Index A Acid rain, 234-235; see also Acidic Absorption, 163, 431 deposition gaseous pollutant removal, 811 composition, 438 Acid, see also specific acids continental transport, 80-85 atmospheric oxidant, 72-73 definition, 435-436 combustion byproduct, 319-322 paint damage, 420 deposition, see Acidic deposition particle washout, 80 manufacture, emissions and controls, p H shift, 436 859-860 Activation energy, bimolecular collisions, pH scale, 436-437 250-251 rain, see Acid rain Adiabatic process, see also Dry adiabatic Acid and base chemistry, environment, 227 process hydrolysis, 235-237 atmospheric mixing, 131-136 photolysis, 237 Adsorption, 163 precipitation reaction, 238 gaseous pollutant removal, 811-812 Acidic deposition, see also Acid rain AERMOD modeling system, 604-605 analysis and measurement, 496-497 Aerodynamic diameter, 788n control standards, 700-701 Aerosols, 62; see also Particulate matter definition, 435-439 Afterburners, gaseous pollutant dry, pollutant removal, 259, 549 conversion, 815-817 environmental effects Agglomeration, particulate matter, 59 aquatic systems, 438-439 Agriculture ecosystems, 359-360, 438-439 costs of air pollution, 671-672 forests, 406-407, 439 crop damage, 275, 399-400, 403, oxidant model, 437-438 671-672 p H, 29, 407 pollution control, 872-876 wet, pollutant removal, 259, 549-550 pollution effects on livestock, 408-411 919 920 Index Air double replacement, 159 ambient, see Ambient air single replacement, 159 unpolluted, 53-55 chemodynamics, 160-197 Air basin, 727 dissolution, 167-169 Aircraft sorption, 163-167 regulatory control, 725 volatilization, 169-173 stratospheric pollution, 52-53 control Air light, 425-426 episode control, 301-306 Air motion, see Atmospheric mixing management, 306-310 Air pollutants, 825 strategy, 296-301 destruction removal, 844 definition, 3, 75 emerging technology, 847 developing countries, 679 indirect air impacts, 848-849 future, 917-918 pre-control considerations history, see History of air pollution contaminant migration, estimation, impact on humans, 381-393 830 hazard identification, 381 treatability tests, 830-831 mechanics, 93-95 pyrolysis, 846-847 mercury, 409 thermal destruction systems oxidation numbers fluidized bed, 842-843 for atoms, 216 liquid injection, 840-842 for radicals, 217 multiple chamber, 843 physical processes, 155-158 multiple hearth, 840 pollutant, laboratory sampling, 480-484 rotary kiln, 839-840 detection, 482-483 thermal treatment extraction, 481 process application, 837-839 separation, 481-482 stoichiometry, 835-837 prevention thermodynamics, 835-837 future people, 767-770 treatment and control, interventions green engineering, 761-767 atmospheric transport, 834 life cycle analysis, 753-756 exposure control, 834-835 motivations for practicing, 761-767 point of release, 833-834 pollution prevention, 756-761 point of response, 835 sustainability, 743-744 source of contamination, 832-833 regulating, 696-706 Air pollution social aspects, 17 biological processes, 155-158 systems and processes, 154-198 characterizing, 199 Air pollution control, see Control atmospheric chemistry, 248-259 Air pollution control agencies chemical characteristics, expression, advisory groups, 737-738 207-210 emission inventory, 343-346 chemical concepts, 200-207 finance, 736-737 electromagnetic radiation, 210 function, 730-733 electron density, 210 organization, 733-736 heterogeneous reaction, 259 regulatory control, 725-726 orbitals, 210 Air quality, see also Indoor air quality organic chemistry, 238-248 assurance program, 508-510 physics and chemistry, 199 averaging time, 267-270 scavenging and removal, from concentration levels, 277-294 atmosphere, 259 control regions, 675-676, 727-728 valence, 210 criteria, conversion to standards chemical processes, 154-160 biological, 671-672 combination reaction, 154, 159 effects, 659-669 combustion, 159-160 physical, 669-671 decomposition, 159 cycles, 270-273 Index 921 data analysis and display, 278-285, pollution control, 863 510-512 reduction plant pollutant, 332 deterioration, 74 Ambient air effects, 286-287 definition, 263 and hazardous wastes, 825-829 quality standards, 697-698 indices, 288 sampling, 457-469 maintenance areas, 676 Ames Salmonella/microsome management, 306-308, 675-676 mutagenecity assay, 383 monitoring, 275-277 Ammonia mobile, 503-504 differential absorption lidar, 505 personal, 506-508 fertilizer pollutant, 405 remote, 505-506 forest pollutant, 403, 405 stationary network, 500-503 primary pollutant, 273-275 standards, 672-677, 697-698 sampling, 457-463, 466-468 conversion from biological data, wet deposition analysis, 496-497 671-672 Ammonium ion, pH base, 436 conversion from effects data, 659-669 Ammonium sulfate, atmospheric haze, conversion from physical data, 430-431 669-671 Ample margin of safety, 28-29 Air Quality Criteria Document, 664-669 Anemometer Air sampling, see Sampling dispersion measurement, 566-569 Airshed, 9, 727 gas flow testing, 904 Air sparging, 848 u-v-w system, 568 Air stripping, 848 Angle of incidence, 126-127, 129-130 Air toxics, 469 Animals physicochemical processes, 218 pollution control, 875 combustions reaction, 218-222 pollution effects, 286-288, 406-411, ionization, 222-223 671-672 solubility and electrolytes, 223-226 Anion, 223 pollutant standards, 698-701 Anodic stripping voltammetry, metal sampling, 469 analysis, 490 sources, 337-343 Anticyclone Akron, Ohio, visibility study, 434 air stagnation, 539-540 Albedo, 443 local air circulation effect, 150-151 polluted fog, 542 Aphelion, radiant flux, 126 solar radiation, 126 Aquatic systems Aldehyde, see also specific aldehydes aluminum pollution, 438-439 combustion byproduct, 321-322 clean air research provisions, 705 health effects, 390 mercury pollution, 408-409 photolysis and reactions, 258 pH, 407, 438-439 smog pollutant, 253-254 Arithmetic mean value, 283 Alkali Act of 1863, 41 Aromatics, 240 Alkali Inspectorate, 41, 45 Arrowhead chart, air quality data display, Alkanes, 238, 239 283 gas-phase reaction pathway, 257-259 Arsenic sampling, 469 cattle poisoning, 408 Alkenes, gas-phase reaction pathway, metal manufacturing source, 332-333 257-259 smelter emission, 408 Allergens, control techniques, 691 Asbestos, see also Fibers Allergy, health effects, 315, 381,405 health effects, 68-69 Alloy production, pollution control, 871 indoor air pollutant, 681-682, 685 Aluminum particle shape, 71 aquatic pollutant, 439 properties, 69-70 corrosion rate, 414-416 types, 67-68 922 Index Ash, see also Fly ash regulatory control, 726-727 forest fire emission, 314 sales, 42 volcanic emission, 86, 248, 314 Averaging time, pollutant concentration, Asphalt plants, pollution control, 267-270 878-879 Azimuth, solar, 127-128 Assessment System for Population Exposure Nationwide, 624-625 B Atmosphere gaseous composition, 53-57, 124 Background pollution, 79 particulate composition, 59-71 Baghouse collector physical profile, 52-53 nineteenth century technology, 41 scavenging and removal, 259 particulate filtration, 797-799, 853-856 Atmospheric chemistry, 248-259; see also Bakersfield, California, visibility study, 434 Transformation Barbecue grill, pollution source, 317 gas-phase chemical reaction, 251 Bases, manufacture, emissions and hydrocarbon, role of, 257-259 controls, 859-861 nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and Beaver, Sir Hugh, 40-41 ozone cycles, 255 Benzene solar radiation, photoabsorption, indoor air pollutant, 683 254-255 sampling, 459-463, 467-468 solar radiation, role of, 251 Bernoulli equation, 100-101 transformation types, 248-250 Beryllium, pollution control, 863-864 Atmospheric compound, 253 Best available control technology Atmospheric drag, 139-141 new source control standards, 713-714, Atmospheric haze 716, 720, 853 definition, 426 particulate standards, 698 effect on visibility, 432-434 Bhopal, India, methyl isocyanate hazy blob, 432 pollution, 544-545 pollution source, 430431 Binary compounds, 217 regional, 79-80 Bingham fluids, 115 Atmospheric mixing, 131-136 Bioaerosols, 685 adiabatic processes, 132-135 Bioconcentration factor, 174 convection currents, 131, 150 Bio-diesel fuel, 889 eddy diffusion, 555 Biological control systems high- versus low-pressure effects, gaseous pollutant removal, 817-820 538-539 Biological gradient see dose-response inversions, 135-136 relationship mixing height, 539-540 Biomagnification, 174 thermodynamics, 131-135 Bismuth, metal manufacturing emission, Atmospheric modern carbon 332-333 biospheric 14C enhancement, 204 Blackbody radiation, 125-126 Atmospheric motion, pollution Boiler furnace, 40 dispersion, 131-135, 562-563 Boilers, wood-fired, 876-877 Atmospheric pressure, see Pressure, Box model atmospheric evaluation, 631 Atmospheric tracers, dispersion pollution prediction, 585-586 measurement, 571-575 Boyle's law, 131 Atmospheric transport, see Transport Brayton cycle, 889 Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Breezes, see Wind particulate analysis, 490 British Royal Commission on Atomic mass unit (amu), 201 Environmental Pollution, report Automobiles, see also Gasoline on costs, 310-311 emissions, 77-78, 317, 336, 367 Bromine, pollution control, 861 emission standards, 699, 717-721 Br6nsted-Lowry model, 227 pollution control, 318, 886-889 Brookhaven gustiness classes, 561-563 Index 923 Brown lung disease, 67 primary pollutant, 273-274 Brundtland Commission, 744 sources Bubble concept, emission standards, 716 combustion, 319-322 Building wake effect, 147 fog, 540-541 Bulk Richardson number, dispersion forest fires, 314 measurement, 569 incineration, 858-859 Buoyancy force petroleum