Great Moments in Science and Technology
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Literature Compass Editing Humphry Davy's
1 ‘Work in Progress in Romanticism’ Literature Compass Editing Humphry Davy’s Letters Tim Fulford, Andrew Lacey, Sharon Ruston An editorial team of Tim Fulford (De Montfort University) and Sharon Ruston (Lancaster University) (co-editors), and Jan Golinski (University of New Hampshire), Frank James (the Royal Institution of Great Britain), and David Knight1 (Durham University) (advisory editors) are currently preparing The Collected Letters of Sir Humphry Davy: a four-volume edition of the c. 1200 surviving letters of Davy (1778-1829) and his immediate circle, for publication with Oxford University Press, in both print and electronic forms, in 2020. Davy was one of the most significant and famous figures in the scientific and literary culture of early nineteenth-century Britain, Europe, and America. Davy’s scientific accomplishments were varied and numerous, including conducting pioneering research into the physiological effects of nitrous oxide (laughing gas); isolating potassium, calcium, and several other metals; inventing a miners’ safety lamp (the bicentenary of which was celebrated in 2015); developing the electrochemical protection of the copper sheeting of Royal Navy vessels; conserving the Herculaneum papyri; writing an influential text on agricultural chemistry; and seeking to improve the quality of optical glass. But Davy’s endeavours were not merely limited to science: he was also a poet, and moved in the same literary circles as Lord Byron, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth. Since his death, Davy has rarely been out of the public mind. He is still the frequent subject of biographies (by, 1 David Knight died in 2018. David gave generously to the Davy Letters Project, and a two-day conference at Durham University was recently held in his memory. -
Fuel Cell Energy Generators PLATINUM CATALYSTS USED in ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE
Fuel Cell Energy Generators PLATINUM CATALYSTS USED IN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE By D. S. Cameron Group Research Centre, Johnson Matthey and Co Limited The steam, in turn, is produced by burning Improvements in the preparation and fossil fuels (coal or hydrocarbons), or by utilisation of platinum metal catalysts nuclear fission. Unfortunately, the processes have now made megawatt scale fuel cell of converting fuel into heat, heat into steam, systems economically viable. The high and steam into electricity involve efficiency thermal efficiency and low pollution losses at every stage. The Carnot cycle characteristics of this novel power source shows that the thermal efficiency of any heat are likely to result in it forming an engine is limited to E where: increasing proportion of the generating capacity utilised for both peaking and intermediate applications. This paper T, and TI being the temperatures, in degrees briejly reviews the development of fuel kelvin, at which heat is supplied to, and cells; it also describes how they work, rejected by, the system. In practice, upper including the function of the catalyst, temperatures are limited to about 500'C and indicates the more important of the (773 K), lower temperatures are at least 30°C many factors which have to be considered (303 K), and efficiencies are limited to a when selecting a commercial system. maximum of 60 per cent. Indeed most modern large power stations are able to achieve only 38 to 40 per cent efficiency. Fuel cells have already achieved acceptance Fuel cells convert fuel directly into elec- as reliable, lightweight power sources for trical energy by an electrochemical route space applications, for example in the Apollo which is not limited by the Carnot cycle. -
A Project Report on ³INVENTORY MANAGEMENT´
A Project Report on ³INVENTORY MANAGEMENT´ SUBMITTED BY: Mujif Rahuman M. 520828621 Operations Management Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement of IVth Semester of MBA course, Sikkim Manipal University 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION INVENTORY MANAGEMENT««««««««2 SIEMENS«««««««««««««««««««««.........8 OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT..16 ACTIVITIES/FUNCTIONS OF SCM IN SIEMENS«««««.20 INVENTORY CONTROL MANAGEMENT««««««««25 WAREHOUSE««««««««««««««««««««..43 TRANSPORTATION««««««««««««««««.«.45 DISTRIBUTION«««««««««««««««««««..48 PACKAGING AND LABELLING««««««««««««.53 CONCLUSION««««««««««««««««««««.59 2 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 1. INTRODUCTION DEFINATION AND MEANING Inventory is a list of goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by a business. Inventory are held in order to manage and hide from the customer the fact that manufacture/supply delay is longer than delivery delay, and also to ease the effect of imperfections in the manufacturing process that lower production efficiencies if production capacity stands idle for lack of materials. The reasons for keeping stock All these stock reasons can apply to any owner or product stage. Buffer stock is held in individual workstations against the possibility that the upstream workstation may be a little delayed in providing the next item for processing. Whilst some processes carry very large buffer stocks, Toyota moved to one (or a few items) and has now moved to eliminate this stock type. Safety stock is held against process or machine failure in the hope/belief that the failure can be repaired before the stock runs out. This type of stock can be eliminated by programmes like Total Productive Maintenance Overproduction is held because the forecast and the actual sales did not match. -
Dr. Julie Brown, CTO of UDC, Awarded Prestigious 2020 Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize from the Society of Information Display
8/3/2020 Dr. Julie Brown, CTO of UDC, Awarded Prestigious 2020 Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize from the Society of Information Display Dr. Mike Weaver, VP of UDC, Honored with 2020 SID Fellow Award EWING, N.J.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Universal Display Corporation (Nasdaq: OLED), enabling energy-efficient displays and lighting with its UniversalPHOLED® technology and materials, today announced that Dr. Julie Brown, Senior Vice President and Chief Technical Officer, was awarded the 2020 Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize by the Society of Information Display (SID). Additionally, Dr. Mike Weaver, Vice President of PHOLED R&D, was named a 2020 SID Fellow. The Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize was awarded to Dr. Brown for her outstanding technical achievements and contributions to the development and commercialization of phosphorescent OLED materials and display technology. The Society for Information Display created this prize in 1987 in honor of the German physicist and Nobel Laureate Karl Ferdinand Braun who invented the cathode-ray tube (CRT). Dr. Brown has been a leading innovator in the discovery and development of state-of-the-art OLED technologies and materials for display and lighting applications for over two decades, and is the first woman to be awarded this prestigious prize. Joining Universal Display (UDC) in 1998, Dr. Brown leads a global team of unique chemists, physicists and engineers and spearheads the R&D vision of UDC, from its start-up years to its successful commercial present, and continues to create and shape the Company’s innovation strategy for its future growth. The distinction of Fellow honors an SID member of outstanding qualifications and experience as a scientist or engineer in the field of information display. -
Atomic History Project Background: If You Were Asked to Draw the Structure of an Atom, What Would You Draw?
Atomic History Project Background: If you were asked to draw the structure of an atom, what would you draw? Throughout history, scientists have accepted five major different atomic models. Our perception of the atom has changed from the early Greek model because of clues or evidence that have been gathered through scientific experiments. As more evidence was gathered, old models were discarded or improved upon. Your task is to trace the atomic theory through history. Task: 1. You will create a timeline of the history of the atomic model that includes all of the following components: A. Names of 15 of the 21 scientists listed below B. The year of each scientist’s discovery that relates to the structure of the atom C. 1- 2 sentences describing the importance of the discovery that relates to the structure of the atom Scientists for the timeline: *required to be included • Empedocles • John Dalton* • Ernest Schrodinger • Democritus* • J.J. Thomson* • Marie & Pierre Curie • Aristotle • Robert Millikan • James Chadwick* • Evangelista Torricelli • Ernest • Henri Becquerel • Daniel Bernoulli Rutherford* • Albert Einstein • Joseph Priestly • Niels Bohr* • Max Planck • Antoine Lavoisier* • Louis • Michael Faraday • Joseph Louis Proust DeBroglie* Checklist for the timeline: • Timeline is in chronological order (earliest date to most recent date) • Equal space is devoted to each year (as on a number line) • The eight (8) *starred scientists are included with correct dates of their discoveries • An additional seven (7) scientists of your choice (from -
Philosophical Transactions, »
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, » S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1898 (VOL. 191). A. Absorption, Change of, produced by Fluorescence (B urke), 87. Aneroid Barometers, Experiments on.—Elastic After-effect; Secular Change; Influence of Temperature (Chree), 441. B. Bolometer, Surface, Construction of (Petavel), 501. Brilliancy, Intrinsic, Law of Variation of, with Temperature (Petavel), 501. Burke (John). On the Change of Absorption produced by Fluorescence, 87. C. Chree (C.). Experiments on Aneroid Barometers at Kew Observatory, and their Discussion, 441. Correlation and Variation, Influence of Random Selection on (Pearson and Filon), 229. Crystals, Thermal Expansion Coefficients, by an Interference Method (Tutton), 313. D. Differential Equations of the Second Order, &c., Memoir on the Integration of; Characteristic Invariant of (Forsyth), 1. 526 INDEX. E. Electric Filters, Testing Efficiency of; Dielectrifying Power of (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electricity, Diffusion of, from Carbonic Acid Gas to Air; Communication of, from Electrified Steam to Air (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrification of Air by Water Jet, Electrified Needle Points, Electrified Flame, &c., at Different Air-pressures; at Different Electrifying Potentials; Loss of Electrification (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrolytic Cells, Construction and Calibration of (Veley and Manley), 365. Emissivity of Platinum in Air and other Gases (Petavel), 501. Equations, Laplace's and other, Some New Solutions of, in Mathematical Physics (Forsyth), 1. Evolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory o f; Influence of Random Selection on the Differentiation of Local Races (Pearson and Filon), 229. F. Filon (L. N. G.) and Pearson (Karl). Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.—IV. On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants and on the Influence of Random Selection on Variation and Correlation, 229. -
Scientists on Currencies
“For making the world a wealthier place” TOP 10 ___________________________________________________________________________________ SCIENTISTS ON BANKNOTES 1. Isaac Newton 2. Charles Darwin 3. Michael Faraday 4. Copernicus 5. Galileo 6. Marie Curie 7. Leonardo da Vinci 8. Albert Einstein 9. Hideyo Noguchi 10. Nikola Tesla Will Philip Emeagwali be on the Nigerian Money? “Put Philip Emeagwali on Nigeria’s Currency,” Central Bank of Nigeria official pleads. See Details Below Physicist Albert Einstein is honored on Israeli five pound currency. Galileo Gallilei on the Italian 2000 Lire. Isaac Newton honored on the British pound. Bacteriologist Hideyo Noguchi honored on the Japanese banknote. The image of Carl Friedrich Gauss on Germany's 10- mark banknote inspired young Germans to become mathematicians. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519), the Italian polymath, is honored on their banknote. Maria Sklodowska–Curie is honoured on the Polish banknote. Carl Linnaeus is honored on the Swedish banknote (100 Swedish Krona) Nikola Tesla is honored on Serbia’s banknote. Note actual equation on banknote (Serbia’s 100-dinar note) Honorable Mentions Developing Story Banker Wanted Emeagwali on Nigerian Currency In early 2000s, the Central Bank of Nigeria announced that new banknotes will be commissioned. An economist of the Central Bank of Nigeria commented: “In Europe, heroes of science are portrayed on banknotes. In Africa, former heads of state are portrayed on banknotes. Why is that so?” His logic was that the Central Bank of Nigeria should end its era of putting only Nigerian political leaders on the money. In Africa, only politicians were permitted by politicians to be on the money. Perhaps, you’ve heard of the one-of-a-kind debate to put Philip Emeagwali on the Nigerian money. -
3.Joule's Experiments
The Force of Gravity Creates Energy: The “Work” of James Prescott Joule http://www.bookrags.com/biography/james-prescott-joule-wsd/ James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) was the son of a successful British brewer. He tinkered with the tools of his father’s trade (particularly thermometers), and despite never earning an undergraduate degree, he was able to answer two rather simple questions: 1. Why is the temperature of the water at the bottom of a waterfall higher than the temperature at the top? 2. Why does an electrical current flowing through a conductor raise the temperature of water? In order to adequately investigate these questions on our own, we need to first define “temperature” and “energy.” Second, we should determine how the measurement of temperature can relate to “heat” (as energy). Third, we need to find relationships that might exist between temperature and “mechanical” energy and also between temperature and “electrical” energy. Definitions: Before continuing, please write down what you know about temperature and energy below. If you require more space, use the back. Temperature: Energy: We have used the concept of gravity to show how acceleration of freely falling objects is related mathematically to distance, time, and speed. We have also used the relationship between net force applied through a distance to define “work” in the Harvard Step Test. Now, through the work of Joule, we can equate the concepts of “work” and “energy”: Energy is the capacity of a physical system to do work. Potential energy is “stored” energy, kinetic energy is “moving” energy. One type of potential energy is that induced by the gravitational force between two objects held at a distance (there are other types of potential energy, including electrical, magnetic, chemical, nuclear, etc). -
Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating Achievement from Fame
Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating achievement from fame Every schoolboy has heard of Einstein; fewer have heard of Antoine Becquerel; almost nobody has heard of Nils Dalén. Yet they all won Nobel Prizes for Physics. Can we gauge a scientist’s achievements by his or her fame? If so, how? And how do fighter pilots help? Mikhail Simkin and Vwani Roychowdhury look for the linkages. “It was a famous victory.” We instinctively rank the had published. However, in 2001–2002 popular French achievements of great men and women by how famous TV presenters Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff published they are. But is instinct enough? And how exactly does a great man’s fame relate to the greatness of his achieve- ment? Some achievements are easy to quantify. Such is the case with fighter pilots of the First World War. Their achievements can be easily measured and ranked, in terms of their victories – the number of enemy planes they shot down. These aces achieved varying degrees of fame, which have lasted down to the internet age. A few years ago we compared1 the fame of First World War fighter pilot aces (measured in Google hits) with their achievement (measured in victories); and we found that We can estimate fame grows exponentially with achievement. fame from Google; Is the same true in other areas of excellence? Bagrow et al. have studied the relationship between can this tell us 2 achievement and fame for physicists . The relationship Manfred von Richthofen (in cockpit) with members of his so- about actual they found was linear. -
Alessandro Volta and the Discovery of the Battery
1 Primary Source 12.2 VOLTA AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE BATTERY1 Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) was born in the Duchy of Milan in a town called Como. He was raised as a Catholic and remained so throughout his life. Volta became a professor of physics in Como, and soon took a significant interest in electricity. First, he began to work with the chemistry of gases, during which he discovered methane gas. He then studied electrical capacitance, as well as derived new ways of studying both electrical potential and charge. Most famously, Volta discovered what he termed a Voltaic pile, which was the first electrical battery that could continuously provide electrical current to a circuit. Needless to say, Volta’s discovery had a major impact in science and technology. In light of his contribution to the study of electrical capacitance and discovery of the battery, the electrical potential difference, voltage, and the unit of electric potential, the volt, were named in honor of him. The following passage is excerpted from an essay, written in French, “On the Electricity Excited by the Mere Contact of Conducting Substances of Different Kinds,” which Volta sent in 1800 to the President of the Royal Society in London, Joseph Banks, in hope of its publication. The essay, described how to construct a battery, a source of steady electrical current, which paved the way toward the “electric age.” At this time, Volta was working as a professor at the University of Pavia. For the excerpt online, click here. The chief of these results, and which comprehends nearly all the others, is the construction of an apparatus which resembles in its effects viz. -
Siemens AG Governance & Markets Investor Relations GM IR 2 Werner-Von-Siemens-Str
Dear Ladies and Gentlemen, We are very thankful for the possibility to introduce our viewpoints in the dialogue you have invited us to participate in. As a German Issuer, we are predominantly speaking for the German market with its highly developed and specific standards regarding share issuance request proposals. From our market perception, there is no particular need to reduce the applicable limit for general share issuances without preemptive rights from 20 percent to 10 percent in Germany, as there are no cases known to us where issuers have abused their authorizations to the disadvantage of their shareholders. As a general rule, issuers in Germany rely on § 186 para. 3 sentence 4 of the German Stock Corporation Act (AktG), where there is a clear legal limit of 10 percent for cash capital increases without preemptive rights. Should the existing, well balanced system be additionally burdened by different rules in the European Policy, there will be mismatches between the 10 percent proposed by ISS and the 10 percent as stated in the law, not least due to the fact that most issuers have various authorizations for different types of Authorized Capital and Conditional Capital (in Germany primarily used for the issuance of convertible and warrant bonds) in place that customarily are not proposed in one AGM but in different AGMs with different authorization periods applicable as a result. One example may highlight this: in 2015 we exchanged bond with warrant units issued in 2012 under an authorization of 2010 in order to substitute warrants relating to Siemens and Osram shares with new warrants exclusively relating to Siemens shares under an authorization of 2015. -
08. Ampère and Faraday Darrigol (2000), Chap 1
08. Ampère and Faraday Darrigol (2000), Chap 1. A. Pre-1820. (1) Electrostatics (frictional electricity) • 1780s. Coulomb's description: ! Two electric fluids: positive and negative. ! Inverse square law: It follows therefore from these three tests, that the repulsive force that the two balls -- [which were] electrified with the same kind of electricity -- exert on each other, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb follows the inverse proportion of (1736-1806) the square of the distance."" (2) Magnetism: Coulomb's description: • Two fluids ("astral" and "boreal") obeying inverse square law. • No magnetic monopoles: fluids are imprisoned in molecules of magnetic bodies. (3) Galvanism • 1770s. Galvani's frog legs. "Animal electricity": phenomenon belongs to biology. • 1800. Volta's ("volatic") pile. Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) • Pile consists of alternating copper and • Charged rod connected zinc plates separated by to inner foil. brine-soaked cloth. • Outer foil grounded. • A "battery" of Leyden • Inner and outer jars that can surfaces store equal spontaeously recharge but opposite charges. themselves. 1745 Leyden jar. • Volta: Pile is an electric phenomenon and belongs to physics. • But: Nicholson and Carlisle use voltaic current to decompose Alessandro Volta water into hydrogen and oxygen. Pile belongs to chemistry! (1745-1827) • Are electricity and magnetism different phenomena? ! Electricity involves violent actions and effects: sparks, thunder, etc. ! Magnetism is more quiet... Hans Christian • 1820. Oersted's Experimenta circa effectum conflictus elecrici in Oersted (1777-1851) acum magneticam ("Experiments on the effect of an electric conflict on the magnetic needle"). ! Galvanic current = an "electric conflict" between decompositions and recompositions of positive and negative electricities. ! Experiments with a galvanic source, connecting wire, and rotating magnetic needle: Needle moves in presence of pile! "Otherwise one could not understand how Oersted's Claims the same portion of the wire drives the • Electric conflict acts on magnetic poles.