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Egypt Through the Stereoscope

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Egypt Through the Stereoscope oi.uchicago.edu i EGYPT THROUGH THE STEREOSCOPE A JOURNEY THROUGH THE LAND OF THE PHARAOHS CONDUCTED BY JAMES HENRY BREASTED, PH.D. Professor of Egyptology and Oriental History in the University of Chicago Director of Haskell Oriental Museum of the University of Chicago Director of the Egyptian Expedition of the University of Chicago UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD New York London Ottawa, Kansas San Francisco, California Toronto, Canada Bombay, India The publication of this volume was made possible through the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ORIental INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO I oi.uchicago.edu ii UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD ©1905 by UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD ©2010 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved Assembly The Oriental Institute All stereographs copyrighted MAP SYSTEM Patented in the United States, August 21, 1900 Patented in Great Britain, March 22, 1900 Patented in France, March 26, 1900. S.G.D.G. Switzerland, Patent 21,211 Miscellaneous Publications of the Oriental Institute Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban with the assistance of Rebecca Cain and Felicia Whitcomb Series Editors’ Acknowledgments Stereoscopes scanned by Palinopsia Studio, Chicago, Illinois Distributed on the Internet from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois • The United States of America oi.uchicago.edu iii CONTENTS PAGE STANDPOINTS IN EGYPT . v MAPS AND PLANS . ix FOREWORD . xi INTRODUCTION . 1 THE STORY OF EGYPT . 3 THE ITINERARY . 21 iii oi.uchicago.edu iv oi.uchicago.edu v STANDPOINTS IN EGYPT POSITION 1 . Pompey’s Pillar, the sailors’ landmark, and modern Alexandria . 23 2 . Cairo, home of the Arabian Nights, greatest city in Africa . 24 3 . Citadel and Mohammed Ali Mosque, beyond Bab el-Wezir cemetery, at feast of Bairam, Cairo . 28 4 . Cairo, across the city to the great Pyramids that furnished stone for its buildings . 30 5 . “Ship of the desert” passing tombs of by-gone Moslem rulers outside east wall of Cairo . 32 6 . Tomb Mosque of Sultan Kait Bey — most beautiful of the tombs of Cairo . 33 7 . The prayer-niche and pulpit in the tomb mosque of Kait Bey, Cairo . 34 8 . The Holy Carpet Parade with the Mahmal, before the departure of the pilgrims for Mecca, Cairo . 36 9 . The harem windows in the court of a wealthy Cairene’s house . 38 10 . Diorite statue of King Khafre, builder of the Second Pyramid at Gizeh, Cairo . 40 11 . The famous wooden statue called the Shekh el-Beled, in the Cairo Museum . 41 12 . The body of Sethos I who lived in the middle of the fourteenth century b.c., Cairo Museum . 43 13 . The magnificent jewelry of the Pharaohs (Queen Ahhotep, seventeenth century b.c.), Cairo Museum . 44 14 . The stela of Amenophis III, raised by Merneptah and bearing the earliest mention of Israel . 45 15 . The great Nile Bridge at Cairo open for the passage of the daily fleet of cargo boats . 47 16 . The road to the Pyramids, westward toward Gizeh . 48 17 . The great Pyramid of Gizeh, a tomb of 5,000 years ago . 50 18 . King Khufu’s tomb, the great Pyramid of Gizeh, and the sepulchers of his nobles . 51 19 . Corner of the Great Pyramid where tourists ascend . 53 20 . View from the summit of the Great Pyramid over the Valley of the Nile . 54 21 . Second Pyramid with crown of original casing . 56 22 . Mastabas of Khufu’s lords . 58 23 . Entrance to the Great Pyramid, the sepulcher of Khufu . 59 24 . Main passage leading to Khufu’s sepulcher within the Great Pyramid . 61 25 . Khufu’s sarcophagus, broken by robbers, in the sepulcher-chamber of the Great Pyramid . 62 26 . Ruins of the granite temple by the Sphinx . 64 27 . Great Sphinx of Gizeh, the largest royal portrait ever hewn . 65 28 . Statue of Ramses II, an embellishment of his now vanished temple at Memphis . 67 29 . The earliest occupation of men and the first attempt at a pyramid, Sakkarah . 69 30 . Quarry chambers of Masara whence came the blocks for the Great Pyramid . 71 31 . The sole survivor of a great city, the obelisk of Heliopolis . 72 32 . The brick store-chambers of Pithom, the city built by Hebrew bondsmen . 74 33 . Dahabiyehs on the river ready for the journey to the upper Nile . 75 34 . Watching a sand whirlwind from top of Hawara Pyramid . 76 v oi.uchicago.edu vi STANDPOINTS IN EGYPT 35 . Egyptian Shaduf, the oldest of well-sweeps, lifting the Nile waters to the thirsty fields . 79 36 . An Egyptian Sakieh or ox-driven bucket pump, raising water for irrigation . 80 37 . “Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn .” Threshing in modern Egypt . 81 38 . The winnowing of the grain after threshing — field work of peasant laborers . 82 39 . Brick-making, the task of the Hebrews as seen today among the ruins of Crocodilopolis . 83 40 . The tomb of a feudal lord at Benihasan, built about 1900 b.c. 85 41 . Cliff-tombs of the lords of Assiut, the King-makers of 4,000 years ago . 87 42 . Assiut, the largest city of Upper Egypt . 88 43 . The temple of Sethos I . 90 44 . Columns of the great hypostyle temple of Sethos I at Abydos . 93 45 . Sethos I and his son Ramses II worshipping their ancestors, in Sethos’ great temple, Abydos . 94 46 . The beautiful temple of Hathor at Denderah . 96 47 . Across the plain of Thebes and past the Memnon statues, from the western cliffs towards Luxor . 99 48 . Magnificent desolation, the deserted temple of Luxor . 101 49 . The Moslem mosque in the court of Ramses II, at Luxor Temple, Thebes . 104 50 . The most beautiful colonnade in Egypt . 105 51 . The obelisk of Ramses II and front of the Luxor Temple, Thebes . 106 52 . Grand Avenue of Rams, one of the southern approaches to the temple of Karnak, Thebes . 109 53 . The entire length of the gigantic temple of Amon at Karnak, Thebes . 111 54 . Excavating the famous avenue of rams . 112 55 . Avenue of sacred rams, leading from river to west entrance (after excavation), Karnak, Thebes . 113 56 . The great court of the Karnak temple, Thebes . 114 57 . The famous colonnade of the great Hypostyle Hall in the temple of Karnak, Thebes . 116 58 . Looking across the Sacred Lake to the great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak, Thebes . 117 59 . Middle aisle of the great Hypostyle and the obelisk of Thutmosis I, Karnak, Thebes . 119 60 . The tallest obelisk in Egypt, erected by Queen Makere in Karnak temple at Thebes . 120 (53 ). (Return) . 122 61 . Plants and animals brought to Egypt from the Pharaoh’s campaigns in Syria, Karnak, Thebes . 123 62 . War reliefs of Sethos I on north wall outside the Hypostyle of Karnak temple, Thebes . 124 63 . Records of the campaign of Shishak, who captured Jerusalem, relief at Karnak, Thebes . 125 64 . Colossal “Memnon” statues at Thebes . 126 65 . The Ramesseum, mortuary temple of Ramses II, Thebes . 130 66 . From roof of the Ramesseum, past the fallen colossus of Ramses II, . 132 67 . Plain of Thebes and the Colossi of Memnon . 133 68 . Theban plain and Temples of Medinet Habu from cemetery of Abd el-Kurna . 134 69 . Painted tomb chamber of Prince Sen-Nofer, hewn in rock of the western cliffs, Thebes . 135 70 . Buried for ages — colonnaded terraces of Queen Makere’s temple, Der el-Bahri, Thebes . 138 71 . Queen Makere’s expedition to East Africa, sixteenth century b.c., reliefs at Der el-Bahri, Thebes . 139 72 . From the high cliffs above Der el-Bahri across the plain to Luxor and the Nile, Thebes . 141 73 . Down the Nile across the western cliffs of Thebes . 142 74 . Valley of the Kings’ tombs where the great conquerors of Egypt were buried . ..
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