4 *• V ( ; I f r > • rf t. 1 '1 I I J \ . t :v<f < ,( ( ‘J) i V • 1 V' J,' •' ‘ .<^ 'VJ) ' V . •-- , r. j * ' '- ••1 t V :W . , ‘'i*' '1 < '-: Vi '“' f f ‘ .1 ' f> \ i; 'I.' ,5' m ‘ >.• [V ,; I t. rJill aland] (Friw I nf]® pISKrtUna], OjOrcAil*** i llrbudra^^-4^ 1 IWNI fa [OCEAN ? according'' to Ancient T u y (n J/anuhgeihu .^uinomS' ^^Sarm/t/a ^SMASS. r A spania' V / Ma-r>. TliaACE: '^DESERT.i WCJJII,, / MAONA lONCX^LJ CA/tTltAtur Hvrcnnin RtRTHtEI>^R •*>* N I (G M I EnYTHR^V»r MARE Scu Rr'DRVM. State of jAURRA Nations ICiiRRaO kXRSUtf at the Chriniaii tera A DISSERTATION ON THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF THE SCYTHIANS OR GOTHS- BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY OF EUROPE. By JOHN PINKERTON. LONDON: PRINTED BY JOHN NICHOLS, FOR GEORGE NICOL, PALL-MALL. M DCC LXXXVII. ; [ ] PREFACE. eing occupied with a mod laborious refearch B into the hiftory of Scotland, preceding the year 1056, the author found it incontrovertibly fettled from Tacitus, Bed a, and the whole ancient accounts, that the Cakdonii or the ancient and dill chief inhabitants of*that country, came to it from German Scythia, or Scandinavia. This led him to enquire how the Scythians came to give their name even to the mod northern parts of Ger- many, from the earlieft days of Grecian literature, down to a very late period. He found that the firfl; Greek authors had certain knowlege that the Scythians had proceeded from Little, or Ancient, Scythia on the Euxine, even to the extremity of Germany, peopling the whole intervening country and that the Latin daffies had the fame knowlege. But that the reafon why Ifidorus, Beda, Paulus Diaconus, the Geographer of Ravenna, and in- numerable writers of the middle ages, call Scan- dinavia peculiarly Scythia, was that Jornandes, who wrote about 530, had imagined that the mod ancient Scythians proceeded from it about 4000 years before Chrid. Hence, in the darknefs of the middle ages, Scandinavia was regarded as the true Scythia, or Scythia Antiqua. A 2 As iv PREFACE. As the author was refolved, if a Spanifh proverb may be ufed, to leave nothing in the inkhorn^ knowing that, without going to the very bottom of a fubjedt like this, no point of it can be clear, he began a courfe of reading all the authors that could anywife illuftrate the early population of Europe. Proceeding chronologically thro the Greek and Roman writers, and the molt important ones of the middle ages, he referved modern authors to the laft, that they might minifter no matter of prejudice; for truth can only be had pure in it’s fountains. This great labour, as indexes were never confulted, fave in moral authors, as Ariflotle, Plato, &c. or others who could have almofl: no- thing on the fubjedt, confumed more than a year tho eight hours a day were almoft conftantly alloted to it ; and fuch clofe attention goes a great way in a little time. After this courfe of ancient reading he proceeded to the moderns, and found himfelf in quite a new world indeed ! For a fubjedt, fo capa- ble of fuperabundant illudration from the multi- tude of authorities, if induftry alone, wnth fome degree of clear judgement, be applied, has been totally loft in a mafs of fuperficiality and error. For error is the conftant, and inevitable, produce of fuperficiality. The truth is always at the bot- if a does tom ; and man not know all upon an an- tiquarian fubjedV, he knows nothing : nay lefs than nothing, inalmuch as error is worfe than ignorance. When all is redd upon fuch a theme, it is alfo a great plcafure to relied' that the truth muft be kno'.Mi ; for an(;ient authorities are fads in hiftqry, and ;;! preface. V and incontrovertible : one may be oppofetl to all concur, for another ; but when any modern to oppofe is in utter frenzy to dalh his head againft the wall of a caftle. After reading all upon fuch a fubjedt one is therefore thoroughly mailer of it and no information can remain that can infringe the abfolute knowlege acquired. Antiquarian re- fearches, when complete, are infallible ; for no new fadls can occur in antiquity. To talk of opinion, upon fuch fubjedls, is to talk as a child for opinion can never alter fadls ; a man may opine that fnow is black, or that a Scythian is a Celt but he will be left to his delufion, while the fadls Temain to eternity. Perhaps a more arduous talk never was under- taken than what is here fubmitted to the reader. The materials colledled would have compofed a vaft volume ; but this was foreign to the author’s intention. The toil of comprefling was far more great, than that of dilating would have been. A vaft volume might have been written in half the time employed in thefe few pages. But great ad- vantages attend the progrefs of fcience, from con- centrating into one ftrong focus a number of fcat- tered beams. Error is melted by the fierce light; and vaniflies beneath it’s power. Would to heaven we had fewer large books, and more fmall ones No greater advantage could arife to fcience, than if authors would follow the example of Tacitus, who, as Montefquieu well obferves, abridged all BECAUSE HE SAW ALL. A 3 The J Vi PREFACE. The learned have on no fubjejft fallen into fo numerous, and grofs, errors as with regard to the Scythians. They have been confounded with the Celts, tho all the ancient writers oppofe this ; and diftinguifli no two races of men more widely than Scythians and Celts. They have been taken for Sarmatians, tho all the ancients alfo oppofe this ; and, from the days of Herodotus, efpecially di- fiinguifli the Scythians from the Sarmatians, They have been, by late authors of the firft fame, con- founded with Tartars, an error of all others the mofl; ridiculous : for the Tartars were abfolutely unknown to the ancients, till the Huns, who were indeed fl:ri<flly fpeaking Mongols not Tartars *, appeared and feized on the countries of the eaftern Scythe. Thefe points are difcuffed in this eflay. But, that the reader may proceed to it with clear and precife ideas, he may be here tpld, what he will find fully difplayed in it, namely, that the * The name Tartar,^ as vague with us as Indian, is in fadi of fmall extent. It is not more ancient than the 12th cen- turry ; and was originally that of a fmall nation conquered by the Mongols under Zengh'zcan ; but by a caprice ufual in is names given by us to almoft half of Afia ! The Ufheks are now the chief Tartar nation. The Kalmucs are not Tartars, hut Mongols, a vaft people of a difterent language. The Turks are of the fame race with the Huns ; Mongols, not Tartars, according to De Guignes. The Tungufians, another vail people, are quite didim^ from the Tartars. On the call of the Lena the nations are from America, and differ from all the other Afiatics, as the rev. Mr. Tooke lliews in his Rujp.a. Sec V>e. Guignes i.des Huns-, Tuoke^s Hi RuJJia -y D' Arrjillcy Gcographie, &c. Scythians PREFACE, vii Scythians were neither Celts, Sarmatians, nor Tartars, no more than a horfe is an elephant, a lion or a tiger, but a horfe; fo the Scythians were Scythians, a diftinft, peculiar, and marked people, firft called Scythians by the Greeks, whoi retained that name for them till the deftrudtion of Conftantinople in the 15th century; while the Latins, upon forming a difagreeable acquaintance ivith them, called them Goths, as they alfo called themfelves. Now, tho almoft all Europe be poffeffed by the defeendents of the Goths, a people from whom* as lhall be Ihewn, the Greeks and Romans alfo fprung; and the Goths tranfeended, even when barbarians, all nations in wifdom and war : yet fuch is our ignorance, who are at prefent but llowly eloping from barbarifm, that the name of Goth, the facred name of our fathers is an objed of this deteftation ! This fchool-boy idea prevails to of hour in the firft writers ; fo true is the remark Dryden, Men are but children of a larger growth. It fprings folely from our love for Rome, (itfelf a Gothic ftate,) which we draw from Roman writers our knowlege that the other Goths at fchool ; and deftroyed the Roman empire. Inftead of turning our admiration to that great people, who could bleffing annihilate fo potent an empire ; inftead of * The Count du Buat forcibly expreffes this in his firft fentence, ‘ Les anciens peoples de I’Europe que nous appellons Barbares et qui font nos Peres.* Bift, Anc, des Pcuples de I' Europe^ Paris, 1772. Tme i. A4 the viii preface. the period that delivered all kingdoms from the dominion of one ; we execrate our progenitors, to whom we are indebted for all our prefent happi- nefs ! We look on the Goths as enemies of fcience, without once refleding that wifdom is at any time fuperior to fcience ; and that the Goths only de- fpifed the fcience prevalent on the decline of Rome, which was folly, and is regarded as fuch by us at prefent. How different was the opinion entertained of the Goths by the Greeks and Romans ! What ap- plaufe of the juftice, of the fortitude, of the tern- perance, of the wifdom, of the Scythians, in the Grecian page, from Herodotus to the lateft period ! What applaufe of the fame virtues of the fame people, under the names of Scythians or Goths, in the Roman works, even after they had feized the Roman empire ! Let us attend to the laft a little, as more immediately concerning us .