Vol 10, Issue 4, December 2011
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The Past, Present, and Future of English Dialects: Quantifying Convergence, Divergence, and Dynamic Equilibrium
Language Variation and Change, 22 (2010), 69–104. © Cambridge University Press, 2010 0954-3945/10 $16.00 doi:10.1017/S0954394510000013 The past, present, and future of English dialects: Quantifying convergence, divergence, and dynamic equilibrium WARREN M AGUIRE AND A PRIL M C M AHON University of Edinburgh P AUL H EGGARTY University of Cambridge D AN D EDIU Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics ABSTRACT This article reports on research which seeks to compare and measure the similarities between phonetic transcriptions in the analysis of relationships between varieties of English. It addresses the question of whether these varieties have been converging, diverging, or maintaining equilibrium as a result of endogenous and exogenous phonetic and phonological changes. We argue that it is only possible to identify such patterns of change by the simultaneous comparison of a wide range of varieties of a language across a data set that has not been specifically selected to highlight those changes that are believed to be important. Our analysis suggests that although there has been an obvious reduction in regional variation with the loss of traditional dialects of English and Scots, there has not been any significant convergence (or divergence) of regional accents of English in recent decades, despite the rapid spread of a number of features such as TH-fronting. THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF ENGLISH DIALECTS Trudgill (1990) made a distinction between Traditional and Mainstream dialects of English. Of the Traditional dialects, he stated (p. 5) that: They are most easily found, as far as England is concerned, in the more remote and peripheral rural areas of the country, although some urban areas of northern and western England still have many Traditional Dialect speakers. -
Teaching the Art of Poetry Using Dialect in Your Poems
TEACHING THE ART OF POETRY USING DIALECT IN YOUR POEMS by Liz Berry hinny … glinder … jinnyspins … dayclean1 Choosing to write poems using dialect is like finding a locked box full of treasure. You know there’s all sorts of magical things inside, you just have to find the key that will let you in. So put down your notebook, close your laptop, and start listening to the voices around you. For this is the way in, the place where the strongest dialect poetry starts: a voice you can hear. That’s how writing in Black Country dialect started for me - by listening to the voices of the area I’d grown up in. The Black Country dialect has long been mocked as guttural and middle-earthy but to me it’s beautiful because the people I love best have spoken it. None of them are poets but to me their language is the stuff of poetry. I started listening more carefully, rooting around in the past. It was like digging up my own Staffordshire Hoard; a field full of spectacular words, sounds and phrases glinting out of the muck. I was inspired by other poets who’d written using dialect. The brilliant Faber Book of Vernacular Verse edited by Tom Paulin presents a wonderful alternative poetic tradition. It praises the 'springy, irreverent, chanting, often tender and intimate, vernacular voice … which speaks for an alternative community that is mostly powerless and invisible'. Contemporary poets like Kathleen Jamie, Daljit Nagra and Jen Hadfield continue the tradition in fresh and irresistible ways. Reading their work you’re bowled over by the fizz and charm of dialect and how poetry can be a powerful way of protecting and celebrating the spoken language of regions and communities. -
LINGUISTIC CONTEXT of H-DROPPING Heinrich RAMISCH University of Bamberg Heinrich
Dialectologia. Special issue, I (2010), 175-184. ISSN: 2013-22477 ANALYSING LINGUISTIC ATLAS DATA: THE (SOCIO-) LINGUISTIC CONTEXT OF H-DROPPING Heinrich R AMISCH University of Bamberg [email protected] Abstract This presentation will seek to illustrate how linguistic atlas data can be employed to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of linguistic variation and change. For this purpose, I will take a closer look at ‘H-dropping’ – a feature commonly found in various European languages and also widely used in varieties of British English. H-dropping refers to the non-realization of /h/ in initial position in stressed syllables before vowels, as for example, in hand on heart [ 'ænd ɒn 'ɑː t] or my head [m ɪ 'ɛd]. It is one of the best-known nonstandard features in British English, extremely widespread, but also heavily stigmatised and commonly regarded as ‘uneducated’, ‘sloppy’, ‘lazy’, etc. It prominently appears in descriptions of urban accents in Britain (cf. Foulkes/Docherty 1999) and according to Wells (1982: 254), it is “the single most powerful pronunciation shibboleth in England”. H-dropping has frequently been analysed in sociolinguistic studies of British English and it can indeed be regarded as a typical feature of working-class speech. Moreover, H-dropping is often cited as one of the features that differentiate ‘Estuary English’ from Cockney, with speakers of the former variety avoiding ‘to drop their aitches’. The term ‘Estuary English’ is used as a label for an intermediate variety between the most localised form of London speech (Cockney) and a standard form of pronunciation in the Greater London area. -
The Black Country Annual Economic Review 2019
THE BLACK COUNTRY Annual Economic Review THE BLACK COUNTRY - A PLACE TO WORK, LIVE, INVEST 01 Introduction “The Black Country Economic Review is produced annually by the Black Country Consortium’s Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU) to provide an overview of the Black Country’s economic performance during the year. The report measures success as set out in our Performance Management Framework and enables us to monitor real progress towards delivery of the Black Country Strategic Economic Plan (SEP). Significant developments in 2018 include the development of a West Midlands Local Industrial Strategy (LIS), a unique opportunity to drive increased productivity and inclusive growth across the region. The Black Country Economic Intelligence Unit has played a fundamental role in the development of the West Midlands LIS, in particular utilising experienced skill sets to provide the deep, diverse and robust evidence base that underpins the strategy. The EIU is Stewart Towe CBE DL also a key delivery partner in the recently launched Midlands Engine Observatory.” Chairman of the Black Country Consortium How We Measure Success The Black Country Performance Management Framework The Black Country Performance Management Framework (PMF) set out on page 3, provides a clear framework to monitor progress and the changes required to achieve our 30-year Vision and the ambitions across the twelve programmes in our Strategic Economic Plan (SEP). This framework was politically endorsed by the Association of Black Country Local Authorities in 2004 and is updated and reported annually. The PMF is maintained and updated by the Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU) of Black Country Consortium Ltd who provide in depth cross-thematic spatial analysis on the Black Country economy on behalf of the Black Country Consortium and the Local Enterprise Partnership. -
Geological Sites in the Wye Valley’ Feel Somewhat Under-Qualified for a Role in Geology by Tom Richards ………..………
EEaarrtthh MMaatttteerrss The Newsletter of the Geology Section of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club No. 10 December 2013 The Geology Section is an Affiliate Member of the Geologists’ Association. The Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club is a Registered Charity, No. 52100 CONTENTS MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN ‘H&W EHT Contribution to the Wye T OUR AGM this year I took over from Gerry ACalderbank who has been our Chairman for six Valley Partnership Project 2012-3’ years. I’m sure you’ll join me in thanking him for by Moira Jenkins …….………….. 2 his dedication and hard work. Gerry is staying on the committee as Vice-Chairman so I can draw on ‘Palaeosmilia’ by Archie Lamont …… 3 his advice when needed. With a background in electronics and acoustics I ‘Geological Sites in the Wye Valley’ feel somewhat under-qualified for a role in geology by Tom Richards ………..……….. 4 and I hope that my enthusiasm can make up for my limited knowledge. I grew up in the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire. Scenically they are very beautiful ‘The BRITICE-CHRONO Project’ but under the soil is just chalk, chalk and more by Geoffrey Thomas …………..…. 6 chalk. What a delight I’ve found on moving to Herefordshire – within walking distance of my ’Geology, Archaeology and Ravenscar’ house (near Kington) I have Precambrian, Silurian by Charles and Jean Hopkinson . 8 and Devonian rocks, and a short drive adds Ordovician as well. Not only that but the folds, twists and contortions of the Church Stretton Fault ’Using Geophysics to Explore throw these rocks into a wonderful confusion of for Hydrocarbons’ prominent hills and secret valleys. -
Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of the Middle Jurassic to Lowermost Cretaceous Agardhfjellet Formation (Bathonian–Ryazanian), Spitsbergen, Svalbard
NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Vol 99 Nr. 1 https://dx.doi.org/10.17850/njg99-1-02 Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of the Middle Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous Agardhfjellet Formation (Bathonian–Ryazanian), Spitsbergen, Svalbard Maayke J. Koevoets1, Øyvind Hammer1 & Crispin T.S. Little2 1Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway. 2School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. E-mail corresponding author (Maayke J. Koevoets): [email protected] We describe the invertebrate assemblages in the Middle Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous of the Agardhfjellet Formation present in the DH2 rock-core material of Central Spitsbergen (Svalbard). Previous studies of the Agardhfjellet Formation do not accurately reflect the distribution of invertebrates throughout the unit as they were limited to sampling discontinuous intervals at outcrop. The rock-core material shows the benthic bivalve fauna to reflect dysoxic, but not anoxic environments for the Oxfordian–Lower Kimmeridgian interval with sporadic monospecific assemblages of epifaunal bivalves, and more favourable conditions in the Volgian, with major increases in abundance and diversity of Hartwellia sp. assemblages. Overall, the new information from cores shows that abundance, diversity and stratigraphic continuity of the fossil record in the Upper Jurassic of Spitsbergen are considerably higher than indicated in outcrop studies. The inferred life positions and feeding habits of the benthic fauna refine our understanding of the depositional environments of the Agardhfjellet Formation. The pattern of occurrence of the bivalve genera is correlated with published studies of Arctic localities in East Greenland and northern Siberia and shows similarities in palaeoecology with the former but not the latter. -
The Black Country David Horovitz (Pp
JOURNAL OF THE ENGLISH PLACE-NAME SOCIETY Volume 43 (2011) ISSN 1351–3095 ______________________________________________________________ The Black Country David Horovitz (pp. 25–34) ______________________________________________________________ This article is from the Journal of the English Place-Name Society, an annual peer-reviewed journal issued free to members of the Society. The Journal welcomes contributions of articles and notes on subjects of relevance to English place-names. The English Place-Name Society (EPNS) was established in 1923 to conduct a county-by-county survey of the place-names of England. To date, the Survey has produced 90 volumes. Almost all English counties have been surveyed, at least in part, and work to complete the Survey is ongoing. The Survey is used by researchers, academics, and those interested in the origins, meaning, and significance of English place-names. The research work and the publication of the Survey are financed by the annual subscriptions of members of the Society, with the help of grants from the Arts and Humanities Research Council and the British Academy. Since the progress and success of the Survey depend largely upon the strength of the membership, the Society always welcomes new members, both personal and institutional. In return for the annual subscription, members receive free of charge the current issue of the Journal as well as the volume of the Survey allocated to that year’s subscription. They are entitled to order, in addition, any available volume of the Survey at a concessionary price. Associate Members pay a reduced subscription, for which they receive the Journal. Annual subscription prices (correct as of April 2017): Within the UK Outside the UK £40 (full) £45 (full)* £15 (associate) £18 (associate* *increased prices reflect increased postage cost. -
Late Jurassic Ammonites from Alaska
Late Jurassic Ammonites From Alaska GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1190 Late Jurassic Ammonites From Alaska By RALPH W. IMLAY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1190 Studies of the Late jurassic ammonites of Alaska enables fairly close age determinations and correlations to be made with Upper Jurassic ammonite and stratigraphic sequences elsewhere in the world UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1981 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 81-600164 For sale by the Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ----------------------------------------- 1 Ages and correlations ----------------------------- 19 19 Introduction -------------------------------------- 2 Early to early middle Oxfordian -------------- Biologic analysis _________________________________ _ 14 Late middle Oxfordian to early late Kimmeridgian 20 Latest Kimmeridgian and early Tithonian _____ _ 21 Biostratigraphic summary ------------------------- 14 Late Tithonian ______________________________ _ 21 ~ortheastern Alaska ------------------------- 14 Ammonite faunal setting -------------------------- 22 Wrangell Mountains -------------------------- 15 Geographic distribution ---------------------------- 23 Talkeetna Mountains ------------------------- 17 Systematic descriptions ___________________________ _ 28 Tuxedni Bay-Iniskin Bay area ----------------- 17 References -
GEO Volume 65 Issue 6 Front Matter
THE GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. VOL. LXV OF WHOLE SERIES. JANUARY—DECEMBER. 1938. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.76, on 27 Sep 2021 at 00:53:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800107678 THE GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE OR 3ournal of WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE GEOLOGIST. FOUNDED IN 1864 BY THE LATE DR. HENRY WOODWARD, F.R.S. EDITED BY R. H. RASTALL, Sc.D., .M.INST.M.M., UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE. ASSISTED BY PROFESSOR W. S. BOULTON, D.SC. PROFESSOB J. W. GEEGORY, D.SC, F.R.S. F. H. HATCH, PH.D., M.INST.M.M. SIR T. H. HOLLAND, K.C.S.I., D.Sc, F.R.S. PROFESSOR J. E. MAKE, SC.D., F.R.S. PROFESSOR W. W. WATTS, Sc.D., LL.D., M.Sc, F.R.S. HENRY WOODS, M.A., F.R.S. SIR ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD, LL.D., F.R.S. VOL. LXV OF WHOLE SERIES. JANUARY—DECEMBER, 1928. LONDON: DULAU & CO., LTD., 32 OLD BOND STREET, W.I. 1928. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.76, on 27 Sep 2021 at 00:53:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800107678 HERTFORD STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.76, on 27 Sep 2021 at 00:53:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. -
Wyre Forest U3A Geology Group Information Sheet 3 LICKEY HILLS October 2012
Wyre Forest U3A Geology Group Information Sheet 3 LICKEY HILLS October 2012 The Lickey ridge lies in a north west to south Lickey Hills and Barnt easterly direction and is the result immense Green Road Quarry pressures that produced faults in the rocks which lie parallel to the ridge on its west and Location: Post code B45 8ER east sides, resulting in an up-thrusting of the Grid ref: OS Landranger 139 SO999752 rocks between the faults to form an anticline or ridge. The Lickey Hills and their continuation into the Clent Hills are a prominent feature in our The pressure causing the anticline and the landscape as we look towards Birmingham resulting folding of the rock strata has taken from the Wyre Forest. The Lickeys feature five place over millions of years and would have different rock types and range in age from 488 included the Variscan orogeny (Carboniferous to 251 million years (from the mid-Ordovician and Permian periods). The evidence for this to the end of the Permian and beginning of process and its dramatic effect on the rock the Triassic periods). strata can be viewed in the Barnt Green road quarry (see overleaf) The visit on Monday, 29th October focused on just one of the rock types – the Lickey quartzite, is a reddy-brown coloured, fissile rock, weathering to grey when exposed to the weather. The route for the visit followed the excellent Champions Trail, a trail developed in partnership with the Hereford & Worcester Earth Heritage Trust and the Lickey Hills County Park. The trail begins at the Lickey Hills Visitors’ The Warren Lane quarry, once used by the Centre and most of it follows the ridge of military for testing weapons and explosives in Lickey quartzite before dipping down the the First World War, is now used by the eastern side of the ridge to the quarry on the Country Park rangers as their workshop and Barnt Green road. -
Black Country GARDEN CITY
Black Country LEP Black Country GARDEN CITY Prospectus for house builders and investors FOREWORD The Black Country Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) and its partners have made significant progress in recent years to improve the Black Country economy and the opportunities for the people who live in the region. The Black Country is an attractive location for businesses to succeed. Our highly skilled workforce in precision engineering, automotive, aerospace and construction technologies ensure that products made in the Black Country are sold around the world. This prospectus is an important step on our transformation journey; we want to raise our game with a blueprint for housing development, making the best use of all resources available. We are ambitious to work with forward thinking house builders, developers and investors to accelerate the building of more new homes, designed to our Garden City standards and offering residents high quality affordable homes close to public transport, schools, healthcare and green space. Chris Handy Black Country Local Enterprise Partnership Board Member THE CONCEPT GARDEN CITY AIM To raise aspirations GARDEN CITY COMMITMENT Working together to raise quality and values GARDEN CITY BRAND A “kitemark” for quality development GARDEN CITY SUPPORT To focus expertise and funding on transformational sites THE VISION Transforming perceptions of the Black Country The Black Country Garden City will transform perceptions of the Black Country as a housing investment location through: l Walkable neighbourhoods l Green streets and spaces l Beautifully designed homes that are energy efficient and resilient l Mixed use values and tenures l Access to public transport (local and national), green infrastructure, existing heritage assets, key facilities (retail, community, cultural, education) l Place-making opportunities. -
Black Country City Deal
Black Country City Deal Page | 1 Executive Summary The Black Country City Deal will build on the long history and high performance of Black Country manufacturing and support the growth of high value manufacturing (HVM), particularly in the automotive and aerospace sectors. The Black Country LEP area already represents the largest concentration of high value manufacturing jobs in England and, through international recognition of this strength and local leadership, has secured key inward investments which will create opportunities for local businesses to grow. The flagship proposal for this City Deal will support this growth and further investment by opening up a portfolio of manufacturing sites across the Black Country. When developed these sites will provide HVM companies with the high quality, flexible space required to innovate and expand their production. This flagship proposal is supported by programmes to increase the number of young people taking up careers in HVM, to test new ways of reducing unemployment and welfare dependency in key areas of deprivation and improve the support that Black Country businesses receive. Over its lifetime the Black Country Local Enterprise Partnership predict the City Deal will deliver: 80 hectares of brownfield land brought into manufacturing use within 4 years, with a further thirty sites for future development over ten years; The creation of 5,800 new manufacturing jobs within the first four years of the City Deal; An estimated £120m of private sector investment in high value manufacturing sites in the Black Country; At least 1,500 additional high value manufacturing apprenticeships and an investment of £18m from HVM employers in apprenticeships.