in Bilaspur district 331 Ma_t_tamayūra 259; Ma_t_tamayūra Malprabha valley in Karnataka 164 ascetics 221, 230, 259 Māmallapuram 260 Matsya Purā]na 168, 262 Ma

Me]das/Mēdas 278 Muslim(s) (Musalmâns/Mussulmans) Mediterranean 78, 171, 199; eastern 73, 35, 43, 57 201, 256, 341, 343, 355, 77, 116; élites 111; Gnostics 75, 110 393, 398; advance, conquest, Meghavāhana, king of Kashmir 154 invasion 19, 53, 63, 96, 201, 233, Meghavar]na, king of La

390-91; Sa^mvara image from 346; Ne_tumāran; see Arikēsari Parā

Pādatā]ditaka, work by Śyāmilaka pañcavār]sika, Buddhist ritual 92-93, 169-70, 193 94, 121 Padmā, Śiva’s daughter 277 pañcavīra-s 103, 158 Padma Purā]na 276, 319 Pā]n]dava Purā]na, work by Vādicandra Padmapā]ni, image from Mahobā 328 212, 252 Padmasambhava 309 Pa]n]ditārādhya, Vīraśaiva master 345 Padmāvatī; see Pawaya Pā]n]duva^mśī kings 195, 310 Padmāvatī, Gajapati queen 377 Panhale Kaji (Pra]nālaka) 312 dPag bsam ljon bzang 287, 336, 363, Panigrahi, K.C. 235, 261, 284 390-91 Panjab/Punjab 21, 53, 132, 259, 309, Pagān 411 312, 359, 390 Page, J.A. 391, 392 Panofsky, E. 16 Paharpur; see Somapura Panthaka, brāhma]na 148 Pāla dynasty, Pālas 19, 36, 306, 331, Parameśvara (Śiva) 364, 409; capital 344; end of 48; Pāra

as unorthodox centre 103; Aśokan Prakash, B. 327, 358, 393 pillar at 121; Aśokārāma/ Prakāśa Candra, king 287 Kukku_tārāma monastery in 89, 101- Pratāpāditya, king; see Gopāditya 02, 144; Kumrahar hall in 119; see Pratāparudra, Gajapati king 376, 377, also Patna 378 Patañjali 104-05 Pratapnagari (Orissa), Dhakulei Patil, P. 253-54 ^Thakurānī temple at 285 Patna 88, 119 Pratihāras 297 Pattadakal, Pāpanātha temple at 323 Prayāga 173, 223, 361; Ruddhapura/ Patuvur, village in south India 26 Rudrapura, suburb of 209; see also [St] Paul [of Tarsus] 384 Allahabad Paul, D. 281, 322 Prinsep, James 51, 60, 67 Pawaya 128, 178 P_rthvīrāja III, Cāhamāna king 359, Pelusium, Egyptian port 193 390 Pendžikent 187 Ptolemaic bureaucracy 113; mode of Peragari (Orissa), Bhīmeśvarī temple at production 75; Ptolemies 76; 285; Cāmu]n]dā image from 285, 324 Ptolemy Euergetes 76 Periya Purā]nam 196, 201, 216-17, 260, Pudgalavādins 180 384 Pulakeśin II 92 Pericles 119-20 Pulastya, founder of asura society 165 Persians 76; Persian wars 119 Pul-i Alam, town in Logar 330 Peshawar 379 Pu]n]dra, Bali’s son 162 Phalgu, river in Gayā 322 Purāditya, ruler of Raj Banauli 369 Phibionites 115 Purali valley in Baluchistan 387 Piduragalla village in Guntur district Purātanaprabandha Sa^mgraha 385 158 Puri 31, 396; Puri district 374; Pi]n]dolya Sutta 148 Puru]sottama-Jagannātha (Ba]da Pi]n]dopa; see Pi_to Deaula) temple 375, 396 Piprahwa, Buddhist site 126, 138 Purnea 368 Pipri, site in Nepalese Tarai 145-46 Pūrvamīmā^msā 204, 219; see also Piralya, village in Bengal 377, 397 Mīmā^msā Piruz, Sasanian prince 90 Pūrvaśilā, monastery in Āndhra 176 Pitapara (Orissa), A

Rabatak inscription 67, 91, 92 Ranjim temple 190 Rā]dha 337; Rā]dhiya brāhma]nas 337 Ranthambor 393 Rāhila, Candella prince 303 Rao, T.A. Gopinatha 23, 60 Rāhula, Gautama’s son 187 Rāor (Rāwar) in Sind 352 Rāhula/Rāhulabhadra, siddha 310, 347 Raphael 206 Raipur district 310 Rā]s_trakū_ta(s) 270, 271, 318; Rā]s_trakū_ta Raivata, Buddhist master 135, 156 queens 269 rājadharma 82 Rā]s|trapālaparip_rcchā Sūtra 153-54, Rājag_rha district 278 155, 157 Rājarāja III, Cō_la king 337 Rāthikasena, local Sena ruler 361 Rājarāja II, Eastern GaRanigat, site in Gandhāra 191 194 Rūpabha_t_tayya, Western Cā_lukya Ra]nipadra (Ranod) in Shivpuri district da]n]danāyaka 337 221 Russia, Buddhism in 38 Ranipur-Jharial, yoginī temple site 293, 295, 325; Someśvara Kālī temple at Śabara, general 287; tribals 316, 372 323 Sabuktigīn 356 Index 515

Sadas, Sada rulers 122-23 Sanchi 13, 21, 74, 91, 98, 104, 112, Saddharmapu]n]darīka (Sūtra), Lotus 293; main stūpa at 97, 131; stūpa 2 Sūtra 38, 143-44 at 96, 97, 98; late production at 326 sādhaka-s sandhyābhā]sā 14, 258, 326 Sādhanamālā 372, 395 Sanghol, Buddhist site in Panjab 432 Sahni, D.R. 419 ff., 431 Sangs-rgyas grags, lo tsa ba 371, 394 Sahura, local chief of Campā 365 ŚaTalagunda inscription 260 Śākyarak]sita, Buddhist master 358 Sapādalak]sa Hills in Panjab 370 śālai; see ma_tha(-s) Šāpur, Sasanian king 90 Śalipa, siddha 346 Śarabhaketu, tribal chief 316 Sā_livāhana/Sáliváhana, king 61 Saraha, siddha 310, 330; his Dohākośa Samangarh inscription, plates 270, 310, 330 318 Sarasvatī 245 Samarkand 89 Saraswati, Dayananda 44 Samata|ta 388 Śāriputra, Buddhist logician 254 Śambhala 277, 374; king of 312 Sarnath/Sárnáth/Sârnâth 17, 21, 22, 29, Sa^mghāsura 378 32, 34, 64, 131, 132, 139, 173, 178, Sa^mkar]sa]na 188 179, 182, 302, 315, 366; apsidal Sā^mkhya 231 building at 419, 430; Aśoka stūpa at Sa^mmitīyas, Sa^mmitīya School 133, 419, 420; Aśoka capital, pillar at 51, 180; monk 385 83, 419; Aśoka edict of 89-90, 119, Sampagā]di (Sampagaon) in Belgaum 120; Brahmanical images from 419, district 385 421, 426, 430, 432; Brahmanical [Shamshām al-dīn] ]Sam]sām-ud-Dīn temple and shrines at 420, 421, (man of learning) 362 423 ff.; Chaukhandi stūpa at 417 ff.; sa^mskāra-s (administered by Buddhist Court 36 at 420; defaced Buddhist and Jain priests) 153, 326, 339 images at 427; Dhamekh stūpa at Samudragupta 128, 130-31, 144, 167, 181, 417 ff.; excavations at 417 ff.; 370, 405 Heruka image from 372, 395; Sa^mvara, images of 346, 372, 395 Hospital (Monastery V) at 139, 420, Sa^mvarodaya Tantra 331 422; Jagat Singh stūpa at 417 ff.; bSam yas monastery 392 Kumāradevī donation at 54; Main 516 Index

Shrine at 422-23, 429-30; so-called Shahdol, yoginī temple site 293, 325 Monastery I at 423 ff.; known as Shaanxi 113 Sāra

Mahābhairava 217, 235, 239, 261, Skanda; see Kārttikeya 271, 284, 285, 289, 294, 295, 307, Skandagupta, Gupta king 131 324, 348; as Bharga 299; as snataka-s, class of brāhma]nas 279, 321 Bhik]sā_tana 228, 237; as Ca]n]davīra Socotra 76 91; as Hara 216, 270; as Kāla 269, Sogdia 79, 188 271; Gajāsurasa^mhāramūrti of 222, Sohagpur (Orissa), Agikhia Ma_tha at 235; as Gajāntaka, Gajāsuramardana 374; Sudarśana shrine at 374 267, 269; as Īśāna 268; as Īśvara Soma 123, 268 214, 367; as Kāla 159, 269; as Somadeva, his Kathāsaritsāgara 151, 274 Mahādeva, Maheśvara 62, 175, 312; Somapura/Sōmapura (Paharpur) as Mallikārjuna 168; as Na_tarāja monastery 279, 320, 379; 272, 295, 319; as Paśupati/ Hevajra-Nairātmyā image from 346 Paśupatinātha 172; as Śa

A

336, 338, 360, 361, 364, 365, Tirutto]n_tar Tokai, work by 366-67, 369-70, 371, 390, 391 Cuntaramurtti Nāyanar 203 Tārikh-i Sīstān 388 Tiruvalampuram 217 Tārodbhava Kurukullā, image of 374 Tiruvalanjuli 217 Tartary 60 Thiruvananthapuram 259 Taulihawa, town in Nepalese Tarai 126 Tiruvārūr 217 Taxila 13, 21 Tiruvi_laiyā_tar Purā]nam, work by Taylor, William 25-28, 31, 42, 61, Perumparrappuliyūr Nampi 218-19, 191 255 ^TeUdayagiri caves 128, 157-58, 178, 180, Tiruma

Guhyasamāja Tantra revealed there Vaitara]nī (Baitarani), river in Jajpur 239 309, 329; see also Swat vājapeya ritual 67, 191 U]d]dyo_takara 207, 214 Vajrāsana Pī_tha; see Bodhgayā Uddyōta Kēśarī, Somava^mśī king 230 Vajrācāryas of Nepal 264, 334-35 Uddyōta Mahābhavagupta IV, Vajrapā]ni 307, 316-17, 329, 333 Somava^mśī king 230 Vajrasattva, image of 310 Uddyotanasūri 231; his Kuvalayamālā Vajravarāhī shrine in Chamba 309 231, 259 Vajrayāna 36-37, 45, 331, 334, 347; Ugra, householder bodhisattva 152, 153 early Vajrayāna 317; anti-caste Ugraparip_rcchā Sūtra 152, 153 stance 201, 306, 346 ff.; bhik]su-s, Uighurs 120 priesthood 306, 331, 336; dependent Umā 307 on Pāla fortunes 331; gods, Unchdih, Vi]s]nu image from 431 iconographies 289, 295, 308, 349; Undavalli (Undavilli) caves 195 literature, texts 307, 309, 315; Ujjayinī 74, 151, 174, 223 monasteries 321, 331, 337-38; Ujjha_ta]dimba, locality in Kashmir 169 political response, strategy 305, 307, U]nukallu (Unkal), locality in Karnataka 339; promoter of social revolt and a 385 non-var]na state 12, 197, 293-94, upādhyāya(-s)/upādhye(-s), Jain priests 345, 347; radical wing 359; violence 339, 341, 382 part of 16, 19, 312, 315, 339, Upāyakauśalya Sūtra 156-57, 313-14 349-50 Upani]sad-s 69 ff.; Upani]sadic ascetics Vajrayānists 201, 280, 371, 376 80, 386 [Vajrayoginī] Vajra Yoginī, Bajra Jōginī Upasena, monk 130 245, 335 Utkala 281, 282, 373, 377 Vākā_taka(s) 127, 132, 179, 187 uttarāpatha 88 Valabhī/Valabhi 205, 234; Valabhī/ Uttar Pradesh 293 Maitraka inscriptions 175, 260; (Maitraka) kingdom, kings of Vācaspati Miśra 369 174-75, 194-95, 234, 319 Vaddamanu, Jain site in Āndhra 111, Valentinus, Gnostic 77 123 Valiyasali, locality in Vādībhasi^mha/Vādisi=mha, Jain logician Tiruvananthapuram 259 221, 340 Vallabha Ā]dhya, merchant 360 Vādirājendra, Jain logician 340 Vallālasena, Sena king 337, 360, 361, Vāgbha_ta, Jain author 381 390 Vāgisthiputra Rudrapuru]sadatta, Vālmīki 45, 46, 103, 273, 274; see also Ik]svāku king 166 Rāmāya]na Vāgīśvararak]sita, Buddhist master 358 Valuvur 223, 233, 257; Vīrattēśvara Vaibhā]sika School 205 temple 223 Vaiśālī 137-38; Anmaluoba identified vāmācāra(-s) 292, 299 with 200; Amradārikā’s stūpa at Vāmana Purā]na 139, 165, 190-91, 271, 137; Licchavi king of 200-01; 279, 321 Monastery of the Great Faith Vanarāja, ruler in Gayā 394 (Xinzhesi) at 200; Vimalakīrti’s Vanaspara, Ku]sā]na dignitary 52, 67; house at 138 identified with Viśvaphani Vaiśe]sika 231 (Vi^mśapa_tika, Viśvapurja) 67 Index 521

VaVijayanagara period 224 Vasu, Nagendranath 378, 398 Vijayāpurī, ancient town 231; identified Vasubandhu 118, 207, 250 with Vijayadurg or Kānta_lūr 259 Vāsudeva, Śu

218-19, 220, 221 ff., 289 ff., 294, crown 258; see also Rāma, 295, 298-99, 302-03; 369, 375, 376, Paraśurāma 378-79 Vi]s]nudharma Upapurā]na 141 Vīrabhadra 159, 235, 271, 297, 324 Vi]s]nudharmottara Purā]na 293 Vīracandra Prabhu, saint 378 Vi]s]nuku]n]din(s) 232, 233 Virajak]setra 239; see also Jajpur Vi]s]nupada-s 321, 322; see also under Vīrapuru]sadeva, Western Cā_lukya Bodhgayā feudatory 344 Vi]s]nu Purā]na 161-62, 191 Vīraśaiva(s), Vīraśaivism 26, 27, Vi]s]nuvardhana, Hoy]sala king 325 344-45, 347, 384-85 Vi]s]nusvāmi, saint 396 Vīrasi^mha, siddha 377 Viśvadeva Gārgīputra, king at Bharhut Vīra Someśvara IV, Western Cā_lukya 98 king 344 Viśvāditya Viśvarūpa, ruler at Gayā 279 Virati ascetics 217 Voltaire 133 Virocana, asura 317 V_rddhaśrāvakīs, heretics 266 Viroma]ni, Buddhist yogī 312 V_rk]sadevavarman, king of Nepal 247 Virūpa, siddha 346 V_rndāvana 182 Viśākha, name of Kārttikeya or of a V_rtrāsura 161 brother of his 120 Vyāgraketu, Śabara prince 316 Viśākhadatta, his Mudrārāk]sasa 68 Vyāsa/Vyas/Vyasa 22, 44, 45, 46, 59n, Vishnuism (Vaish]navism) 35, 40, 56, 240-41 108, 257; see also Bhāgavatism Vyāsokta brāhma]nas 360 Vishnuite(s) (Vaisnavas/Vaish]navas) 31, 40, 56, 275, 279, 335, 379; Sahajiā Wang Du, minister 136 Vai]s]navas 378; Smārta-Vai]s]navas Wang Xuance, envoy 95, 130, 196 108; see also Bhāgavatas Warburg, A. 14; Warburg School 14, Vi]s]nu/Vish]nu/Vishnu 22, 30, 31, 52, 15 157 ff., 161-62, 191, 200, 257, 268, Wardak 329, 356 270, 275, 319, 348, 374, 376, 378; Wazirganj, locality near Gayā 391 avatāra(-s) of 28, 29; ádigadádhara Weber, M. 43, 72, 73, 77-78, 113, 114, [Ādigadādhara] 30; Ananta, 117 Anantaśayana 157, 209, 337; as [Northern] Wei dynasty 136 Buddha 21, 29, 275, 319; as Wheeler, J.T. 28-29, 272 Gadādhara 279; as Kalki 275, 277 Wendi, Sui emperor 94 ff.; as Keśava 104, 337; as [K_r]s]na] Wilford, Francis 23, 60 Krishna 29; as Lord of Ara

[Da Tang] Xiyuji: see Xuanzang Yaśakīrti, Jain logician 221 Xu Gaoseng Zhuan 313, 332; work by Yaśodharā 156 Daoxuan 313 Yaśovarman, king of Kanauj 177, Xuanzang 47, 92, 144, 170, 175, 176, 196 179, 182, 194, 195, 199, 275, 296, Yaśovarman, Candella king 297, 299, 336; about pañcavār]sika 93, 121; 303, 326 doctrinal debates reported by 174, Yavana(s) 74, 102, 124 206, 210; his dream in Nālandā 177; Yayāti I Mahāśivagupta, Somava^mśī in the Ganges Valley 173; on king 239 Bodhgayā 370, 407, 409; on Yayāti (Yayyati/Jajja/Chach), king of Har]savardhana 47, 92 ff., 211, 252; Sind 350, 351, 352, 387 on Kashmir 192; in Mathurā 33; as Yijing 136, 200, 205, 206, 264, 388 part of a political project 18, 95-96; Yogācāra monks 139 on north-western India 170, 333; on Yogakara]n]dikā, nun 151 Rajasthan and Valabhī 174; on Sind yoginī(-s) 19, 238, 262, 288, 325; 154-55, 350, 387; on South India enclosures, temples 294 ff., 311, 176; on Śrāvastī 137 325 Xuan Zhao, pilgrim 389 Yudhi]s_thira 200 Xuangzong, Tang emperor 329 Yūkadevī, queen in Kashmir 154 Xun Ji (literate), his Lun fo jiao biao Yuvarāja I, Kalacuri king 324 194

Yadava (Āy), ruling family of Kerala Zābul, Zābulistān 309; Turkish rulers of 231 308, 327, 355 Yājapur; see Jajpur Zamin Dawar, region of southern Yājñavalkya Sm_rti 150 Afghanistan 172 yak]sa(-s), yak]sī 104, 192 [Later] Zhao Dynasty 136 Yamāricakra 366 Zhi Sengzai, monk 135 Yamuna/Yamunā 361; canal 194 Zhou Wudi, emperor 174 Yaq‘ūb b. Laith 389 Zurich 41