Modeling the Effects of the San Andreas, Garlock Faults and Sierra Nevada Frontal Fault Zone on the Uplift of the S

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Stop 1-1c: Modeling the effects of the San Andreas, Garlock faults and Sierra Nevada frontal fault zone on the uplift of the Sierra Nevada mountains, California Andrea Figueroa, California State University, Fullerton David Bowman, California State University, Fullerton Jeffrey Knott, California State University, Fullerton

Abstract 2002; Unruh, 1991; Wakabayashi and Sawyer, 2001). However, controversy continues Hypotheses that explain the mechanism of uplift regarding the mechanism driving the late for the Sierra and subsidence of the adjacent Cenozoic uplift (Small and Anderson, 1995; San Joaquin Valley have largely failed to Unruh, 1991; Wakabayashi and Sawyer, 2001; consider the influence of the San Andreas Fault Wernicke et al., 1996). (SAF). To examine the influence of the SAF, Garlock and Sierra Nevada Frontal Fault Zone The question proposed herein is: Can the fault (SNFFZ) on late Cenozoic Sierra uplift geometry and slip rates produce the southern dislocation models of regional crustal Sierra and San Joaquin valley topography? In deformation were constructed and run using this paper, a 3D crustal dislocation model is geologically determined slip rates. Slip on only presented that describes strain generated by the the SNFFZ generates the observed mountain interaction of the SAF – Garlock – SNFFZ fault front-piedmont intersection, but not the observed systems. The goal of the modeling is to use subsidence of the San Joaquin Valley. Models various time-dependent fault slip rates and fault with combined slip on the Garlock, SAF and interaction to replicate the modern topography. vertical slip on the SNFFZ generate the observed greater subsidence in the southern Methods San Joaquin. Based on modeling, pre-Cenozoic Modeling Physical Parameters uplift along the SNFFZ could define the large- Faults are modeled as dislocations in an elastic scale crustal blocks and relict topography. The half-space (Okada, 1992). In this large-scale post-5 Ma Sierra and San Joaquin Valley model the lithosphere is assumed to behave in deformation may be produced by a complex an elastic fashion (Hubert-Ferrari at al., 2003). interaction between SAF and Garlock strike-slip Faults are areas where dislocations are imposed motion and SNFFZ normal faulting, with SNFFZ on the model. The resulting elastic deformation strike-slip faulting having little influence. is calculated. Fault locations are from Jennings Introduction (1994). The Sierra Nevada Mountains of eastern San Andreas Fault California (Sierra) were a prominent topographic In the model, the SAF is a vertical (Eberhart- high in the early Cenozoic that has undergone a Phillips et al., Snay et al., 196; Zhu 2000), right lesser, yet significant, late Cenozoic uplift lateral fault with variable slip rates. For modeling (Bateman and Wahrhaftig, 1966; House et al., purposes, the SAF slip rate is estimated to be 10 2001; Huber, 1981; Poage and Chamberlain, mm/yr pre-5 Ma and 30 mm/yr after 5 Ma

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(Atwater, 1970; Atwater and Stock, 1998; beginnings of SNFFZ normal faulting and Sierra Eberhart-Phillips et al., 1990; Jones and uplift should be simultaneous. Estimates of the Wesnousky, 1992; Niemi and Hall, 1992; initiation of late Cenozoic uplift vary from 10 Ma Petersen and Wesnousky, 1994; Sedlock and to 5 Ma, while onset of normal faulting ranges Hamilton, 1991; Snay et al., 1996 Weldon and from 2.3 to 7 Ma (Bachman, 1978; Monastero et Sieh, 1985; Wesnousky, 1986; Zhu, 2000). al., 2002; Reheis and Sawyer, 1997). Garlock Fault The vertical component of slip, as measured on normal and oblique faults, varies from 0.1 to 2.5 In the model, the Garlock fault is a vertical (Astiz mm/yr (Berry, 1997; Clark and Gillespie, 1993; and Allen, 1983), left-lateral strike slip fault Clark et al., 1984; Martel et al., 1987; Zehfuss et extending at least 265 km eastward from the al., 2001). River incision and tilted strata in the SAF (Figures 2 and 3; (Hutton et al., 1991). A San Joaquin Valley reveal a longer-term rate of slip rate of 10 mm/yr was assigned to the 0.28º per million years for the last 5 Ma (Unruh, Garlock fault since estimates of slip rate vary 1991). To produce this tilt requires a 0.5-mm/yr from 7 to 13 mm/yr (Clark et al., 1984; Eberhart- vertical slip rate on the SNFFZ. Thus, a model Phillips et al., 1990; McGill and Sieh 1993; slip rate of 0.5 mm/yr was chosen. Petersen and Wesnousky, 1994; Smith, 1962; Smith et al., 2002; Snay et al., 1996). It is Strike Slip and Oblique Slip on the SNFFZ. assumed in the model that slip on the Garlock Oblique (dextral, normal) motion is common fault began at 5 Ma when the slip rate on the along the SNFFZ (Table 2). The transition from SAF increased (Hill and Dibblee, 1953). vertical to oblique motion within the SNFFZ occurred after the onset of normal faulting Sierra Nevada Frontal Fault Zone (SNFFZ) between 3.5 and 2 Ma and propagated The SNFFZ was modeled as one continuous northward (Monastero et al., 2002). Estimates of fault with an easterly dip of 70º. This dip angle the dextral slip rate on the Owens Valley fault and direction is consistent with the 80 ± 15º dip (southern section of SNFFZ) range from 1.5 to estimated from 1872 rupture (Beanland and 8.5 mm/yr (Beanland and Clark, 1982; Gan et Clark, 1982). al., 2000; Lee et al., 2001a; Lee et al., 2000; Lee Normal Slip Component of SNFFZ. If late et al., 2001b; Reheis and Dixon, 1996) with most Cenozoic uplift of the Sierra is the result of values close to 2 mm/yr. For the model, a right- normal faulting along the SNFFZ, then the lateral strike-slip rate of 2 mm/yr was chosen.

Table 1. Model Slip Rates. Slip rates (mm/year) for fault zones used for each model version.

Model Conditions San Andreas Garlock SNFFZ Lateral SNFFZ Normal Figure

Only uplift 0 0 0 0.5 1a No SNFFZ activity 30 10 0 0 1b

5 - 3 Ma 30 10 0 0.5 1c

3 Ma to present 30 10 2 0.5 1d

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Model Construction Modeling of elastic deformation was done using Nutcracker v6.3 (http://geology.fullerton.edu/ bowman/downloads.html). The model was constructed to cover the area 35.2º N 121.2º W to 38.8º N to 117.8º W. All calculations of elastic deformation in response to slip on the faults were done at a grid spacing of 5 km. Model Results Scenario A Many studies have proposed that uplift of the Sierra is the result of normal slip on the SNFFZ along the east side of the range (e.g., Huber, 1981; 1987; Wakabayashi and Sawyer, 2001). Figure 3a. Model results with normal slip on SNFFZ To test this hypothesis, Scenario A included 0.5 only. Contours show elevation change in meters. mm/yr of west-side-up slip on the SNFFZ and no Yellow tints are uplift; green and blue tints are lateral slip on the SAF, SNFFZ and Garlock subsidence. faults (Figure 1a). Scenario A shows both uniform uplift perpendicular to SNFFZ and uniform subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley parallel to the axis of the modern valley. However, drawbacks to Scenario A are that it does no uplift along the SAF nor does it produce greater subsidence in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Scenario B Scenario B models deformation generated by slip on the Garlock and SAF alone (Table 1) with no slip on the SNFFZ. As such, Scenario B tests whether the SAF and Garlock faults, without the SNFFZ, could generate Sierra uplift or San Joaquin valley subsidence. Scenario B produces Figure 1b. Model results with strike slip on SAF and a region of subsidence in the southern San Garlock. Joaquin Valley that extends across the southern Sierras (Figure 1b). Uplift produced by this Scenario C model is found along the SAF extending Scenario C models the 5-3 Ma tectonic eastward into the northern San Joaquin Valley; conditions by using slip rates of 30 mm/yr for the however, Scenario B does not produce uplift of SAF, 10 mm/yr for the Garlock, and 0.5 mm/yr of the Sierras. west side up slip for the SNFFZ (Figure 1c). In Scenario C, the southern Sierra has a narrower

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Scenario D Scenario D depicts crustal deformation similar to Scenario C with the addition of 2 mm/yr of dextral slip along the SNFFZ. The 2 mm/yr of strike slip motion on the SNFFZ (Figure 1d) results in a more restricted subsidence in the southern San Joaquin Valley along with the accompanying greater area of uplift of the southern Sierra and along the SAF. Discussion Many studies have invoked uplift along the SNFFZ as the key mechanism producing the late Cenozoic Sierra and San Joaquin topography (e.g., Huber, 1981; 1987; Unruh, 1991; Figure 1c. Model results with slip rates from 5-3 Ma Wakabayashi and Sawyer, 2001). Scenario A – see Table 1 for rates. uses uplift by normal slip on the SNFFZ only; area of uplift compared to the northern Sierras. however, critically absent is the generation of the Subsidence is generated in the southern Sierra topographic low in the southern San Joaquin and San Joaquin Valley, and there is uplift of the Valley. Scenario A accurately predicts the region along the SAF. variation in width of the Sierra with latitude, which is likely a relict topographic feature generated by pre-5 Ma slip on the SNFFZ. Jones et al. (2004) hypothesized that the uplift of the Coast Ranges, which are at the western margin of the model, are the result of compressive stresses formed as a consequence of Sierra uplift. If this were correct, then there would be a topographic expression of the Coast Ranges with simple SNFFZ uplift (Figure 1a); however, the Coast Ranges are not produced by Scenario A. In contrast, scenarios involving SAF slip produce uplift similar to the present-day Coast Ranges, even without SNFFZ normal slip (Scenario B). Scenario B, models topography generated by SAF and Garlock slip alone and does not produce the observed greater uplift of the southern Sierra. The absence of southern Sierra uplift is critical to dismissing this model as an Figure 1d. 3 Ma to present model results with lateral unrealistic mechanism for Sierra topography. slip on SNFFZ. Scenario B does, however, show that the

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SAF/Garlock system could cause extension in kinematics of the southern Sierra are affected by the southernmost Sierra in the location of the the San Andreas and Garlock faults. modern day Kern Gorge Fault. References Scenarios C and D create a greater topographic Astiz, L., and Allen, C. R., 1983, Seismicity of the Garlock low in the southern San Joaquin Valley Fault, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 73, no. 6, p. 1721-1734. compared with the north. This is consistent with Atwater, B. F., Adam, D. P., Bradbury, J. P., Forester, R. the division of the San Joaquin Valley into two M., Mark, R. K., Lettis, W. R., Fisher, G. R., Gobalet, K. different sub-basins at the Kings River. The W., and Robinson, S. W., 1986, A fan dam for Tulare Lake, California, and implications for the Wisconsin Kings River alluvial plain is split with part of its glacial history of the Sierra Nevada: Geological Society water flowing to the south into the Tulare Basin of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 97-109. Atwater, T., 1970, Implications of plate tectonics for the and part flowing north to San Francisco Bay and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America: the Pacific Ocean (Davis and Green, 1962). The Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, p. 3513-3536. Tulare structural basin has been actively Atwater, T., and Stock, J., 1998, Pacific-North American subsiding (Naeser, 1984) at a rate of 0.4 mm/yr plate tectonics of the Neogene southwestern United for the last 0.6 Ma (Atwater et al., 1986; Davis States: An update, in Ernst, W. G., and Nelson, C. A., eds., Integrated Earth and Environmental Evolution of and Green, 1962). The location of the Tulare the Southwestern United States, the Clarence A Hall, Basin is located to the north of the locus of Jr Volume: Columbia, Bellwether Publishing, Ltd. Bachman, S. B., 1978, Pliocene-Pleistocene break-up of subsidence predicted in the model. This is most the Sierra Nevada-White-Inyo Mountains block and likely due to the fact that the White Wolf Fault is formation of Owens Valley: Geology, v. 6, p. 461-463. not included in the model. The White Wolf Fault Bartow, J. A., 1991, The Cenozoic evolution of the San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S.G.S. Professional is subparallel to the Garlock fault with the same Paper, v. 1501, p. D1-D40. sense of motion. If it were included in this model Bateman, P. C., and Wahrhaftig, C., 1966, Geology of the Sierra Nevada, in Bailey, E., ed., Geology of Northern it would likely shift the locus of subsidence in the California, California Division of Mines and Geology, p. model to the actual location of the Tulare Basin. 107-172. Beanland, S., and Clark, M. M., 1982, The Owens Valley The greater flexure shown in the southern Sierra Fault Zone, eastern California, and surface faulting in this model is also consistent with the dipping associated with the 1872 earthquake: U.S. Geological of Tertiary sediments which varies from 1º -2º in Survey Bulletin. Berry, M. E., 1997, Geomorphic analysis of late Quaternary the northern Sierras and 4º - 6º in the Bakersfield faulting on Hilton Creek, Round Valley and Coyote area (Bartow, 1991). warp faults, east-central Sierra Nevada, California, USA: Geomorphology, v. 20, p. 177-195. Conclusions Clark, M. M., and Gillespie, A., 1993, Variations in Late Quaternary behavior along and among range-front An elastic model of the Sierra crust with SAF, faults of the Sierra Nevada, California: Geological Society of America, 89th annual Cordillearan Section Garlock and SNFFZ geometry and slip rate meeting and 46th annual Rocky Mountain Section inputs accurately predicts regional topography. meeting Abstracts with Programs, v. 35, no. 5, p. 21. The model scenario with 30 mm/yr of slip on the Clark, M. M., Harms, K. K., Lienkaemper, J. J., Harwood, D. S., Lajoie, K. R., Matti, J. C., Perkins, J. A., Rymer, M. SAF, 10 mm/yr on the Garlock and 0.5 mm/yr of J., Sarna-Wojcicki, A. M., Sharp, R. V., Sims, J. D., vertical slip on the SNFFZ most closely Tinsley, J. C., and Ziony, J. I., 1984, Preliminary slip- rate table and map of Late-Quaternary Faults of resembles the uplift of the Sierra and Coast California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Ranges, and subsidence of the San Joaquin 84-106, Open File Report 84-106. Davis, G. H., and Green, J. H., 1962, Structural control of Valley. Model scenarios indicate that SNFFZ interior drainage, southern San Joaquin Valley, uplift alone does not generate the Coast Ranges California: U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 450-D. Short or San Joaquin Valley subsidence. The modeling Papers in Geology, Hydrology, and Topogrpahy Articles, p. 120-17989-94. supports Webb‘s (1955) hypothesis that the

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