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Hijrat: the Flight of the Faithful a British File on the Exodus of Muslim Peasants from North Lndia to Afghanistan in 1920

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Hijrat: the Flight of the Faithful a British File on the Exodus of Muslim Peasants from North Lndia to Afghanistan in 1920 Forschungsschwerpunkt Moderner Orient Förderungsgesellschaft Wissenschaftliche Neuvorhaben mbH • Dietrich Reetz Hijrat: The Flight of the Faithful A British File on the Exodus of Muslim Peasants from North lndia to Afghanistan in 1920 Arbeitshefte 5 gJ Verlag Das Arabische Buch Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Reetz, Dietrich: Hijrat: The Flight of the Faithful. A British File on the Exodus of Muslim Peasants from North India to Afghanistan in 1920 Dietrich Reetz. - Berlin: Verl. Das Arabische Buch, 1995 (Arbeitshefte / Forschungsschwerpunkt Moderner Orient, Förderungsgesellschaft Wissenschaftliche Neuvorhaben mbH; Nr. 5) ISBN 3-86093-075-3 NE: Förderungsgesellschaft Wissenschaftliche Neuvorhaben <München> / Forschungsschwerpunkt Moderner Orient: Arbeitshefte Forschungsschwerpunkt Moderner Orient Förderungsgesellschaft Wissenschaftliche Neuvorhaben mbH Kommissarischer Leiter: Prof. Dr. Peter Heine Prenzlauer Promenade 149-152 13189 Berlin Tel. 030 / 4797319 ISBN 3-86093-075-3 ARBEITSHEFTE Bestellungen: Das Arabische Buch Horstweg2 14059 Berlin Tel. 030 / 3228523 Redaktion und Satz: Margret Liepach, Helga Reher Druck: Druckerei Weinert, Berlin Printed in Germany 1995 Contents List of abbreviations 5 Map 1: Events of tbe Hijrat and otber local and Islamic resistance in tbe North-West Frontier Province and trans-border tribal territories of British India in 1920. 6 Map 2: Peshawar District and Border Area of NWFP in 1920. 7 Introduction 9 Bibliograpbical background 10 The Kbilafat grievances and non-co-operation 13 The mentors of the movement 14 Religions commandments 15 Gandhi joins hands 18 The Khilafatists stick to their argument 21 Afghan ambitions 23 Would the Afghans invade lndia? 23 Amanullah: establishing authority 24 Pan-Pakhtun unity and self-determination 26 Keeping the. powder dry 29 Taking up the Muslim cause 31 Conceiving Hijrat 33 Why Indian Muslims needed the khilafat? 33 Abu Kalam Azad: theological arguments 34 Abdul Bari: trying to manoeuvre 36 Gandhi: how to keep hijrat away 39 The masses: following a vision 41 The Afghans: toying witb a proposition 42 The activists: going for the real 43 Getting into gear: the movement spreads its tentacles 46 Catching up after a slow start 46 A special train from Sindh 46 British anxiety 48 First assessment reports 48 Local inquiries 49 Why go on hijrat? 50 Who was leaving, and from where? 52 Rumours: an effective weapon 55 British handling: between deference and contempt 56 Afghan response: expectations and confusion 58 High tide and ebbing out 60 The daily business of hijrat 60 Building up tension 61 Turning point 64 Aftermath - disarray and frustration 67 Tales of hardship 67 Repatriation and relief work 70 Easing relations with Afghanistan 72 Legacy for India 73 Evaluation attempt 76 A religious affair? 76 Lack of leadership 78 Local political culture 79 Millenarian hopes 81 Exodus and avoidance protest 83 Where does the hijrat belong? 84 Notes 86 Glossary 99 Chronology 102 Index 103 Tab: Provincial Diary of the North-West Frontier Province on the number of muhajirin in 1920 106 Annex 107 I' l \. list of abbreviations BLIOR British Library India Office Records. cc Chief Commissioner - British head of provincial admin­ istration. cm Central Intelligence Department of the Govemment of India, controlling political opposition. CW, Vol. No. Collected Workl' of Mahatma Gandh~ 90 Vols. Delhi: Tue Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govemment of India, 1958-1984. DC Deputy Commissioner. Doc (No), p. (No) Document No „., page No „.; referring to the number­ ing of documents in the political committee file repro­ duced in the annex. FID Frontier Intelligence Diary. FPD Frontier Provincial Diary. Horne (Pol) D Horne (Political) Department of the Govemment of India. IAR (year) Indian Annual Register (1921 tc.), edited by H. N. Mi­ tra, Delhi: Gian, 1988 [Repr.]. IMDR, Vol. No. The Indian Muslims: A Documentary Record 1900-1947, edited by Shan Muhammad, 11 vols., Meerut: Meenak­ shi Prakashan, 1980-1992. India in (year) lndia in 19.. : A Report prepared for presentation to Par­ liament „., edited by L. F. Rushbrook Williams from 1918 to 1935, Delhi: Anmol Publications 1985 (Reprint). JUH Jamiyyat.al-Ulama-e-Hind. NAI National Archive of India, Delhi. NWFP North-West Frontier Province. Punjab Press (year) Punjab Press Abstract 1920-21. Shelf-mark BL IOR L/R/5/202. P&J Public and Judicial (Department of the India Office), also indicating file group of papers. Rs Rupies. Selections UP (year). Selections from newspapers published in the United Prov­ inces in 1919-20. Shelf-mark BL IOR L/R/5/95. Map 1: Events of the Hijrat and other local and Islarnic resistance in the North-West Fron­ tier Province and trans-border tribal territories of British India in 1920. Jabal u.SJ.raj Kabul • Mu1t00rlc fromSindh Provincial Boundaries Administrative Border Dislricl Boundaries Name ol Dislricl PESHAWAR Name ol Tribe Mohmand Name of localily Daklta Area ol mujahidin aclivily Area o/ "Provisional Governmenl' Major area of rnuhajirin ____./! · Direclions ol hijral Sources: Olaf Caroe. The Pathans, 1965; Stephen Rittenberg, Ethnicity, Nationalism, and the Pakhtuns, 1988; J. A. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia; 1992. Redrawn. Map2: Peshawar District and Border Area of NWFP in 1920. II) -l!HU?LNClS - P••1r1•CIAL ••1U1DAllll.V UNI: __..,,,. 011n1c.1" atvfllOAHLt•l.I (wtuC.N .„ „•.• „ ......... „ ') AGIMCY af\lllOA"-Y \.INI. (w11uc.~ ,,„ .• „„L. O"L .t.C:C.•CT .....„ „„OTMl.'l •• AT ... 1aa..L. .lilt&A.\- -·- T•oo••L. ••"''"n•"" o• T 111e„"- A•l.A L•Nt. (w1uC.ot s.l•-••T•t. .„„. TAMllL ell TlloBa.'- r•u„„„ ............ a.•01"ML•') ... Adapted from Government of lndia, Census of /ndia. Vol. XIV. North-West Frontier Province. Part: /Report. Peshawar: NWFP Govemment Press, 1922, p. vii. Introduction lt was an unexpected sight of some ferocity that astounded all those who witnessed the events of Saturday morning on 14 August 1920. An excited and bighly 'truculent' wave of roughly 7,000 people moved from the small frontier town of Landi Kotal to the Khaiber Pass bent on crossing the border from lndia into Afghanistan against all resistance to fulfil their religious duty of emigration from the Land of the lnfidels, the Land of War, Dar-ul-Harb, to the Land of Islam, Dar-ul-Islam, which to them Afghanistan seemed tobe. They were chanting religious slogans and hymns to the tune of martial music, some of it Islamic and some profoundly British, 'One large company was played out of British India to the tune of the British Grenadiers, played on an old fife!' 1 Imbued with a holy spirit and a festive mood, they were not to be stopped by the Afghans who had blocked the road at the border with a guard of 50 men. Tue Afghans who first invited them now feared they would be swept off their feet by the storm wbich they bad unleashed.2 Tue event wbich continued to intrigue the minds of researchers, of loyalists and opponents of the Muslim movement in British India was the spontaneous exodus of thousands of Muslim peasants from India to Afghanistan in 1920. Tue name hijrat derived from its famous forerunner when the Prophet Mohammed and bis disciples left Mecca to go to Medina in 622 A.D. and set up the first Islamic state, or rather, local government. Emulating the prototype, Indian Muslims abandoned their hearth and home in the gruelling mid-summer heat, embarking on a joumey to Afghanistan which they considered the abode of Islam. Y et tbis exodus was only a trickle compared to the coming flood of the Khilafat movement. Tue latter aimed at the preservation and restoration of the powers of the Ottoman Khalifa, the spiritual, and, for many centuries also, the temporal head of the world community of Muslims, i.e. of the Islamic ummah. Tue Ottoman Turkish Empire was defeated in the Great War as the World War 1 was known at the time after it had blindly sided with Germany. Turkey was stripped down to its Anatolian heartlands and its Imperial glory went the way the Austrian Habsburg Empire was going. About the only one who cared for tbe Turkisb Sultan in bis diminished constituency were the Indian Muslims, and for reasons wbich bad very little to do with the Ottoman Empire, or with Turkey. This manuscript came into being as part of my research on a long-term project on ethnic and religious conflict in pre-independence India. lt may eventually be included into a larger manuscript on the hijrat reaching beyond the limited scope of this paper. Tue essay will introduce a file from the lndia Office, London, covering the events of this hijrat, discuss the background of the movement, the preparation · stage, the actual beginning of the movement, its peak, decline and aftermath. In the end, it will offer an assessment. Tue spelling of the proper nouns of Urdu, Arabic, Persian or Pashto origin follows the English transcription convention. They were kept in small letters and put in italics, except when they were commonly used in compound words 10 like Khilafat Committee, or when anglicized like Khilafatist, Sepoy, Maulvi. To make reading easier, diacritical marks were only applied in the glossary, except when they were given in quotations. Tue Arabic-knowing reader will kindly excuse that the usage of Arabic terms like hijrat, Khalifa and Khalifat follows the Urdu spelling current at the time of the movement in India. I'm deeply grateful to my colleagues who have read the manuscript and pro­ vided me with valuable advice: Linda Schilcher from the History Department of Villanova University in the US and visiting fellow at our Center, who also improved the language of the manuscript, Peter Heine, Professor of non-Ara­ bian Islam at Humboldt-University and acting director of this Center, and Raman Mahadevan, historian and economist from the Nehru-University in Delhi and visiting fellow at the Center.
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