Index

A Acid rain, 234-235; see also Acidic Absorption, 163, 431 deposition gaseous pollutant removal, 811 composition, 438 Acid, see also specific acids continental transport, 80-85 atmospheric oxidant, 72-73 definition, 435-436 combustion byproduct, 319-322 paint damage, 420 deposition, see Acidic deposition particle washout, 80 manufacture, emissions and controls, p H shift, 436 859-860 Activation energy, bimolecular collisions, pH scale, 436-437 250-251 rain, see Acid rain Adiabatic process, see also Dry adiabatic Acid and base chemistry, environment, 227 process hydrolysis, 235-237 atmospheric mixing, 131-136 photolysis, 237 Adsorption, 163 precipitation reaction, 238 gaseous pollutant removal, 811-812 Acidic deposition, see also Acid rain AERMOD modeling system, 604-605 analysis and measurement, 496-497 Aerodynamic diameter, 788n control standards, 700-701 Aerosols, 62; see also Particulate matter definition, 435-439 Afterburners, gaseous pollutant dry, pollutant removal, 259, 549 conversion, 815-817 environmental effects Agglomeration, particulate matter, 59 aquatic systems, 438-439 Agriculture ecosystems, 359-360, 438-439 costs of , 671-672 forests, 406-407, 439 crop damage, 275, 399-400, 403, oxidant model, 437-438 671-672 p H, 29, 407 pollution control, 872-876 wet, pollutant removal, 259, 549-550 pollution effects on livestock, 408-411

919 920 Index

Air double replacement, 159 ambient, see Ambient air single replacement, 159 unpolluted, 53-55 chemodynamics, 160-197 Air basin, 727 dissolution, 167-169 Aircraft sorption, 163-167 regulatory control, 725 volatilization, 169-173 stratospheric pollution, 52-53 control Air light, 425-426 episode control, 301-306 Air motion, see Atmospheric mixing management, 306-310 Air pollutants, 825 strategy, 296-301 destruction removal, 844 definition, 3, 75 emerging technology, 847 developing countries, 679 indirect air impacts, 848-849 future, 917-918 pre-control considerations history, see History of air pollution contaminant migration, estimation, impact on humans, 381-393 830 hazard identification, 381 treatability tests, 830-831 mechanics, 93-95 pyrolysis, 846-847 mercury, 409 thermal destruction systems oxidation numbers fluidized bed, 842-843 for atoms, 216 liquid injection, 840-842 for radicals, 217 multiple chamber, 843 physical processes, 155-158 multiple hearth, 840 pollutant, laboratory sampling, 480-484 rotary kiln, 839-840 detection, 482-483 thermal treatment extraction, 481 process application, 837-839 separation, 481-482 stoichiometry, 835-837 prevention thermodynamics, 835-837 future people, 767-770 treatment and control, interventions green engineering, 761-767 atmospheric transport, 834 life cycle analysis, 753-756 exposure control, 834-835 motivations for practicing, 761-767 point of release, 833-834 pollution prevention, 756-761 point of response, 835 sustainability, 743-744 source of contamination, 832-833 regulating, 696-706 Air pollution social aspects, 17 biological processes, 155-158 systems and processes, 154-198 characterizing, 199 Air pollution control, see Control atmospheric chemistry, 248-259 Air pollution control agencies chemical characteristics, expression, advisory groups, 737-738 207-210 emission inventory, 343-346 chemical concepts, 200-207 finance, 736-737 electromagnetic radiation, 210 function, 730-733 electron density, 210 organization, 733-736 heterogeneous reaction, 259 regulatory control, 725-726 orbitals, 210 Air quality, see also Indoor air quality organic chemistry, 238-248 assurance program, 508-510 physics and chemistry, 199 averaging time, 267-270 scavenging and removal, from concentration levels, 277-294 atmosphere, 259 control regions, 675-676, 727-728 valence, 210 criteria, conversion to standards chemical processes, 154-160 biological, 671-672 combination reaction, 154, 159 effects, 659-669 combustion, 159-160 physical, 669-671 decomposition, 159 cycles, 270-273 Index 921

data analysis and display, 278-285, pollution control, 863 510-512 reduction plant pollutant, 332 deterioration, 74 Ambient air effects, 286-287 definition, 263 and hazardous wastes, 825-829 quality standards, 697-698 indices, 288 sampling, 457-469 maintenance areas, 676 Ames Salmonella/microsome management, 306-308, 675-676 mutagenecity assay, 383 monitoring, 275-277 Ammonia mobile, 503-504 differential absorption lidar, 505 personal, 506-508 fertilizer pollutant, 405 remote, 505-506 forest pollutant, 403, 405 stationary network, 500-503 primary pollutant, 273-275 standards, 672-677, 697-698 sampling, 457-463, 466-468 conversion from biological data, wet deposition analysis, 496-497 671-672 Ammonium ion, pH base, 436 conversion from effects data, 659-669 Ammonium sulfate, atmospheric haze, conversion from physical data, 430-431 669-671 Ample margin of safety, 28-29 Air Quality Criteria Document, 664-669 Anemometer Air sampling, see Sampling dispersion measurement, 566-569 Airshed, 9, 727 gas flow testing, 904 Air sparging, 848 u-v-w system, 568 Air stripping, 848 Angle of incidence, 126-127, 129-130 Air toxics, 469 Animals physicochemical processes, 218 pollution control, 875 combustions reaction, 218-222 pollution effects, 286-288, 406-411, ionization, 222-223 671-672 solubility and electrolytes, 223-226 Anion, 223 pollutant standards, 698-701 Anodic stripping voltammetry, metal sampling, 469 analysis, 490 sources, 337-343 Anticyclone Akron, Ohio, visibility study, 434 air stagnation, 539-540 Albedo, 443 local air circulation effect, 150-151 polluted fog, 542 Aphelion, radiant flux, 126 solar radiation, 126 Aquatic systems Aldehyde, see also specific aldehydes aluminum pollution, 438-439 combustion byproduct, 321-322 clean air research provisions, 705 health effects, 390 mercury pollution, 408-409 photolysis and reactions, 258 pH, 407, 438-439 smog pollutant, 253-254 Arithmetic mean value, 283 Alkali Act of 1863, 41 Aromatics, 240 Alkali Inspectorate, 41, 45 Arrowhead chart, air quality data display, Alkanes, 238, 239 283 gas-phase reaction pathway, 257-259 Arsenic sampling, 469 cattle poisoning, 408 Alkenes, gas-phase reaction pathway, metal manufacturing source, 332-333 257-259 smelter emission, 408 Allergens, control techniques, 691 Asbestos, see also Fibers Allergy, health effects, 315, 381,405 health effects, 68-69 Alloy production, pollution control, 871 indoor air pollutant, 681-682, 685 Aluminum particle shape, 71 aquatic pollutant, 439 properties, 69-70 corrosion rate, 414-416 types, 67-68 922 Index

Ash, see also Fly ash regulatory control, 726-727 forest fire emission, 314 sales, 42 volcanic emission, 86, 248, 314 Averaging time, pollutant concentration, Asphalt plants, pollution control, 267-270 878-879 Azimuth, solar, 127-128 Assessment System for Population Exposure Nationwide, 624-625 B Atmosphere gaseous composition, 53-57, 124 Background pollution, 79 particulate composition, 59-71 Baghouse collector physical profile, 52-53 nineteenth century technology, 41 scavenging and removal, 259 particulate filtration, 797-799, 853-856 Atmospheric chemistry, 248-259; see also Bakersfield, California, visibility study, 434 Transformation Barbecue grill, pollution source, 317 gas-phase chemical reaction, 251 Bases, manufacture, emissions and hydrocarbon, role of, 257-259 controls, 859-861 nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and Beaver, Sir Hugh, 40-41 ozone cycles, 255 Benzene solar radiation, photoabsorption, indoor air pollutant, 683 254-255 sampling, 459-463, 467-468 solar radiation, role of, 251 Bernoulli equation, 100-101 transformation types, 248-250 Beryllium, pollution control, 863-864 Atmospheric compound, 253 Best available control technology Atmospheric drag, 139-141 new source control standards, 713-714, Atmospheric haze 716, 720, 853 definition, 426 particulate standards, 698 effect on visibility, 432-434 Bhopal, India, methyl isocyanate hazy blob, 432 pollution, 544-545 pollution source, 430431 Binary compounds, 217 regional, 79-80 Bingham fluids, 115 Atmospheric mixing, 131-136 Bioaerosols, 685 adiabatic processes, 132-135 Bioconcentration factor, 174 convection currents, 131, 150 Bio-diesel fuel, 889 eddy diffusion, 555 Biological control systems high- versus low-pressure effects, gaseous pollutant removal, 817-820 538-539 Biological gradient see dose-response inversions, 135-136 relationship mixing height, 539-540 Biomagnification, 174 thermodynamics, 131-135 Bismuth, metal manufacturing emission, Atmospheric modern carbon 332-333 biospheric 14C enhancement, 204 Blackbody radiation, 125-126 Atmospheric motion, pollution Boiler furnace, 40 dispersion, 131-135, 562-563 Boilers, wood-fired, 876-877 Atmospheric pressure, see Pressure, Box model atmospheric evaluation, 631 Atmospheric tracers, dispersion pollution prediction, 585-586 measurement, 571-575 Boyle's law, 131 Atmospheric transport, see Transport Brayton cycle, 889 Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Breezes, see Wind particulate analysis, 490 British Royal Commission on Atomic mass unit (amu), 201 Environmental Pollution, report Automobiles, see also Gasoline on costs, 310-311 emissions, 77-78, 317, 336, 367 Bromine, pollution control, 861 emission standards, 699, 717-721 Br6nsted-Lowry model, 227 pollution control, 318, 886-889 Brookhaven gustiness classes, 561-563 Index 923

Brown lung disease, 67 primary pollutant, 273-274 Brundtland Commission, 744 sources Bubble concept, emission standards, 716 combustion, 319-322 Building wake effect, 147 fog, 540-541 Bulk Richardson number, dispersion forest fires, 314 measurement, 569 incineration, 858-859 Buoyancy force petroleum refining, 329-330 crossover, 584 steelmaking, 331 flux parameter, 582 vehicle emissions, 77-78, 717 plume dispersion, 566 urban pollutant, 78-79 plume rise, 582-584 Cascade impactor thermal instability, 132-133 particle analysis, 488 Butyraldehyde, odor removal, 821-822 visibility analysis, 495 Buys Ballot's law, 138 Catalytic converters, automobile emission control, 888-890 Cation, 222 C Cattle, pollution effect, 408-411 Cadmium, metal manufacturing Cement plants, pollution control, 880 pollutant, 332-333 Ceramic candles, mist removal, 810 Calcium, pH effect, 436 Cesium-137, release at Chernobyl, 545 CALPUFF modeling system, 606 Chemical industry, pollution control, Canada, air quality objectives, 676-677 859-862 Cancer, 4, 11, 12, 28-30, 48, 212-213, 240, Chemical Mass Balance, 611,612 337, 366, 376, 382, 530-532, 621, Chemiluminescence 686, 714 ethylene analysis, 475-476 Carbon, 238 nitrogen dioxide analysis, 476-477 Carbon, activated, odor removal, 811 ozone analysis, 475 Carbon cycle, global, 359-360, 403 Chemisorption, 164, 811 Carbon dating, 203-207 Chemosphere, 52-53 Carbon dioxide Chernobyl, USSR accumulation, 72 global radiation transport, 85 acid rain, 81 radioactive pollution, 544-546 differential absorption lidar, 505 Chloride ion, wet deposition analysis, 497 global warming, 85, 442 Chlorine primary pollutant, 273-274 ozone destruction, 452 sampling, 459-463 permeation sampling, 467-468 sources pollution control, 811,861 combustion, 319-322 Youngstown, Florida spill, 544 forest fires, 314 Chlorine monoxide, ozone depletion, kerosene, 681 48-49, 452 natural gas, 681 Chlorofluorocarbons Carbonic acid aerosol propellant, 451 acid rain formation, 81,436 global transport, 85 stone deterioration, 416-417 half-life, 72 Carbon monoxide ozone destruction, 48-49, 452-453 air quality level, 277-278 refrigerant pollutant, 451 air quality standards, 659-660, 697 sampling, 469 analysis and measurement, 474-475 stratospheric accumulation, 52-53, 72 differential absorption lidar, 505 upward transfer, 85-86 exhaust emission for, 887-888 Chlorosis, plant injury, 399-400 global warming, 12, 451 Chromatography health effects, 12, 369, 394 gas, 479 indoor air pollutant, 682 ion, 490 in situ air sampling, 463 Chromium local pollution, 77-78 and human body, 376-378 924 Index

Clean Air Act, see United Kingdom, Clean Condensation Air Act; US Clean Air Act definition, 431-432 Climate sensitivity parameter, global gaseous pollutant removal, 812-814 warming, 450-451 Condensation nuclei, 59, 430, 436 Climatological Dispersion Model, 640 Conservative tracer, 205 Climatology Consolidated Human Activity Database, comparability of data, 642-643 614 data sources, 638-641 Contaminant, 10 definition, 638 chemical, 11 hourly observation variables, 638-639 physical, 11 representativeness, 641-645 Continental scale of pollution, 80-85 stagnation frequency, 646-647 Continuum fluid mechanics, 98 ventilation, 647-650 Control wind rose, 650-654 best practicable means, 309, 713 Cloud chamber, particulate measurement, costs, 306-308, 310-311, 669--671, 65 774-775 Cloud of electron density, 214 emission allocation, 308 Cloud seeding long-range strategy, 306-310 acid droplets, 436 mobile sources silver iodide, 430, 547 alternatives to existing, 891-893 CMAQ modeling system, 610-611 diesel-powered vehicles, 889 Coagulation, 432 gas-powered vehicles, 886-888 Coal gas turbines, 889-890 boiler furnace, 40 jet engines, 889-890 combustion process, 323 nineteenth century technology, 41 pollution control, 882 stationary sources, 852-883 pollution source, 40, 79, 329, 330 agriculture, 872-876 prohibition in London, 38 chemical industry, 859-862 stoker, 41-42 coal preparation, 882 Coke making, pollution control, 867-871 energy-producing industry, 853-854 Coke oven emissions, 331-332 forest products, 876-878 Collection, see Sampling incineration, 858-859 Collectors, see specific collectors metallurgy industry, 862-871 Colorimetric techniques, 477-478, 497 petroleum refining, 881-882 Combustion, see also Incineration; Power power generation, 854-858 generation sewage treatment, 882 atmospheric haze, 430-431 strategic, 296-301 heat of, 322 systems, 786-822 pollution source, 319-325 disposal, 780-783 process, 319-323 fuel change, 777-778 reactions, 218-222 gaseous pollutants removal, 810-820 source emissions compared, 324-325 mist removal, 807-810 submerged, 781-783 objectives, 786-794 Compound formation, 218 odor removal, 821-822 Comprehensive Air Quality Model with particulate matter removal, 794-807, Extensions, 611 858-859 Comprehensive Environmental Response, prevention, 775-776 Compensation, and Liability Act, process change, 776 34-35,515 removal, 72-73, 778-780 Computational fluid dynamics model tactical, 296-306 simulation, 596-599 Convection currents Concentration gradient, 74 atmospheric mixing, 131 Concurrent engineering approach, 750 Hadley cell, 150 case study, 751-753 Convergence zone, intertropical, 150 Index 925

Copper Destruction removal efficiency, 792, 844 corrosion rate, 416 Detergent, pollution source, 328 pollution control, 864-865 Dichotomous sampler, particulate Coriolis force, atmospheric motion, measurement, 275 137-138, 148 Diesel engines Correlation coefficient, linear, 628 atmospheric haze, 431 Costs steam replacement, 44 air pollution, 669-670 vehicle pollution control, 889 air pollution control agencies, Diesel-powered engine, 889 733-736 Differential absorption lidar, air quality aluminum reduction plant, 332-333 sensor, 505-506 versus benefits, 310 Diffusion, 74 control, 306-308, 309-310, 669-6671, Dilatant fluids, 115 854-855 Dimethylsulfide, analysis and effectiveness versus public health, measurement, 480 306-308 Dioxin, 218-222 equipment, 329, 774, 775 molecular structure, 219 fuel conversion, 777-778 primary pollutant, 273 measurement program, 571 sampling, 469, 480 plant damage, 397, 400-403, 671-672 Direct photolysis, 237 recovered value, 774-775, 811,812 Disassociation, heat of, 322 removal systems Dispersion gaseous, 815 atmospheric motion, 562-564, 565 particulate, 805-807, 854-855 atmospheric tracers, 571-576 solid waste disposal, 317 Bulk Richardson number, 569 static sampling systems, 466 calculation, 564-566 steel production, 331 instrumentation, 566-571 vehicle emissions control, 726 above surface measurement, Cotton processing, pollution control, 569-571 875 surface measurement, 566-569 Council on Environmental Quality, 17 modeling, 590, 603-610 Councils of Government, 834 wind fluctuations, 560-561 Crankcase emission, 886-887 Dissociation and precipitation reaction, Crops, see Agriculture; Forest products; 225-226 Plants Dissolution, 167 Cross-media transfer, 13 co-solvation, 168-169 Cryogenic trap, 459 Diurnal pollution cycle, 270 Cycles Doldrums, 150 annual, 270-272 Donora, Pennsylvania diurnal, 270 polluted fog, 43, 541 seasonal, 270 pollution effect on animals, 408 weekend-weekday, 270 Doppler sodar, dispersion measurement, Cyclone collector 570 nineteenth century technology, 41-42 Dose-response curve, 366 particulate removal, 802-803 Dose-response relationship, 6 Cyclones, atmospheric motion, 150 Downslope wind, 143-145 Drag, atmospheric, 139-141 D Dry adiabatic process atmospheric mixing, 132 Dander lapse rate, 132-135, 555, 556 control techniques, 691 mixing height, 540 indoor air pollutant, 682 Dry aerosols, see Particulate matter Dark reactions, 249-250 Dry deposition, see Acidic deposition De Re Metatlica, 39 Duet rule, 217 926 Index

Dust, see also Particulate matter Emission standards fugitive model, 589 air quality, 672-677, 697-698 indoor pollutant, 264 biological, 671-672 mite control, 691 bubble concept, 716 sampling, 466 control strategy, 309 sources effects, 659-669 logging, 333 existing installations, 720 roads, 315 fuel, 720-721 steelmaking, 331 hazardous pollutants, 699-701, 717 stone manufacturing, 333 implementation, 715-721 storms, 314-315 industrialized countries, 720 Dust-fall bucket, static sampling, 466 limits Dust mites, control techniques, 691 objective, 709-713 Dust storms, particulate matter, 314-315 subjective, 707-709 Dyes, fabric, pollution effect on, 417-419 new sources, 709-712 Dynamics, 94 particulate, 463, 698, 707-708 kinematics, 94 physical, 669-671 kinetics, 95 rollback, 717 types, 713-715 urban, 78-79 E variant forms, 713-715 Earth Summit, 48, 1992 vehicle, 698-699, 718-719 Easterlies, global circulation, 149 Empirical formula development, 207-208 Economic costs, see Costs Employment Ecosystems, see Environmental effects transition assistance, 705 Eddy diffusion, 555 ENAMAP, sulfate concentration model, Eddy reflection, 557-559 592 Ekman spiral, 140 Energy, atmosphere, 123-130 Electrical mobility, particle size and motion relationship, 137-141 distribution, 204-205, 488-489 Energy-producing industry, pollution Electric drive systems, 891-892 control, 853-854 Electric generating station, see Power Enforcement generation air pollution control agency, 730-733 Electromagnetic fields, 211 fines and fees, 736 Electromagnetic radiation, 210, 211-213 US Clean Air Act, 704-705 Electromagnetic spectrum, 123-124 Environmental assessment, 18 Electron capture detector, hydrocarbon Environmental chemistry200 analysis, 480 Environmental chemodynamics, 160-197 Electron density, 210, 214 Environmental effects, see also Electrostatic precipitator Agriculture; Global climate mist removal, 807-808 change particulate removal, 43, 795, 799-801, acidic deposition, 359-360, 438-439 853-856 animals, 408-411, 671-672 Element, 200 aquatic systems, 407, 438-439 Emergency plans, episode control, carbon release, 359-360 301-306 clean air research provisions, 705 Emission allocation, 308 fluoride cycle, 365 Emission inventory, 343-346 forests, 403-407 revision requirements, 705 pesticides, 408 source regulation, 725-726 smelters, 406, 407, 439 urban-scale models, 591-592 surface water contamination, 520, Emissions, see Pollution sources 523-524 Emission spectroscopy, metal analysis, Environmental Impact Statement, 17 490 Environmental medium, 11 Index 927

Environmental Protection Agency Fibers, see also Asbestos aircraft regulation, 726 health effect, 67 establishment, 46 Fick's law, passive sampling, 466-468 human health standards, 500 Filters modeling to meet regulatory particulate removal, 794 requirements, 632-633 efficiency, 795-799 PM2.5 sampling method, 463 Filtration Environmental science, 7 baghouse, 41-42, 797-798, 853-856 Environmental tobacco smoke, see dry particulate removal, 794-799 Tobacco smoke filter characteristics, 794-799 Episode control, emergency plans, 301-306 indoor air pollutants, 682 Equal pressure lines, atmospheric motion, mist removal, 807 137-141 Financial incentives Equipment efficiency, 779 control strategy, 309 Ethylene tax credits, 736 analysis and measurement, 475-476 Fireplace, pollution source, 37, 40, 45, 317 plant source, 405 Fish, see Aquatic systems Ethylsulfide, odor, 491-492 Flame ionization detector, hydrocarbon Eugene, Oregon, visibility study, 434 analysis, 479 Eularian view point, 99 Flame photometric detector Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study, hydrocarbon, 480 437 metal ion, 497 EURMAP, sulfate concentration model, peroxyacyl nitrate, 480 592 sulfur, 480 Evaporative emission, 887 sulfur dioxide, 473, 478 Exhaust emission, 887 Flecking, plant injury, 400 Exhaust gas recirculation system, 888 Flow meter, 458 automobile emissions control, 888 Flue gas desulfurization system, 855 Exothermic reaction combustion, 322 Fluidized-bed combustor, 858-859 Exposure time, receptor, 267-268, Fluids 286-287, 680 absolute viscosity, 113-117 Extractive sampling, gaseous pollutants, acceleration, 102-103 459-463 capillarity, 110-112 Extremely low frequency, 212, 213 classification, 98-99 compressibility, 108-109 control volume, 97 definition, 97 Fabric, pollution effect on, 417-419 density, 105 Fall velocity, particulate sedimentation, kinematic viscosity, 117-118 547-548 mechanics, 94 Fan, motor-driven, 43 mole fraction, 107-108 Fate, 96 movement, characterization, 99 Federal Clean Air Act, 530 pressure, 100-102 Federal New Source Performance properties, 95 Standard, 713-714, 716, 720 density field, 98 Federal Register, control region velocity field, 98 boundaries, 727-728 Reynolds number, 118 Feed milling, pollution control, 875 specific volume, 107 Ferroalloy production, pollution control, specific weight, 107 871 stress, 97 Fertilizer surface tension, 109 manufacture, emissions and controls, types, 97 859-861 velocity, 100 pollution source, 328 viscosity, 112-113 928 Index

Fluorescence spectroscopy Fungicides, food chain contaminate, 408 sulfur dioxide analysis, 478 Furan, 218-222 X-ray, particulate analysis, 489 analysis and measurement, 480 Fluoride molecular structure of, 219 aluminum plant emission, 332 Furnace cycle, 360-365 boiler, 40 phytotoxic pollutant, 400 conversions, kraft pulp mills, 776 polluting fog, 541 home, 319-325 steelmaking pollutant, 331 Fluorosis G effect on animals, 287, 408-411 remedy, 411 Gas chromatography, hydrocarbon Fly ash, see also Ash analysis, 479 atmospheric haze, 430-431 Gaseous pollutants, see also specific sources combustion byproduct, 319-322, 858 analysis and measurement, 275, control systems, 855-856 472-487, 913-914 Fog, see also Smog; Smoke differential absorption lidar, 505 polluted, 44, 540-544, 547 effect on animals, 409-411 Food Quality Protection Act, 35 monitoring systems, 459-463, 901-905, Forcing, 445 913-914 Forecasts, see also Cycles removal systems air pollution potential, 306 absorption, 811 Forest products adsorption, 811-812 industry, 316, 333-335 biological control systems, 817-820 pollution control, 876-878 comparison, 820 Forests condensation, 812-814 clean air research provisions, 705 conversion, 814-817 pollutant source, 314-315, 333, 403, costs, 820 405 gas-to-particle conversion, 250, pollution effects, 403-407 431-432 Forests fires, 314-315 oxidation, 72-73 Formaldehyde Gas flow measurement, source testing, indoor air pollutant, 682-684 901-905 pollution control, 821, 862 Gasoline, see also Automobiles sampling, 459-463, 469 combustion process, 322-325 Fractional error, 627 emissions, 77-79, 336, 367 Free radicals fuel additives, 12 combustion chain reaction, 322 pollution control, 886-888 gas-phase reaction pathway, pollution standards, 699, 720-721 257-259 Gasoline-powered vehicles, 886-889 photodissociation, 249-250, 254-255 Gas-phase chemical pathways, 251-259 Freundlich sorption isotherm, 166 Gas-to-particle conversion, 250, 431-432 Friction Gas turbines atmospheric drag, 139-141 and jet engines, 889-890 definition, 95 pollution control, 883, 889-890 Frontal zones, 150-152 Gaussian equations, 557-559, 564-566 Fuel Geostrophic wind, 138-139 conversion to new fuels, 777-778 Glass, pollution effects on, 419-420 emission standards, 720-721 Glass manufacturing plants, pollution thermal conversion factor, 345 control, 880-881 Fuel cells, 892-893 Glazing, plant injury, 400 Fuel NOK, 361 Global climate change, see also Fugacity, 161 Greenhouse gases; Ozone Fugitive emissions, 589, 716 carbon release, 359-360 Index 929

emergence, 48 long-term impact, 524-525 long-term effects, 442-451 multimedia transport, 516 Global scale of pollution, 85-86 remediation sites, 515, 525 Good tracer, 205 Resource Conservation and Recovery Gradient wind, 139 Act, 780 Grand Canyon National Park, visibility, 433 short-term impact, 525 Grandfather clause, in control Hazard quotient, 29 regulations, 724 Hazard Ranking System, remediation site Gravity cleanup, 515 horizontal atmospheric motion, 137 Haze, see Atmospheric haze sedimentation of particulate matter, Hazy blob, 432 547-548 Health, human Green engineering allergic reactions, 315, 381,405, 691 goals, 750 carbon monoxide, 369-371, 393 motivations for practicing, 761-767 determining cause-and-effect, 659-669, ethical considerations, 766-767 687 financial considerations, 763-766 hazardous air pollutant standards, legal considerations, 762-763 699-701 and sustainability, 744-750 impact of odor, 394-395 Greenhouse gases, see also Global climate lead, 367-369 change Legionnaires' disease, 687, 691 global carbon dioxide transport, 85-86 methyl tertiary-butyl ether, 12 global increase, 47, 442, 444-445 occupational disease, 263-267, 389, 680 Gulf stream, heat transfer, 152 ozone depletion, 48 Gustiness classes, Brookhaven, 561-562 particulate matter, 71 Guy-Lussac's law, 131 respiratory system, 71,378, 540-545, Gypsum, sulfuric acid deterioration, 685-687 416-417 response to air quality levels, 287-288, 381-393 smog related, 540-544, 547 H tobacco smoke, 369-371 Hadley cell, atmospheric motion, 150 ultraviolet radiation, 48 Half-life Heat balance, solar, 129-130 definition, 72 Heat capacity, water versus land, 129 transformation reactions, 548-549 Heat island, urban, 146 Halogens, 781; see also specific halogens Heat of combustion, 322-323 Hazard, 6 Heat of disassociation, 322 Hazardous waste, see also Solid waste Heavy metals, see Metals air pathways, 515-532 Hedonic tone, odor characteristic, 490 assessment of, 525 Henry's law, 169-173 hazard index, 529 Herbicide, food chain contaminate, hazard quotient, 527-529 408-409 risk communication, 529-532 Heterogeneous reactions, 259 categories, 780 History of air pollution chemical spills, 503-504 1900-1925, 42-43 contaminant fate 1925-1950, 43-44 atmospheric, 516, 519, 522, 523 1950-1980, 45-47, 680 ground water, 365, 524 1980's, 47-48 surface water, 520, 523, 524 future, 49, 680 disposal methods, 781-783 industrial revolution, 40-42, 680 emission standards, 717 pre-industrial revolution, 37-40, 679 Hazardous waste sites recent, 48-49 disposal, 781-783 Hodograph, 139-141 emission models, 524-532 Houston, Texas, chlorine spill, 544-546 930 Index

Humidity, visibility reduction, 428 I Hydrocarbons analysis and measurement, 478-480 Ideal fluid, 97 chemical groups, 591 Illumination, see Light exhaust emission, 887-888 Impactor, multistage, particulate analysis, gas-phase reaction pathway, 255-259 488 ozone formation, 249 Incentives plant pollutant, 315 control strategy, 309 primary pollutant, 273-274 tax credit, 736-737 rate of reaction, 249 Incineration, see also Combustion role of pollution control, 858-859 aldehyde photolysis and reaction, 258 pollution source, 367, 858-859 hydroxyl radical addition, to Indirect photolysis, 237 propene, 258 Indoor air quality nitric oxide reaction, 259 air exchange rate, 680-682 nitrogen dioxide reaction, 259 health effects, 263-267, 685-687 ozone reaction, with propene, influencing factors, 263-267, 680-682 257-258 pollutants, 680-684 sulfur dioxide, radical oxidation, 259 effects of, 685-687 smog pollutant, 697 regulation, 687-692 sources sterilization, 266-267 combustion, 319-323 trends, 679-680 forest fires, 314 Industrialized countries, emission forests, 403-405 standards, 720 petroleum refining, 330 Industrial pollution vehicle emissions, 77-78, 336 emissions, 315-316, 325-335 Hydrochloric acid operating permits, 702-703 pollution control, 860 Industrial revolution, 37-42 sampling, 459-463 Industrial Source Complex models, Hydrofluoric acid, pollution control, 860 pollution prediction, 586-587 Hydrogen chloride Inertial collector absorption removal, 505, 811 mist removal, 808-809 primary pollutant, 273-274, 858-859 particulate removal, 802-803 Hydrogen cyanide, permeation sampling, Infrared photometry, nondispersive, 467-468 carbon monoxide analysis, 474 Hydrogen fluoride Inorganic pollutants, 780-781 pollution control, 811, 863 Integrating nephelometer, visibility primary pollutant, 273-274 analysis, 493 smelter emission, 406--407 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Hydrogen sulfide Change, 449-450 atmospheric oxidation, 72-73 International Union of Air Pollution forest pollutant, 403-405 Prevention Associations, 47 primary pollutant, 273-274 Intertropical convergence zone, 150 removal Inversion absorption, 506, 811 annual frequencies, 647-650 conversion, 815 atmospheric mixing, 136 odor, 821-822 nocturnal, 136 sampling, 459-463, 467-468 radiation, 136, 539-540 volcanic emission, 314 subsidence, 136, 539-540 Hydrolysis, 235-237 ventilation rate change, 539-540 Hydrophobic, 167 Iodine-131, radioactive pollutant, 544-545 Hydroscopic particle growth, visibility Ion chromatography, 490 reduction, 428 Ion exchange, 164 Hydrostatics, 94 Ionization, 222-223, 226-227 Index 931

Ionosphere, 52 Legionnaires' disease, 687, 691 Ion pairs, 224 Lewis model, 227 Iron making, pollution control, 867-870 Lexington, Kentucky, visibility study, 434 Isobars, 137-141 Lidar, see Light detection and ranging Isokinetic condition, in particulate Life cycle analysis, 753-756, 832 sampling, 464-465, 906-907 morning container, 755 Isomers, 247-248 Light Isopleth concentration lines absorption by gases, 425 air quality control regions, 727-728 air light, 426 air quality display, 511-512 atmospheric haze, 426 Isotopes, 201 extinction, 425-429 optical characteristics, 423-424 particle interaction, 429 J scattering Jet engines, pollution control, 889-890 Mie theory, 493 Jet stream, 150-151 by particulate matter, 425, 489 satellite sensing, 505 threshold contrast, 423-424 K Light detection and ranging Keeling curve, 443 differential absorption, 505-506 Kerosene space heaters, pollutant source, dispersion measurement, 569-571 680-681 Limestone, sulfuric acid deterioration, 416 Ketones, combustion byproduct, 319-323 Linear correlation coefficient, 628 Kiln driers, pollution control, 877 Liquefied petroleum gas, pollution Koschmieder visual range relationship, control, 887 426 Liquid injection system, 840-842 Kraft process, paper manufacturing Local pollution, 77-78 furnace conversions, 776 London, England pollution control, 878 polluted fog, 542-543 pollution source, 334-335 pollution effects on animals, 408 pollution trends, 272 L Longwave solar radiation, outgoing, 128-129 Lagrangian view point, 99 Los Angeles, California, smog, 43, 434 Laminar flow, 119 Lowest achievable emission rate, 714, Lapse rate 720 thermal stability, 132-135 Lungs, see Respiratory system vertical plume expansion, 555-556 Laws of motion, see Motion, laws of Leachate collection systems, 848 M Lead Macrophages, alveolar, 381 battery manufacturing, 865 Magnesium, pH base, 436 cattle poisoning, 408-409 Manganese health effects, 367-369, 393, 661-662 and human body, 371-374 metal manufacturing pollutant, Manganism, 372 332-333 Manifold air oxidation system, 888 paint base, 419-420 Marble, deterioration, 416 pollution control, 865 Mass, pressure, volume, temperature pollution standards, 720 relationship, 131 sampling, 459-463, 467-468 Mass distribution, particulate smelter emission, 38, 408 measurement, 70 Lead peroxide candle, sulfur dioxide Mass formula, particulate matter, 65 sampling, 466, 472, 542 Mass spectroscopy, hydrocarbon analysis, Leather, pollution effect on, 419-420 479 932 Index

Mathematical "back trajectory" model, inertial collectors, 808-809 204 scrubbers, 809-810 Maximum Achievable Control Mixing height, air stagnation, 540 Technology, 714-715 Mobile, 891-893 modeling to meet requirements, 28-29, monitoring and surveillance, 503-504 632-633 Modeling and prediction pollutant source standards, 700 accuracy and performance, 627-633 Mean absolute error, 627 air quality models, 603 Mean square error, 627 air toxics, 621-626 Measurement, see Sampling dispersion modeling, 603-6 10 Meat products industry, pollution control, need for models, 593 875 nonreactive pollutants, 587-590 Mechanics numerical simulation models, 595-603 dynamics, 94 personal exposure models, 613-620 statics, 94 photochemical models, 610-611 Median value, 283 physical models, 593-595 Memphis, Tennessee, visibility study, 434 plume rise, 582-585 Mercury pollutant transformations, 590-593 air pollution, 409 receptor models, 611-613 aquatic systems, 408 techniques, 585-587 food chain contaminate, 409 Models, see also specific models pollution control, 861, 865-866 Acidic Deposition and Oxidant, 437 sampling, 459-463 Climatological Dispersion, 640 Meridional circulation, 148 Complex Terrain Dispersion, 590 Metal ions, analysis, 497 Fugitive Dust, 589 Metals Gaussian plume, 557, 588 analysis, 490, 497 Gifford-Hanna, 630 body burden, 371-378 gradient transport, 586-587 corrosion rate, 413-416 Hybrid Plume Dispersion, 588 effect on animals, 408-409 Lagrangian Photochemical, 631 industry long-term impact, hazardous waste pollution control, 862-871 emissions, 524-525 pollution source, 316, 330-333, 408 numerical simulation, 595-603 oxides, 321, 331, 332, 858 Offshore and Coastal Dispersion, 590 pollution effect on, 413-416 personal exposure, 613-620 Meteorology, see Climatology photochemical models, 610-611 Methane physical models, 593-595 analysis and measurement, 478-480 plume rise, 582-585 differential absorption lidar, 506 receptor, 611-613 global increase, 72, 442, 445--447 Regional Acid Deposition, 437-438 volcanic emission, 314 regional-scale transformation, 592-593 Methyl isocyanate, Bhopal, India spill, short-term impact 544-545 hazardous waste site remediation, Methyl parathion, 387-388 525 Methyl tertiary-butyl ether, 11-14 Point, Area, and Line, 589 cross-media transfer, 13 TUPOS, 588 health effects, 12 single-source, 628-629 Meuse Valley, Belgium sulfate concentration polluted fog, 43, 540-541 ENAMAP, 592 pollution effect on animals, 408 EURMAP, 592 Mie theory of light scattering, 493 tilted plume model, 548 Mist, removal Urban Airshed, 632 electrostatic precipitators, 807-808 Mold filters, 807 indoor air pollutant, 685-686 Index 933

Molybdenum Nerve gas, 408-409 cattle poisoning, 408 Net radiometer, 569 smelter emission, 408 Neutron activation analysis, 489 Monitoring, see Sampling New Source Performance Standards, Monoprotic acids, 231 source categories, 709-712 Montreal Protocol, 49 Newton's second law of motion Motion, laws of atmospheric motion, 137 atmospheric, 137-141 atmospheric thermal stability, 132, 133 Coriolis force, 137-138 Nickel carbonyl, sampling, 459-463 friction effect, 139-140 Nitrates, wet deposition analysis, 497 geostrophic wind, 138 Nitric oxide, 255 gradient wind, 139 accumulation, 72 Newton's second, 132-133, 137 atmospheric haze, 430-431 pressure gradient force, 137 atmospheric oxidation, 72-73 vertical motion, 141 differential absorption lidar, 505 Multiple chamber incinerator, 843 global warming, 451 Multiple hearth incineration system, 840, hydrocarbon, role of, 257-259 841 indoor air pollutant, 682 ozone reaction pathway, 255 N photochemical cycle of, 255 primary pollutant, 273-275 Narrow plume hypothesis, pollution radical reaction with, 259 prediction, 585-586 regional transport, 79-80 NASA Goddard Institute for Space smog pollutant, 254, 697 Studies, global warming, 450 sources National Air Pollution Symposium, 43 combustion, 321 National Air Toxics Assessment, 624 forest fires, 314 National Ambient Air Quality Standards forests, 405 goal, 25 kerosene, 681 human health standards, 500 natural gas, 681 modeling to meet regulatory petroleum refining, 329-330 requirements, 632-633 vehicle emissions, 78-79, 718 new source control standards, 713, 714, Nitrogen 720 cycle, 360-364 particulate matter, 463, 664-669 methemoglobinemia, 364 National Atmospheric Deposition sampling, 463 Program, 437, 497 Nitrogen dioxide National Climate Center, meteorological air quality criteria, 277-278, 663 data archive, 639 analysis and measurement, 476-477 National Emission Standards for atmospheric oxidation, 72-73 Hazardous Air Pollutants, 714, 717 control systems, 854-855 National Environmental Policy Act, 17-19 health effects, 394-395 National Oceanographic and heterogeneous reactions, 259 Atmospheric Administration, hydrocarbon, role of, 257-259 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics photoabsorption process, 254-255 Laboratory, 450 photochemical cycle of, 255 National parks, visibility, 433 radical reaction with, 259 National Ski Areas Association, 765 sampling, 459-463 Natural gas vehicle emissions, 78-79 home heating, 45 Nitrous oxide, 447-448 pollutant source, 681 Nocturnal inversion, 136 pollution control, 887 Nonattainment areas, ozone, 698 Nephelometer, integrating, visibility Nondispersive infrared photometry, analysis, 492-493 carbon monoxide analysis, 474 934 Index

Nonmethane hydrocarbons, global Oxygen, sampling, 463 warming, 451 Ozone Nonmethane volatile organic compound, air quality level, 277-278 analysis and measurement, ambient air quality standards, 664, 665, 478-480 697, 703-704 Nuclear accidents depletion, 48-49, 451-452 Chernobyl, USSR, 85, 545 differential absorption lidar, 505 mobile monitoring, 503-504 effects on Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, 544 fabric, 419 Nuclear power, pollution offsets, 778 forests, 403-407 Nuclear weapons, cessation of health, 30, 393 atmospheric testing, 723 rubber, 420-421 Nucleation, 431 formation, 126, 249 generator, 475 holes, 451-453 O hydrocarbon, role of, 257-259 Ocean currents, global heat transfer, 152 location, 30-33 Odors nitric oxide reaction pathway, 255 analysis and measurement, 490-492, nonattainment areas, 697-698 708-709 photochemical cycle of, 255 impact on humans, 351, 394-395 photostationary state expression, 256 measurable characteristics, 490 propene reaction pathway, 257-258 olfactometry, 490-491 sampling, 459-463, 475-476, 509 olfactory fatigue, 708-709 urban smog pollutant, 78-79, removal, 811-812, 821-822 253-254 response mechanism, 351-352 Ozone-propene reaction, 257 sources hot springs, 315 P livestock, 351 metal industry, 332 Paint paper making, 334-335 lead based, 419-420 petroleum refining, 329-330 pollution effect on, 419--420 Ohio Environmental Protection Agency's pollution source, 316, 326-327 Urban Air Toxic Monitoring Paper, pollution effect on, 419420 Program, 529-530 Paper manufacturing Oil kraft process, 334, 776, 878 boiler furnace, 40 pollution control, 878 sulfur dioxide source, 79-80 pollution source, 316, 334-335 Olfactometry, 490-491 sulfur dioxide emission, 419 Opacity reduction, particulate control, Partial pressure, gas, 59 854 Particle, 14-16; see also Fibers Open burning chemical composition, 60 pollution control, 318, 872-873, 876 photochemistry, 61 pollution source, 317 size, 60 Open path systems, 276 source, 60-61 Operating permits, 702-703 Particulate matter see also Aerosol Orbitals, 210 agglomeration, 59 Orchard heating, pollution control, 873 ambient air quality criteria, 666 Organic chemistry, 238 analysis and measurement, 65, 275, Organic compound, structure, 241-243 487-490 Organic pollutants, 781 atmospheric composition, 59-71 conversion, 814 diameters Organic structure, 244-247 optical, 64 Oxidation, gas removal, 72-73 stokes, 64 Index 935

effects Pesticides fabric soiling, 418 food chain contaminate, 408 health, 64, 71,393 indoor air pollutant, 682, 684 on animals, 409-411 Petrochemical processes, emissions and fog pollutant, 540-541 controls, 862-863 hydroscopic growth, 428 Petroleum gas, liquified, 887 indoor air pollutant, 682 Petroleum refining mass formula, 65 pollution control, 881-882 PM2.5 concentration, 463-466, pollution source, 316, 329-330 487-488 pH removal acid deposition, 407 electrostatic precipitators, 799-801, aquatic systems, 408, 438-439 853-854 precipitation analysis, 496, 497 filters, 794-799, 853 scale, 436 inertial collectors, 802-803, 853 Phoenix, Arizona, visibility study, 434, scrubbers, 803-805, 853 435 vacuum cleaner, 788-794 Phosphates, wet deposition analysis, 497 sources Phosphine, sampling, 459-463 dust storms, 314-315 Photoabsorption, 254-255 hazardous waste, 516, 519, 522-523 Photodissociation, free radical formation, incineration, 858-859 249, 254-255 petroleum refining, 329-330 Photography, visibility analysis, 492-493, stone manufacturing, 333 495 volcanic, 314 Photolysis, 237-238 transport and deposition, 64-65 Photometry Pasquill-Gifford dispersion parameters, infrared, 474 564-566, 584-585 visibility analysis, 492, 494 Pasquill stability classes Photostationary state expression, 256 climatology measurements, 640, Photosynthesis, 315, 398-399 641-645 Phytotoxic pollutants, 400, 401-402 data collection, 640 Pitot tube, 903 dispersion measurements, 563-564 Planck's law modeling impact, 524-525, 585 photoabsorption, 254 plume rise, 585 radiant flux, 125 stability wind rose, 650-652 Plants Passive sampling systems, 189-191 anatomy, 398 Perfluoride tracers, 572, 573 injury versus damage, 397-399 Perihelion, radiant flux, 126 photosynthesis, 398-399 Periodic table, 209-210 pollution effects on crops, 399-403, of elements, 200 671-672 Periods, 209 , pollution source, 326 Permeation sampler, 466-468 Plastic fluids, 115 Permits, regulations, 702-703 Plume mapping, 503-504, 590-591 Peroxyacyl nitrate Plume model analysis and measurement, 480 dispersion, 590-591 health effects, 393 pollution concentration, 557, 587-588 pollution effect on forest, 400, 405 sedimentation, 547-548 smog pollutant, 253 PM2.5 concentration Persistent and metallic compounds, ambient air quality standards, 697 189-190 sampling method, 463-466, 487-490 Persistent and toxic organic compounds, Polar front, 150-151 176-188 Polarography, metal analysis, 490 Personal monitoring networks, air Poleward flux, global heat transfer, quality, 506-508 129-130 936 Index

Pollen coal powered, 42 allergies, 315, 405 combustion process, 319-325 control, 691 control systems, 728 Pollutants, see Pollution sources gas powered, 42 Pollutant Standards Index, air quality, 288 local pollution, 77-78 Pollution, definition, 3 nuclear powered, 778 Pollution control, see Control oil powered, 42 Pollution control agency, see Air pollution pollution control, 316, 854-858 control agency pollution source, 315-317 Pollution control incentives wood powered, 876-877 control strategy, 309 Precipitation tax credits, 736--737 and dissociation, 225-226 Pollution prevention, 756-761 effect on visibility, 430 waste audit, 757-759 pollution effect, 546-547 Pollution rose, 650-654 reaction, 238 Pollution scale, see Scale of pollution Prediction, see Modeling and prediction Pollution sources, see also specific sources Pre-industrial revolution, 37-40 anthropogenic, 315-318, 325-335 Pressure, atmospheric atmospheric effect, 546-547 gradient force, atmospheric motion, 137 combustion, 319-325, 858-859 ventilation effects, 538-539 definition, 71-72 volume-mass-temperature emission inventory, 343-346 relationship, 131 fugitive emissions, 716 Presystemic elimination, 372 gaseous emissions, 913-914 Prevention of Significant Deterioration, 75 indirect, 717 concentration increments, 672-676 indoor, 680-684 source categories, 709, 713 industrial, 315-316, 325-336 Primary pollutants, see Pollution sources modeling and prediction, 581-633 Propene natural, 314-315 hydroxyl radical addition, 258 operating permits, 702-703 ozone reaction pathway, 257-258 particulate emissions, 911, 913 Pseudoplastic fluids, 115 personal, 317-318 Public Health Act of 1848, 41 primary pollutants, 273-274, 296, Public Health Service, 46 673-674 Puff, trajectory tracking, 592 regulatory control, 724-727 Pyranometer, radiation measurement, 569 sampling, 895-897 Pyrolysis, 319 secondary pollutants, 274-275, 673-674, 787 Q stack height, 78 Quality assurance program, for air testing, 896-910 quality monitoring, 508-510 utilities, 316-317 vehicles, 336 R Pollution trends, see Cycles Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 469 Radial plot, 140-141 Polyprotic acids, 231 Radiant flux, blackbody radiation, 125-126 , incineration, 858 Radiation, see also Solar radiation; Portland, Oregon, visibility study, 434 Ultraviolet radiation Positive crankcase ventilation, 886-887 blackbody, 125-126 Positive Matrix Factorization method, measurement, 569 611,612 pollution effect, 547 Potential temperature, atmospheric Radiation inversion mixing, 135 atmospheric mixing, 135-136 Power generation polluted fog, 540-544 acid deposition control standards, 701 stagnation, 539-540 Index 937

Radiative forcing, 445 Removal mechanisms, see also Control Radioactive clock, 201-202 atmospheric oxidation, 72-73 Radioactive pollution Representativeness, climatology Chernobyl, USSR, 85, 545 measurements, 641-645 Three-Mile Island, 544 Research, US Clean Air Act provisions, 705 Radio-dating, 203 Residual risk, 28, 297-302, 621-624, 633, Radiogenic isotope, 201,202 700, 714-715 Radiosonde Resins, pollution source, 326 atmospheric motion, 134-135 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, dispersion measurement, 569 hazardous waste, 33, 780-781 mixing height measurement, 540 Respiratory system ventilation measurement, 647-650 allergies, 315 weather data collection, 639 health, 71, 378-381,685-687 Radon pollutant behavior in lung, 380-381 indoor air pollutant, 680-684, 691 pollution episode case studies, 540-543 pollution control, 691 Rheopectic fluid, 115 Rainout, atmospheric pollution removal, Rickets, 547 522 Right to know rule, 699 RAM model Ringelmann smoke chart, emission area source pollution, 589 standards, 707-708 evaluation, 630 Risk, definition of, 7, 366, 381, 759 Rankine cycle steam engine, 891-892 Risk assessment, 92-93, 213, 288, 371,387, Rate law, 196 394, 530-532, 705 Rayleigh scattering, 427 Road dust, 315 Reaction rate, 194 Rotameter, 458 Real fluid Rotary kiln incinerator, 839-840 types, 97 Rubber, pollution effect on, 420-421 Reasonably Available Control Technology, particulate standards, 698 Receptor S definition, 73 Sacramento, California, visibility study, 434 exposure time, 267, 286-287, 680 Saint Helens, Mount, 248, 314; see also model, 75, 203-207 Volcanic emissions Recovered value, 774-775, 811, 812 Salem, Oregon, visibility study, 434 Reference doses, 384 Salt, ocean aerosol, 315 Refrigerants, chlorofluorocarbon, Sampling 451-452 acid deposition, 437 Regional Modeling System for Aerosols calculations and reporting, 910 and Deposition, 611 concentration Regional scale of pollution, 79 dispersion instrumentation, 566-571 Regulatory control, 723-724 dispersion parameters, 560-566 California auto emissions, 724 estimates, 557-566 existing stationary sources, 725-726 Gaussian equations, 557-559, grandfather clause, 724 564-566 intermittent systems, 728 costs, 571 mobile sources, 726-727 emission inventory, 343-346 new stationary sources, 715, 716, 724, equipment, 275-276, 458, 911 725 extractive, 459-463 stacks, 728 gaseous pollutants, 459-463 supplementary systems, 728 mobile monitoring and surveillance, Relationships of indoor, outdoor, and 503-504 personal air homes, 264 monitor types, 910-911 Relative risk, 759 particulate matter, 463-466 Remediation site, clean up, 515, 529 quality assurance, 571,911,913 938 Index

Sampling (continued) Sinks, pollution, 71-72 sample collection, 463, 905-909 Sintering, pollution control, 869 site selection, 468, 572 Slagging, incineration, 859 size-selective, 275 Slash burning, 333, 876 source monitoring, 895-897, 910-914 Sliding plate viscometer test, 113 source testing, 899-910 Smelters calculation and report, 910 pollution control, 864-865 gas flow measurement, 901-905 pollution effect on forest, 406-407 preliminaries, 899-901 pollution source, 38-39, 41, 332, sample collection, 905-909 406-408 static systems, 466-468 Smog, see also Fog; Smoke statistical analysis, 571, 897-899 photochemical components, 24, system components, 457-459 253-254 testing Smoke, see also Tobacco smoke gas flow measurement, 901-905 abatement laws, 41 preliminary tests, 899-901 combustion byproduct, 319-322, 858 toxic air, 469 fog pollutant, 542-543 West-Gaeke manual method, sulfur glass manufacturing pollutant, 333 dioxide analysis, 477-478 open fireplace, 37, 40, 45, 317-318 Satellites, air quality sensor, 505-506 Ringelmann scale, 707-708 Scale of pollution steelmaking pollutant, 331 continental, 80-85 Soap making, pollution source, 315-316, global, 85-86 327-328 local, 77-78 Solar azimuth, 127-128 regional, 79-80 Solar constant, radiant flux, 126 urban, 78-79 Solar declination, 128 Scavenging mechanisms, 72 Solar flux, 126, 255 Scrubbers Solar radiation, see also Radiation dry particulate matter removal, atmospheric pollution effect, 547 803-805, 858-859 distribution, 123-130 mist removal, 809-810 electromagnetic spectrum, 123-124 nineteenth century technology, 41-42 flux, 126, 255 Sea-coal, 38-39 global atmospheric motion, 148 Seasonal pollution cycle, 270 heat balance, 129-130 Secondary pollutants, see Pollution sources incoming, 126 Sedimentation longwave, 128-129 atmospheric pollution removal, 522, photoabsorption, 254-255 547-549 photodissociation, 249-250 definition, 59 Solid sorbents, gas sampling, 462 measurement, 275 Solid waste, see also Hazardous waste Selenium costs, 317 and human body, 374-375 disposal, 781, 858-859, 882 Semivolatile organic compounds, 484-487 legislation, 365 Seneca, 37 pollution standards, 717 Sequential sampler, gas measurement, 275 Resource Conservation and Recovery Sewage treatment plants Act, 780 pollution control, 882 toxic materials, 365 pollution source, 317 Sonic agglomerator, mist removal, 810 Shear stress, 115 Sorption, 163 Sick building syndrome, 687 effect on aquatic systems, 164 Silica gel, water vapor removal, 811 isotherms, 165 Silver, corrosion rate, 416 Source apportionment, 75, 203-207 Silvering, plant injury, 399-400 Soxhlet extractor, 481 Silver iodide, cloud seeding, 430, 547 Specific heat, 131-132 Index 939

Spectroscopy, see specific types analysis and measurement, 457-463, Stability array 477-478 modeling to meet requirements, 633 atmospheric oxidation, 72-73, 259 pollution prediction model, 587-588 concentration weather data collection, 640-641 source apportionment, 205 Stacks control systems, 820, 854-855 control regulations, 728 corrosion rate of metals, 413-416 discharge rate, 323 differential absorption lidar, 505 downwash, 582-584 flame photometric analyzer, 473 height, 77-78, 858 flue gas desulfurization system, 855 Trail Smelter Arbitration, 723 forest growth inhibitor, 405-406, 407 Stagnation global warming, 451 fog pollution, 541 health effects, 393 frequency, 646-647 heterogeneous reactions, 259 pollution transport, 539-540 lead peroxide candle sampling, 466, STAR computer program, see Stability 472, 542 array phytotoxic pollutant, 400 State Implementation Plans, 675 polluted fog, 540-544 Static sampling systems see Passive pollution effect, 416-417 sampling systems pollution episode case studies, 540-544 Stationary monitoring networks, air primary pollutant, 273-274 quality, 500-503 radical oxidation, 259 Steam locomotives, 40, 42-45 regional transport, 79 Steampower, 40, 42-45 removal, absorption, 811 Rankine engine, 891-892 sampling, 463, 466-468 Steelmaking, see also Metals smog pollutant, 253 pollution control, 869-871 sources Stefan-Boltzmann law, blackbody acid manufacturing, 327 radiation, 125 aluminum plant, 332 Sterilization, indoor air quality, 267 coal, 79 Stippling, plant injury, 400 combustion, 319-323 Stoker, coal, 41-42 petroleum refining, 329-330 Stokes diameter, 789 smelters, 408, 865 Stone volcanic, 314 pollution effect on, 416-417 sulfur cycle, 360 pollution source, 316, 333 visibility reduction, 360 Stratified-charge engine, 891 Sulfur hexafluoride, atmospheric tracer, Stratosphere, 52-53 571-572 pollution injection, 85 Sulfuric acid Stress, 97 manufacturing process, 327 Styrene, sampling, 459-463 smog pollutant, 253 Subadiabatic process, atmospheric Sulfur trioxide mixing, 134, 135-136 acid manufacturing pollutant, 327 Subsidence inversion atmospheric oxidation, 72-73 atmospheric mixing, 136 sulfuric acid precursor, 79 ventilation, 539-540 Sun, see Solar radiation Sulfates, wet deposition analysis, 497 Sun photometer, Voltz, 546 Sulfur Superadiabatic process, atmospheric cycle, 360 mixing, 133, 134 emissions, 41, 713 Superfund Amendments and flue gas desulfurization system, 855 Reauthorization Act, remediation Sulfur dioxide site cleanup, 34, 515 acid rain formation, 83-84, 436 Superfund Authorization and Recovery air quality, 277-278, 663 Act, right to know rule, 699 940 Index

Surfactant prototype structure, 246 Trade winds, 149-150 Surveillance, see Sampling Trail Smelter Arbitration, stack emissions, Sustainability, 743-744 723 Sustainable development, 744 Trajectory tracking pollution prediction, 587 T puff, 592 Transformation Tax credits, pollution control incentives, atmospheric pollution removal, 736 548-549 Technical Foundation for Air Pollution modeling, 590-593 Meteorology, 46 nonreactive pollutants, 630-631 Telephotometer, visibility analysis, 492-495 photodissociation, 249-250 Temperature Transmissometer, visibility analysis, 493, atmospheric measurement, 569 495 pressure, volume, mass relationship, 131 Transport Terpene, forest emission, 403 definition, 73-74, 96 Tertiary compound, 217 global, 85-86 Tetraethyl lead meteorological bases, 537-540 combustion catalyst, 322 models, concentration-based and pollution standards, 720 fugacity-based, 192-193 Thermal conversion factor, fuel, 346 physical, 97 Thermal destruction systems stagnation, 539-540 fluidized bed, 842-843 ventilation, 537-539 liquid injection, 840-842 wind turbulence, 554-556 multiple chamber, 843 wind velocity, 552-554 multiple hearth, 840 Trends, see Cycles rotary kiln, 839-840 Troposphere, 52-53 Thermal mixing, see Atmospheric mixing Tropospheric ozone, 78 Thermal NOx, 361 Tucson, Arizona, visibility study, 434 Thermal reactions, 249-250 Turbidity Thermal rise, see Buoyancy force atmospheric pollution effect, 546-547 Thermal stability, atmospheric, 131-135 effect on visibility, 428, 430 Thermodynamics, first law of, 131-132 Turbulence The Trail, British Columbia, smelter gustiness classes, 561-562 arbitration, 43 measurement, 554-556, 569 Thixotropic fluid, 115 pollution transport, 554-556 Three-Mile Island, Pennsylvania, 544 Turbulent flow, 119 Threshold contrast, 423-424 Time-dependent fluid, 115 U Tobacco smoke, see also Smoke health effects, 369, 685 US Clean Air Act indoor air pollutant, 264, 266, 682-687 1956, 47 Toluene diisocyanate, sampling, 459-463 1970 Total body burden, 365-378 criteria air pollutants, 58-59 dose, 366 1990 amendments Toxic air acid deposition control, 29-30, 701 pollutant standards, 699-701 air toxics, 621 sampling, 469 ambient air quality standards, Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, 697-698 838 emission inventory requirements, 343 Toxicology, 6 employment transition assistance, 705 Toxic waste sites, see Hazardous waste enforcement, 704 Tracer, dispersion measurement, 571-576 hazardous air pollutants standards, Tradeoff, risk, 13 296-300, 699-700 Index 941

mobile source provisions, 28, 699-700 Vapor pressure modeling to meet requirements, 632 atmospheric concentration limit, 249 original compared, 696 evaporation rate, 249 oxygenated gasoline, 12 Vegetation, see Plants ozone protection, 30-33, 703-704 Vehicles, see Automobiles permits, 702-703 Ventilation power generation plant control, 728 climatology, 647-650 research provisions, 705 indoor air rate of exchange, 263-267, stationary sources, 852-853 680-681 sweeping change, 48-49 pollution transport, 537-539 toxic air pollutants, 28-29, 342 Vinyl acetate, sampling, 459-463 urban standards, 26, 78-79 , sampling, 467-468 visibility mandates, 433-434 Viscous forces, 112 1998 revisions, 452 Visibility US Technical Conference on Air Pollution, analysis and measurement, 492-495 43-45 case studies, 434-435 Ultraviolet photometry, ozone analysis, dust storms, 314 475-476 forest fires, 314 Ultraviolet radiation, see also Radiation haze, 80, 430-434 atmospheric absorption, 53, 126 humidity effect, 428 health effects, 48 light extinction, 425-429 ozone balance, 53, 451 physics of, 423-430 Union Carbide, Bhopal, India, 544-545 sulfur dioxide effect, 360-364 United Kingdom turbidity effect, 429-430 Clean Air Act, 1956, 47 Vitamin D, 547 UK Meteorological Office, global Volatile organic compounds warming, 449 control techniques, 691-692 United Nations Conference on indoor air pollutant, 682 Environment and Development Volatilization, 169-173 (UNCED), 744 Volcanic emissions, 86, 314, 449 United Nations Environment Program, mobile monitoring, 503-504 global warming, 449 Mt. St. Helens, 248 UNMIX model, 611,612 Voltz sun photometer, 546 Unpolluted air, 53-57 Volume Upslope wind, 143-145 conversion formula, 54 Urban Airshed Variable Grid (UAM-V) mass, pressure, temperature Photochemical Modeling relationship, 131 System, 611 Urban heat island, 146-147 Urban plume, 146 W Urban pollution, 26, 78-79 Wake effect, building, 147 ambient air quality standards, 697 Washout Urban-scale transformation acid rain, 80 nonreactive pollutants model, rate, 549-550 630-631 Waste treatment, see also Hazardous pollution model, 590-592 waste; Solid waste Utilities, pollution source, 315-317 local pollution, 77 V aquatic systems, 407-409, 438-439 ground water, 524 Vacuum cleaner surface water, 523-524 particulate removal, 788-794 Water vapor Valence, 214, 223 atmospheric content, 53-54 Valley winds, 143-145 removal, 505, 811 942 Index

Weather, see Climatology upslope, 143-145 Weekend-weekday pollution cycle, 270 urban-rural circulation, 145-147 West-Gaeke manual measurement, sulfur vane, dispersion measurement, 566-569 dioxide analysis, 477-478 velocity Wet collection bucket, 497 modeling impact, 524-525 Wet collector, see Scrubbers pollution transport, 552-554 Wet deposition, see also Acidic deposition Wood, combustion process, 323 atmospheric pollution removal, Wood-fired boilers, pollution control, 549-550 876-877 pollutant removal, 259 World Commission on Environment and Wien's displacement law, blackbody Development, 743 radiation, 125 World Meteorological Organization, Wind global warming, 449-450 direction World Summit on Sustainable concentration variation, 576 Development, 744 data measurement, 639-640 directional frequency, 644--645 receptor impact, 552-553 trace pollution dispersion, 522, 561 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, fluctuations, 522, 560-561 particulate analysis, 489 rose, 522, 650-654 X rays, atmospheric absorption, 126 shear, 552 speed Y data measurement, 639-640 dilution of pollutants, 553-554 Youngtown, Florida, chlorine spill, 544 gustiness classes, 561-562 measurement, 566-569 systems downslope, 143-144 Zenith angle, 127-128 geostrophic wind, 138-139 Zero emission, 5 global circulation, 148-152 Zinc gradient wind, 139 corrosion rate, 414 mid-latitude zonal flow, 150-151 pollution control, 866 mountain and valley wind, 143-145 Zinc-cadmium sulfide, atmospheric sea and land breezes, 142 tracer, 571 trade winds, 150 Zonal index, 150