DOCSLIB.ORG

FES Transients Workshop Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FES Transients Workshop Report Fusion Energy Sciences Workshop ON TRANSIENTS IN TOKAMAK PLASMAS Report on Scientific Challenges and Research Opportunities in Transient Research June 8-11, 2015 Fusion Energy Sciences Transient Events in Tokamak Plasmas FUSION ENERGY SCIENCES WORKSHOP ON TRANSIENTS IN TOKAMAK RESEARCH Report on Science Challenges and Research Opportunities for Transient Events in Tokamak Plasmas Chair: Charles M. Greenfield, General Atomics Co-Chair: Raffi Nazikian, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory FES Contact: Mark S. Foster, U.S. Department of Energy ELM Leads: Raffi Nazikian, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory John Canik, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Natural ELM Free Operating Scenarios Jerry Hughes, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Wayne Solomon, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory ELM Mitigation or Suppression with 3D Magnetic Perturbations Max E. Fenstermacher, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Oliver Schmitz, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison ELM Pacing Larry Baylor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Gary Jackson, General Atomics Disruption Leads: Charles M. Greenfield, General Atomics Dylan Brennan, Princeton University Disruption Prediction Steven A. Sabbagh, Columbia University Chris Hegna, University of Wisconsin, Madison Disruption Avoidance Edward J. Strait, General Atomics David Gates, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Disruption Mitigation Valerie Izzo, University of California, San Diego Robert Granetz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 Transient Events in Tokamak Plasmas ELM Panel Members Natural ELM Free Operating Scenarios Keith Burrell, General Atomics Andrea Garofalo, General Atomics Jerry Hughes, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dennis Mansfield, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory John Rice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Wayne Solomon, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory ELM Mitigation or Suppression with 3D Magnetic Perturbations Joon-Wook Ahn, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Choong-Seock Chang, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Todd Evans, General Atomics Max E. Fenstermacher, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Nathaniel Ferraro, General Atomics Rick Moyer, UC San Diego Oliver Schmitz, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison Carlos Paz-Soldan, General Atomics Raffi Nazikian, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Jong-Kyu Park, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Francois Waelbroeck, University of Texas, Austin ELM Pacing Larry Baylor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Alessandro Bortolon, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Nicolas Commaux, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Stephanie J. Diem, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Gary Jackson, General Atomics Dennis Mansfield, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Robert Lunsford, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Daisuke Shiraki, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Zhehui Wang, Los Alamos National Laboratory Ex officio Alberto Loarte, ITER Organization Guido Huijsmans, ITER Organization Disruption Panel Members Disruption Prediction N. Ferraro, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory J. Ferron, General Atomics R. Granetz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chris Hegna, University of Wisconsin, Madison Scott Kruger, Tech-X Corporation R. La Haye, General Atomics David A. Maurer, Auburn University 3 Transient Events in Tokamak Plasmas Steven A. Sabbagh, Columbia University Benjamin Tobias, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory K. Tritz, Johns Hopkins University Ex officio Peter deVries, ITER Organization Disruption Avoidance David Gates, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Stephan P. Gerhardt, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Jeremy M. Hanson, Columbia University David A. Humphreys, General Atomics E. Kolemen, Princeton University Robert J. La Haye, General Atomics Matthew J. Lanctot, General Atomics Steven A. Sabbagh, Columbia University Edward J. Strait, General Atomics Michael L. Walker, General Atomics Ex officio Joseph A. Snipes, ITER Organization Disruption Mitigation Nicolas Eidietis, General Atomics Robert Granetz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Valerie Izzo, University of California, San Diego Roger Raman, University of Washington David Rasmussen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Ex officio Michael Lehnen, ITER Organization Joseph A. Snipes,, ITER Organization Cover design: Kyle Palmer, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Technical Editing: John Greenwald, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Fusion Energy Sciences Office of Science 4 Transient Events in Tokamak Plasmas U.S Department of Energy Cover page image credits Top left: Visible fast camera image of edge filaments ejected from the plasma by an ELM event in NSTX (shot 141307 at 505.486 ms). In this figure the separatrix is the dashed line and the limiter (RF antenna) shadow is the dotted line. Courtesy: B. Davis, R. Ma- queda, S. Zweben. R.J. Macqueda, et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 056117 (2009). Middle: Visible image of brehmstrahlung radiation from confined runaway electrons in DIII-D. C. Paz-Soldan, et al., Phys. Plasmas 21 022514 (2014). Top right: Visible image obtained during a major disruption in Alcator C-MOD. Streaks are trails of particles released from surfaces during the disruption event. Courtesy: Ian Faust and Robert Granetz (MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center). Bottom right: The nonlinear ELM magnetic tangle, shown by a single magnetic field line (white) traced many times around the torus, approximately follows the temperature con- tours of the ELM (yellow/blue) near the lower X-point during a large Type I ELM. (DIII- D shot 119690, resistive MHD simulation with M3D code). L.E. Sugiyama and H.R. Strauss, Phys. Plasmas 17, 062505 (2010). Bottom left: Contrast-enhanced fast image of ELM filament in the Pegasus Toroidal Ex- periment at University of Wisconsin-Madison. Courtesy: M.W. Bongard and R.J. Fonck (University of Wisconsin). 5 Transient Events in Tokamak Plasmas Table of Contents Executive Summary 7 I. Overview of the Transients Challenge 14 I.0 Introduction 14 I.1 Disruptions in Tokamak Plasmas 15 I.2 Edge Localized Modes in Tokamak Plasmas 18 I.3 Linkages to other Plasma Science 22 I.4 Resource Documents 23 I.5 Transient Workshop Process and Report Organization 24 I.6 Note to the Reader 26 II. The Disruption Challenge 27 II.0 Introduction 28 II.1 Subpanel report on Disruption Prediction 34 II.2 Subpanel report on Disruption Avoidance 99 II.3 Subpanel report on Disruption Mitigation 166 III. The ELM Challenge 201 III.0 ELM Physics: Progress since ReNeW, Gaps and Research Needs 202 III.1 ELM mitigation requirements for fusion reactors 209 III.2 Subpanel report on naturally ELM stable and ELM mitigated regimes 212 III.3 Subpanel report on ELM Mitigation or Suppression with Three-Dimensional Magnetic Perturbations 245 III.4 Subpanel report on ELM pacing 297 IV. Appendices 319 A. Charge Letter from FES 320 B. Community Input Workshop speakers 323 C. Transients Workshop agenda 325 D. List of Workshop Participants 328 E. List of submitted white papers 330 6 Transient Events in Tokamak Plasmas Executive Summary A series of community workshops was held under the direction of the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences to identify research opportunities addressing the challenges of potential- ly damaging transient events in tokamak fusion reactors, specifically Edge-Localized Modes (ELMs) and disruptions. The findings and recommendations identify and address the research gaps and needs for the U.S. fusion program to maintain leadership in this rapidly evolving area, to meet the ITER challenge in time for ITER operation and to de- velop the physics basis to inform the design of future tokamaks beyond ITER. A main goal of tokamak research is to develop the means of operating high-pressure fu- sion plasmas within the bounds of stability and controllability while avoiding the occur- rence of transient events that can degrade or terminate the plasma discharge and poten- tially damage the facility. Various events in a tokamak plasma can lead to the sudden re- lease of thermal and magnetic stored energy to the walls. Two events of particular con- cern are ELMs and disruptions. First, ELMs can drive repetitive (approx. 1 Hz) pulses of up to 10 percent or more of the plasma stored energy to the walls in ITER. Second, dis- ruptions can rapidly release significantly more plasma energy than ELMs or completely terminate the discharge, releasing all of the plasma’s thermal and magnetic energy into the first wall, vessel components, and the device support structure. Disruptions can also produce a runaway electron population that can cause concentrated, local damage to components. It is critical for the success of ITER and future tokamaks to gain full under- standing and control of these events. Moreover, success on this challenging scientific re- search path is essential for the long-term viability of the tokamak approach to fusion en- ergy. Present estimates indicate that sustained fusion performance in ITER and later reactors will require very large reductions in the magnitude and frequency of both ELMs and ma- jor disruptions based on extrapolations from current experiments. For example, in a high fusion power ITER plasma, ELMs can release in excess of 30 MJ of stored energy to the wall in a fraction of a millisecond and this can repeat hundreds of times in a single high power discharge. Minor disruptions can release 300 MJ or more, and major disruptions can release the predicted total plasma stored energy – up to 500 MJ, and produce runa- way electrons. The consequences can be significant, ranging from melting of the first wall and other device components and accelerated material erosion limiting the lifetime
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2015 Annual Report
    2015 AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL TM ADVANCING PHYSICS REPORT TM THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY STRIVES TO Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration Have an active, engaged, and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members © 2016 American Physical Society During 2015, APS worked to institute the governance objective: “the advancement and diffusion of the knowledge changes approved by the membership in late 2014. In of physics.” APS is fully committed to the principles of OA accordance with the new Constitution & Bylaws, in to the extent that we can continue to support the production February the Board appointed our first Chief Executive of high-quality peer-reviewed journals. For many years APS Officer—Kate Kirby, the former Executive Officer—to has supported “green” OA and we have been fully compliant head the APS. Kate’s major task has been to transition with the 2013 directive from the Office of Science and the management of APS to a CEO model with a Senior Technology Policy that the publications resulting from Management Team. She appointed Mark Doyle as Chief U.S. federally funded research be accessible to the public 12 Information Officer, James Taylor as Chief Operating months after publication. Since APS is a major international Officer, and Matthew Salter as the new Publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • ITER Review Panel Members
    APPENDIX A REVIEW TEAM MEMBERS, AND MEETINGS A.1 ITER Review Panel Members Prof. Robert W. Conn (Chairman)* Dean and Walter J. Zable Professor, School of Engineering University of California, San Diego Dr. David Baldwin Senior Vice President General Atomics Dr. Richard J. Briggs* Senior Program Manager SAIC Prof. James D. Callen* Kerst Professor of Nuclear Engineering & Engineering Physics and Physics University of Wisconsin Prof. Robert Goldston Associate Director for Research of PPPL and Professor of Astro-Physical Sciences, Princeton University Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Prof. Richard D. Hazeltine * Director of the Institute for Fusion Studies, and Professor of Physics University of Texas, Austin Dr. Richard E. Siemon Fusion Energy Program Manager Los Alamos National Laboratory Dr. Tony S. Taylor * Senior Technical Advisor and Group Leader, Stability General Atomics *Also FESAC member APPENDIX A 1 A.2 ITER Review Sub-Panel Members Sub-Panel I. Physics Performance, Projections, Experimental & Theoretical Basis, Global Scaling Dr. Tony S. Taylor (Co chairman)* Senior Technical Advisor and Group leader, stability General Atomics Dr. William Tang (Co chairman) Principal Research Physicist, head, Theory Division Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Prof. Glen Bateman Professor of Physics Lehigh University Dr. Keith Burrell Senior Technical Advisor General Atomics Dr. Vincent Chan Director, Core Physics General Atomics Prof. Lui Chen Professor of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Irvine Dr. Steven Cowley Professor of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Los Angeles Dr. Patrick Diamond Professor of Physics University of California, San Diego Dr. William Dorland Research Associate, Institute for Fusion Studies University of Texas, Austin Dr. James Drake Professor of Physics, Laboratory for Plasma Research University of Maryland APPENDIX A 2 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing Physics
    AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY TM Advancing Physics 2014 ANNUAL REPORT THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY STRIVES TO Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration Have an active, engaged, and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members TM © 2015 American Physical Society Cover image: Light angular momentum of a plane wave diffracted by a two-dimensional object [O. Emile et al., Phys. Rev. A 89, 013846 (2014)]. AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 2014 ANNUAL REPORT 1 t is not an exaggeration to say that 2014 was an historic year for APS. For the first time in 100 years, the Society carried out a major reform of its governance Iand executive structure. The reforms are intended to strengthen APS to meet the challenges facing the Society in the increasingly complex and rapidly evolving world in which we live. The changes also bring us into conformity with the statutes governing nonprofit corporations in Washington DC, where we continue to be incorporated. After a process that gave voice to all elements of our Society from the Executive Board to the Council to the Units and of course to the members, the reforms were approved by an overwhelming positive vote of the membership. This year the Society received the largest single gift in its history from Jay and Mary Jayne Jones of Seattle, Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Annual Report American Physical Society N G E E T I S M I C I F T N E I
    AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY TM A L R E N U P O N R A T 2 1 0 2 TM THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY STRIVES TO Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration Have an active, engaged, and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members. Cover images: top: Real CMS proton-proton collision events in which 4 high energy electrons (green lines and red towers) are observed. The event shows characteristics expected from the decay of a Higgs boson but is also consistent with background Standard Model physics processes [T. McCauley et al., CERN, (2012)] Bottom, left to right, a: Vortices on demand in multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensates [R. Zamora-Zamora, et al., Phys. Rev. A 86, 053624 (2012)] b: Differences between emission patterns and internal modes of optical resonators [S. Creagh et al., Phys. Rev. E 85, 015201 (2012)] c: Magnetic field lines of a pair of Nambu monopoles [R. C. Silvaet al., Phys. Rev. B 87, 014414 (2013)] d: Scaling behavior and beyond equilibrium in the hexagonal manganites [S. M. Griffinet al., Phys. Rev. X 2, 041022 (2012)] Page 2: Effect of solutal Marangoni convection on motion, coarsening, and coalescence of droplets in a monotectic system [F. Wang et al., Phys. Rev. E 86, 066318 (2012)] Page 3: Collective excitations of quasi-two-dimensional trapped dipolar fermions: Transition from collisionless to hydrodynamic regime [M.
    [Show full text]
  • DIII-D Researchers Earn Multiple Honors from American Physical
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE DIII-D Researchers Earn Multiple Honors from American Physical Society Awards recognize pioneering work in plasma physics at fusion facility operated by General Atomics San Diego, CA – July 10, 2018: The American Physical Society (APS) has awarded the two most prestigious prizes in plasma physics to researchers working at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility. The awards were based on research carried out at DIII-D, a U.S. Department of Energy user facility operated by General Atomics (GA). The research represented by these awards have transformed our understanding of fusion plasmas and enabled great advances in tokamak performance and control. GA scientist Keith Burrell won the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the field. In addition, DIII-D scientists Todd Evans (General Atomics), Max Fenstermacher, (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), and Rick Moyer (University of California, San Diego), won the John Dawson Award for Excellence in Plasma Physics Research, which recognizes a particular recent outstanding achievement. Burrell’s research at DIII-D over the past 40 years helped develop and validate the theory that explains how hot plasmas in a magnetic field can self-organize to reach improved states of confinement at higher pressures, which are necessary to create fusion. Through an effect called sheared flow, the plasma can be induced to confine itself within the magnetic field. In future self-sustaining fusion devices, these effects will lead to greater fusion power than would otherwise be possible. Evans, Fenstermacher, and Moyer were honored for experiments proving that instabilities in fusion plasmas known as edge localized modes (ELMs) can be stabilized by finely tuning the three-dimensional magnetic field.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics and Contributions of the Three Major United States Toroidal Magnetic Fusion Facilities
    Report of the 2005 FESAC Facilities Panel, Vol. 1: Characteristics and Contributions of the Three Major United States Toroidal Magnetic Fusion Facilities Submitted to the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee July 11, 2005 July 11, 2005 Facilities Panel Members JILL DAHLBURG, Naval Research Laboratory (Chair) STEVEN L. ALLEN, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Vice-Chair) RICCARDO BETTI, University of Rochester STEPHEN KNOWLTON, Auburn University RAJESH MAINGI, Oak Ridge National Laboratory GERALD A. NAVRATIL, Columbia University STEVEN A. SABBAGH, Columbia University JOHN SHEFFIELD, University of Tennessee JAMES W. VAN DAM, University of Texas at Austin DENNIS WHYTE, University of Wisconsin at Madison 2 July 11, 2005 Executive Summary The three major toroidal fusion research facilities in the U.S. have diverse and complementary characteristics, which were developed on the basis of evolving U.S. innovation in fusion energy sciences. Taken together these three facilities provide the U.S. with a very effective presence in the world program of fusion research. Their success has enabled the U.S. to have substantial impact on the direction and progress of the field, including world leadership in understanding fundamental transport processes in magnetically confined plasmas, and optimization of the magnetic configuration for confinement of high pressure plasmas. Unique and complimentary characteristics The characteristics that make each of these toroidal facilities unique in research capability stem from their initial research motivations: C-Mod to understand plasma behavior at very high magnetic field with the plasma pressure and field appropriate for sustaining a burning plasma for energy production. DIII-D to understand and improve plasma confinement and stability as a function of plasma shape and magnetic field distribution in a collisionless plasma.
    [Show full text]
  • AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 2017 ANNUAL REPORT the American Physical Society Strives To
    AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 2017 ANNUAL REPORT The American Physical Society strives to Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity; Provide effective programs in support of the physics community and the conduct of physics; Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community; Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration; Promote an active, engaged and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members. Cover image from Electronic charge rearrangement at metal/organic interfaces induced by weak van der Waals interactions [N. Ferri, et al., Phys. Rev. Materials 1, 026003 (2017)] © 2018 AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY It has been an extraordinary year for APS and physics. Our APS heart and soul for 125 years, our international family of journals, continues to grow in excellence and breadth under the leadership of our Editor in Chief, Michael Thoennessen, our Publisher, Matthew Salter, our many Ph.D. full-time professional editors, and our remote part-time editors who are each active researchers. The newest in our family, Physical Review Materials rolled out in 2017, flourishes. The results for the last four Nobel Prizes were published in our flagship journal,Physical Review Letters: The LIGO detection of two black holes awarded three of our members the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics, and this year LIGO-VIRGO detected neutron stars colliding, allowing us to study these massive, rich objects with both photons and gravity waves.
    [Show full text]