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A Comparative Grammar of British English Dialects Topics in English Linguistics 50.2 A Comparative Grammar of British English Dialects Topics in English Linguistics 50.2 Editors Bernd Kortmann Elizabeth Closs Traugott De Gruyter Mouton A Comparative Grammar of British English Dialects Modals, Pronouns and Complement Clauses by Nuria Herna´ndez Daniela Kolbe Monika Edith Schulz De Gruyter Mouton ISBN 978-3-11-024028-3 e-ISBN 978-3-11-024029-0 ISSN 1434-3452 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Herna´ndez, Nuria. A comparative grammar of British English dialects : modals, pro- nouns and complement clauses / by Nuria Herna´ndez, Daniela Kolbe, Monika Schulz. p. cm. Ϫ (Topics in English linguistics; 50.2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-11-024028-3 (alk. paper) 1. English language Ϫ Dialects Ϫ Great Britain. 2. English language Ϫ Great Britain Ϫ Grammar. 3. English language Ϫ Modality. 4. English language Ϫ Pronoun. 5. English language Ϫ Clauses. I. Kolbe, Daniela. II. Schulz, Monika Edith. III. Title. PE1721.C663 2011 4271.941Ϫdc23 2011037895 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ” 2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785 Berlin/Boston Cover image: Brian Stablyk/Photographer’s Choice RF/Getty Images Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ϱ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Preface In 2005, A Comparative Grammar of British English Dialects: Agreement, Gender, Relative Clauses (Kortmann et al. 2005) appeared as the first publi- cation in this series concerned with the study of English dialect grammar. It consisted of three comprehensive studies on relative clauses (by Tanja Herr- mann), verbal concord (by Lukas Pietsch), and gender in English pronouns (by Susanne Wagner). The book was designed to fill a noticeable gap in English dialectology, at a time when systematic comparisons of individual grammatical phenomena across different dialects were virtually non-existent. It set an example as to how this gap could be filled by studies taking a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach to variation in morphology and syntax. The three studies presented in the first volume were informed by a func- tional typological approach to dialect grammar and were all based on data from the Freiburg Corpus of English Dialects. They were all written by mem- bers of the research group on English dialect syntax which was initiated by Prof. Bernd Kortmann at the university of Freiburg, Germany, in the late 1990s. Following the publication of these studies, the project continued with a second generation of researchers passionate about the dialects of British English, based on the same corpus. Three new studies are now presented in this book: the study of past possession and obligation by Monika Edith Schulz, the study of personal pronouns by Nuria Hernández, and the study of complement clauses by Daniela Kolbe. This second volume of A Comparative Grammar of British English Dia- lects is designed to provide new insights into grammatical variation, and to support the growing interest in the corpus-based study of dialects. Essen, Trier and Hamburg, November 2011 Nuria Hernández y Siebold, Daniela Kolbe-Hanna and Monika Edith Schulz Acknowledgements All authors most gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The funding of the projects KO 1181/1-1,2,3 over a five-year period (2000-2005) facilitated the compilation of the Freiburg Cor- pus of English Dialects, FRED, on which all studies in the present volume are based. This book is dedicated to Bernd Kortmann, whose research at the crossroads of dialectology and typology has been a great inspiration to all of us. Table of contents Preface ....................................... v Acknowledgements ............................... vi General introduction .............................. 1 Nuria Hernández, Daniela Kolbe, Monika Edith Schulz 1. Dialect syntax ................................ 1 2. Dialectology and corpus linguistics ................... 3 3. The Freiburg Corpus of English Dialects . ............ 5 4. Aims and Outline . ............................. 9 Notes ......................................... 12 References . ..................................... 13 Possession and obligation ........................... 19 Monika Edith Schulz 1. Introduction ................................. 19 2. Possession and obligation ......................... 22 3. Grammaticalization ............................ 23 4. HAD and GOT: Disambiguating past possession and past obligation ................................... 25 5. Past possession and past obligation in the Midlands and the North . .................................... 38 6. Past possession and negation . .................... 42 7. Past obligation and negation . .................... 43 8. Present tense obligation and the trend towards monosemy . 45 9. Summary ................................... 47 References . ..................................... 49 Personal pronouns ................................ 53 Nuria Hernández 1. Introduction ................................. 53 2. Two hierarchies . ............................ 62 3. Variation in number and person . .................... 65 4. Variation in gender . ............................ 73 viii Table of contents 5. Pronoun exchange ............................. 94 6. Case variation in prepositional phrases ................. 126 7. Qualified pronouns ............................. 139 8. Synopsis and discussion .......................... 156 Appendix . ..................................... 169 Notes ......................................... 174 References . ..................................... 181 Complement clauses .............................. 193 Daniela Kolbe 1. Introduction ................................. 193 2. Data and methods . ............................ 201 3. Embedded inversion ............................ 221 4. The complementizer as .......................... 244 5. For to clauses ................................ 255 6. Conclusion .................................. 288 Appendix . ..................................... 293 Notes ......................................... 299 References . ..................................... 303 Index ......................................... 315 General introduction Nuria Hernández, Daniela Kolbe, Monika Edith Schulz 1. Dialect syntax The study of dialect syntax in its present form is a relatively young field in terms of the combination of variety type and linguistic phenomenon under investigation. Non-standard, rural varieties of a language have been investi- gated within the framework of dialect geography and dialectology since the late 19th century, with work focusing mainly on phonology and the lexicon (Chambers and Trudgill 19982: 13–44). While traditional dialectology has often been associated with a lack of theoretical foundation and a “butterfly collecting mentality” (Filppula et al. 2005: vii), input from microparametric syntax, variationist sociolinguistics and typology have transformed the field over the past thirty years. Microparametric syntax and typology provided a variety of theoretical frameworks against which linguistic variation could be discussed in a princi- pled way. In addition, typological expertise from the study of cross-linguistic variation brought a fresh perspective on language-internal variation. Both paradigms have shifted the focus of investigation from phonological and lexical to morphosyntactic variation, which had been largely neglected in traditional dialectology. Variationist sociolinguistics, similar to dialectology in its focus on language-internal variation, provided a sophisticated method- ological toolkit and the crucial link between synchronic variation and dia- chronic change. The utilization and amalgamation of the strengths of dialectology, micro- parametric syntax and typology have resulted in an impressive and ever- growing body of research since the late 1980s (cf. Corrigan and Cornips 2005, among many others). Microparametric syntactic dialect atlases like the ASIS (Syntactic Atlas of Northern Italy), SAND (Syntactic Atlas of Dutch Dia- lects) or ScanDiaSyn (Sczandinavian Dialect Syntax) have been compiled. Since 2005 the Edisyn (European Dialect Syntax) project has taken a guiding 2 Nuria Hernández, Daniela Kolbe, Monika Edith Schulz role in syntactic dialect research in Europe, developing and testing standards of data collection, data storage and annotation, data retrieval and cartography (www.dialectsyntax.org). In the realm of typology, morphosyntactic properties of varieties of Eng- lish have been studied from a cross-linguistic perspective and integrated into a large-scale typological survey of the patterning of 76 non-standard morpho- syntactic features in 46 varieties of English (Kortmann 2004; Kortmann and Schneider 2004a; Kortmann and Schneider 2004b; Kortmann 2006). A state- of-the-art overview of developments in the field of dialect syntax within typo- logical and microparametric frameworks can be found in Kortmann (2009). While syntactic atlases and typological surveys are largely based on ques- tionnaire data, a recent trend has seen the compilation of dialect corpora of naturalistic spoken material which allow the quantitative modeling of syn- tactic variation in the tradition of urban dialectology and sociolinguistics (cf. Anderwald and Szmrecsanyi 2009 for an overview).
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