Version 1.1, November 2014

Version 1.1, November 2014 Suggested citation: Suggested W erner, A.B.T., Sinclair, W.D., and Amey, E.B., 2014, International strategic mineral mineral strategic International 2014, E.B., Amey, and W.D., Sinclair, A.B.T., Werner, issues summary report—Tungsten (ver. 1.1, November 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Survey Geological U.S. 2014): November 1.1, (ver. report—Tungsten summary issues Circular 930–O, 74 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0930/o/. [Supersedes [Supersedes http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0930/o/. p., 74 930–O, Circular version 1.0 published in 1998; revisions in 2014 by John H. DeYoung, Jr., and and Jr., DeYoung, H. John by 2014 in revisions 1998; in published 1.0 version Kim B. Shedd.] KimB.

First release 1998, version 1.0 version 1998, release First Revised November 2014, as version 1.1, to replace table 2 table replace to 1.1, version as 2014, November Revised

PREFACE

Earth-science and mineral-resource agencies from several countries started the Inter- national Strategic Minerals Inventory, later renamed International Strategic Mineral Issues, in order to cooperatively gather information about major sources of mineral raw materials. This circular summarizes inventory information about major deposits of tungsten. The report was prepared by Antony B.T. Werner, Canadian Department of Natural Resources (NRCan), Minerals and Metals Sector (MMS) (retired); W. David Sinclair, NRCan, Geological Survey of Canada (GSC); and Earle B. Amey, United States Geologi- cal Survey (USGS). Tungsten inventory information was compiled by James E. Elliott, USGS; S. Warren Hobbs, USGS; Alfred Johnson and L.S. Jen, NRCan/MMS; Nerida Knight and John Olley, Australian Geological Survey Organisation; W. David Sinclair and A. Pasitschniak, NRCan/GSC; and Klaus Fesefeldt and Ilse Häusser, German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. Additional contributions to the report were made by Jan Zwartendyk, NRCan/MMS (retired); Stuart Girvan and Ian Lambert, Bureau of Resource Sciences of the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy; Erik C.I. Hammerbeck, South African Council for Geoscience; Michael Bowles, Geological Survey of South Africa; Gregory R. Chapman, Peter Harris, and Gordon Riddler, British Geological Survey; John H. DeYoung, Jr., Ebraham Shekarchi, and David M. Sutphin, USGS; and T.F. Anstett, U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), and P.T. Stafford, USBM (deceased).

IV Revision History for Circular 930–O...... 72 930–O...... Circular for History Revision

VIII CONTENTS

TABLES

1. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category...... 4 2. Ten largest tungsten deposits or groups of deposits in the world ...... 12 3. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts, by economic class of country and resource category ...... 13 4, 5. Estimated cumulative and annual mine production of tungsten contained in ore and concentrate— 4. By economic class of country for all countries having tungsten deposits or districts ...... 13 5. For each country having a tungsten deposit or district listed in the ISMI tungsten inventory...... 16 6. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts in the R1 and R2 categories, listed by mining method and economic class of country...... 16 7. Major world tungsten processing plants ...... 20 8. Abbreviations used in tables 9 and 10 ...... 27 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts...... 28 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts ...... 50

CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply By To obtain

gram (g) 0.03527 ounce avoirdupois gram per metric ton (g/t) 0.0292 ounce per ton (2,000 pounds) kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile meter (m) 3.281 foot metric ton (t) 1.102 short ton (2,000 pounds)

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

By Antony B.T. Werner,1 W. David Sinclair,2 and Earle B. Amey3

ABSTRACT nonmarket-economy countries and thus severely underesti- mates future tungsten availability. Scheelite and wolframite are the principal minerals In 1995, China and the former Soviet Union accounted currently mined for tungsten. Both occur in hard-rock for over three-fourths of the world’s mine production of deposits; wolframite is also recovered from placer deposits. tungsten. China alone produced about two-thirds of world Most current mine production of tungsten is from vein/ output. Given its vast resources, China will likely maintain stockwork, skarn, porphyry, and strata-bound deposits. its prominent role in world tungsten supply. By the year Minor amounts are produced from disseminated, pegmatite, 2020, changes in supply patterns are likely to result from breccia, and placer deposits. declining output from individual deposits in Australia, Aus- tria, and Portugal and the opening of new mines in Canada, Most tungsten is used to make tungsten carbide and China, and the United Kingdom. tungsten alloys for use in machine tools and drilling equip- ment. Other important applications are in lamp filaments and cathodes, high-speed steels, textile dyes, paints, and PART I—OVERVIEW catalysts. The world is well endowed with tungsten resources. INTRODUCTION China and the former Soviet Union have 8 of the world’s 10 largest deposits; these 8 contain about half of the world’s The reliability of future supplies of minerals is of con- resources of tungsten. If economic conditions are suitable, cern to many nations. This widespread concern has led to world tungsten resources in known deposits and their exten- duplication of effort in the gathering of information on the sions (categories R1 and R2), including economic, mar- world’s major sources of minerals. With the aim of pooling ginal, and subeconomic resources, are sufficient to permit such information, a cooperative effort named International world production to continue at 1995 levels until well into Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI) was started in 1981 by the 21st century. officials of the governments of the United States, Canada, and West Germany. It was subsequently joined by South World tungsten resources in identified deposits and dis- Africa, Australia, and the United Kingdom. In 1997, ISMI tricts that are currently economically exploitable (category was renamed International Strategic Mineral Issues. R1E) appear to be sufficient to meet world demand at 1995 levels only until the year 2007. However, the figure for The objective of ISMI reports is to make publicly resources of this kind does not include or reflect resources available, in convenient form, nonproprietary data and char- whose economic parameters are unknown in major produc- acteristics of major deposits of mineral commodities for ing areas in the former Soviet Union, China, and other policy considerations in regard to short-term, medium-term, and long-term world supply. This report provides a sum- mary statement of the data compiled and an overview of the 1Retired from Canadian Department of Natural Resources, Minerals supply aspects of tungsten in a format designed to be of and Metals Sector. benefit to policy analysts and geologists. Knowledge of the 2 Canadian Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey of geologic aspects of mineral resources is essential in order to Canada (the GSC component of this document is recognized as Geological discover and develop mineral deposits. However, technical, Survey of Canada Contribution 34988), 675Ð601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E8. financial, and political decisions must be made, and often 3U.S. Geological Survey, 989 National Center, Reston, VA 20192 transportation and marketing systems must be constructed, U.S.A. before ore can be mined and processed and the products

1

2 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN transported to the consumer; the technical, financial, and which together probably have more than half of the world’s political aspects of mineral-resource development are not resources of tungsten, are estimates. specifically addressed in this report. The report addresses In this report, almost all resource data are quoted as the primary stages in the supply process for tungsten and being in place. Mining recovery from an orebody depends does not include considerations of tungsten demand. on individual conditions and may vary considerably. It typi- To date, the ISMI Working Group has published stud- cally ranges from 75 to 90 percent for underground mining; ies on chromium, cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, that is, 10 to 25 percent of the in-place resources are not nickel, niobium (columbium), phosphate, platinum-group recovered from the ground. After mining, additional metals, rare-earth oxides, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten amounts of economic mineral content are lost in processing (this report), vanadium, and zirconium; these studies are (concentrating, milling, and chemical treatment). chapters AÐO of U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930. A Overall, an assessment made of mines in market-econ- regional survey of the strategic minerals of subequatorial omy countries has shown that, on average, nearly 69 percent Africa has been published (Coakley and others, 1991), and a of the tungsten trioxide (WO3) contained in the ground was survey of mineral resources in eastern Europe is underway. recovered in marketable form (Anstett and others, 1985, p. Deposits (or districts) were selected for the inventory on the 40). Tungsten resource information is reported by industry basis of their present or expected future contribution to in terms of either “percent W” or “percent WO3.” Unless world supply. otherwise specified, information in this report is expressed Data in the ISMI tungsten inventory were mostly col- in percent W. Where necessary, the factor 0.7931 has been lected from November 1984 to March 1987. The report had used to convert amounts expressed in WO3 to amounts of W. some additional updating to March 1996 and was submitted The World Bank economic classification of countries for review and publication May 19, 1997. Information used (World Bank, 1996), which is based primarily on gross was the best available to the various agencies of the coun- national product (GNP) per capita, has been used in this and tries that contributed to the preparation of this report. Those other ISMI reports to illustrate distribution of resources and agencies were the U.S. Geological Survey of the U.S. production according to economic groupings of countries. Department of the Interior; the Geological Survey of Can- This classification was chosen because it relies primarily on ada and the Minerals and Metals Sector of the Canadian objective economic criteria and does not contain political- Department of Natural Resources; the Federal Institute for bloc labels that might be perceived differently by different Geosciences and Natural Resources of Germany; the Coun- countries. cil for Geoscience and the Minerals Bureau of the Depart- ment of Mineral and Energy Affairs of South Africa; the Bureau of Resource Sciences of the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy and the Australian Geo- USES AND SUPPLY ASPECTS logical Survey Organisation; and the British Geological Survey. Tungsten is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal and has The ISMI record collection and this report on tungsten the highest melting point among metals. When alloyed with use the international classification system for mineral other metals or combined with carbon, it increases hardness, resources recommended by the United Nations Group of durability, and resistance to corrosion for the resultant alloy Experts on Definitions and Terminology for Mineral or compound. Because of these desirable properties, indus- Resources (United Nations Economic and Social Council, trialized countries consider tungsten essential in metal-cut- 1979; Schanz, 1980). The terms, definitions, and resource ting and oil-well-drilling tools, in ordnance, and in categories of this system were established in 1979 to facili- specialized high-temperature items and alloys for the aero- tate international exchange of mineral-resource data; the space industry. United Nations experts sought a system that would be com- The world’s metallurgical and chemical industries patible with the several systems already in use in several annually use some 33,000 metric tons of tungsten (U.S. countries. Figure 1 shows the United Nations (U.N.) Geological Survey, 1996). Most tungsten goes into tungsten resource classification used in this report. The term carbide and tungsten alloys for use in machine tools and oil- “reserves,“ which many would consider to be equivalent to well-drilling equipment. In the United States, for example, category r1E or R1E, has been interpreted inconsistently 55 percent of the tungsten consumed in 1995 was used in and thus has been deliberately avoided in the U.N. classifi- cutting and wear-resistant materials in welding and hard- cation. Category R3, undiscovered deposits, is not dealt facing rods (tungsten carbide). An additional 10 percent was with in this report. used, in the form of tungsten metal, principally to make Not all companies or countries report resource data in lamp filaments, cathodes, and ammunition. The remaining the same way. Little information is available on tungsten 35 percent went primarily into the manufacture of high- resources in China and the former Soviet Union. Most of the speed and tool-and-die steels, high-temperature and oxida- production and resource numbers for these two countries, tion-resistant superalloys, textile dyes, paints, and catalysts.

USES AND SUPPLY ASPECTS 3

Figure 1. United Nations resource categories used in this report (modified from Schanz, 1980, p. 313).

(For a further discussion of tungsten uses, see Stafford attractive to tool-steel makers, who can charge it directly to (1985).) their steelmaking furnaces.

Scheelite (CaWO4), often called “white ore,” and wol- Several materials could take the place of tungsten in framite ((Fe,Mn)WO4), commonly known as “black ore,” most of its applications. Substitution does, however, gener- are the predominant ore minerals of tungsten. Pure scheelite ally require time for testing and retooling and, in most contains 63.9 percent tungsten by weight. The composition cases, entails some sacrifice in physical and chemical prop- of wolframite ranges from the iron-rich variety, ferberite, erties. This affects the performance and overall cost of the containing 60.5 percent tungsten, to the manganese-rich product made from the replacement material. Present and variety, huebnerite, which contains 60.8 percent tungsten. potential substitutes for tungsten carbide are titanium car- Molybdenum can substitute for some of the tungsten in bide, ceramics, and polycrystalline diamond. The use of scheelite (up to 2.0 percent molybdenum) and in wolframite coatings of these materials on tungsten carbide inserts in (up to 0.1 percent molybdenum). cutting or drilling tools prolongs the life of those items, thus The molybdenum content and amounts of other impu- reducing the demand for tungsten. rities usually determine the end use of a particular tungsten A profitable substitution, made possible by metallurgi- concentrate. Most chemical processors making ammonium cal advances, is the use of molybdenum to replace tungsten paratungstate, an intermediate product in the preparation of in the manufacture of high-speed steels. Starting in the ferrotungsten and tungsten carbide, prefer to use concen- 1970’s, this substitution greatly reduced the quantity of trates with low molybdenum content (Ho, 1987), whereas tungsten used to make these steels, mainly in North scheelite with a relatively high molybdenum content is America.

4 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Table 1. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and In the 1950’s, during and after the Korean War, the districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category. U.S. stockpiling program spurred the development of tung- [Resource data are in thousands of metric tons of contained tungsten; fig- sten deposits, especially in Australia, Peru, Portugal, and the ures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses United States, through its offer of purchase contracts to U.S. denote percentage of column total] and foreign suppliers. Resource category Since the early 1970’s, the levels and patterns of world Number of tungsten supply also have been influenced by— Geologic deposit type1 2 All other records R1E3 ¥ sales of tungsten from the U.S. stockpile; R1 and R24 ¥ the increasingly preeminent role of China in world tung- Skarn5 ...... 52 183 (48) 1,764 (40) sten production; and Vein/stockwork5 ...... 119 166 (44) 1,475 (34) ¥ the growing tendency of a number of major producing Porphyry...... 7 Ð (Ð) 679 (15) nations, notably South Korea and China, to shift from the Strata-bound...... 4 18 (5) 118 (3) export of concentrates to the production and export of Pegmatite...... 1 9 (2) Ð (Ð) tungsten in intermediate and upgraded/value-added Breccia ...... 4 3 (1) 1 (Ð) forms such as synthetic scheelite, ammonium paratung- Brine/evaporite...... 1 Ð (Ð) 64 (2) state, ferrotungsten, and tungsten metal powder. Placer...... 2 Ð (Ð) 32 (1) Disseminated...... 10 Ð (Ð) 217 (5) In the 1980’s, industrial intermediate and upgraded/ Unknown...... 4 Ð (Ð) Ð (Ð) value-added products from China and South Korea were sold to consumers in industrial market countries at prices Total ...... 204 379 (100) 4,349 (100) well below those charged by domestic processors, causing plant closures in those countries. In 1986, for example, all 1Locations and deposit types of the world’s major tungsten deposits are shown in figure 2. production of ferrotungsten ceased in France and West Ger- 2 Records are summarized in tables 9 and 10. many, because it could be imported more cheaply from 3Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable China (Bunting, 1987). Over the years, tungsten prices have resources (fig. 1). 4Reliable and preliminary estimates of resources in the R1M, R1S, R2E, and R2S fluctuated to a greater extent than prices for any other categories (fig. 1). widely traded mineral commodity. This fluctuation has led 5In this table only, the Shizhuyuan deposit, China, and the Dedova Gora deposit, many producers of scheelite and wolframite to open and former Soviet Union, are considered to consist of two types: a vein/stockwork zone and a skarn zone. close their operations in response to price changes. For example, the decline in price of a metric ton unit (7.93 kg tungsten) of wolframite concentrate from a high of US$144 in 1980 to US$20 (not adjusted for inflation) in August 1993 resulted in numerous mine closures (estimated at 85 percent As subsequent sections of this report show, tungsten of Western world mine capacity). In some cases, however, resources, production, and processing plants are irregularly tungsten is produced as a coproduct with other commodities distributed around the world. The natural distribution of such as tin, or as a byproduct in the mining of molybdenum, tungsten deposits and the geographical history of economic copper, lead, and zinc. Such mining operations are, of development are such that many industrialized nations course, less sensitive to fluctuations in the price of tungsten. import tungsten in a raw form (scheelite or wolframite con- centrate) or an intermediate form (synthetic scheelite, ammonium paratungstate, ferrotungsten, or tungsten metal TYPES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS powder). Historically, two main economic factors have determined world demand for tungsten and consequently Major tungsten deposits in this report are classified as world supply: (1) the needs of defense industries, which seven types: vein/stockwork, skarn, porphyry, strata-bound, consider tungsten essential for producing machine tools, disseminated, placer, and brine/evaporite (table 1). Of rela- ordnance, and superalloys for aircraft engineers, and (2) the tively minor interest are pegmatite, breccia, pipe, and hot requirements of the world’s metal-fabricating and oil-drill- spring deposits. All are discussed below. Most of the current ing industries. mine production of tungsten is from vein/stockwork, skarn, During World War I, the first widespread use of tung- porphyry, and strata-bound deposits. Minor amounts of sten in armaments, which was eventually accompanied by tungsten are produced from disseminated, pegmatite, brec- very high prices, stimulated production in the United States cia, and placer deposits. The tungsten content of brine/ and launched the Chinese tungsten mining industry. Rear- evaporite deposits is large, but no tungsten is currently pro- mament in the 1930’s and interruptions to supplies from duced from such deposits. Burma and China during World War II led to the opening of Vein/stockwork deposits.—Collectively, vein/stockwork new mines in Brazil and boosted production in Bolivia, deposits accounted for more than 50 percent of world tung- Japan, and Spain. sten production in 1986, mainly from deposits in China

TYPES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS 5

(southern Jiangxi region), Bolivia, Peru, Portugal, and the both minerals may be present. Molybdenum is commonly former Soviet Union. These deposits typically consist of present in porphyry tungsten deposits and may represent a tungsten-bearing quartz veins or vein stockworks that occur viable coproduct or byproduct. Small amounts of tungsten in or near granitic intrusions. Wolframite is commonly the are present in some porphyry molybdenum deposits (such principal tungsten mineral; scheelite is important in some as Climax, United States, where it has been an important deposits. Tin, copper, molybdenum, and bismuth minerals byproduct) and in porphyry tin deposits (such as Chorolque, are also present in some vein/stockwork tungsten deposits Bolivia). and may be economically important. Porphyry deposits typically are hundreds of meters Most vein deposits are relatively small, on the order of across and tens to hundreds of meters thick and contain tens a few hundred thousand metric tons of ore; few vein depos- to hundreds of millions of metric tons of ore. Nonetheless, its contain more than 1 million metric tons of ore. Large such deposits are currently only of marginal economic inter- vein deposits may contain hundreds of minable veins. In est because their average grade is low (about 0.1 to 0.4 per- stockwork deposits, swarms of parallel to subparallel veins, cent WO3); for example, a mining operation in the Mount commonly with interconnecting veins and veinlets, form Pleasant deposit in Canada started in April 1984 and closed “sheeted” veins or stockworks that can be exploited by bulk in July 1985 even though it still contains more than 8 mil- mining methods (as at Mount Carbine, Australia). Such lion metric tons of material averaging 0.4 percent WO3 as deposits may contain tens to hundreds of millions of metric well as molybdenum, tin, and other potentially recoverable tons of ore but are generally of low grade (the Mount Car- metals. Yet, because of their large size, porphyry deposits bine deposit in Australia, for example, contains 0.1 percent represent significant tungsten resources for the future. WO3). The world's largest known deposit, Verkhne- Important examples are the Lianhuashan, Yangchuling, and Kayrakty in the former Soviet Union (872,000 metric tons Xingluokeng deposits in China (fig. 4). The Logtung deposit of tungsten in 1.1 million metric tons of WO3 in the ore), in Yukon Territory, Canada, containing 168,000 metric tons which is shown as a vein/stockwork deposit in figures 2 and of tungsten in 162 million metric tons of material averaging 3, consists mainly of a scheelite-bearing stockwork in a 0.13 percent WO3, might be exploited some decades from granite pluton. In some vein/stockwork deposits, tungsten now. minerals may also replace altered wall rocks adjacent to veins. The extent of such replacement is generally minor, Strata-bound deposits.—Production from strata-bound with the exception of some deposits in carbonate host rocks deposits in 1986 was less than 5 percent of world tungsten (such as Morococha, Peru). production. Mittersill, Austria, and possibly Damingshan, Skarn deposits.—Skarn deposits accounted for about China, where the current production status could not be 30 percent of world tungsten production in 1986, mainly ascertained, are the main deposits. In this report, the term from deposits in Brazil, Canada, the former Soviet Union, “strata-bound” refers to deposits in which the distribution of Australia, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States. In tungsten minerals is strongly controlled by bedding in the this report, the term “skarn” refers generally to an assem- host rocks and for which a syngenetic origin may be blage of calcium-iron-magnesium-aluminum-silicate miner- inferred. It does not include skarn deposits, which may be als that have developed in carbonate-bearing rocks at or near largely controlled by host-rock lithology but are essentially contacts with granitic intrusions. Scheelite is the principal epigenetic. However, many strata-bound deposits appear to tungsten mineral in skarn deposits and occurs both as dis- have been affected by later mobilization and reconcentra- seminated grains and in veinlets or fractures. In some tung- tion, and a syngenetic origin for such deposits, including sten-bearing skarn deposits, copper, molybdenum, and Mittersill, is questionable. Strata-bound deposits range in bismuth minerals are also present and may be economically size from one to tens of millions of metric tons of ore, with recoverable. average grade ranging from 0.2 to 1 percent WO3. Exploitable skarn deposits generally contain 0.3 to 1.5 Disseminated deposits.—Output from disseminated percent WO3 and range in size from hundreds to millions of deposits in 1986 probably amounted to less than 1 percent metric tons of ore. They include some of the world's largest of total world tungsten production, although some of the tungsten deposits, such as Mactung in Canada and Tyrnyauz known deposits are moderately large. The best examples of and Vostok-2 in the former Soviet Union. this type of deposit are the Hub stock in the Krasno deposit Porphyry deposits.—Porphyry deposits overall in the Czech Republic, the Spokoinyi deposit in the former accounted for about 6 percent of world tungsten production Soviet Union, and the Torrington deposit in Australia. Tung- in 1986. Such deposits consist of large, equidimensional to sten is recovered also from some disseminated tin deposits irregular stockwork zones of tungsten-bearing veins, vein- such as Zaaiplaats in South Africa. Most disseminated lets, and fractures that occur in or near epizonal to subvolca- deposits consist of tungsten minerals disseminated in nic felsic granitic intrusions. Mineralized breccia zones, altered (greisenized) granite. Tungsten generally occurs as either irregular or pipe shaped, may also be present. Tung- wolframite; scheelite may be important in some deposits. sten occurs as wolframite or scheelite, and in some deposits Disseminated deposits may contain tens of millions of met-

6 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN and 10. Boundaries country names are not uction in 1986. Location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits and districts in the world. Resource data are from tables 9 Location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits districts in the world. Figure 2. Figure necessarily authoritative. Solid symbols indicate deposits in production in 1986; unfilled symbols indicate deposits not in prod Solid symbols indicate deposits in production 1986; unfilled necessarily authoritative.

TYPES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS 7 from tables 9 and 10. eposits not in production 1986. Location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits and districts in the former Soviet Union. Resource data are Location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits districts in the former Soviet Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative. Solid symbols indicate deposits in production in 1986; unfilled symbols indicate d Solid symbols indicate deposits in production 1986; unfilled Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative. Figure 3. Figure

8 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Figure 4. Location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits and districts in China. Resource data are from tables 9 and 10. Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative. Solid symbols indicate deposits in production in 1986; unfilled symbols indicate deposits not in production in 1986.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS 9 ric tons of material but are of low grade, generally averaging Hot spring deposits.—Tungsten occurs in hot spring a few tenths of one percent WO3. deposits of calcareous tuffs or travertine, such as Golconda, Placer deposits.—Production of tungsten from placer (Nevada, United States) and Uincia (Bolivia); these deposits deposits has been important historically, but 1986 produc- are too small to be listed in tables 9 and 10. Hot spring tion from such deposits was probably less than a few per- deposits are commonly associated with bedrock tungsten cent of total world production. Placer deposits consist of deposits, from which they were probably derived by circu- sedimentary concentrations of scheelite or wolframite in lating hot ground water. The deposits are small, and alluvial, eluvial, and, in some cases, marine sediments. Such although there has been minor production from them in the deposits are typically associated with, or only slightly past, current production, if any, is insignificant. removed from, bedrock tungsten-bearing deposits from which they were derived by processes of weathering and erosion. Scheelite and even wolframite will eventually GEOLOGIC AGES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS decompose upon weathering and hence, unlike cassiterite, The geologic eons and eras in which tungsten deposits tungsten minerals tend not to be preserved long enough to in the inventory were formed are shown in figure 5. Of the form widespread sedimentary deposits. important deposit types, only vein/stockwork deposits of Some placer tungsten deposits may be large enough to tungsten are represented in every time period; skarn depos- warrant the use of heavy equipment for mining (such as its are Proterozoic or younger, porphyry deposits are Paleo- Heinze Basin, Burma). Deposits in the former Soviet Union zoic or younger, and strata-bound deposits are either in the Dzhida district possibly are in this category. However, Proterozoic or Paleozoic in age. By far the largest propor- most placer deposits are relatively small, and in many places tion of the tungsten resources (70 percent), represented (such as China), tungsten is recovered by hand mining. mainly by vein/stockwork, skarn, and porphyry-type tung- Brine/evaporite deposits.—Tungsten-bearing brines sten deposits, is Mesozoic in age. and evaporites occur in arid regions of the former Soviet One of the main factors that determine where the tung- Union and Western United States. For example, the Searles sten deposits are located is not so much geologic age, but Lake deposit in California, which covers an area of 90 proximity to orogenic belts. Hence, many of the world’s square kilometers, contains 70 parts per million of tungsten, tungsten mines are found in the Rockies/Andes, Pyrenees, or a total of 61,000 metric tons of tungsten (Anstett and oth- Alps, and Hercynian (Hemerdon) and Caledonian (Carrock) ers, 1985, p. 20) in highly concentrated brines. If tungsten mountain belts. could be recovered here profitably, which is not the case at present, this brine-charged lake bed would represent an important source of supply. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS Pegmatite deposits.—Tungsten is not a common con- stituent of pegmatites, and significant pegmatite deposits of Although tungsten deposits and districts are wide- tungsten are rare. The Okbang deposit in South Korea is the spread, the largest deposits (those containing more than only example of a deposit of this type of any significance in 100,000 metric tons of tungsten) are concentrated in China the context of current world production or potential supply. (foremost), the former Soviet Union (a distant second), and Breccia deposits.—Breccia zones, consisting of rock Canada (fig. 2 and table 2). Deposits of a lesser rank, but fragments of varied shapes and sizes, commonly form inte- still economically important (10,000 to 100,000 metric tons gral parts of many vein/stockwork and porphyry deposits. of tungsten), are found in many countries, notably in the However, some tungsten-bearing breccia bodies, many pipe United States, Australia, Brazil, Burma, Peru, North Korea, shaped, appear to have formed independently of other South Korea, Turkey, Thailand, and in some western Euro- deposit types. An example is the Washington breccia pipe in pean countries such as the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sonora, Mexico, where tungsten (as scheelite) is associated Spain, France, and Austria. Africa, despite its large size and with copper and molybdenum minerals. diverse geology, is particularly lacking in large known tung- Pipe deposits.—Pipe deposits range from almost per- sten deposits, although a medium-size deposit occurs in fectly cylindrical to irregular, elongated, bulbous masses of Algeria, and small deposits (less than 10,000 metric tons of quartz that occur in the margins of granitic intrusions. Wol- tungsten) are reported in Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, framite, along with molybdenite and native bismuth, is Sudan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. erratically distributed in high-grade shoots or pockets. Some In China, the largest deposits are in southern Jiangxi of those pockets contain up to 20 percent wolframite. The Province and in adjacent areas in Hunan, Fujian, and deposits, however, are small, and although they are histori- Guangdong Provinces, in the southeastern part of the coun- cally important, particularly in Australia (for example, the try (fig. 4). Except for a single deposit in the northeastern Wolfram Camp deposits in Queensland), there is little pro- corner of Siberia, significant deposits in the former Soviet duction from them at present. Union occur in a belt across the southern part of the country

10 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Figure 5. Tungsten resources in, and cumulative production from, the world’s major deposits and districts according to geologic era of mineralization and geologic deposit type.

from the Caucasus Mountains in the west to the Primor’ye The 10 largest tungsten deposits or groups of deposits region on the Pacific coast (fig. 3). in the world (table 2) account for about three-fourths of the resources (R1 and R2) shown in table 1. Industrial market countries have the highest proportion (41 percent) of R1E TUNGSTEN RESOURCES resources and the second highest proportion (36 percent) of other categories of resources (table 3, fig. 6). These figures, Resource Distribution by Economic Class of Country however, reflect the almost total lack of information on the economic aspects of tungsten deposits in China and the former Soviet Union. Those two areas have 8 of the 10 larg- Since World War I, China has had the largest known est deposits or districts in the world and probably about half tungsten resources of any country in the world. In the period of the world’s demonstrated resources of tungsten; resource after World War I and until very recently, the opportunity to estimates given in table 10 of part II were used to calculate develop mines in the West was ultimately a result of the the resource totals in this “Tungsten Resources” section of Chinese government’s determination to minimize external part I. trade. The strategic character of tungsten (Roush, 1935) and the inaccessibility of Chinese tungsten mines, especially A number of lower middle-income countries, notably during World War II, spurred the development of important Bolivia and Peru, long have been important producers of tungsten resources in North America (Canada and the tungsten. The lower middle-income countries have 33 per- United States), South America (Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru), cent of the world’s economically exploitable (R1E) Europe (Portugal and Spain), Australia, and the former resources but only 5 percent of resources in the “all other R1 Soviet Union (fig. 3). and R2” category. In contrast, low-income countries show

TUNGSTEN RESOURCES 11

Figure 5. Continued.

only 4 percent of R1E resources, but 41 percent of resources resources in all R1 and R2 categories, including economic, in the “all other R1 and R2” category (table 3). marginal, and subeconomic resources, are sufficient to last The former Soviet Union, the sole area with significant well into the 21st century at 1995 rates of production. tungsten resources in the Eastern European nonmarket- economy class, accounts for about one-eighth of the total Order of Deposit Discovery resources in the “all other R1 and R2” class (table 3). As in the case of China, all of its resources have been allocated to The pattern of additions to world tungsten resources that category. through the discovery of new deposits is shown in figure 7; A comparison of the estimates of world R1E resources dates of discovery for some of the deposits in China and the (table 3) and world tungsten production in 1995 (table 4) former Soviet Union were estimated because of the lack of indicates that R1E resources would be expected to last at information about these discoveries. Information for the least until 2007. This projection does not, as indicated 1980Ð89 period is not available. above, reflect resources whose economic parameters are More than half of the Western World’s known eco- unknown in major producing areas in China, the former nomic resources of tungsten were found before 1920, nota- Soviet Union, and other nonmarket-economy countries. bly those in the Pine Creek mine and the Mill City district in Moreover, R1E is understated in this report because mate- the United States; the Borralha and Panasqueira deposits in rial of r1E and R1E quality was often reported together with Portugal; the King Island, Mount Carbine, and Mount less economically attractive (R1M, R1S, R2) grades of Mulgine deposits in Australia; the deposits at Mawchi and material. If economic conditions are suitable, the world in the Mergui and the Tavoy districts of Burma; the Yxs- Table 2 was superseded in November 2014; the replacement replacement the 2014; November in superseded was 2 Table table is on p. 72, following the references. the following 72, p. on is table

TUNGSTEN PRODUCTION 13

Table 3. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and Table 4. Estimated cumulative and annual mine production of districts, by economic class of country and resource category. tungsten contained in ore and concentrate by economic class of [Resource data are in thousands of metric tons of contained tungsten; fig- country for all countries having tungsten deposits or districts. ures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses [Production figures are in metric tons of contained tungsten; figures may denote percentage of column total] not add to totals shown due to rounding. Numbers in parentheses denote production rank of economic class] Resource category Number of Economic class1 Cumulative Annual records2 All other R1E3 Economic class1 production production R1 and R24 1905Ð952 19953 Low-income ...... 47 13 (4) 1,790 (41) Low-income...... 816,000 (1) 21,600 (1) Lower middle-income ...... 36 127 (33) 216 (5) Lower middle-income...... 287,000 (4) 2,200 (3) Upper middle-income...... 32 85 (22) 220 (3) Upper middle-income...... 274,000 (5) 800 (4) Industrial market ...... 54 155 (41) 1,563 (36) Industrial market...... 402,000 (2) 200 (5) High-income oil exporter .... 3 Ð (Ð) 9 (Ð) High-income oil exporter...... 0 (6) 0 (6) Eastern European Eastern European nonmarket...... 317,000 (3) 5,900 (2) nonmarket...... 30 Ð (Ð) 551 (13) Total...... 2,096,000 30,700 Total...... 202 379 (100) 4,349 (100)

1 1Economic classes are based principally on gross national product per capita and, Economic classes are based principally on gross national product per capita and, in some instances, on other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, in some instances, on other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1996). Countries where major tungsten deposits and districts occur are, by class: low- 1996). Countries where major tungsten deposits and districts occur are, by class: low- income economies—Burma, China, India, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda, Vietnam, Zaire, income economies—Burma, China, India, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda, Vietnam, Zaire, and Zimbabwe; lower middle-income economies—Bolivia, Guatemala, Mongolia, and Zimbabwe; lower middle-income economies—Bolivia, Guatemala, Mongolia, Namibia, North Korea, Peru, Thailand, and Turkey; upper middle-income econo- Namibia, North Korea, Peru, Thailand, and Turkey; upper middle-income econo- mies—Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Portugal, South Africa, and South mies—Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Portugal, South Africa, and South Korea; industrial market economies—Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Japan, Korea; industrial market economies—Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States; high-income oil exporter Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States; high-income oil exporter economy—Saudi Arabia; and Eastern European nonmarket economies—Czech economy—Saudi Arabia; and Eastern European nonmarket economies—Czech Republic and the former Soviet Union. Republic and the former Soviet Union. 2 Records are summarized in tables 9 and 10. 2 Reported production from countries in indicated economic class (U.S. Geological 3Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable Survey, 1905Ð22, and U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1923Ð95). resources (fig. 1). 3 Estimated production. 4Reliable and preliminary estimates of resources in the R1M, R1S, R2E, and R2S categories (fig. 1).

for some 40 percent of average annual world output in the cessed forms of tungsten. There are, however, well-estab- 1930’s; 21 percent in the 1940’s; and 25 percent, 31 percent, lished processing plants in Japan, the former Soviet Union, 21 percent, and 38 percent in the next four decades (U.S. the United States, and several countries in Western Europe. Bureau of Mines, 1993). The proportions of average annual In studies of the structure of industrial markets, the output supplied by the former Soviet Union are estimated to most direct way of measuring market concentration is by have increased from 7 percent in the 1940’s to 13 percent in examining the number of supplier firms. A market concen- the 1950’s, 19 percent in the 1960’s, 20 percent in the tration ratio—the percentage of total industry sales or out- 1970’s, and 19 percent in the 1980’s (U.S. Bureau of Mines, put contributed by the largest few firms (Scherer, 1970, p. 1993). 50Ð5l)—can be calculated for supplier countries as well as Tungsten is produced both from surface and from for supplier firms. For tungsten, the increase in the four- underground mining operations (table 6). Most of the sur- country concentration ratio from about 73 percent in 1918 face mining operations are either large-scale, relatively low- to 92 percent in 1994 is indicative of the concentration of grade, open-pit operations (such as Heinda, Tavoy district, tungsten production in comparison to other mineral com- Burma). Some deposits are mined initially by surface min- modities (DeYoung and others, 1984, p. 11). The eight- ing of placers or of vein outcrops, followed by underground country ratio for tungsten during the same period rose from mining. Underground mines account for about half of the 88 percent to 96 percent. tungsten resources in the major deposits for which the min- It is not possible to predict either the levels or the pat- ing method could be ascertained (table 6). terns of demand for tungsten in 2020. However, deposit As can be seen from figures 2 and 10 and table 7, most sizes and grades indicate that several of today’s major pro- of the world’s most important producers of tungsten ores ducers (southern Jiangxi region, China; Tyrnyauz and Vos- and concentrates now have facilities for making further pro- tok-2, former Soviet Union; Sangdong, South Korea; and

14 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN esource data are the same as those in Economic classification by the World Bank (1996) for countries where world’s major tungsten deposits and districts occur. R Figure 6. figure 2. Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.

TUNGSTEN PRODUCTION 15

Figure 7. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts according to their date of discovery. (If the year of discovery was not reported, the year of first production was used instead.) Years of discovery are listed in table 9.

Climax, United States) will probably continue to be impor- financial penalty in periods of economic downturn are in a tant producers in the year 2020 (fig. 11). The period of better position to reopen when a market recovers. 1990Ð2020 will likely see important changes in tungsten Tungsten is also recovered as a coproduct or byproduct supply from other areas. Unless additional minable reserves of mining operations in deposits that are mined primarily are discovered, decreases in output can be expected from for other metals, such as tin, molybdenum, copper, lead, certain deposits (probably Mittersill, Austria; Kara, Austra- zinc, or bismuth. In the future, such deposits may become lia; Panasqueira, Portugal; and some of the deposits in the more important sources of tungsten, especially if new mines southern Jiangxi region, China). Major deposits such as the are opened in large deposits, such as those of the molybde- Hemerdon deposit, United Kingdom; the former Cantung num-tungsten porphyry variety. mine and the Mactung deposit, Canada; and the Daming- The largest proportion of world tungsten resources shan, Shizhuyuan, and other deposits in China, now subeco- identified in this inventory is in China; Canada and the nomic, may become economically viable because of their former Soviet Union also have significant resources. large size and amenability to low-cost bulk mining. Produc- Because China and, at the time of the inventory, the former tion from large deposits in a limited number of low-income Soviet Union do not provide details of their tungsten economy countries (such as China and Burma) may become resources, the quality and degree of minability of their relatively more important in the future, and the country con- deposits could not be ascertained. Other countries with centration ratios for tungsten may accordingly increase. important tungsten resources are Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Large size and low-cost mining, however, will not help if Peru, Portugal, Spain, South Korea, and the United King- the price is too low for profitable extraction. Because of the dom. In these countries, the geologic and economic aspects very speculative nature of tungsten metal prices, mines of of the local deposits are more widely known and often better low capital intensity that can be discontinued without much defined.

16 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Table 5. Estimated cumulative and annual mine production of Table 6. Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts tungsten contained in ore and concentrate for each country having in the R1 and R2 categories (fig. 1, table 3), listed by mining a tungsten deposit or district listed in the ISMI tungsten inventory method and economic class of country. (table 10). [Resource figures are in thousands of metric tons of contained tungsten; [Production figures are in metric tons of contained tungsten. Numbers in figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. The mining method parentheses denote production rank of country. —, production not was estimated in some cases] reported] Mining method Cumulative Annual Country1 production production Surface Economic class1 2 2 Under- and Not Indeter- 1905Ð95 1995 Surface ground under- mined minable China...... 712,000 (1) 21,000 (1) ground Former Soviet Union3 ...... 317,000 (2) 5,900 (2) United States ...... 168,600 (3) — Low-income ...... 559 804 124 — 316 Bolivia...... 111,700 (4) 780 (4) Lower middle-income ... 63 139 141 — — South Korea4 ...... 105,500 (5) — Upper middle-income.... 14 262 16 1 12 Portugal...... 96,200 (6) 500 (6) Industrial market ...... 201 338 207 972 — North Korea4 ...... 82,000 (7) 900 (3) High-income oil exporter — — — 9 — Australia...... 77,600 (8) 10 (14) Eastern European Burma...... 76,500 (9) 530 (5) nonmarket...... 59 117 292 27 55 Thailand ...... 46,000 (10) 60 (12) Total...... 896 1,660 780 1,009 383 Canada...... 44,400 (11) — Brazil...... 39,900 (12) 115 (11) 1Economic classes are based principally on gross national product per capita and, Peru ...... 28,900 (13) 260 (7) in some instances, on other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, Spain ...... 27,300 (14) — 1996). Countries in each class which contain tungsten resources are listed in tables 3 Japan ...... 26,600 (15) — and 4. Austria...... 25,600 (16) 190 (9) Argentina...... 18,600 (17) — France...... 18,500 (18) — Mongolia...... 13,300 (19) 200 (8) Zaire ...... 11,000 (20) — CONCLUSIONS Mexico ...... 10,800 (21) 145 (10) Sweden...... 9,300 (22) — At the 1995 world production level of about 31,000 Rwanda ...... 8,300 (23) — metric tons of tungsten annually, estimated R1E resources Vietnam...... 4,400 (24) — United Kingdom...... 4,300 (25) — (379,000 metric tons of tungsten) appear to be sufficient to South Africa ...... 3,100 (26) — last only until the year 2007. However, this figure for eco- Namibia...... 2,900 (27) — nomically exploitable tungsten resources does not include Uganda ...... 2,800 (28) 60 (13) or adequately reflect the economically exploitable parts of Turkey ...... 2,000 (29) — tungsten resources in major deposits in China, the former India ...... 800 (30) 2 (15) Soviet Union, and other nonmarket-economy countries, Total ...... 2,095,900 30,652 because resources in these countries could not be reliably categorized. If economic conditions are suitable, then total

1Includes all countries with deposits and districts in the International Strategic Min- tungsten resources in the inventory (4,728,000 metric tons eral Issues tungsten inventory, except for Algeria, Chile, Czech Republic, Guatemala, of tungsten) would likely suffice to satisfy levels of world Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe. demand that existed in 1995 for tungsten well into the 21st 2 Cumulative and annual production based on reported production (U.S. Geological Survey, 1905Ð22, and U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1923Ð95). Data for all countries from century. all years are not always available. China currently produces about two-thirds of the 3 Dissolved in December 1991; production from deposits now in Kazakstan, Russia, world’s annual production of tungsten. Given its vast Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. resources and potential for the discovery of new deposits, 4 Production prior to division of Korea into North and South allocated between the two countries on an equal basis. China will likely retain its prominent role in world tungsten

CONCLUSIONS 17

Figure 8. Proportions of total world mine production of tungsten accounted for by countries having deposits and districts in the ISMI tungsten inventory; selected years 1930Ð90.

supply. In addition to producing and exporting tungsten mine production will continue to come from the southern mineral concentrates, China is likely to increase its output Jiangxi region, China; the Tyrnyauz and Vostok-2 deposits of processed intermediate tungsten products such as ammo- in the former Soviet Union; and possibly the Climax mine nium paratungstate and ferrotungsten. in the United States, where the amount of tungsten recov- During the next 30 years, tungsten supply patterns will ered as a byproduct depends upon the quantity of molybde- be influenced by discoveries, if any, of significant new num produced. Changes in tungsten supply patterns are deposits; by political events in supplier countries; by world likely to result from declining output from individual depos- metal price rather than the military requirements of the Cold its in Australia, Austria, and Portugal. These may be offset War; and by shifts in demand for tungsten products. Barring by new production from other deposits in Canada, China, any major changes resulting from such factors, significant and the United Kingdom.

18 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Figure 9. Tungsten mine production in countries having deposits and districts in the ISMI tungsten inventory and a cumulative output of more than 10,000 metric tons (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1951Ð90); selected years 1930Ð90. *, reported mine production of less than 500 metric tons.

PART II—SELECTED INVENTORY Summary descriptions and data are presented in the INFORMATION ON tables essentially as they were reported in the inventory TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS records. For instance, amounts of production or resources have been maintained as reported; no attempt has been Tables 8, 9, and 10 contain information from the ISMI made to round to the appropriate number of significant dig- record forms for tungsten deposits and districts. Only selected items of information about the location and geol- its. Data that were reported in units other than metric tons ogy (table 9) and mineral production and resources (table have been converted to metric tons for comparability. Some 10) for the deposits are listed here; some of this information of the data in the tables, such as cumulative production has been abbreviated (table 8). totals, are more condensed than in the inventory records.

PART II—SELECTED INVENTORY INFORMATION ON TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS 19 Major world tungsten processing plants, 1919Ð89. Data on plants are from table 7. Major world Figure 10. Figure

20 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Comments GmbH, Lechbruck. tungsten concentrate (1980). — No longer exists. —— —— — 1994 production 11 t tungsten metal. 1,300 — Capacity 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, 1988; Serjeantson, 1997; and L. 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, (metric tons) on capacity in metric tons. Sources: Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, on capacity in metric tons. Sources: Product Sintered tungsten carbide powder Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide powder Tungsten Blue Oxide tungsten carbide/ Pre-alloyed cobalt grit and powder powder Tungsten wire Tungsten — — — — from tin- Magnetic separation of wolframite 34 47 S W 58 26 33 03 S Ferrotungsten W 68 52 32 55 S Ferrotungsten 151 46 E Ammonium paratungstate — — — — 21 14 SW 43 46 12 58 S FerrotungstenW 38 29 Ferrotungsten 1,200 — — — 47 29 N 10 45 E46 53 N metal Tungsten 14 28 E46 42 N Ferrotungsten 15 E metal Tungsten 50 51 N 04 29 E — powder Tungsten Plansee Plant is in Germany—Metallwerk 34 24 N 107 07 E metal Tungsten 41 15 N 123 45 E38 55 N metal Tungsten 121 39 E32 51 N Ammonium paratungstate 120 18 E29 35 N Ammonium paratungstate 103 31 E Ferrotungsten 150 1,000 — — — 1994 production 6 t. 5,000 — Company’s headquartersCompany’s Plant location (Reutte, Tirol) Kärnten) (Treibach, gesellschaft mbH Steiermark) (Eibiswald, (Brussels) (Barbacena, Minas Gerais) (Baoji, Shaanxi) (Liaoning) (Liaoning) (Dontai, Jiangsu) Sichuan) (Emei County, (Lujan de Cuyo, Provincia de Mendoza) (Lujan de Cuyo, Provincia Wales) South New (Newcastle, Bahia) (Simoes Filho, Salvador, (Tanintharyi) (Llavallol, Buenos Aires) Buenos (Llavallol, Major world tungsten processing plants. Country Site Latitude Longitude AustriaAustria Plansee AG AustriaAG Industrie Treibacher und Hütten- Bergbau- Wolfram Belgium Coldstream, S.A. Brazil de Ferro Ligas Cia Paulista ChinaChinaWorks Baoji Non-Ferrous Metals China Benxi Alloy China Dalian China Dontai Plant Emei, Ferro-Alloy Argentina Stein Ferroaleaciones Sacifa Australia Ltd. Pty, Seco-Titan BrazilBurma S.A. Mineracao e Metalurgia Termoligas Tavoy Upgrading Plant, Kamyawkin Table 7. metric tons per year; capacity refers to annual producti [Plants are plotted in figure 10. —, not reported; t, metric tons; tpy, und Industrie, written commun., Austria, Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe and Geophysics, written commun., 1988; Geology, in 1988] Speiss, written commun. seen by first author (Werner) Argentina Cifi Argentina S.A. Panet

TABLE 7. MAJOR WORLD TUNGSTEN PROCESSING PLANTS 21 Comments are Ganzhou Cobalt Smelter (2,000Ð2,500 and Molybde- Tungsten and the Ganzhou tpy); 1994 pro- num Materials Plant (1,000 tpy). duction 609 t ammonium paratungstate, 57 products. tungsten metal, and 7 t fabricated 500 t. production 283 t ammonium paratungstate. production 87 t ammonium paratungstate. state. 100 1994 production 18 t ammonium paratung- 1,000 A major producer of tungsten products. 1994 3,300 — Capacity (metric tons) Product Ammonium paratungstate Ferrotungsten powder Tungsten oxide Tungsten —— — Cast tungsten carbide — acid Tungsten —— — — — acid Tungsten — carbide? Tungsten — — — — — — 25 51 N 114 56 E Ammonium paratungstate >3,500The major plants capacity of three plants. Total 22 50 N 108 21 E metal Tungsten 27 29 N 114 19 E43 51 N Ammonium paratungstate 126 33 E — Ferrotungsten 1,000 — for 1996, Target Production since mid-1955. 28 41 N 115 53 E34 15 N carbide Tungsten 108 57 E 8,000 metal Tungsten 24 26 N 1995 production 1,767 t ferrotungsten. 1994 111 32 E31 14 N Ammonium paratungstate 121 28 E30 21 N Ammonium paratungstate 104 02 E39 08 N metal Tungsten — — 117 12 E24 27 N Ammonium paratungstate 1994 production 307 t. — 118 04 E Ammonium paratungstate 27 42 N 100 113 36 E Ammonium paratungstate — — — — 1994 production 601 t. Company’s headquartersCompany’s Plant location (Ganzhou, Jiangxi) (Nanning, Guangxi) (Hainan) (Guangdong) (Jiangxi) (Jilin) (Sichuan) (Liaoning) (Nanchang, Jiangxi) Research (Shaanxi) (Guangxi) (Shanghai) (Chengdu, Sichuan) (Tianjin) Fujian) (Haichang, Xiamen Suburbs, (Jiangxi) Country Site Latitude Longitude China Ganzhou (Smelter) ChinaChinaAluminium Plant Guangxi Nanning China Haizhou Cemented Carbide Co. China Hongxing Works China Hukeng China Jilin (Smelter) China Works Jindong Chemical China Factory Alloy Lanshun Refractory China Alloy) Nanchang (Hard China Northwest Institute for Non-Ferrous Metal China Pinggui China Shanghai China Southwest Special Materials Plant China Tianjin China Products Plant Tungsten Xiamen Xiangdong

22 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Comments — — Plant 2: Altmünster/Oberbayern, Bavaria. Plant 2: duction 694 t ammonium paratungstate, 378 products. tungsten metal, 35 t fabricated nium paratungstate is produced at two plants. nium paratungstate is produced at two 1994 production 1,808 t ammonium paratung- state and 351 t tungsten metal. 630 120 —— —— 1,600 1,200 1,500 material. 1994 pro- Plant uses scheelite as raw 2,500Ammo- in China. facility integrated Largest Capacity 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, 1988; Serjeantson, 1997; and L. 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, (metric tons) on capacity in metric tons. Sources: Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, on capacity in metric tons. Sources: Product Tungsten metal Tungsten Tungsten powder Tungsten Carbides and compounds Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten Tungsten metal Tungsten Tungsten powder powder Tungsten carbide Tungsten — — metal Tungsten — — — — metal Tungsten — — 35 40 N 139 45 E metal Tungsten 35 40 N 139 45 E powder Tungsten — — 48 07 N26 27 N 19 49 E Ferrotungsten09 50 N 60 14 E carbide Tungsten 77 59 E —34 54 N 135 48 E34 48 N Ferrotungsten 135 35 E — Ammonium paratungstate — — — 1,003 — — — 51 54 N 10 26 E metal Tungsten 50 00 N 17 27 E45 11 N — 05 43 E Ammonium paratungstate — — 29 24 N 107 47 E Ammonium paratungstate 25 28 N 114 19 E27 50 N Ammonium paratungstate 113 09 E Ammonium paratungstate — 1994 production 83 t. Company’s headquartersCompany’s Plant location (Tokyo) (Mogi, Fukuoka Prefecture) (Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture) (Tokyo) (Falzalgarij, Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh) (Falzalgarij, Madurai District, (Thirumangalam, Nadu) Tamil Prefecture) Kyoto (Uji City, Osaka Prefecture) City, (Toyonaka (Salgotarjan, Nograo) (Goslar, Harz) (Goslar, (Eaux-Claires, Grenoble, Isere) Bruntal Hydrometallurgical Plants Bruntal Hydrometallurgical (Bruntal) (Zigong, Sichuan) (Jiangxi) (Zhuzhou, Hunan) Major world tungsten processing plants—Continued. Country Site Latitude Longitude Japan Co., Ltd. Tungsten Tokyo Japan Kinzoku (Metal) Co., Ltd. Toho JapanJapan Co., Ltd. Tungsten Nippon Kaisha, Ltd. Sanno Seiko IndiaIndiaThermit Corporation, Ltd. India Japan Co., Ltd. The Metal Powder Japan Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Awamura Metals Co., Ltd. Japan New Hungary Salgotarjan Otvozetgyar Germany Louis Renner GmbHGermany Hermann C. Starck Berlin GmbH & Co. KG — — metal Tungsten — Plant 1: Munich-Dachau, Bavaria. France Eurotungstene—Poudre S.A. Czech Republic China Alloy) Zigong (Hard Table 7. metric tons per year; capacity refers to annual producti [Plants are plotted in figure 10. —, not reported; t, metric tons; tpy, und Industrie, written commun., Austria, Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe and Geophysics, written commun., 1988; Geology, in 1988] Speiss, written commun. seen by first author (Werner) China Xihuashan China Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Industry Co.

TABLE 7. MAJOR WORLD TUNGSTEN PROCESSING PLANTS 23 Comments Tsagaan-davaa mine (1988). Tsagaan-davaa Gol mines (1991). the Ulaan Uul and Khovd concentrates. —— —— —— —Tyrnyauz. material from Treats —— —— —— —— Capacity (metric tons) Product Tungsten metal Tungsten Tungsten carbide Tungsten powder Tungsten metal Tungsten carbide Tungsten metal? Tungsten concentrate Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide powder Tungsten oxide Tungsten Ferrotungsten Ferrotungsten —— — — — — — — concentrating plant using ore from Tungsten concentrating plant using ore from Tungsten 35 40 N 139 45 E Ammonium paratungstate 25 39 N 103 30 E Ferrotungsten41 NW45 10 N 07 49 Ferrotungsten 29 48 E55 12 N — Ferrotungsten 61 25 E55 45 N — Ferrotungsten 37 42 E Ammonium paratungstate 57 28 N — 60 00 E carbide Tungsten 43 31 N tungsten Produces ferrotungsten from own — 43 38 E Ammonium paratungstate 43 02 N — — 44 43 E53 50 N — powder Tungsten 39 34 E49 12 N anhydride Tungsten 19 11 E35 52 N Ferrotungsten 128 36 E Ammonium paratungstate 58 N 14 05 E60 38 N Ammonium paratungstate 16 50 E — carbide powder Tungsten — — — Company’s headquartersCompany’s Plant location (Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture) Kanagawa (Yokohama, (Gomez Palacio, Durango) (Gomez Palacio, Province) (Tov (Bayan-Olgiy Province) Real, and Braga) Vila (Borralha, Dobrogea) (Tulcea, (Chelyabinsk, R.S.F.S.R.) Oblast stal, Moscovskaya R.S.F.S.R.) region, (Moscow Oblast burgskaja Ukrainian S.S.R.) (Kirovgrad, Nal'chik, Kabadino-Balkarian Republic A.S.S.R.) (Kabardino, Kabardin-Balkar North Ossetian Republic) (Vladikavkaz, (Ryasanskaya Oblast) (Istebne) (Daegu) (Gullspongs) (Sanoviken) Country Site Latitude Longitude Japan Corp., Metal Sintering Division Toshiba MexicoMongolia S.A.—Ferromex Ferroaleaciones de Mexico Tsagaan-davaa Mongolia Ulaan Uul PortugalRomania Minas de Borralha, S.A.R.L. Complex Russia Metallurgical Tulcea Russia JSC Work Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Elektrol- Works Elektrolstal-Electric Steel RussiaYekatarin- Alloys Mill for Hard Kirovgrad Russia Plant Hydrometallurgical Nal'chinsky RussiaRussia Vladikavkaz Pobedit Works Slovakia Mill Hydrometallurgical Skopin South Korea Works Ferroalloys Oravian Mining Co., Ltd. Tungsten Korea SwedenSwedenAB Gullspongs Elektrokemiska Sandik AB 24 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Comments lands; company office in London, U.K. office lands; company — Closed down. —— —— —— —— —— —— 900 — Capacity 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, 1988; Serjeantson, 1997; and L. 1985; Jones, 1996; Rabchevsky, (metric tons) on capacity in metric tons. Sources: Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, on capacity in metric tons. Sources: Product Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide Tungsten Hard metal powders Hard metal nodules carbide Tungsten carbide Tungsten powder Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten wire Tungsten 47 50 N 35 10 E53 25 N FerrotungstenW 01 54 51 33 N Ferrotungsten 04 16 E powder Tungsten — — — — Not operating. Not operating. Plant in Rotterdam, Nether- 51 21 N 00 36 E Ammonium paratungstate 52 25 NW 01 30 42 54 N powder Tungsten W 78 42 40 38 N powder Tungsten W 91 27 41 30 N Ammonium paratungstate W 81 41 Ammonium paratungstate 39 28 NW 118 47 carbide Tungsten 40 19 NW 79 23 39 57 N metal Tungsten W 75 07 powder Tungsten 42 21 NW 71 04 41 46 N powder Tungsten —W 76 26 Ammonium paratungstate — 44 06 N —W 70 13 Ammonium paratungstate — — — Company’s headquartersCompany’s Plant location (Zaparozh'ye) & Metal, Ltd. Alloys Ferro (Glossop, Derbyshire) Co., Metallurgical London & Scandinavian Ltd. (London, England) Murex, Ltd. Murex, (Rainham, Essex) Ltd. Wimet, (Coventry) York) New (Depew, Madison, Iowa) (Fort Ohio) (Cleveland, Nevada) (Fallon, (Latrobe, Pennsylvania) Jersey) New Falls, (Tinton (Concord, Massachusetts) Pennsylvania) (Towanda, Maine) (Lewiston, Major world tungsten processing plants—Continued. Country Site Latitude Longitude Table 7. metric tons per year; capacity refers to annual producti [Plants are plotted in figure 10. —, not reported; t, metric tons; tpy, und Industrie, written commun., Austria, Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe and Geophysics, written commun., 1988; Geology, in 1988] Speiss, written commun. seen by first author (Werner) UkraineUnited Zaporozh'ye Steel Combine Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United States Tungsten Buffalo United States Mining Corp., Ltd. Tungsten Canada United States General Electric Co. United States Inc. Kennametal, United States Inc. Kennametal, United States Industries, Inc. Metallurgical United States Nuclear Metals, Inc. United States Inc. Osram Sylvania, United States Philips Elmet Co. TABLE 7. MAJOR WORLD TUNGSTEN PROCESSING PLANTS 25 Comments —— —— — material from the Ingichka deposit. Treats Capacity (metric tons) Product Tungsten metal Tungsten powder Tungsten carbide Tungsten Tungsten carbide Tungsten metal Tungsten 34 44 NW 86 35 Ammonium paratungstate 36 02 NW 86 39 40 13 N powder Tungsten W 74 45 37 20 N carbide Tungsten W 118 24 Ammonium paratungstate43 06 NW 79 04 41 28 N Ferrotungsten 69 31 E — Ferrotungsten — — — — — Company’s headquartersCompany’s Plant location (Huntsville, Alabama) (La Vergne, Tennessee) (La Vergne, Jersey) (Harrison, New (Bishop, California) York) New Falls, (Niagara Works Oblast) (Chirchik, Tashkentskaya Country Site Latitude Longitude United States Materials, Inc. Advanced Teledyne United States Firth Sterling Teledyne United States Co., Inc. Manufacturing Alloy Tungsten United States Corp. Tungsten U.S. United States Corp. Vanadium U.S. Uzbekistan Uzbek Refractory & Heat-Resistant Metal 26 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN n status in 2020. Numbers parentheses Major tungsten deposits and districts worldwide, their production status at the beginning of 1986, and their probable productio their production status at the beginning Major tungsten deposits and districts worldwide, indicate the number of records deposits and districts for each status category. Figure 11. Figure

TABLE 8. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TABLES 9 AND 10 27

Table 8. Abbreviations used in tables 9 and 10.

Geologic age abbreviations and prefixes [Prefixes are combined with abbreviations; for example, EJUR is Early Jurassic. A geologic time chart is shown on the inside front cover]

ARCH Archean EO Eocene OLIGO Oligocene PREC Precambrian CAMB Cambrian JUR Jurassic ORD Ordovician PROT Proterozoic CARB Carboniferous L Late PAL Paleozoic QUAT Quaternary CEN Cenozoic M Middle PALEO Paleocene SIL Silurian CRET Cretaceous MES Mesozoic PENN Pennsylvanian TERT Tertiary DEV Devonian MIO Miocene PERM Permian TRI Triassic E Early MISS Mississippian PLIO Pliocene

Abbreviations for mineral names [From Longe and others, 1978, p. 63Ð66]

ACNL actinolite CLPX clinopyroxene HMTT hematite RDNT rhodonite ADLR adularia CLRT chlorite KLNT kaolinite SCLT scheelite ADLS andalusite CLZS clinozoisite KOLN kaolin SCPL scapolite ADRD andradite CMNG cummingtonite LLNG loellingite SDRT siderite ALBT albite CMST chamosite LPDL lepidolite SLMN sillimanite

AMPB amphibole CRBN carbonate MCCL microcline SLPD sulfides ANKR ankerite CRDR cordierite MGNT magnetite SLVR silver APTT apatite CSLT cosalite MICA mica SPLR sphalerite ARGT argentite CSTR cassiterite MLBD molybdenite SRCT sericite ARPR arsenopyrite DLMT dolomite MNZT monazite STBN stibnite

BLND blende DPSD diopside MRCS marcasite STNT stannite BMTT bismutite EPDT epidote MRMT marmatite TMLT tremolite BOTT biotite FLDP feldspar MSCV muscovite TNNT tennantite BRIT barite FLRT fluorite MTLD matildite TNST tungstite BRNT bornite FRBR ferberite ORCL orthoclase TNTL tantalite

BRYL beryl GLEN galena PLGC plagioclase TOPZ topaz BSMN bismuthinite GOLD gold PLGP phlogopite TRDR tetrahedrite BSMT bismuth GRLR grossularite PRXN pyroxene TRML tourmaline CLAY clay GRNT garnet PWLT powellite URNN uraninite CLCC chalcocite GTHT goethite PYRT pyrite VSVN vesuvianite

CLCP chalcopyrite HBLD hornblende PYTT pyrrhotite WLFM wolframite CLCT calcite HBNR huebnerite QRTZ quartz WLST wollastonite CLMB columbite HDBG hedenbergite RDCR rhodochrosite ZNWD zinnwaldite

Chemical symbols

Ag silver Cu copper MoS2 molybdenum disulfide SnO2 tin dioxide As arsenic F fluorine Nb niobium Ta tantalum Au gold Fe iron Pb lead Te tellurium Be beryllium Hg mercury Sb antimony W tungsten Bi bismuth Li lithium Se selenium WO3 tungsten trioxide CaWO4 calcium tungstate Mo molybdenum Sn tin Zn zinc

Units of measure

g gram Ma mega-annum (million years ago) g/t gram per metric ton ppm parts per million km kilometer t metric ton m meter tpd tons per day

28 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference De Kun (1965). De Kun and Delgado Willig (1985). and Delgado Willig (1985). (1981). Pollard (1981). . 3 Comments Scheelite is more abundant Scheelite is more abundant than wolframite. sys- principal vein Two tems, the Los Condores Aguila, intersect and the at depth. ———— (1978). Wolff Tan and Kwak —— Plumridge (1975). Ore occurs as quartz veins, fracture fillings, and replacement zones. Baxter (1978). Three main quartz veins, Three main quartz veins, 1Ð2 m wide, up to 1 km grade long. Average WO 1Ð1.5 percent mineral Principal assemblages SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, BOTT, QRTZ, MLBD, PYRT, CLCP, BSMT, SPLR FRBR, QRTZ, PYRT, SCLT, MLBD, BSMN, TRML, WLFM ACNL, SCLT, MGNT MLBD, SCLT, ARPR, PYRT, CLCP, PYTT, CLCC GRNT, APTT QRTZ, MLBD, SCLT, ADRD, GRLR, PRXN, Ferro- AMPB, EPDT, CLCC, QRTZ, SLPD MGNT, WLFM, SCLT, CLCC, QRTZ, PYRT, APTT, MLBD, PYTT, ARPR, CSTR, MRCS, CLCP FLRT, SCLT, MLBD, CLCP, SLVR, BRYL, GOLD CSTR, WLFM, APTT, QRTZ, CRDR, CMNG, BOTT, GRNT, PYRT, KLNT, GLEN CLCP, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, SCLT Local environment cutting LPREC schist. cutting PREC schist and gneiss. Contact aureole of DEV granite intrusion. Contact aureole of ECARB granite intrusion? granite EPROT intrusion. Contact aureole of PERM granite intrusion. ARCH granite intrusion. Pipe-shaped breccia body in contact aureole of LCARBÐEPERM granite intrusion. of pre-ORD granite intrusion. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic belt belt orogenic PAL belt orogenic PAL belt Age of mineralization DEVECARB orogenic PAL orogenic PAL EPROT Intracratonic Contact aureole of PERM (278 Ma) ARCH IntracratonicLCARBÐ EPERM Contact aureole of Pre-ORD Intracratonic Contact aureole Siltstone, chert/hornfels; Ringrose formation; DEV? limestone, dolomite; Junee group; ORD. Grassy group; PROTÐ ECAMB. Granite; Jinka granite; EPROT. sedimentary rocks; Hodgkinson formation; SILÐDEV. ARCH. ultramafic rocks; PROT. Greisenized granite; PROT. pre-ORD. pipe 32 36 SW 66 07 Vein32 43 SW 65 16 Schist; LPREC Vein PRECÐPAL Schist, gneiss; PREC Intracratonic40 04 S 144 05 E Skarn PRECÐPAL Quartz veins Intracratonic22 45 S Quartz veins Calc-silicate rock; 135 44 E Skarn Skarn, hornfels; PROT. 16 31 S 145 07 E Vein/stockwork Argillaceous 29 11 S 116 59 E Vein/stockwork Metasedimentary rocks, 17 25 S 144 52 E Vein/breccia 20 28 N 05 34 E Vein Gneiss, migmatite; Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts. Asperezas (San Luis) Aguila (San Luis) (Tasmania) Territory) (Queensland) Australia) (Western (Queensland) Renaissance District) Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Argentina Los Avestruces-Las Argentina Los Condores-El Australia Kara (Tasmania)Australia 41 21 S King Island 145 47 E SkarnAustralia Molyhil (Northern Carbonaceous Australia Mount Carbine Australia Mount Mulgine Australia Sunnymount Algeria Laouni deposit (Adrar

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 29 Reference Plimer (1975). (1979). Vaché and Delgado Willig (1985). and Delgado Willig (1985). and Delgado Willig (1985). and Delgado Willig (1985). Grant and others (1980). (1985). Eadington (1983). Comments Wolframite is dissemi- Wolframite nated in magmatic quartz- topaz rock (“silexite”). —— Orebodies consist of quartz upward-branching centimeters “pipes” a few to 6 m across and up 200 m high. Orebodies are several hundred meters long, 100Ð 150 m wide, and up to 20 m thick. Orebodies are quartz- rich lenses (“mantos”) in hornfels. Deposit comprises a circular area 1,400 m in diameter; tonnage potential is considerable. form large veins Narrow zone; stockwork material mineralized vein also occurs as talus. Deposit consists of more than 30 parallel veins. occurs in Tungsten annular zone surround- ing a quartz-tourmaline breccia pipe; tungsten low but potential large grade. — and Delgado Willig mineral Principal assemblages SCLT, QRTZ SCLT, EPDT, FLRT, PLGC, GRNT, PYRT, PLGP, ARPR, ALBT, BOTT WLFM, MLBD, BSMN, BSMT, CLCP, PYRT, ARPR, PYTT, GLEN, SPLR, SCLT FLRT, QRTZ, SCLT, MLBD, PYTT, BSMT, CLCP, PYRT WLFM, SCLT, PYTT, PYRT, CLCP QRTZ, FRBR, QRTZ, ARPR, SLPD, TRML, SDRT, TNST WLFM, CSTR, PYRT, QRTZ, ARPR WLFM, SCLT, BSMN, QRTZ, MLBD, CLCP, SDRT, HMTT, ARPR, CLMB CSTR, QRTZ, WLFM, PYRT, ARPR, PYTT, SPLR, CLCP, BSMN, STNT, TRML WLFM, QRTZ, CSTR, SLPD WLFM, BSMT, WLFM, BSMT, GOLD, CSTR, QRTZ TOPZ, Local environment Contact aureole of EJUR granite batholith. Contact aureole of a MIO? granite intrusion. Upper part of LPERMÐTRI granite and roof overlying pendant. Contact aureole of granite? PAL Roof zone and of margin LCARBÐ EPERM granite intrusion. Regionally metamorphosed rocks. volcanic Contact aureole of MIO granite at depth? Contact aureole of EJUR granite batholith. Subvolcanic breccia pipe. Contact aureole of EJUR granite batholith. Tectonic setting Tectonic convergent plate convergent margin plate convergent margin belt belt orogenic PAL belt orogenic belt plate convergent margin MESÐCEN plate convergent margin MESÐCEN plate convergent margin MESÐCEN plate convergent margin Age of mineralization LPERMÐTRI orogenic PAL PAL orogenic PAL LCARBÐ EPERM — MESÐCEN MIO MESÐCEN EJUR (183 Ma) MMIO (12Ð17 Ma) EJUR (183 Ma) Quartz-topaz rock; Mole granite; LPERM. Mudstone, sandstone, siltstone; PERM. Granite; Mole granite; LPERMÐTRI. Quartzite, slate, sandstone; EPAL. conglomerate, arenite; Hodgkinson formation; DEV. Elizabeth Creek granite; LCARBÐEPERM. Schieferhulle; PAL. LORD. MMIO (12Ð17 Ma). Shale, sandstone, siltstone; ORD. Granodiorite; Taquesi batholith; EJUR (199 Ma). vein/pipe alluvial 29 19 S 151 41 E Disseminated/ 16 13 S 144 42 E Vein/skarn Carbonaceous 17 05 S 144 55 E Breccia pipe Altered granite; 47 18 N 12 29 E Strata-bound lower tuff; Lava, 17 28 SW 66 50 Vein/stockwork/ 16 25 SW 67 43 Vein Schist; PAL? SouthWales) (Queensland) (Queensland) (Salzburg) (La Paz) (La Paz) Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Australia (New Torrington Australia Grid Watershed Australia Camp Wolfram Austria Mittersill mine Bolivia (La Paz) Bolsa Negra 16 34 SBoliviaW 67 49 Vein Chambillaya (La Paz) 17 04 SW 67 18 Vein/stockworkBolivia Hornfels Hornfels Chicote Grande Bolivia Chojlla (La Paz) MIO? 16 23 S EJURW 67 45 Bolivia Vein/stockwork Chorolque (Potosi) Shale, sandstone; MESÐCEN MESÐCEN 20 58 SW 66 05 PorphyryBolivia Enramada-Liliana breccia; Intrusive

30 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference (1985). (1985). Willig and Delgado and Delgado Willig (1985). Willig and Delgado and Delgado Willig (1985). Willig and Delgado and Delgado Willig (1985). Willig and Delgado and Delgado Willig (1985). Comments Five principal veins.Five and Delgado Willig Several veins.Several and Delgado Willig Important producer of bismuth. Richer areas have been Richer areas have out. worked Minable orebodies are up to 100 m long, 30 wide, and 10 m thick. Small amount of wol- framite concentrates pro- duced by “garimpeiros” (prospectors) from weath- and col- ered quartz veins luvial and eluvial material. — Goosens (1978). — Bender (1983). — Bender (1983). mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, QRTZ, TRML, PYRT, ARPR WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, BSMN, CLCP, PYRT WLFM, QRTZ — Ahlfeld (1954). BSMN, WLFM, CSTR, STNT, PYRT, PYTT, GOLD, QRTZ, SPLR CLCP, WLFM, ARPR, TRML PYRT, SCLT, EPDT, EPDT, SCLT, VSVN, GRNT, HBLD WLFM, SLPD, QRTZ CSTR, WLFM, SCLT CSTR, WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ, ARPR, PYRT, GLEN, CLCP, TRML WLFM, CSTR, MLBD, QRTZ, CLCP, PYRT, TRML, FLRT, LPDL Local environment Hornfels zone of MIO? granite at depth. Subvolcanic Subvolcanic dacitic intrusion. Contact aureole of EJUR granite batholith. Contact aureole of MIOÐPLIO? granite intrusion. Contact aureole of OLIGOÐMIO granite batholith. PREC granite stock. PROT granite PROT intrusion? tidal valley. Apical part of CRET granite pluton and associated country rocks. Contact aureole of CRET? granite pluton; modern streams and alluvial terraces. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic convergent plate convergent margin convergent plate convergent margin convergent plate convergent margin convergent plate convergent margin convergent plate convergent margin — drowned Offshore MES collision zone zone Age of mineralization OLIGOÐMIO MESÐCEN PREC Intracratonic Contact aureole of PROT Intracratonic Contact aureole of CRETÐTERTÐ QUAT CRET JUR TRIAS? CRET? MES collision CRET? MES Granite; Quimsa Cruz (Tres Granite; Quimsa Cruz (Tres Cruces) batholith; OLIGOÐ MIO (23.8±1.6 Ma). gneiss, granite biotite schist; PREC. metavolcanic rocks; metavolcanic EPROT. sediments. Argillite, slate, limestone; Argillite, series; CARB. Mawchi Granite; CRET. Sedimentary rocks Mergui Sedimentary rocks Mergui series; CARB. Granite; CRET? Fluvial and alluvial sediments; TERT. quartz veins, quartz veins, greisen, pegmatite placer 16 28 SW 67 52 Vein schist; PAL? Phyllitic EJUR MESÐCEN 06 12 SW 36 30 Skarn Marble, quartz-biotite 14 45 N 98 00 E Placer; offshore Cenozoic TERT. Gravel; 18 50 N 97 10 E Vein/stockwork; 11 17 N 99 17 E Vein/stockwork/ Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (La Paz) de Lage mines (Rio Grande do Norte) (Mon State) (Kayah State) (Mon State) Bolivia Kami (Cochabamba) 17 28 SW 66 52 Vein Hornfels MIO? MESÐCEN Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Bolivia (Potosi)Viejo Pueblo 21 42 SW 66 11 Vein Dacite; MIOÐPLIO? MIOÐPLIO? MESÐCEN Bolivia Reconquistada Bolivia (Potosi) Tazna 20 38 SW 66 19 Vein Hornfels MIOÐPLIO? MESÐCEN Bolivia (La Paz) Viloco 16 52 SW 67 38 Vein Sedimentary rocks; PAL? Brazil Bodo/Barra Verde/Boca Brazil Pedra Preta (Para) 07 11 SW 50 34 Vein/placer Metasedimentary, Burma Heinze Basin Burma mine Mawchi Burma district Mergui

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 31 Reference Victor (1957). Victor Mathieson and Clark (1984). (1986). (1979). Noble and others (1984). (1978). Comments — (1984). Zaw — and Dick Dawson Wolframite-bearing quartz Wolframite-bearing form a zone 150 m veins wide and 1,000 m long. Most ore (E-zone orebody) is in Ore limestone. — Ginn and Beecham — Higgins (1985). — and others Forster Stockwork zone is 700 to Stockwork 800 m across and more than 200 m thick. mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, CSTR, FLRT, MLBD, PYRT, GLEN SCLT, CLCP, CLCP, SCLT, PRXN, PYTT, MGNT GRNT, WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, PYTT, FLRT, ARPR, TOPZ, CSTR, CMST, MLBD, BRYL, MSCV, SCLT, BSMN, SLVR, MRCS, PYRT, SPLR, CLCP, GLEN, BSMT SCLT, PYTT, PYTT, SCLT, DPSD, CLCP, HDBG, GRLR, ACNL, TMLT, CLRT BOTT, MLBD, SCLT, CLPX, GRNT, ACNL, TMLT, CLCP, PYTT, SPLR, ARPR, VSVN, WLST, GOLD, FLRT, SLVR WLFM, SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, PYRT, QRTZ, BSMT, CLCP, GLEN, FLRT, FLDP MSCV, SCLT, PRXN, SCLT, VSVN, GRNT, PYTT, BOTT, CLCP QRTZ, GRNT, GRNT, QRTZ, DPSD, SCLT, FLRT, PYRT, MLBD, FLDP, BSMT, BRYL, ARPR, SPLR, GLEN Local environment LMES granite intrusion; PAL sedimentary rocks. Contact aureole of CRET granite batholith. Hornfels zone of MDEV granite pluton. Contact aureole of MCRET granite pluton. granite MPROT pluton. Contact aureole of LSILÐEDEV granite intrusion. Contact aureole of CRET granite plutons. CRET quartz- feldspar porphyry and asso- dike ciated country rocks. Tectonic setting Tectonic zone zone belt MES collision zone belt zone MES collision zone Age of mineralization LMES MES collision CRET MES collision MDEV orogenic PAL MCRET (94.6±2.6 Ma) MPROT Intracratonic Contact aureole of LSILÐEDEV orogenic PAL CRET MES collision CRET (109±2 Ma) Granite; LMES. Shale, series; agglomerate; Mergui CARB; CEN sediments. EÐMPAL. argillite; LCAMBÐEORD. argillite; limestone; ECAMB. Limestone/skarn; Swiss Cheese limestone; ECAMB. Espanola formation; EPROT. schist, orthoquartzite; MORD. Granite; LSILÐ EDEV (408±5 Ma). Rabbitkettle formation; Rabbitkettle CAMBÐORD. CRET (Rb-Sr: 118±2 Ma). Calcareous shale, graphitic CARB. Diorite; phyllite; PERMÐTRI (Rb-Sr: 245± 32 Ma). fossil placer 14 20 N 98 20 E Vein/stockwork/ 60 46 NW 128 51 Skarn Limestone/skarn; 46 34 NW 66 49 Vein Interbedded quartzite and 61 58 NW 128 15 Skarn Limestone/skarn; Ore 47 36 NW 57 06 Vein Amphibolitic gneiss, mica 62 22 NW 128 37 Skarn Limestone/marble, hornfels; 60 00 NW 131 36 Porphyry Quartz-feldspar porphyry; Hamyingyi mine Heinda mine Kanbank mine mine Yadanabon (Tanintharyi Division) (Tanintharyi (Yukon Territory) (Yukon (New Brunswick) (New Territories) (Newfoundland) Territories) Territory) Burma district Tavoy Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Canada Bailey Canada Burnt Hill Canada Cantung (Northwest Canada (Ontario) Fostung 46 14 NW 81 39 SkarnCanada Calcareous siltstone; River Grey Canada Lened (Northwest Canada Logtung (Yukon

32 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN (1982). Kooiman and others Kooiman (1986). and Metallurgy and Metallurgy (1979). Hsu (1943); Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992); Shi and Hu (1988). Ma (1982). Comments Reference —— Dick and Hodgson Lennan (1983). Ore zones are 200Ð300 m across and up to 200 m high in section. — occurs in Wolframite in deposit veins and as exploitation disseminated grains in granite deposit not in Institution of Mining exploitation. — (1967). Segerstrom — Sinclair (1986). Wolframite occurs as Wolframite disseminated grains con- trolled by bedding in sand- stone and in crosscutting and veinlets. quartz veins mineral Principal assemblages SCLT, PYTT, PYTT, SCLT, GRNT, CLCP, PRXN, CLCC, AMPB, QRTZ, CLRT BOTT, CLPX, SCLT, ACNL, QRTZ, CLCC, PLGC, SCPL, GRNT, VSVN, APTT WLFM, MLBD, BSMN, BSMT, ARPR, LLNG, TOPZ, QRTZ, SRCT, FLRT, BOTT, CLRT, ORCL WLFM, CSTR, SCLT, QRTZ, SLPD, CLCP, CRBN WLFM, QRTZ, MICA, TRML QRTZ, TRML, QRTZ, BRNT, CLCP, MLBD PYRT, SCLT, GRNT, GRNT, SCLT, DPSD, CLRT, PYRT, PYTT, MLBD CLCP, WLFM, MLBD, SRCT, QRTZ, PYRT, SCLT, ARPR, BSMT, FLRT SDRT, Local environment Contact aureole of MCRET granite intrusion. Contact aureole of MCRET granite intrusion. Subvolcanic Subvolcanic pluton at margin of LMISS caldera. Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton. Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion. Breccia pipeWLFM, SCLT, Contact aureole of MCRET granite intrusion. Transgressive Transgressive marine—DEV continental margin. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic zone zone PAL orogenic PAL belt collision zone orogenic belt convergent plate convergent margin zone orogenic belt Age of mineralization MCRET MES collision LMISS (340Ð330 Ma) CRET MESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN DEV, CRET DEV, PALÐMESÐCEN schist; “Grit Unit”; PROTÐCAMB. breccia; LMISS. Fine- grained granite; LMISS. Quartz-feldspar porphyry; LMISS. Limestone; Gejiu formation; TRI. argillite, Phyllite, quartzite; CAMB. Granite; JUR. formation; DEV. Shale; formation; DEV. Nakaoling formation; DEV. alluvial inated 63 17 NW 130 09 Skarn Limestone/skarn; LCAMB MCRET MES collision 45 25 NW 66 49 Porphyry Tower Breccia; Fire 61 51 NW 133 23 Skarn Marble/skarn; ECAMB MCRET MES collision 23 42 N 108 11 E Strata-bound Sandstone, Lianhuashan Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (Yukon Territory and Territory (Yukon Northwest Territories) (New Brunswick) (New Territory) (Guangxi) items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations CountryCanada Site name Mactung Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Canada Mount Pleasant CanadaTerritory) Mar (Yukon 64 02 NW 135 45 Skarn Marble, quartz-biotite Canada Risby (Yukon China Bai Sha Po (Yunnan) 23 15 N 103 09 EChina Skarn/vein/ Dajishan (Jiangxi) 24 35 N 114 23 E Vein/dissem- China Damingshan, Wuming Chile Copiapo (Atacama) 27 17 SW 70 19 Breccia pipe Breccia; CRETÐTERT CRETÐTERT MESÐCEN

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 33 Reference Tanelli (1982). Tanelli of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992); and others Wu (1987); (1983); Clarke Li (1993); Giuliani and others (1988). Hsu (1943). Xia and others (1982). Comments Most important tungsten- producing area in China; includes Xihuashan, Dangping, Piaotang, Dalongshan, Muzhiyuan, Baoshan, Zhandongkeng, and Xialong mines. — (1979). Wu Sheeted vein zone is Sheeted vein 1,500 m long and 200Ð 500 m wide. — Chen and Hu (1982); mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, ORCL, MSCV, TRML, BOTT, BRYL, TOPZ, FLRT, CLRT, CLCC, MLBD, CSTR, BSMN, ARPR, SPLR, GLEN, CLCP, PYRT, PYTT, SCLT CLCP, SPLR CLCP, WLFM, QRTZ — Hsu (1943). WLFM, QRTZ, TRML WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, ARPR, MSCV, BSMN, CSTR, SPLR, PYRT, STNT, CLCP, TRDR, BSMT Local environment Multiphase JUR granite intrusion and associated country rocks. Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion. Contact aureole hidden JUR above granite intrusion. Contact aureole of JUR granite pluton. Tectonic setting Tectonic orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt Age of mineralization JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN 165 Ma). Granite; JUR (K-Ar: 184Ð180 Ma). Sandstones, CAMB. phyllite; Limestone, CARB. CAMBÐORD. Granite; JUR. PRECÐCAMB. Granite; Tieshanglong Granite; Tieshanglong granite; JUR (184Ð177 Ma). Baoshan 25 33 N 114 16 E Skarn — — — — GLEN, SCLT, DalongshanDangpingMuzhiyuanPiaotang 25 30 N 114 22 EXialong Vein/stockwork 25 28 N 25 29 N 114 20 E 114 22 E Vein/stockwork — Vein/stockworkXihuashan 25 31 N 114 24 E — 25 36 N Vein/stockwork — 114 31 E Vein/stockwork 25 28 N — 114 19 E quartzite; Phyllite, Vein/stockwork — — — —Zhandongkeng — — 25 26 N 114 11 E Vein/stockwork — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Li (1993). — Editorial Committee — — China Dayu district (Jiangxi) [See below] Vein/stockwork Granite; JUR (K-Ar: Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock China Gueimeishan (Jiangxi) 24 43 N 114 53 E Vein/stockwork Quartzite, phyllite; China Huangsha (Jiangxi) 26 00 N 115 24 E Vein CAMB. slate; Quartzite,

34 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Chinese Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Informa- tion and others (1992); Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992). Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992). Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992). Hsu (1943); Cai and others (1982). Wang and others Wang (1982); Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992); (1983); Clarke Li (1993). Comments Reference Several vein zones; vein Several zone more principal vein than 1,000 m long, more than 1,000 m deep, more than 200 single veins. Vein zone more than Vein 2,000 m long, 700 wide, more than 900 m deep. More than 20 veins with “economic ore.” — Lu (1985); Tungsten-bearing quartz Tungsten-bearing an area occur over veins 1,000 m by and 1,000 m downdip. extend — Hsu (1943). Wolframite occurs in Wolframite and vein quartz veins superim-posed stockworks on scheelite-bearing skarn and underlying greisenized granite; scheelite-bearing skarn up less than half of makes tungsten reserves. mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, PYRT, WLFM, PYRT, BLND, BSMN, GLEN, CLCP, MLBD, QRTZ, CLCT, FLRT, MSCV WLFM, CSTR, BLND, QRTZ, GLEN, CLCP, TOPZ PYRT, SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, MLBD, CLCP, ARPR, PYTT, BSMN, PYRT, SPLR, GLEN, ADLS, ARGT, TOPZ, QRTZ, SRCT, MSCV, TRML, GRNT, MCCL, BOTT, CLCC WLFM, BSMN, CSTR, QRTZ, Li-MICA, TRML, PYRT, MLBD, PYTT, SCLT WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, ORCL, Li-MICA SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, DPSD, GRNT, VSVN, FLRT, CSTR, PYTT, MGNT, PYRT, BSMN, BSMT, SPLR, CLCP, BRYL, QRTZ, MSCV TOPZ, Local environment Multiphase JUR granite intrusion. Folded CAMBÐ Folded ORD metasedi- ments; magmatic source rocks not encountered so far. Subvolcanic Subvolcanic quartz porphyry intrusion and associated country rocks. Contact aureole of JUR granite pluton. Contact aureole of JUR granite pluton. Contact aureole of JUR granite pluton. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic orogenic belt belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt Age of mineralization CRET PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN Sandstone; LJUR. Granite; JUR. PRECÐCAMB. Limestone; Shetianqiao formation; LDEV. Granite; Qianlishan granite; JUR (K-Ar: 172Ð139 Ma). skarn 24 32 N 114 48 E Vein quartzite Phyllite, JUR orogenic PAL 23 44 N 116 44 E Porphyry CRET. Quartz porphyry; Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (Guangdong) (Guangdong) Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] CountryChina Site name (Jiangxi) Hukeng Latitude Longitude 27 29 N 114 19 E Deposit type Vein Host rock Granite (approx. 150 Ma) JUR PROT China Jubankeng China Lianhuashan China (Jiangxi) Pangushan 25 38 N 115 25 E Vein/stockwork Sandstone; DEV. China Shangping (Jiangxi) 25 45 N 115 26 E Vein/stockwork sandstone; Phyllite, China Shizhuyuan (Hunan) 25 43 N 113 10 E Vein/stockwork/

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 35 Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992). (1985). Liu (1982); Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992). and others Yan (1980); Li (1993). (1983). Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China (1992); Li (1993). Comments Reference Skarn zone more than 2,000 m long, more than 600 m deep, more than 20 scheelite orebodies; zone vein wolframite more than 1,000 m long, more than 800 m deep, more than 200 veins containing “economic ore.” Ratio of wolframite to Ratio of wolframite scheelite is 51:49. Orebodies are irregular zones tens to hundreds of meters across. — (1955); Wang Li and — Stemprok (1986). mineral Principal assemblages SCLT, BRYL, BRYL, SCLT, PYRT, CLCP, GLEN, PYTT, BLND, QRTZ, DPSD, ADRD, VSVN, CLCT, MSCV, FLRT, WLFM, CSTR, ARPR WLFM, QRTZ — (1955). Wang Li and WLFM, SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, MLBD, CSTR, PYRT, CLCP, BSMN, BSMT, ORCL, QRTZ, BOTT, SRCT, CLRT, ALBT, KOLN, FLRT, CRBN MLBD, SCLT, BSMN, CLCP, PYRT, PYTT, SPLR, QRTZ, ORCL, BOTT, PLGC, SRCT, EPDT QRTZSCLT, — WLFM, QRTZ, FLRT, SCLT, SLPD, BRYL WLFM, QRTZ Carter and Kiilsgaard — (1955). Wang Li and CSTR, WLFM, ZNWD, QRTZ, ADLR, TOPZ, FLRT MSCV, Local environment Magmatic source rocks not encountered. JUR granite pluton and associated country rocks. — — — Anstett and others Multiphase JUR granite intrusion. Multiphase CRET granite intrusions. Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton? Contact aureole of JUR granite stock. JUR granite pluton and associated country rocks. Apical part of PERM granite cupola. Tectonic setting Tectonic orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt belt Age of mineralization PROT? PALPROT? PROTÐPAL JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN CRET PALÐMESÐCEN CRET? PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN JUR PALÐMESÐCEN PERM orogenic PAL marbles, hornblende- quartz schists. Sandstone. Ma). Hornfels; DEV. JUR. Breccia pipes; CRET. DEVÐJUR. JUR (175 Ma). shale; PERM. Granite; Cinovec granite Granite; Cinovec cupola; PERM. disseminated 24 18 N 114 07 E Vein Granite; JUR. 25 07 N 113 22 E Vein Granite; JUR. Sandstone, 50 44 N 13 43 E Vein/stockwork/ (Guangdong) (Guangdong) Cinovec Cinovec Kraj) (Severocesky CountryChina Site name (Gansu) Ta’ergou Latitude Longitude 39 22 N 97 03 E Deposit type Vein/skarn Quartz-sericite schists, Host rock China Wengyuan China Xiangdong (Hunan)China 27 05 N 113 36 E (Fujian) Xingluokeng Vein/stockwork 26 09 N 116 47 E — Porphyry Granite; JUR (157Ð133 China (Jiangxi) Yangchuling 29 20 N 116 20 E JUR? Porphyry PALÐMESÐCEN Granodiorite porphyry; China (Hunan) Yangjiatan China 27 28 N 111 44 E Vein (Hunan) Yaogangxian 25 39 N 113 18 E Vein/skarn Metasedimentary rocks; China Granite; Sandstone; DEV. district Yochang Czech Republic

36 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference (1986). (1987). (1969). Béziat and others (1980). Collins and Kesler Collins and Kesler (1969). Lokras and others (1981). Dekate (1967). Comments — Stemprok (1986). —— Burnol and Delille — and others Safa Some possible strata-bound deposits (Auriole and also present L’Hom-Haut) in general area. Chauris and Guigues — Derré (1979). Deposit related to QUAT Deposit related to QUAT center 4 km to the volcanic south? Deposit is 1,400 m long, 10Ð115 m wide, and more than 100 m deep. Eluvial placer deposits below occur in gravels bedrock deposits. mineral Principal assemblages CSTR, WLFM, TOPZ, QRTZ, ZNWD, CLCP, SPLR, ARPR SCLT, GRNT, GRNT, SCLT, PRXN, ACNL, FLRT, QRTZ, SPLR, PYRT, MLBD, BSMN GRNT, SCLT, VSVN, PYRT, SPLR, PYTT, ARPR WLFM, CSTR, TOPZ, QRTZ, SPLR, PYRT, APTT, CLCP, MLBD SCLT, WLFM, CSTR, FLDP, QRTZ, BRYL, FLRT, ARPR, PYRT, MRCS, CLCP, SPLR, STNT, BSMN BSMT, PYTT, SCLT, ARPR, APTT, HDBG, GRNT, BSMN, CLCP, SPLR, AMPB, EPDT MSCV, STBN, SCLT, STBN, SCLT, QRTZ PYRT, FRBR, SCLT, MGNT, QRTZ, PYRT, CLCP, SPLR, PYTT, FLRT WLFM, QRTZ, BOTT, FLRT, CLCP, PYRT, TOPZ Local environment Apical part of PERM granite cupola. Contact aureole of PERM granodiorite intrusion. Contact aureole of PENNÐPERM granite intrusion. ORD granite pluton and associated country rocks. Contact aureole of PENNÐPERM granite intrusion. Contact aureole of CARB? granite intrusion. Anticline cut by faults. granite? LPROT pluton and associated country rocks. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic belt belt collision PAL zone zone zone zone plate margin Age of mineralization PERM orogenic PAL PENNÐPERM (280 Ma) ORD collision PAL PENNÐPERM collision PAL CARB? collision PAL QUAT? CEN convergent MÐLPROT Intracratonic Aureole of MÐ LPROT Intracratonic granite LPROT Granite; Hub stock; PERM PERM orogenic PAL series; CAMB? dolomite; Serie Noire; CAMB. 475Ð450 Ma). Schist; PREC? Orthogneiss; MCAMB. Salau; ORD. formation; PENNÐPERM. tourmaline schist, chlorite group; schist; Sakoli MPROT. (Rb-Sr: 735±30 LPROT Delhi Ma). Phyllite; PREC. supergroup; vein/stockwork 50 06 N 12 48 E Disseminated/ 42 31 N 02 31 E Skarn Marble/skarn; Canaveille 48 20 NW 01 11 Vein/stockwork Granite; ORD (K-Ar: 43 44 N 02 21 E Vein/stockwork Mica schist; MCAMB. 15 27 NW 91 51 Vein21 06 N 79 29 E Vein/stockwork breccia, Tourmaline Tactic Shale, sandstone; Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. Krasno Kraj) (Zapadocesky (Pyrenees-Orientales) (Ille-et-Vilaine) Labessonnié (Tarn) (Huehuetenango) (Maharashtra) Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Czech Republic France Costabonne France Fumade (Tarn)France 43 39 N 02 29 E Montbelleux SkarnFrance Limestone, siltstone, Montredon- France Salau (Ariege) 42 45 N 01 08 E Skarn Limestone/skarn; serie de Guatemala Ixtahuacan India Agargaon India (Rajasthan) Degana 26 56 N 74 20 E Vein/stockwork Granite; Malani group;

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 37 Reference (1975). (1982). Nishiwaki and others Nishiwaki (1960). Hashimoto (1956); Ohmachi (1977). Hashimoto (1956); Ohmachi (1977). (1945). (1979). Sawkins Comments — Imai and others — (1984). Shibue — (1977). Higashimoto — Nakamura and Kim Tungsten-bearing skarn Tungsten-bearing orebodies occur inde- pendently of copper- bearing skarn orebodies within the mine area? — and Murakoshi — and Murakoshi —A-B pipe is principal The orebody. Fries and Schmitter mineral Principal assemblages CSTR, WLFM, QRTZ, SCLT, CLCC, FLRT, EPDT, CLRT, SPLR, CLCP, GLEN, ARGT WLFM, SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, CSTR, QRTZ, ARPR, CLCC, MLBD, PYRT, SPLR, PYTT, TRML, MSCV, ORCL, APTT, CLCC, SDRT SCLT, CLCP, CLCP, SCLT, SPLR, PYTT, CSTR, HDBG, AMPB, GRNT, FLRT QRTZ, SCLT, CSTR, SCLT, PYTT, QRTZ, ARPR, PYRT, SPLR, CLCP, BSMN, STNT, MSCV, BSMT, CLCC FLRT, CLCP, SCLT, SCLT, CLCP, MGNT, GRNT, HDBG, PYTT PYTT, HDBG, PYTT, FLRT GRNT, MLBD, CLCP, MLBD, CLCP, PYRT, QRTZ, BSMN FLRT, SCLT, GRNT, GRNT, SCLT, DPSD, VSVN, PYTT, PYRT, ARPR CLCP, QRTZ, SCLT, TRML, EPDT, CLCC, CLRT, PYRT CLCP, Local environment Folded CARBÐ Folded PERM sedi- mentary rocks a suspected above LCRETÐETERT granite pluton. Contact aureole of CRET granite batholith. Axial crest of anticlinorium. Greisenized CRET granodiorite intrusion. Contact aureole of CRET granodiorite intrusion. — SPLR, SCLT, — SPLR, SCLT, Contact aureole of MESÐCEN granite. Breccia pipe in CRET granodiorite batholith. Tectonic setting Tectonic MESÐCEN orogenic belt MESÐCEN orogenic belt orogenic belt MESÐCEN orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt MESÐCEN orogenic belt Age of mineralization LCRETÐ ETERT CRET (91.2±3.7 Ma) CRET MESÐCEN CRET (92Ð90 Ma) CRET MESÐCEN CRET MESÐCEN OLIGO (35.6±0.8 Ma) greenstone; Tamba greenstone; Tamba formation; CARBÐPERM. Diorite. formation; CARBÐPERM. TRI. CRET (93.0±3.7 Ma). limestone; CARB. metamorphosed sediments. (35.6±0.8 Ma). 35 13 N 134 41 E Vein Sandstone, slate, chert, 35 13 N 135 25 E Vein Tamba chert/hornfels; Shale, 34 03 N 132 00 E Skarn group; Limestone; Kuga 35 02 N 135 45 E Vein Biotite granodiorite; 37 14 N 140 43 E Skarn Yaguki Limestone; — — Skarn Granitic rocks. CRET MESÐCEN — — Vein Granitic rocks, 31 58 NW 116 00 Skarn Limestone, shale; LPAL MESÐCEN MESÐCEN (Hyogo Prefecture) (Kyoto Prefecture) (Kyoto Prefecture) Prefecture) (Fukushima Prefecture) (Yamagata Prefecture) (Yamagata (Ibaraki Prefecture) (Baja California) Japan mine Akenobe Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Japan Kaneuchi mine Japan (Yamaguchi Kuga Japan Otani mine (Kyoto Japan mine Yaguki Japan mine Kiwada Japan mine Takatori Mexico Beltran Mexico Inguaran (Michoacán) 18 53 NW 101 38 Breccia pipe Breccia; OLIGO

38 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference Ruiz and Barton (1985). (1985). (1979). (1983). Sawkins — (1979). Pelletier (1964). (1983). Haughton and others (1939). . 4 to Sn is 3 Comments Scheelite occurs in skarn orebodies referred to as silicate-rich “mantos”; tungsten is byproduct. —— Dunn and Burt Simmons and Closed and Berthold Wagner approx. 1:2. — Kim and Hwang Closed — Ore zones are irregular Ore zones are irregular lenses up to 100 m long by 100 m wide. percent CaWO Ratio of WO Ratio of mineral Principal assemblages SCLT, PYRT, PYRT, SCLT, GLEN, ARPR, CSLT, PYTT, MTLD, MLBD, GRNT, WLST, HDBG, VSVN CLCPSCLT, — ADRD, SCLT, AMPB, EPDT PYRT, SCLT, MLBD, CLCP, TRML, QRTZ Anstett and others WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, MLBD, BRYL WLFM, SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ QRTZ, WLFMQRTZ, ClosedMLBD (1974). Ivanova WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, ORCL, TOPZ, TRML, MSCV, PYTT, FLRT, ARPR, CLCP, MGNT, PYRT, MLBD, BSMN WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ Local environment Contact aureole of felsite dikes. Contact aureole of granite PALEO pluton. Contact aureole of LCRETÐETERT granitic intrusion. Subvolcanic breccia pipe related to small granite pluton. Greisenized LJUR granite and associated country rocks. CRET granite intrusion? MES? granite and associated country rocks. related to MES granite. MES granite intrusion? t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic MESÐCEN orogenic belt MESÐCEN orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt Age of mineralization OLIGO (26 Ma) (56.4 Ma) EO (46.6 Ma) MESÐCEN LMES PALÐMES MES? PALÐMES MES Intracratonic Greisen zones MES Intracratonic Contact aureole of formation; CRET. pelitic interbeds; PERM? Sedimentary rocks. Sandstone; LJUR. Greisenized granite; Salem Biotite granite; LPROT. schist; Khomas series; LPROT. system; LPROT. inated 46 43 N 111 45 E Vein Greisenized granite; LJUR. 40 33 N 125 15 E Vein Metamorphic rocks CRET MESÐCEN 48 50 N 89 56 E Vein48 10 N 106 06 E quartz Vein Granite; MES? Granite — — — WLFM, SCLT Closed — 21 24 S 16 01 E Vein/dissem- 49 16 N 90 14 E quartz Vein 45 54 N 115 24 E Disseminated(?)21 14 S Granite — 14 37 E Vein/stockwork Schist, quartzite; Damara — — — — — — WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, MLBD Closed — Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (Suhbaatar Province) Changseong district (North P’yongan Province) (Bayan-Olgiy Province) (Tov Province) (Tov (Omaruru District) (Bayan-Olgiy Province) (Suhbaatar Province) (Omaruru District) Mexico Naica (Chihuahua) 27 51 NW 105 34 SkarnMexicoAlberto (Sonora) San 27 17 NAurora Limestone; W 108 56 Mexico SkarnAntonio (Sonora) San 29 43 NW 110 10 Mexico Skarn (Sonora) Washington Limestone; PERM 30 20 NW 110 23 Breccia pipeMongolia Carbonate rocks with Buren-Tsogto mine PALEO Breccia; EO EO (46 Ma) MESÐCEN North Korea Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Mongolia Gol mine Khovd Mongolia mine Tsagaan-Dava Namibia Krantzberg Mongolia Ulaan Uul mine Mongolia mine Yugozyr Namibia West Brandberg Namibia Otjima 21 11 S 16 00 E Unknown Schist; marble PROT — — SCLT with 3 reserves Total

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 39 Reference (1983). Häusser (1987). Häusser (1987). Lesch (1984). (1983). (1983); Häusser (1987). (1985). Landis and Rye (1974). (1984). Comments — are 4 km long, Veins with dipping to SW, average 30Ð65 degrees; is thickness of veins 1 m. Kim and Hwang Orebodies 0.4Ð7 m thick, 450Ð700 m long. TRML Cu-Au deposit; is a byproduct; tungsten could be mined as a byproduct; orebody is 3 km long and 400 m wide. —— is a byproduct.Tungsten Petersen (1965). Kim and Hwang Kim and Hwang Scheelite not recovered. and Delgado Willig quartz Tungsten-bearing range from 0.5 to 10 veins m wide and up to several hundred meters long. is a byproduct.Tungsten Campbell and others — Sluijk (1963). mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, MLBD WLFM, QRTZ, MGNT, SCLT, FLRT QRTZ, SCLT, FLRT, BOTT, WLFM, MLBD, BSMN MGNT, PYRT, TRML SCLT, WLFM, QRTZ, MLBD, CLCP WLFM, QRTZ, Te, SLPD of Cu, Pb, Zn, SCLT, FLRT MGMT, WLFM, SCLT, PYRT, QRTZ, SPLR, GLEN, TNNT, CLCP, TRDR, FLRT, MLBD, PYTT, RDCR, RDNT, ADRD, BRNT FRBR, SCLT, QRTZ HBNR, SPLR, TRDR, SLPD, PYRT, BRNT, QRTZ FLRT, WLFM, PYRT, CLCP, QRTZ, SPLR, GLEN, CRBN BRNT, WLFM, CSTR, ARPR, QRTZ, TRML, BRYL, SPLR MSCV, Local environment Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion? JUR granite intrusion. ECRET granite- quartz diorite intrusion. Contact of graniteARPR, CLCP, Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion? Contact aureole of JUR granite intrusion. Contact aureole of granite TERT intrusion. Contact aureole of MIO rhyolite stocks. MIO granite intrusion and associated country rocks. Contact aureole of granite TERT pluton. Contact aureole of PENNÐPERM granite intrusion. Tectonic setting Tectonic orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt plate convergent margin plate convergent margin plate convergent margin orogenic belt belt Age of mineralization JUR MESÐCEN ECRET MESÐCEN JUR MESÐCEN JUR MESÐCEN TERT MESÐCEN MIO (8 Ma) MESÐCEN MIO MESÐCEN TERT MESÐCEN PENNÐPERM orogenic PAL Cambrian marble and schist in contact with ECRET granitoids. schist, quartz Tourmaline biotite schist, sillimanite in contact schist (EPROT) with granite (Jwon complex). Intrusion of granite = (JUR) in complex Tantschon mica schist and granitic gneiss (ARCH). (JUR) in complex Tantschon mica schist and granitic gneiss (ARCH). Limestone, Pucara Andesite, formation; JUR. pyroclastics; rhyolite, PERM. Catalina volcanics; sandstone; CRET. Consuzo stock; MIO (9.5±0.2 Ma). Shale, quartzite; MES. Andesite, rhyolite, DEV. Catalina pyroclastics; PERM. volcanics; granite; PENNÐ Regoufe PERM. skarn (scheelite skarn) somatic deposit (strata-bound, disseminated) ment 41 05 N 126 40 E Vein38 56 N 126 57 E Vein Schist39 15 N 126 40 E Granite, granodiorite. Unknown38 42 N 127 58 E Vein/stockwork/ — JUR40 38 N 128 43 E Contact-meta- MESÐCEN 40 17 N 127 40 E Vein —40 11 N 126 47 E Vein Schist — Intrusion of granite = — JUR MESÐCEN — — Häusser (1987). Ganggye district Province) (Tschagang Gogsan Mannjon district (North Hwanghae Province) Jangdok (South Province) P’yongan Sangnong (South Hamgyong Province) Shinheung (South Hamgyong Province) (Kjongsu) Tahyng (South P’yongan Province) Kymgang Province) (Kangwon Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock North Korea North Korea North Korea North Korea North Korea North Korea Peru Morococha (Junin) 11 36 SW 76 07 Vein/replace- Peru Once (Puno) Palca Peru 14 46 SW 69 40 Bueno (Ancash) Pasto Vein 08 SW 77 42 Peru Vein San Cristobal (Junin) 11 43 S Shale, limestone, PortugalW 76 05 Vein Arouca (Aveiro) Greisenized granite; 40 54 NW 08 03 Vein/stockwork Excelsior group; Phyllite; PRECÐCAMB. schist; Beira North Korea

40 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference Conde and others (1971). (1982). Reynaud and Rye Kelly (1979). Lofts (1986). Sabir and Labbé (1986). — Comments Ratio of wolframite to Ratio of wolframite scheelite is 80:20. At least eight orebodies area. present in Covas Mineralized quartz veins are horizontal; occur over an area 4 by 2 km. —— in detail Investigated and declared not economically exploitable. in detail Investigated and declared not economically exploitable. quartz veins, and alluvial quartz veins, and eluvial deposits. mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, TRML, QRTZ, MLBD, MSCV, BSMN, ARPR, GLEN, CLCP, APTT, ALBT, CRBN WLFM, SCLT, VSVN, ACNL, TRML, GRLR, DPSD, EPDT, PYTT, QRTZ, ARPR, PYRT WLFM, ARPR, MRCS, CLCP, PYTT, PYRT, SPLR, STNT, CSTR, GTHT, CLCC, QRTZ, TRML MSCV, SCLT — (1982). Reynaud QRTZ, FRBRQRTZ, —QRTZ WLFM, QRTZ, FLRT, FLDP, MSCV, QRTZ, (1965). De Kun CSTR, STNT, ARPR, PYRT, CLCP, PYTT, GLEN, BRNT, BSMN, STBN, MLBD WLFM, QRTZ, CSTR, ARPR, GLEN, PYRT, SPLR, CLCP, TRDR, STNT, FLRT Local environment PENNÐPERM granite intrusion and associated country rocks. Contact aureole of PENNÐPERM granite intrusion. Contact aureole of PENNÐPERM granite intrusion. Contact aureole of granite. LPAL schist. micro- LPROT granite and associated hornfels. granite LPROT and associated hornfels. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic belt belt belt belt Age of mineralization PENNÐPERM orogenic PAL PENNÐPERM orogenic PAL LPAL orogenic PAL LPROT Intracratonic graphite Folded LPROT Intracratonic Small pluton of LPROT Intracratonic Small pluton of SIL. Granite; PENNÐ PERM. schist; PRECÐCAMB. granite; Granite; Panasqueira PENNÐPERM (K-Ar: 290Ð289 Ma). formation; CAMB. LPROT. Sericite schist; As Sericite schist; LPROT. Siham formation; PROT. group; PROT. Metasiltstone, LPROT. metasandstone/hornfels; Murdama group; PROT. 41 NW 07 49 Vein/stockwork Schist, chert, quartzite; 41 54 NW 08 37 Skarn Limestone/skarn; ORD40 09 NW 07 45 Vein PENNÐPERM orogenic PAL Schist, quartzite; Beira 41 08 NW 07 30 Skarn Limestone; Bateiras 25 09 N 42 41 E Vein/stockwork microgranite; Porphyritic 01 55 S 29 26 E Vein Schist; granite MPROT — — WLFM, QRTZ Numerous pegmatites, Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (Vila Real and Braga) (Vila Castelo) (Beira Baixa) (Viseu) Baid al Jimalah (Najd) (Najd)Tawilah Bi’r 22 44 N 42 43 E Vein/stockwork biotite granite; Porphyritic (Kabaya District) Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Portugal Borralha Portugal do (Viana Covas Portugal Panasqueira Portugal Santa Leocadia Rwanda Gifurwe 01 39 SSaudi 29 51 EArabia Vein/stockwork Graphite schist; Urundi Saudi Arabia Rwanda Lutsiro Rwanda Nyakabingo 01 52 S 29 28 E Vein/stockwork Shale; quartzite MPROT — — TNST, FRBR,

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 41 Reference Gaukroger (1984). Coetzee (1976). — — — Coetzee (1976). Strauss (1954). So, Shelton, and others (1983). Chung (1975). Chung (1975). Comments Investigated in detail Investigated and declared not economically exploitable. More than 20 widely scattered deposits and occurrences in district. More than 50 scheelite occurrences in district. —— Scheelite associated with deposits of emerald. about 1.5 km apart. veins Scheelite occurs in accessory amounts only. Scheelite recovered sporadically as a byprod- uct of tin mining. Deposit consists of more than 20 quartz veins. and Mineralized veins occur in pipe- veinlets shaped breccia body. Orebodies consist of scheelite-rich pockets in pegmatite. mineral Principal assemblages SCLT WLFM, SCLT, CSTR, MLBD, TRML, QRTZ, ARPR, FLRT, SLMN MLBD, SCLT, QRTZ, CLCP, TRML, FLDP, EPDT PYRT, PYTT, CLCT, QRTZ, KLNT SRCT, QRTZ, SCLT, TMLT, BOTT, TRML QRTZSCLT, sites of mineralized Two FRBR, SCLT, MLBD, PYRT, QRTZ CSTR, SCLT, TRML, FLRT, SRCT WLFM, MLBD, CSTR, SCLT, CLCP, BRYL, BSMN, PYTT, SPLR, GLEN, FLRT, QRTZ, DLMT, SDRT, CLCT WLFM, SCLT, PYRT, CLCP, SPLR, BSMN, GOLD, BSMT, SDRT QRTZ, QRTZ, SCLT, PLGC, BOTT, HBLD, FLRT, PYTT, PYRT, CLCT Local environment morphic; contact aureole of pegmatitic granite. morphic; related to regional of development pegmatites. pluton? Contact aureole of granite. LPROT metamorphic/ plutonic. granite pluton. —Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton. WLFM SCLT, —Brecciated rocks volcanic intruded by LCRET? monzonite. occurs Pegmatite — near contact of JUR? granite. Tectonic setting Tectonic Intracratonic Ultrameta- Intracratonic Ultrameta- Subducted continental margin Intracratonic Ultra- Intracratonic Upper part of orogenic belt MESÐCEN orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt Age of mineralization MPROT MPROT (940±50 Ma) MPROT (960±40 Ma) ARCH IntracratonicLPROT (585 Ma) Related to granite MPROT (980±22 Ma) EPROT (1,920±40 Ma) (88±2 Ma) LCRET? MESÐCEN JUR? MESÐCEN Schist; Giyani group; ARCH. Granite; Bobbejaankop (1,920± granite; EPROT 40 Ma). Andesite, rhyolite, agglomerate; LCRET. formation; MPROT. formation; MPROT. Grunau Paragneiss; Granite formation; MPROT. suite; Gneiss; Keimoes MPROT. group; Orange River (1,996±15 Ma). EPROT suite; Vioolsdrif Tonalite; (1,900±30 Ma). EPROT LPROT. complex; subgroup; MPROT (1,231±33 Ma). gneiss; Gneiss; Wonnam PREC. inated pipes pipe 28 32 S 20 30 E Vein28 56 S Toeslaan Paragneiss; 17 53 E Vein Metabasalt/meta-andesite; 23 13 S 30 54 E Vein/dissem- 28 20 S 16 52 E Vein29 35 S 17 50 E Vein24 03 S Gariep Graywacke; 28 45 E Disseminated/ — Schist; Khurisberg 37 05 N — 127 48 E Vein Vein? Granite gneiss; PREC. —35 47 N CRET 128 40 E Vein/breccia 36 55 N 129 08 E Pegmatite — Amphibolite; PREC. MESÐCEN Jabal Marya East Orange River 18 31 N(Northern Cape 42 51 EProvince) Strata-bound — West Orange River (Northern Cape Province) Riviera MPROTShangoni (Northern —Cape Province) 32 42 S 18 43 E (Northern Wallekraal UnknownCape Province) Schist Wolfram — Granite(Northern Cape Province) Zaaiplaats (Northern Cape Province) WLFM, HBLD, Bu-Duck Province) (Kyonggi PROT (North Dae Hwa Ch’ungch’ong Province) — —Dal Sung mine (North Province) Kyongsang Okbang mine (North MLBD, SCLT, Province) Kyongsang Saudi Arabia South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa South Korea South Korea South Korea South Korea Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock

42 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference Chung (1975). So, Shelton, and Rye (1983). So, Rye, and Shelton (1983). (1993); Chernov Il’in and others (1992); Shishigin and others (1994). (1977); Smirnov Beskin and others (1996a,b). (1977). Smirnov Wagner Buros and (1978). Comments “Main vein” is 1,500 m “Main vein” long, 1,500 m downdip, and 3.5Ð5 m thick. —Deposit consists of associated quartz vein with barren pegmatite. Three ore zones consist of parallel quartz veins. Chung (1975). Mineralized zone at the is 1,200 “Agylky” river m long and 4.5 thick. zones up to Some vein are 20 m thick; they traced to a depth of 500 m. Series of parallel quartz 800Ð1,000 m long. veins One of the Gumbeiskiy group of deposits. mineral Principal assemblages SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, BSMN, QRTZ, DPSD, GRNT, HBLD, EPDT, CLCT, SRCT, APTT FLRT, WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ CLCP, WLFM, ARPR, PYRT, SCLT, BRNT, CLCP, FLRT QRTZ, WLFM, SCLT, MLBD, BSMN, SPLR, BSMT, GLEN, CLCP, PYTT, PYRT, FLRT, QRTZ, SDRT, DLMT, CLCT SLPD WLFM, MLBD, PYRT, QRTZ, BSMT, SCLT, SPLR, CLCP, CSTR, MSCV, FLRT, TOPZ, TRML, BOTT, FLDP WLFM, PYRT, MSCV, QRTZ, CRBN, FLRT, CLCP, PYTT, SPLR, GLEN, MLBD, BSMN, SCLT MLBD, SCLT, CLCP PYRT, Local environment Folded Folded metasedimentary rocks. LCRET granite pluton. PREC metamorphic rock. Carbonate-rich sedimentary rocks intruded by CRET granite. PERM granitic intrusion. LJUR granite intrusion. Contact aureole of granite. PAL t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic MESÐCEN orogenic belt MESÐCEN orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt belt orogenic belt belt Age of mineralization CRET (84±3 Ma) (65±2 Ma) CRET? MESÐCEN CRET MESÐCEN PERM orogenic PAL LJUR MESÐCEN Myobong slate; ECAMB. PREC. Hornblende schist; formation; PREC. Wonnam rocks; Samtaesan forma- tion; LPROTÐMCAMB. granite; Granite; Weolag CRET. PERM. complex; Sandstone; SIL. intrusions; LJUR. Shale, sandstone; JUR. 37 09 N 128 49 E Skarn Metasedimentary rocks; 35 36 N 128 58 E Vein37 18 N 129 11 E Vein Biotite granite; LCRET?36 53 N 128 08 E LCRET Vein Buncheon granitic gneiss; Hornfels/calc-silicate 64 30 N 137 00 E Skarn47 55 N Shales, limestone; ETRI 72 15 E Disseminated(?) MESAkchatau Granite; —50 55 N 115 45 E Vein — Granite; Kukul’bey 53 27 N 59 35 E Skarn CLCP, SCLT, Sedimentary rocks; MPAL PENNÐPERM orogenic PAL Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. Sangdong mine Province) (Kangwon Sannae mine (South Province) Kyongsang Ssang Jeong mine (North Kyongsang Province) mine (North Weolag Ch’ungch’ong Province) Agylky (Sachal Yakutia) Akchatau Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) (Chita Antonovogorsk Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Balkany Oblast, (Chelyabinsky R.F.S.R.) Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock South Korea South Korea South Korea South Korea Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 43 Reference Barabanov (1961). Barabanov (1977); Smirnov and Panova (1996). Gavrilenko (1977). Smirnov (1977). Smirnov (1977). Smirnov (1988). Rabchevsky (1977). Smirnov (1992). Comments More than 100 quartz- veins; wolframite zones also stockwork present. Deposit is a stockwork zone 1,600 m long and up to 200 m wide. are up to 3 m Veins is 1 m. wide; average More than 80 quartz two veins; wolframite zones. stockwork Includes Pervomaisk, Kholtoson, Inkura, and Malo- Gudzhir, Kholtoson deposits. separate Many orebodies. Deposit consists of at least 22 separate orebodies. High mountain region Il’in and others Large depositLarge — mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, MLBD, QRTZ, BSMT, MCCL, ALBT, FLRT, SRCT, SCLT WLFM, SCLT, MLBD, QRTZ, CLCP, MSCV, GLEN, PYRT, TRML, FLRT, ORCL HBNR, SCLT, PYRT, QRTZ, SPLR, FLRT, MLBD, CLCP, CSTR HMTT, WLFM, MLBD, BSMT, QRTZ, SPLR, GLEN, FLRT, SRCT, SCLT HBNR, PYRT, GLEN, QRTZ, SPLR, CSTR, SCLT, CLCP, TRDR, FLRT, MCCL, SRCT, ANKR WLFM, SLPD GRNT, SCLT, PRXN, WLST, VSVN SLPD SCLT, MLBD, SCLT, CLCP, BSMT, CSTR, QRTZ, EPDT MCSV, Local environment LJUR granite intrusion. Contact aureole of SILÐDEV granite pluton in ORD sandstone. Contact aureole of EJUR granite intrusion. LJUR granite intrusion. Contact aureole of LJUR granite intrusion. Contact aureole of MÐLCARB granite pluton. CARBÐPERM granodiorite- granite intrusion. Tectonic setting Tectonic orogenic belt belt orogenic belt orogenic belt PALÐMES orogenic belt belt belt Age of mineralization LJUR MESÐCEN SILÐDEV orogenic PAL EJUR MESÐCEN LJUR MESÐCEN LJUR (140 Ma) CARBÐPERM orogenic PAL Sandstone; MORD. Granite; MÐLDEV. GraniteMetasedimentary and rocks; metavolcanic group; Khokhyurtovka LCAMB. Quartz diorite, granodiorite; SILÐDEV. MES — — WLFM — (1988). Rabchevsky Kukul’bey intrusions; Kukul’bey LJUR. granite massif; EJUR. intrusion; Kukul’bey LJUR. Sandstone, shale; MJUR. Granite/granodiorite; LCARBÐPERM. Metasomatic greisen. placer stockwork stockwork vein vein poligene/ vein polichrone NW. of NW. Kokchetau 50 10 N 103 28 E Vein/stockwork/ 43 21 N 78 18 E Scheelite/ 51 08 N 109 25 E Vein51 15 N 116 30 E Granite; Bom-Gorkhon Vein/stockwork Greisenized granite; 50 15 N 114 20 E Disseminated(?)/ 50 35 N 136 36 E Skarn/vein39 50 N 65 50 E Granite Skarn88 40 N 49 42 E Disseminated(?) DEV Granite porphyry; Limestone/marble; LSIL ECARB MÐLCARB LCRET orogenic PAL — — — — WLFM, MLBD, CSTR, CLCC, 51 15 N 116 30 E Vein/stockwork Quartz diorite, granite; — — Scheelite/skarn Inkura mine Kholtoson mine Murr mine Dzhida district (Buryat A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.) Boguty (Almaty Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) Bom-Gorkhon (Buryat A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.) Bukuka (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Dedosa Gora (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Festivallnoye Kray) (Khabarovsk Ingichka (Samarkand Uzbekh Region, A.S.S.R.) Kalgutin (R. Gorno ) Z.F.S.S.R. Altay, Belukha (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Bayan (Kokchetau Bayan (Kokchetau Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union

44 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference (1978). (1978). (1978). Smirnov (1977). Smirnov (1978). Comments — Wagner Buros and — Wagner Buros and — (1996a). Mazurov — (1988). Rabchevsky More than 100 orebodies been identified; have some placer deposits also? — Wagner Buros and — (1996b). Mazurov mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, PYRT, WLFM, PYRT, MLBD, CSLT, CSTR, BSMT, MSCV, QRTZ, SDRT, FLRT, CLCC, TOPZ, ALBT SCLT, ARPR, SCLT, GLEN, PYRT, WLFM, PYTT, SPLR, CLCP, FLDP QRTZ, MLBD, SCLT, MLBD, SCLT, BSMN, QRTZ, BRYL, CLCP, CLAY diff SLPD diff SCLT — Wagner Buros and WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, ALBT, MSCV, CSTR, FLRT, ARPR, CLCP, PYTT PYRT, SCLT, PYTT, PYTT, SCLT, CLCP, QRTZ, ADRD, MRMT, HDBG, CLRT, WLFM, CSTR, ZNWD SCLT, MLBD, SCLT, PYRT, CLCP, CLCT, QRTZ, FLDP Local environment PERM? granite intrusion. Contact aureole of PERM granite intrusion. CARB/PERM granite intrusion. Contact aureole of granite LPAL intrusion. Contact aureole CRET above granite intrusion. Contact aureole of PERM granite intrusion. Contact aureole of granite pluton. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic belt PALÐMESÐCEN PALÐMESÐCEN collision zone belt belt orogenic belt belt belt Age of mineralization PERM? orogenic PAL PERM (270Ð250 Ma) CARB/PERM PAL orogenic CARB/PERM PAL CRET MESÐCEN CARB/PERM orogenic PAL Granite; Kulchinsk Granite; Kulchinsk intrusion; PERM. Quartz DEV? tuff; porphyry, Granite; Ullumkam granite; PERM (K-Ar: 270Ð250 Ma). Granite; LCARB. Sedimentary and volcanic rocks; carbonate, terrigenous rocks; LDEV. conglomerate; Iul’tin group; conglomerate; Iul’tin LPERM. Granite; Iul’tin massif; CRET. conglomerate; LDEV. conglomerate; LDEV. Granite; LCARB. greisen work; skarn/ work; scheelite ore and weathering zone ore 152 km S. of 120 km SW. of 120 km SW. Karaganda City Karaganda Karaganda City Karaganda 47 16 N 72 15 E Vein/stockwork/ 43 27 N 41 28 E Vein Schist, gneiss; PROT. — — Mo-W stock- 46 35 N 134 45 E Skarn(?) Granite; JUR — — Granite stock SCLT, 40 35 N 65 50 E Skarn Limestone/skarn; MPAL LPAL orogenic PAL 67 43 N 178 56 E Vein Shale, sandstone, 39 10 N 68 30 E Skarn Limestone, slate; MPAL PERM orogenic PAL — — Skarn/greisen Sandstone, siltstone 50 10 N 109 57 E Disseminated(?) CRET Granite porphyry; MES — — WLFM “Chikoy” Synonym: (1988). Rabchevsky Iul’tin mine Iul’tin mine Svetloye mine Tenkergin Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. Karaoba Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Kit-Teberda Kit-Teberda (Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Koktenkol Koktenkol Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Lermontovsky Lermontovsky (Primor’ye Kray, R.F.S.R.) Lyangar (Sydar’ya Lyangar Uzbek S.S.R.) Region, Magadan region, region, Magadan Russian S.F.S.R. Maykhura (Kulyab Maykhura (Kulyab S.S.R.) Oblast, Tajik Severny Katpar Severny Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Shumilovskoye Shumilovskoye (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Former Former Soviet Union Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 45 Reference Rabchevsky (1988). Rabchevsky Arribas (1979). Anstett and others (1985). — and Gagny Gouanvic (1983). Smirnov (1977). Smirnov (1977). Smirnov Russkikh and Shatov (1966). Comments Ore is in three veins Ore is in three veins 10 m thick, 475 long, and 650 m deep. Scheelite is the predominant tungsten mineral. Scheelite is the predominant tungsten mineral. Deposit consists of three orebodies: Las Cortinas, Los Santos, and Santos South. occurs in Wolframite and quartz veins disseminated in aplite. —— Mineralized zones are 1Ð2 to 30 m thick. Approximately 20 an orebodies occur over area 1,600 m by 500 and to a depth of 900 m. tungsten deposit Largest in world. mineral Principal assemblages SCLT SCLT SLPD diff WLFM, SCLT, MSCV, QRTZ, ARPR, PYRT, MLBD, CLCP, CSTR, TRML, FLRT, TOPZ, ORCL CSTR, SCLT, MSCV, QRTZ, ARPR, WLFM, TRML CLPX, SCLT, PLGC, CLZS, PYRT, GRNT, ARPR, PYTT, SPLR, CLCP, GLEN, LLNG, BSMN WLFM, CSTR, ARPR, QRTZ, TRML PYRT, WLFM, CSTR, QRTZ WLFM, PYTT, WLFM, PYTT, TOPZ, QRTZ, SPLR, MSCV, BMTT, CLCP, CSTR, SCLT, TRML, FLRT, APTT MLBD, SCLT, PLGC, PWLT, PRXN, GRNT, SLPD, CLCC, FLRT QRTZ, WLFM, SCLT, MLBD, BSMT, MSCV, QRTZ, BOTT, FLRT, PYRT FLDP, Local environment LPAL granite LPAL cupola. stock. Greisenized EPERM granite. Contact aureole of PERM granite pluton? Contact aureole of LPAL granodiorite intrusion. granite LPAL intrusion. MES granite cupola. Contact aureole of CRET granite intrusion. Contact scheelite- bearing stockwork of granite pluton. Tectonic setting Tectonic belt belt belt belt belt orogenic belt collision zone belt Age of mineralization LCRET — Contact along a EPERM? orogenic PAL MES PALÐMES CRET PALÐMESÐCEN CARB/PERM orogenic PAL Granite, aplite; LPAL LPAL orogenic PAL LPERM. PREC. Sandstone, siltstone conglomerate; LSIL, MDEV. Spokoinyi granite; MES. Spokoinyi hornfels; LDEV. inated stockwork 140 km S. of Karaganda City Karaganda — —41 08 NW 06 31 Vein/stockwork Unknown Granite; EPERM — EPERM39 10 NW 05 54 Vein/stockwork orogenic PAL Slate, conglomerate; 40 33 NW 05 48 Skarn — Limestone; ECAMB43 02 N —W 08 49 Vein/dissem- LPAL42 52 NW 08 33 Vein orogenic PAL — Granite; LPAL — LPAL orogenic — PAL — 45 55 N 135 35 E Skarn(?) Limestone, hornfels; 51 55 N 112 09 E Disseminated Greisenized granite; 43 25 N 42 45 E Skarn— Biotite Limestone; LDEV. — Scheelite/ Yubileinoye Yubileinoye (Leninabad Region, S.S.R.) Tadzhik Caceres Provinces) (Salamanca Province) Coruna Province) Province) (Pontevedra (Salamanca Province) Vostok-2 (Primor’ye Vostok-2 R.F.S.R.) Kray, Spokoinyi (Chita Spokoinyi Oblast, R.F.S.R.) (former Tyrnyauz Kabardin-Balkar A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.) Verkhne-Kayrakty Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Former Former Soviet Union Spain (Badajoz/ La Parilla Spain Los Santos Spain Santa Comba (La Spain Silleda Spain Barruecopardo Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union

46 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference Ahmed (1979). Ohlsson (1979). Charoensri (1983). Karahan and others (1980). Reedman (1973). Shepherd and others (1976). Dines (1956). Dines (1956). Comments Wolframite- and Wolframite- scheelite-bearing quartz in stockworks vein greisenized granite over area of 1 sq km; large. potential reserves Deposit consists of three separate orebodies. Scheelite occurs in skarn in and to a lesser extent in granite. quartz veins — Charoensri (1983). — Charoensri (1983). Part of ore occurs as Part wolframite-bearing in granite quartz veins the skarn deposit. below Ferberite is pseudomorphous after scheelite. Mineralized veins Mineralized veins concentrated in greisen adjacent to Skiddaw granite. Mineralized granite is strongly kaolinized, causes problems in beneficiation. Vein/stockwork associated Vein/stockwork with greisenized country rock. mineral Principal assemblages WLFM, SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, QRTZ SCLT, FLRT, FLRT, SCLT, CLCC, CLCP, GRNT, PYTT, CLPX SCLT, ARPR, SCLT, CLCP, PYRT, GLEN, PYTT, TRML, FLRT, CLCC, QRTZ, GRNT FRBR, STBN, QRTZ, CLCP, FLRT FRBR, PYRT, FRBR, PYRT, STBN, QRTZ, MRCS SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, FLRT, QRTZ, SPLR, MGNT, HMTT, GRNT, BSMN, MLBD, CLCC, PYRT FRBR, QRTZ, FRBR, QRTZ, KLNT WLFM, SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, ARPR, QRTZ, PYTT, PYRT, CLCC, DLMT WLFM, CSTR, KOLN, QRTZ, MICA WLFM, CSTR, TRML, QRTZ, MICA, ARPR Local environment intrusion. PROT granite PROT intrusion. Contact aureole of TRIÐJUR granite pluton. Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton. Contact aureole of LCRET granite pluton. Contact aureole of MESÐCEN granite- granodiorite intrusion. in PREC meta- sedimentary rocks. EDEV granite pluton and contact aureole. LCARB granite intrusion. Contact aureole of LCARB granite intrusion. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic belt belt belt orogenic belt PAL orogenic PAL belt PAL orogenic PAL belt PAL orogenic PAL belt Age of mineralization TRIÐJUR MES orogenic CRET MES orogenic LCRET MES orogenic MESÐTERT MESÐCEN PREC Intracratonic Thin quartz veins DEV (385 Ma) PERM (270 Ma) PERM (270 Ma) Biotite granite; TRIÐJUR. Biotite granite; Shale, siltstone, sandstone, minor limestone; Lampang TRI. Granite; MES. group; Altered metasedimentary series; rocks; Kanchanaburi PAL. Brecciated granite; MESÐ TERT. Ankolean system; PREC. Ankolean slate; ORD (470 Ma). Granite/greisenized granite; granite; EDEV Skiddaw (399 Ma). Gabbro; Carrock gabbro; EDEV (399 Ma). LCARB (310Ð300 Ma). Slate; DEV. Kit Hill granite; LCARB (310Ð300 Ma). breccia breccia 18 00 N 36 12 E Vein/stockwork Granite; PROT PROT Intracratonic granite PROT 60 06 N 15 00 E Skarn Limestone; PROT PROT Intracratonicof aureole Contact 19 24 N 99 34 E Skarn/vein Limestone; SILÐDEV. 18 08 N 99 51 E Vein/stockwork/ 09 21 N 99 23 E Vein/stockwork/ 40 12 N 29 04 E Skarn/stockwork Brecciated marble; PAL. 01 47 S 29 52 E Strata-bound Karagwe- Shale, phyllite; Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (Red Sea Hills) Province) Province) (Phrae Province) (Nakhon Si Thammarat (Nakhon Si Province) Province) District) Carrock (Cumbia) 54 41 NW 03 Vein Slate/hornfels; Skiddaw Hemerdon (Devon) 50 25 NW 04 00 Stockwork Hemerdon granite; Redmoor (Cornwall) 50 31 NW 04 19 Stockwork Granite; Slate; DEV. Sudan Jebel Eyob Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Sweden (Orebro Yxsjoberg Thailand Doi Mok (Chiang Rai Thailand Doi Than Ngoam Thailand Khao Soon mine Turkey Uludag (Bursa Uganda Nyamolilo (Kigezi United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 47 Reference Pattee (1960). Pattee Wallace and others Wallace (1968). Altringer and others (1979). Comments Local thick glacial moraine cover. Huebnerite, cassiterite, and monazite are pyrite, byproducts. — (1963). Parker — Slack (1972). — (1934). Kerr — Ross (1961). — Grabher (1984). — (1982). Newberry Searles Lake brines Searles Lake contain approximately W. 70 ppm mineral Principal assemblages SCLT, PWLT, PWLT, SCLT, GRNT, CLCP, QRTZ, EPDT, MGNT MLBD, HBNR, CSTR, MNZT, PYRT, QRTZ, TOPZ, SRCT, FLRT HBNR, SCLT, HBNR, SCLT, QRTZ, FLRT, CLCP, PYRT, GLEN, SPLR, MLBD, SRCT, RDCR SCLT, PWLT, PWLT, SCLT, MGNT, PYRT, GRNT, QRTZ, MLBD CLCP, SCLT, MLBD, SCLT, PYRT, CLCP, DPSD, GRNT, QRTZ EPDT, SCLT, CLCP, CLCP, SCLT, ADRD, CLCC, AMPB, QRTZ, PRXN, EPDT, PYRT, WLST, MGNT SCLT, CLCP, CLCP, SCLT, SPLR, PYRT, PRXN, GRNT, AMPB QRTZ, SCLT, CLCP, CLCP, SCLT, MLBD, GRNT, PRXN, QRTZ, AMPB, PLGC salts of complex salts of complex mixture Local environment Contact aureole of PALEOÐOLIGO monzogranite intrusion. Fractured OLIGO rhyolite/granite stock. porphyry Shear zone near phyllite-CAMB granodiorite contact. Contact aureole of ECRET granite stock. Contact aureole of CRET granite stock. Contact aureole of LJUR granite pluton. Contact aureole of CRET granodiorite stocks. Contact aureole of CRET granite intrusion. Salt flat Precipitated Tectonic setting Tectonic MESÐCEN orogenic belt intracratonic rift belt MESÐCEN orogenic belt MESÐCEN orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt orogenic belt Age of mineralization PALEOÐ OLIGO OLIGO CEN CAMB orogenic PAL ECRET (135 Ma) CRET (72.0±2.6 Ma) LJUR MESÐCEN CRET MESÐCEN CRET MESÐCEN QUAT MESÐCEN siltstone; Amsden forma- tion; MISSÐPENN. Monzo- granite; PALEOÐOLIGO. porphyries; Climax stock; porphyries; OLIGO. CAMB (595Ð520 Ma). LPROTÐCAMB. Phyllite; Sandstone, limestone, Pequop formation; PERM. Monzogranite; Indian Springs stock; ECRET (135 Ma). formation; LTRI. formation; LTRI. Granodiorite, Springer stock; CRET (K-Ar: (78.4±2.9 Ma). formation; MTRI. Granite- granodiorite; LJUR. formation; LTRI. formation; LTRI. Granodiorite; Gunmetal stock; CRET (K-Ar: 83.4±3.1 Ma). Granodiorite; Desert Scheelite stocks; CRET (K-Ar: 80.4±2.9 Ma). PAL. Hornfels, Pine Creek PAL. hornfels; PAL. Monzogranite; Morgan Creek quartz monzonite; CRET. QUAT work/vein 34 15 NW 117 41 Placer45 31 NW 112 50 Skarn — Carbonate-rich shale, PREC — — — — — 39 22 NW 106 11 Porphyry and granite Rhyolite 36 31 NW 78 28 Vein Granodiorite, tonalite; 41 37 NW 114 15 Skarn/stock- 40 47 NW 118 08 Skarn Limestone, Raspberry 39 02 NW 118 19 Skarn Limestone, Excelsior 38 23 NW 117 53 Skarn Limestone, Luning 37 23 NW 118 43 Skarn Marble; Pine Creek marble; 35 45 NW 117 20 Brine brines; Searles Lake Andrew mine Andrew (California) Brown’s Lake Lake Brown’s (Montana) Climax mine (Colorado) Hamme district Queen mine) (Tungsten (North Carolina) Indian Springs (Nevada) Mill City district (Nevada) Nevada Scheelite Nevada (Nevada) Pilot Mountain district (Nevada) Pine Creek mine (California) Searles Lake Searles Lake (California) United States United States Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States

48 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Reference Pampeyan (1970). Pampeyan ESCAP (1990). Workman (1978). Workman ESCAP (1990). (1968). (1953). Comments — (1981). Nokleberg — Tschanz and — United Nations — and Fontaine ——— United Nations — Anthoine and others — Martin (1964). — Swift and others mineral Principal assemblages SCLT, DPSD, SCLT, EPDT, WLST, QRTZ, GRNT, SPLR, PYRT, MLBD CLCP, SCLT, FLRT, FLRT, SCLT, SPLR, GRNT, CLCC, QRTZ, PYTT, PYRT, DPSD, EPDT CSTR, QRTZ, CSTR, QRTZ, SLPD, TRLM WLFM, QRTZ, WLFM, QRTZ, CSTR, SPLR, GLEN, MLBD, ARPR, FLRT, TRML SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, CSTR, SLPD, TRML, QRTZ, CLCP, PYRT, CSTR, ARPR, BSMN MLBD, CLMB, TRML, QRTZ CSTR, QRTZ, WLFM, TNTL, SLPD SCLT, EPDT, EPDT, SCLT, SDRT, QRTZ, QRTZ, ACNL, CLCC, GRNT, VSVN SCLT, WLFM, SCLT, SDRT, QRTZ, CLCC, EPDT, CLCP, PYRT, GLEN, SPLR, STBN FLRT, Local environment Contact aureole of MCRET granodiorite pluton. Contact aureole of CRET granite pluton. Contact of granite. porphyric Contact aureole of CRET granite intrusion. associated country rocks. Contact of intrusive Contact of intrusive rocks. ARCH granite intrusion. TRI granite intrusion. t reported on the ISMI record form. Host rock includes some or all of following Tectonic setting Tectonic orogenic belt MES-CEN orogenic belt collision zone collision zone collision zone Age of mineralization MCRET MES-CEN CRET (90 Ma) CRET MESÐCEN CRET MESÐCEN CRET (TRI?) MESÐCEN MPROT —LPROT Intracratonic granite and PROT — WLFM, CSTR, ARCH Intracratonic Contact aureole of Granodiorite, MCRET. Limestone, hornfels; Pilot shale; DEVÐMISS. dacite tuff; LJUR, ECRET. dacite tuff; Shale; PAL. Rhyolite, TRI. Rhyolite, Shale; PAL. Granite, Pia Oac complex; CRET. Effusive and intrusive and intrusive Effusive rocks (TRI, CRET) in sedimentary rocks of ORD and SIL age. Granite; LPROT. Metasedimentary rocks, Kibara group; PROT. Sediments; CEN. associated with granites; small greisen mineralization. system; ARCH. placer (placer: Sn) Sn) (vein: placer 37 31 NW 119 18 Skarn Hornfels, marble; LJUR. 37 38 NW 115 38 Skarn Limestone; MISS. 12 03 N 108 41 E Disseminated(?)Andesite, Granite; CRET. 22 37 N 105 51 E Vein/stockwork/ 21 38 N 105 43 E Scheelite-skarn 19 58 S 31 28 E Vein/skarn Chlorite schist; Bulawayan 21 00 S 32 10 E Vein/stockworkTRI Basalt; Karoo system; TRI Intracratonic Contact aureole of Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. Strawberry mine Strawberry (California) Tem Piute district Tem (Nevada) (Lam Dong Province) Bang Province, Tonkin) Bang Province, (Bac Thai Province) with Da Liem (Bikita District) district United States Table 9. rubidium-strontium date; —, no date; Rb-Sr, potassium-argon used in this table are defined 8. K-Ar, [Most abbreviations items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type; formation name; and age] Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock United States Vietnam Da Tria Da Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Pia Oac district (Cao Vietnam Vietnam Dao district Tam Zaire BishashaZaire SOMINKI (Kivu) 01 39 SZimbabwe Beardmore 02 32 S 28 53 E 26 35 E Vein Vein/stockwork/ Schist, quartz veins Zimbabwe Chiredzi-Chipinage

TABLE 9. SELECTED GEOLOGIC AND LOCATION INFORMATION 49 Reference Comments —— mineral Principal assemblages PYTT, CLCP, CLCP, PYTT, MLBD, GRNT, CLCC, QRTZ Local environment Tectonic setting Tectonic Age of mineralization Country Site name Latitude Longitude Deposit type Host rock Zimbabwe R.H.A.Zimbabwe Scheelite King 17 29 S 30 54 E 18 30 S Vein 26 38 E Stockwork Schist Tonalite ARCH PROTÐPAL — — — — WLFM, QRTZ — PYRT, SCLT, —

50 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN from infrastructure prohibitive. — Only operating mine in Australia Only operating mine in where scheelite is produced as a byproduct of iron ore mining. found 1904. Operated Showings as an open-pit mine 1917Ð74. Mine closed 1958Ð68, 1968Ð71, and 1986. Last production in 1922 (for Mo). Mine closed in 1984. — Mine closed in 1980. Last production in 1981. 3 3 ; 1980. , 0.07 ; 1979 ; 24,000; 3 3 2 ; 1982. ; 1983. , 0.07 3 3 3 3 3 ; 1984. , 0.3 ; 893; R1S; ; 339; R2S; 3 3 3 3 3 ; 1985. 2,000; 3 ; 1,573; R2S; 3 ; 1985 ; 1963? and distance Climate extreme 3 3 ; 438; R1S; 0.8 percent 3 3 ; 616; R1S; 0.9 percent 3 ; 1983. 600; R2S; 0.2 , 0.3 percent MoS 2 3 ; 1984 WO ; 254; R1S; 0.83 percent WO ; 500; R1S; 0.89 percent 3 3 3 259; R1E; 0.51 percent WO 259; R1E; 0.51 percent WO 8,400; R2S; 0.12 percent 1,610; R1E; 0.82 percent WO 1,610; R1E; 0.82 percent 0.9 percent WO 0.9 percent 1,500; R1M + R1S R2S; 0.50 percent WO 1984. 45.2; R2S; 0.3 percent W; 1984. W; 1984. 45.2; R2S; 0.3 percent WO 66; R1S; 0.37 percent percent WO R2E; 0.6 percent WO R2E; 0.6 percent 2,181; R1S; 1.0 percent WO 2,181; R1S; 1.0 percent percent Bi, 17 topaz; 1982 percent MoS 13,000; R1E; 0.1 percent WO 13,000; R1E; 0.1 percent — Mine closed in 1984. 0.54 percent WO 0.54 percent WO 0.92 percent WO 0.92 percent R2S; 0.079 percent WO R2S; 0.079 percent WO 37,000; R2S; 0.19 percent WO 37,000; R2S; 0.19 percent percent Bi, 17 topaz; 1982. WO 10,000; R2S; 0.2 percent 50; R1E; 0.5 percent WO 50; R1E; 0.5 percent WO 6,000; R1S; 0.215 percent 1,800; R1S; 0.6 percent WO 1,800; R1S; 0.6 percent ; 3 ; ; 3 3 ; ; 3 3 hich data are given. All resource data are in thousands of metric tons; year indi- hich data are given. ; 3 ble 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prod, production; —, not reported on not available; ble 8. NA, ; 1897Ð1918, 1939Ð 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 1977Ð84 49, 1951Ð60, 1961Ð63, 1965Ð79? 298; W; 1979Ð84 W; 298; W; 6.1; R1M; 1 percent Sn, 0.35 WO 41,808; W; 1911Ð84W; 41,808; WO 7,140; R1E; 1.0 percent 11,000; 65 percent WO 11,000; 65 percent 1895Ð1984 1894Ð1971. 475; W; 1974Ð W; 1894Ð1971. 475; 84 1,754; 58.5 percent WO 1,754; 58.5 percent WO 438; 45 percent WO 16,694; 68.8 percent 2,555; 65 percent WO 2,555; 65 percent 1936Ð39, 1940Ð49, 1952Ð54 1890Ð1980 1974Ð81 ; ; ; 3 3 3 ; 3 ; 1977Ð 3 Annual production percent WO — —50; 65 percent WO WO 37,000; R1S; 0.19 percent percent WO 1980Ð84 — 10,097.8; 68.3 percent 1980Ð84 1979Ð84 percent WO 1980Ð84 1979Ð81 1980Ð84 80 Elements of economic interest Au F (TOPZ) Bi production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery — U 1910’s?WLFM), Bi W (SCLT, —WO 297; 67.5 percent 1959 U 1960’s Sn W (WLFM, SCLT), None —WO 15; R1E + R1M; 1911 U1971 1911 S Mo W (SCLT), 1974WO 1,770; 1914 Mo W (SCLT), U 146; 37 — 1914 UAg, Mo, W (SCLT), 1883 U, S 1979 (W)W (WLFM) Sn, 1883 W; 54; W (WLFM), Sn, Bi, 1897 U 1897?WLFM), W (FRBR, 1978 N1894 U, S None 1894 W (SCLT) W (WLFM) None W; 47; None — Mine closed. 1895 S 1896WLFM) W (SCLT, 1,646; 68.2 Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts. Asperezas (San Luis) Renaissance District) (Tasmania) Territory) Australia) (Western (Queensland) South Wales) Aguila (San Luis) (Queensland) (Queensland) (Queensland) Country Site name Argentina Los Avestruces-Las Australia Kara (Tasmania) — S 1977 Fe W (SCLT), 281; 57.2 Table 10. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for w N, not mined. S, surface; [Mining methods: U, underground; used in this table are defined ta cates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations the ISMI record form] Algeria Laouni deposit (Adrar Australia King Island Australia Molyhil (Northern Australia Mount Mulgine Australia Sunnymount Australia (New Torrington Argentina Los Condores-El Australia Grid Watershed Australia Camp Wolfram Australia Mount Carbine

TABLE 10. SELECTED PRODUCTION AND MINERAL-RESOURCE INFORMATION 51 — grade (byproduct only). — tons of tin-wolframite had an concentrate and to have W annual output of 100 t concentrate in 1970Ð75. — Known producer in World War I War World producer in Known (1914Ð18). — ; 3 ; 1985 — 3 ; 1984. ; 1985 — ; 1984 — 3 3 3 ; 1981 — ; 1978 ; 1985 — ; 1985 — 3 3 ; 1985. 600; ; 1979. 300; ; 1985 — 3 3 ; 1985 Considerable tonnage potential. 3 3 3 3 ; 1985 Depleted. , 0.9 percent 3 3 ; 1979 ; 1983. 3 3 ; 1983 2 1,000; R2E; 0.8 percent WO 1,000; R2E; 0.8 percent 8,750; R1E + R2E; 0.36 percent WO 8,750; R1E + R2E; 0.36 percent 1994 R1; 0.97 percent WO R1; 0.97 percent WO R2E; 1.0 percent 600; R1; 0.5 percent WO 600; R1; 0.5 percent SnO ; 3 ; 1908Ð84WO 1,512; R1E; 0.78 percent ?; 1912Ð84WO 120; R1E; 0.6 percent ?; 1908Ð77WO 21,200; R1M; 0.43 percent ?; 1908Ð84WO 1,495; R1E; 0.54 percent ?; 1908Ð84 WO 472; R1E; 0.80 percent ?; 1908Ð77WO 51; R1M; 1.23 percent ?; 1908Ð84WO 288; R1E; 0.65 percent 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ?; 1908Ð77WO 335; R1E; 1.27 percent 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 1,334; W; 1975Ð84W; 1,334; WO 110; R1E; 1.09 percent 29,858; WO 14,132; WO 24,864, WO 12,692; W; 1975Ð84 W; 12,692; WO 4,500; R1E; 0.5 percent 2,141; W; 1975Ð84 W; 2,141; WO 1,038; R1E; 1.41 percent 22,339; WO 26,864; WO 31,384; WO 1942Ð94 43,500; 72.5 percent WO 43,500; 72.5 percent 1948Ð49 ; 3 Annual production 1980Ð84 1980Ð84 84 1980Ð84 1980Ð83 percent WO 377; W; 377; W; 1980Ð84 1980Ð84 1980Ð84 1980Ð84 1977Ð94 Elements of economic interest Cu, Au, Zn 1929W (WLFM, SCLT) Sn, — — 1970’s W; 32; R1 + R2; — production Year of first Year Mining method (placer) Year of Year discovery — U 1910’s W (WLFM), Sn W; 373; — U 1910’s W (WLFM) —WO 600; 1905 U, S 1908 W (WLFM), Sn — — — Estimated to contain 7,000 metric —S —S 1967 S, U 1976 Mo, Bi W (SCLT), W; 1,450; 1942 U 1942 W (SCLT) 264; 72.5 1910’s S, U 1910’sAs W (WLFM), —WO 29,000; 1900Ð09 U 1910 Sn W (WLFM, SCLT), — 1930Ð41; W; 11,731; (La Paz) (La Paz) (Mon State) (Mon State) (Salzburg) Boca de Lage mines (Rio Grande do Norte) (La Paz) (Kayah State) Country Site name Bolivia (Potosi)Viejo Pueblo — U 1914 W (WLFM) W; 188; Bolivia Chorolque (Potosi)Bolivia 1875 Enramada-Liliana U — W (WLFM), Sn, Bi —Bolivia (La Paz) Viloco — 1902 U — — W (WLFM), Sn 1980Ð W; 12; low but potential large Tonnage Bolivia Kami (Cochabamba) —Bolivia U Reconquistada 1908 W (WLFM) W; 539; Burma district Mergui Burma Heinze Basin Austria Mittersill mine Brazil Bodo/Barra Verde/ Bolivia (Potosi) Tazna — U 1910’s W (WLFM), Sn, Bi, Bolivia (La Paz) Bolsa Negra Bolivia 1900Ð09? U, S Chambillaya (La Paz) — 1910’s W (FRBR, SCLT) U W; 121; 1912 W (FRBR) W; 181; Bolivia Chicote Grande Bolivia Chojlla (La Paz) — U 1918 W (WLFM), Bi, Mo W; 446; Brazil Pedra Prata (Para) 1980 S — W (WLFM) — —WO 325; R1; 1.1 percent Burma mine Mawchi

52 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN Year of last production 1985. Year — tungsten concentrate. Operating. Operating. — — — — — ; 3 , 0.052 ; 1979. ; 1986. , 0.204 3 2 ; 1965 of last production 1957. Year , 0.016 3 3 3 3 ; 1986 Mine closed in 1986. ; 1979. , 0.42 ; 1982 — 3 2 3 3 , 0.15 ; 1981 — 3 ; 1985. 160; 3 3 3 ; 1985 3 ; 1986 ; 1984 ; 1979. 28,600; R2S; 0.22 , 0.12 percent MoS 2 2 2 3 3 ; 1981 3 1,400; R1E; 1.24 percent WO 1,400; R1E; 1.24 percent percent WO WO 2,400; R2S; 0.07 percent percent Sn, 0.05 MoS 1,500; R1S; 0.875 percent WO 1,500; R1S; 0.875 percent R2S; 1.09 percent WO R2S; 1.09 percent 57,000; R1M + R1S R2S; 0.96 percent WO percent MoS 1986 percent MoS percent Cu; 1986 percent MoS hich data are given. All resource data are in thousands of metric tons; year indi- hich data are given. ble 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prod, production; —, not reported on not available; ble 8. NA, ; 1962Ð85 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 3,830,000; 1.53 percent WO 57 Annual production 2,865; W; 2,865; W; 1983 Elements of economic interest Zn 1909 W (WLFM, S), Sn — — — An important producer of tin- production Year of first Year Mining method S, U 1962 Cu, Bi, W (SCLT), (placer) Year of Year discovery 1978 N None Cu, Mo W (SCLT), — —WO 2,700; R1S; 0.81 percent 1959 (S); 1972 (U) 1979 N None W (SCLT) None NoneWO 5,400; R1M + R1S; 0.82 percent — U, S 1974 N None Cu W (SCLT), None NoneWO 405; R1S; 1.00 percent 1977 N None Cu W (SCLT), None NoneWO 750; R1M; 1.17 percent 1965 N None W (WLFM)1971 N None None None Mo W (SCLT), None NoneWO 360; R1S; 1.09 percent WO 25,401; R1M; 0.88 percent 1910 (W) U 1916 W (WLFM), Sn, Mo —1955Ð 1916Ð18, conc; W 63; 1969 (W) U 1984 W (WLFM), Mo — —WO 9,350; R1M; 0.393 percent 1977 N None Mo W (SCLT), None NoneWO 162,000; R1S; 0.13 percent ———————— — — — — — — — — Hamyingyi mine — U 1980 Sn W, — —WO 90: R1;1.04 percent Heinda mine Kanbank mine mineYadanabon — S 1980 Sn W, — —WO 7; R1; Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (Yukon Territory) (Yukon Territories) (Yukon Territory) (Yukon (Tanintharyi Division) (Tanintharyi (Yukon Territory) (Yukon Territories) (Newfoundland) Northwest Territories) (New Brunswick) (New (New Brunswick) (New Territory) Country Site name Canada Risby Canada (Ontario) Fostung 1981 N None Mo W (SCLT), None NoneWO 16,200; R1S; 0.23 percent Canada Cantung (Northwest Canada Mar Table 10. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for w N, not mined. S, surface; [Mining methods: U, underground; used in this table are defined ta cates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations the ISMI record form] Burma district Tavoy Canada Bailey Canada Lened (Northwest Canada River Grey Canada and Mactung (Yukon Canada Burnt Hill Canada Mount Pleasant Canada Logtung (Yukon

TABLE 10. SELECTED PRODUCTION AND MINERAL-RESOURCE INFORMATION 53

3 inferred 3 exceeding exceeding exceeding 3 3 China. only. 0.3 percent may not represent Chinese sources of information. 0.3 percent may not represent Chinese sources of information. grading 2 percent WO grading 2 percent for 3 deposits (1982): Japonesa, Los Plomos, and Inca de Oro; data are of questionable reliability. production. WO production. Percentages of exceeding 0.3 percent may not exceeding represent Chinese sources of information. ; 1983 (1986) be in May now ; 1983 — ; 1983 (1986) be in May now 3 3 3 ; 1983 Principal producing area in ; 1983WO Percentages of ; 1983WO Percentages of 3 3 3 ; 1980 Small-scale artisanal exploitation 3 ; 1995 — 3 30,000; R1; 0.3 percent WO 30,000; R1; 0.3 percent 10; R1; 0.3 percent WO 10; R1; 0.3 percent ; 3 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 1960Ð84 —WO 38,700; R1; 0.25 percent WO 30,000; 65 percent 100,000; 65 percent WO 100,000; 65 percent ; 3 3 3 Annual production 65 percent WO — —WO 47,042; R1; 0.15 percent 3,700; 65 percent WO 6,000; 65 percent WO 1981 Elements of economic interest Bi Mo Cu, Bi production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery 1960's — 1980's? W (WLFM), Mo None NoneWO 13,962; R1; 1.04 percent 1955 — — W — —WO 100; R1M; 65 percent ———————————— ————— — ————— — ————— — ————— — — ————— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Baoshan Dalongshan Dangping Muzhiyuan Piaotang Xialong Xihuashan Zhandongkeng (Guangxi) (Guangdong) Country Site name China Huangsha (Jiangxi)China 1930's? — (Jiangxi) Hukeng 1950 — U W (WLFM) 1955 None W (Zn, Bi) None 1,000Ð2,000; WO 3,294; R1; 1.75 percent Chile Copiapo (Atacama) 1950's — — WLFM) W (SCLT, None None — of 8 million metric tons, Reserves China Bai Sha Po (Yunnan) — S 1980's? W (WLFM), Sn, Cu, China Dajishan (Jiangxi)China 1918 Damingshan, Wuming U 1918 Bi, W (WLFM, SCLT), China Jubankeng China Dayu district (Jiangxi) 1908 S, U 1914 W (WLFM), Mo, Sn, China(Jiangxi) Gueimeishan 1918 S, U 1918 W (WLFM) — —WO 2,175; R1; 2.20 percent

54 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN exceeding exceeding 3 dimensions; grade reported by Chinese geologists. Small-scale artisanal exploitation Small-scale artisanal exploitation only. 0.3 percent may not represent Chinese sources of information. production in the 1970's. The third largest known tungsten known The third largest 1996 deposit in the world; production is small, from high- grade zones. wolframite-bearing quartz veins; quartz veins; wolframite-bearing scheelite-bearing skarn a large(?) deposit has been outlined by diamond drilling (1982). production in the 1970's. Tonnage and grade based on Tonnage (1979). Taylor visual estimate by 1991 last production. Tungsten recovered as coproduct; recovered Tungsten grade reported by Moussu (1965); tonnage unknown. , 0.115 3 ; 1985 Possibly small amounts of ; 3 3 ; 1983 Possibly small amounts of 3 ; 1983 WO Percentages of ; 1983 — ; 0.3 3 3 3 ; 1986 estimated from deposit Tonnage ; 1983 — ; 1983 — 3 3 3 ; 1982 Indicated resources are for ; 0.3 percent 3 3 ; (wolframite) 1985 ; (wolframite) 3 percent Sn, 0.06 Mo, and 0.122 percent Bi; 1980 25; R1E; 65 percent WO 25; R1E; 65 percent percent Sn; 1974 (scheelite) 1985. 9,000; R1M; 1.3 percent WO Sn; 1965 ; 3 hich data are given. All resource data are in thousands of metric tons; year indi- hich data are given. ble 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prod, production; —, not reported on not available; ble 8. NA, Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments — WO 190,000; R1M; 0.33 percent 1955Ð82 20,000; 65? percent WO 20,000; 65? percent ; 3 Annual production 1,250; 65 percent WO — —WO 78,000; R1; 0.23 percent Minor (some small-scale production) 1981 Elements of economic interest (SCLT) — — — — Cu Mo Mo, Bi, Sn production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery — S — W (WLFM, SCLT), Pre-1900 U Pre-1918W (WLFM) Sn, — —WO ?; R1E; 0.3 percent 1910's S, U — W (WLFM), Bi — —WO 359; R1; 1.90 percent ———— — — — — ———W ———W 1950's S —WLFM) W (SCLT, — —WO 40,000; R1; 1 percent 1910's S, U — W (WLFM) — —WO 488; R1; 1.90 percent 1960's U — Mo W (SCLT), — —WO 100,000; R1S; 0.2 percent Pre-1900 S — Sn,W (W) — —WO 35,000; R1; 0.2 percent Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (Fujian) Cinovec (Severocesky (Severocesky Cinovec Kraj) (Guangdong) (Guangdong) (Guangdong) (Jiangxi) Krasno (Zapadocesky Krasno (Zapadocesky Kraj) Country Site name China (Hunan) Yaogangxian 1911 U 1914 W (WLFM, SCLT), China Xingluokeng China (Jiangxi) Pangushan — U? 1922 Bi W (WLFM, SCLT), — —WO 1,528; R1; 1.90 percent China Xiangdong (Hunan) — U — W?Czech Republic — —WO 2,290; R1; 0.72 percent China Wengyuan ChinaChina Shangping (Jiangxi) Shizhuyuan (Hunan) 1950's U 1980's W (WLFM, SCLT), China (Hunan) Yangjiatan Table 10. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for w N, not mined. S, surface; [Mining methods: U, underground; used in this table are defined ta cates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations the ISMI record form] China Lianhuashan China (Gansu) Ta'ergou 1965 — — W — —WO 3,500; R1M; 0.24 percent China district Yochang China Yangchuling Czech Republic

TABLE 10. SELECTED PRODUCTION AND MINERAL-RESOURCE INFORMATION 55 ); 15 tpd of scheelite 3 ). 3 unknown; 22 metric tons of W 22 metric tons of unknown; concentrate produced in 1985. deposits, Fumade sensu stricto and La Fedial. concentrate (51 to 68 percent WO reported to recover tungsten from reported to recover grade materials. low relatively deposits.” Contained in “gravel Mine closed in 1983. plant treated 90 tpd of ore (55 percent WO , 0.12 ; 1980 Mine closed in 1960. ; 1986 — ; 1981 Indian mining companies are ; 1984 3 3 ; 1987 Resources present in two 3 3 3 3 ; 1984. 3 ; 1986 Mine closed in 1986. 3 4,015; R2S; 0.03 percent WO 4,015; R2S; 0.03 percent — Mine closed in 1983. 1,420; R1M; 0.70 percent WO 1,420; R1M; 0.70 percent percent Sn; 1983? — Mine closed in 1993. In 1981, the 31; R1E; 0.54 percent WO 31; R1E; 0.54 percent ; 3 ; 3 ; 1971Ð86WO 3; R1M; 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 1,390; W; 1974Ð79W; 1,390; — Mine closed in 1982. 1,915; 57.5 percent W; W; 1,915; 57.5 percent 1974Ð79, 1981 1955Ð60 12,000; WO W; 976; 58? percent 1974Ð79 795; 65 percent WO 795; 65 percent 1939Ð45; 1951Ð56; 1965Ð81 ; ; ; 3 3 3 ; ; 3 3 ; 1977Ð 3 Annual production 1989. 57; WO 1991. 125; WO 79. 1981. 77; W; 1982 43; W; percent W; 1976Ð79. 148; WO — — — Mine closed in 1987. WO percent W; percent W; 1974Ð77. 212; 1978 W; 1982Ð84 1986. 56; WO 1992 81 Elements of economic interest Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag Cu, Zn, Pb, production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery 1907 — — W (FRBR, SCLT) — —WO 2,200; R1S; 0.06 percent 1968? U 1968 Sb W (SCLT), — 1968Ð85W; 193; — and grade of reserves Tonnage 1951 N None W (SCLT) — —WO 1,500; R1S; 0.35 percent — U 1902 W (WLFM), Sn — —WO 3,000; R1M; 0.25 percent — U— — U W (WLFM, SCLT) 1911? (W) 1977Ð W; 76; Cu, Zn, Sn W (SCLT), 158.9; 57.9 1909 (W) U 1936 W (WLFM, SCLT), Sn, — U 1912? Sn, Cu, Zn W (SCLT), 297; 57.46 1942 S 1955 W (WLFM) —WO 80,000; 1.08 percent (Maharashtra) (Huehuetenango) (Pyrenees-Orientales) (Ille-et-Vilaine) (Kyoto Prefecture) (Kyoto Prefecture) (Hyogo Prefecture) (Kyoto Prefecture) (Kyoto Labessonnié (Tarn) Country Site name India Agargaon Guatemala Ixtahuacan France Salau (Ariege) 1960 U 1969 W (SCLT)WO 757; France Costabonne France Montbelleux Japan Kaneuchi mine Japan (Yamaguchi Kuga France Fumade (Tarn) 1981 N None W (SCLT) —India (Rajasthan) Degana —Japan 1910's S, U mine Akenobe 1966 W (WLFM)WO 1,300; R1M; 1.1 percent percent 65 37; Japan Otani mine France Montredon-

56 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN ) 3 ). 3 ) and 110 metric 3 Tungsten is byproduct. Tungsten — Mine closed in 1988. In 1981, the plant treated 21,000 metric tons WO of crude ore (0.76 percent — and produced 150 metric tons of concentrate (74.3 marketable percent WO Tungsten is byproduct. Deposit Tungsten first in 1794, but discovered and base for silver worked metals. tons of low-grade concentrate tons of low-grade WO (15Ð45 percent ; 3 , 3 , 1.2Ð1.5 ; 1985. — , 1.71 3 3 3 3 ; 1960 3 percent Cu; 1976 percent Cu, 0.058 Mo, 0.172 g/t Ag; 1983 Au, 15.85 g/t 4.6 percent Pb, 3.9 Zn, 153 g/t Au; 1985 Ag, 0.42 g/t —— 1980. 4,600; R2E; 0.12 percent WO 1980. 4,600; R2E; 0.12 percent 8,000; R1; 1.15 percent Cu, ? WO

3 hich data are given. All resource data are in thousands of metric tons; year indi- hich data are given. ble 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prod, production; —, not reported on not available; ble 8. NA, ); 1917Ð19, 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments —WO 7,500; R1E; 0.1 percent (tailings) (580.6; WO 1937Ð43 —WO 6,000; R1E; 0.04 percent —WO 1,500; R1E; 0.55 percent 1,699; 58.2 percent W; W; 1,699; 58.2 percent 1974Ð79 — — Mine closed in 1985. ; ; 3 3 ; ; 3 3 Annual production “High-grade“ conc: 120; 1980Ð85. “Low-grade” conc: 360; 1980Ð85 percent W; percent W; 1976Ð79. 200; WO percent WO percent WO 1979 1980’s 1981Ð85 1978Ð85 Elements of economic interest Ag, Au, Zn, Pb, Cu, W Au, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ag, (SCLT) (W: 1980) (W: production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery 1944 U— 1948 S W (WLFM) — — W 400,000; ore — — —WO 6; R1; Mine closed in 1979. Pre-1900 U 1971 Cu W (SCLT), 269; 58.2 1950's S 1980's W (SCLT) 30,000; 0.5 — U 1971W (SCLT) Cu, 64.7; 64.2 ————— — — U ? — W(SCLT) 100; WO — — U 1917 W (SCLT) —WO 98,000; 0.7 percent Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. (Suhbaatar Province) (Bayan-Olgiy Province) (Fukushima Prefecture) (Sonora) (Michoacán) (Yamagata Prefecture) (Yamagata Prefecture) (Baja California) Country Site name Mexico Naica (Chihuahua) 1970's? U 1890's Mongolia Buren-Tsogto mine Mongolia Gol mine Khovd MexicoMexicoAntonio (Sonora) San 1953 (Sonora) Washington — S, U 1953 U W (SCLT) — W (SCLT) — — — — —WO 1,200; R1E; 0.14 percent — Table 10. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for w N, not mined. S, surface; [Mining methods: U, underground; used in this table are defined ta cates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations the ISMI record form] Japan mine Yaguki Mexico San Alberto Mexico Inguaran Japan mine Kiwada Japan mine (Ibaraki Takatori Mexico Beltran TABLE 10. SELECTED PRODUCTION AND MINERAL-RESOURCE INFORMATION 57 — 1976 production included in San Cristobal output. — — was closed in 1989. Since 1996, was production by Mongolian Co. Production intermittent 1933?Ð 80. 3 ; 1985. 3 ; 1985 , plus Sn; 3 ; 1982 Production 1938?Ð56; 1973Ð80. 3 3 3 ; 1980 pre-1634. Post- Deposit known 3 270; R2E; 1.29 percent WO 270; R2E; 1.29 percent 3,690; 0.20 percent WO 3,690; 0.20 percent 900; R1; 0.40 percent WO 900; R1; 0.40 percent — Mill operated for 6 months and 1985 ; 3 ; 1979Ð83WO 1,000; R1E; 1.56 percent 3 ; 1968Ð72, 3 ; 1938?Ð56 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 1974Ð75 5,509.6; W; 1933?Ð80 W; 5,509.6; WO 2,400; R1; 0.2 percent 800; WO 907; wolframite; 65? percent 907; wolframite; WO 1,093; WO Ca 6,000; 60 percent WO Ca 6,000; 60 percent 1948Ð79 ; ; 3 3 ; 3 ; 3 ; 1995 3 Annual production 88; WO — —WO 4,000; ore; 0.7Ð1.0 percent —— — — percent WO 1979 1984Ð85 1989. 60; 65 percent WO 1978 1979Ð83 percent WO Elements of economic interest (WLFM) — — — — (WLFM) — — — — (WLFM, SCLT) — — — — (WLFM) — — — — (SCLT) — — 5.4; R exploited. Never (SCLT, WLFM, (SCLT, WLFM) Mo MLBD, BSMT) production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery ———W ———W —— — — Pre-1940 W (WLFM) 1935 W (WLFM, SCLT), — — — ———W ———W ———W ———W ———W ———W ———W ———W 1969 U 1988 W (WLFM) 195; 60 ————— — — S 1933? W (WLFM), Sn — W; 150 est.; ———— — ———W — — — — — U — W — —WO 3,200; R1; 2 percent Pre-1938 U 1938? W (WLFM), Sn 600; 70 Tahyng (Kjongsu) Tahyng (South P'yongan Province) Ganggye district Province) (Tschagang Gogsan Mannjon district (North Province) Hwanghae Shinheung (South Hamgyong Province) Changseong district (North P'yongan Province) Sangnong (South Hamgyong Province) (Tov Province) (Tov (Suhbaatar Province) (Omaruru District) Jangdok (South Province) P'yongan (Kangwon Kymgang Province) (Bayan-Olgiy Province) District) Country Site name Peru Morococha (Junin) — U 1964 (W) W (SCLT, Ag, Zn, Cu, North Korea North Korea North Korea North Korea North Korea North Korea Namibia Otjima Peru Once (Puno) Palca — U 1979 W (FRBR)WO 161; Mongolia mine Tsagaan-Dava Mongolia mine Yugozyr Namibia West Brandberg North Korea North Korea Mongolia Ulaan Uul mine Namibia (Omaruru Krantzberg 58 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN 1974Ð85 cumulative production 1974Ð85 cumulative also includes output from Morococha. wolframite and scheelite. wolframite — Last production in 1970. Not commercial. ; 3 ; 1983 3 ; 1984 , 0.21 3 3 ; 1985 — ; 1985 — ; 1986 Not commercial. ; 1982. 233, 3 3 3 3 ; 1983 annual production for Average ; 1982 — 3 3 ; 1982 3 ; 1984 Last production in 1976. 3 ; 1984 — 3 percent Sn; 1984. 1; R2S; WO percent Sn; 1984. 1; R2S; 5,800; R1E; 0.22 percent Cu, 1.1 WO Ag, 0.18 percent Pb, 3.3 g/t 6,100; R1; 0.36 percent WO 6,100; R1; 0.36 percent 1986 R2E; 0.56 percent WO R2E; 0.56 percent 689; R1E; 0.86 percent WO 689; R1E; 0.86 percent 700; R1; 0.47 percent WO 700; R1; 0.47 percent 1,100; R1; 0.44 percent WO 1,100; R1; 0.44 percent 2,500; R1E; 0.38 percent WO 2,500; R1E; 0.38 percent ; 3 ; 3 ; 3 hich data are given. All resource data are in thousands of metric tons; year indi- hich data are given. ; 1917 — — ; 3 3 ble 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prod, production; —, not reported on not available; ble 8. NA, 1957Ð84WO 6; 3 ; 1968Ð72, 3 ; 1979Ð86 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 1974Ð85 6,121; WO 1934Ð78. 14,427; 75 percent WO 1977Ð80 135; 71.40 percent WO 135; 71.40 percent WO 69,685; 72.55 percent 10,601; WO 8,713; 65 percent WO 8,713; 65 percent 1,460; W; 1914, 1917, W; 1,460; 1977Ð82 WO 312; 65 percent —WO 1.9; R2S; 1910Ð19, 1934Ð54. 7,862 1955Ð84 est; W; 1939Ð70? ; ; ; 3 3 3 ; 3 ; 3 ; 1977Ð ; 1966Ð 3 3 3 Annual production 15; WO percent WO percent WO 2,631; 75 percent WO 284; 70.2 WO 375; WO 65 percent WO 1985 WO 1977Ð80 1979Ð85 1979Ð84 1979Ð84 80 70 Elements of economic interest (WLFM) — — 10; W Intermittently producing. (WLFM) Ag, Zn Cu, Ag Zn, Ag production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery ————1980 N — — None W (WLFM), Sn — None None — WO 10,000; R1S + R2S; 0.10 percent ———W ———W — U 1964 (W)W Ag, Cu, Zn, 1970's N None W (SCLT) None NoneWO 500; R1; 0.30 percent — S, U — W (SCLT) 34; 71.40 1894 U 1898 W (WLFM), Sn, Cu, 1900Ð09 U 1914 W (WLFM, SCLT), 1900Ð09 U 1910 W (HBNR), Pb, Cu, Pre-1934 S, U Pre-1934 W (SCLT)W conc; 22; Pre-1938 S, U Pre-1938WLFM), Sn W (SCLT, percent 65 12; Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. Baid al Jimalah (Najd) (Kabaya District) (Junin) (Viseu) (Viana do Castelo) (Viana (Beira Baixa) and Braga) (Ancash) Orange River West West Orange River (Northern Cape Province) B'ir Tawilah (Najd)Tawilah B'ir 1982 N NoneAg W (WLFM), Sn, None NoneWO 265; R1S; 0.69 percent Jabal Marya East Orange River (Northern Cape 1982Province) N None W (WLFM) None None — Not commercial. Country Site name Rwanda Nyakabingo Saudi Arabia Rwanda Lutsiro Rwanda Portugal Arouca (Aveiro) 1900Ð09 S 1910's? W (WLFM) —WO 240; 60 percent Peru San Cristobal Portugal Santa Leocadia Portugal Covas Rwanda Gifurwe 1926 S, U 1940 W (FRBR) 564; 69 Portugal Panasqueira Portugal Real Borralha (Vila Table 10. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for w N, not mined. S, surface; [Mining methods: U, underground; used in this table are defined ta cates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations the ISMI record form] Peru Bueno Pasto South Africa Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia South Africa TABLE 10. SELECTED PRODUCTION AND MINERAL-RESOURCE INFORMATION 59 — 1939. Never exploited. Never output of tungsten. — , 0.025 3 ; 1975 as a gold mine in Registered , 0.13 ; 1978 — 3 3 3 ; 0.02 percent 3 , 0.016 percent Bi; 1979 ; 1984 Last production in 1971. 2 3 percent MoS —WO 1,400; R1E; 0.8 percent WO 8,500; R1; 0.86 percent copper producer. A major Korean —— WO 3,200; R1E; 0.41 percent —— 1; R2S; WO 1; R2S; Mo — Last production in 1956. percent Bi; 1985 ; 3 ; 1968Ð 3 ; to 1973 ; 1939Ð78 ; 1916Ð54; 63,000 est., ; 1975, 1977Ð78 ; 1972, 1977Ð78 ; to 1975, 1977Ð78 3 3 3 3 3 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments W; 1955Ð84 W; 71 WO 4,250; W conc; 70? percent 4,250; WO 1941Ð56? 1,714; 65.47 percent WO 1,714; 65.47 percent —— — 15; 65? percent WO 15; 65? percent W conc; 55? percent 4,398; WO W conc; 60 percent 15,000; WO W conc; 70 percent 230; WO conc; 70? percent W; 109; WO ; ; 3 3 ; 1968Ð ; 1977 ; 1980Ð ; 1980Ð ; 1966Ð ; 1975 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Annual production Less than 100; 70 percent WO 100; W conc; 70? percent WO —W conc; 70? percent 1,128; Natural scheelite: 546; 79 percent WO percent WO WO 100; 70 percent WO — — — Not in full production 1983. 70? percent WO 1941Ð56? 1975 110; W conc; 55? percent WO 71 84. Synthetic scheelite: 415; 74 percent WO 84 75 Elements of MLBD — —WO 46; R; 0.22 percent economic interest (WLFM, SCLT), (WLFM, SCLT), Cu, Mo, Bi, Ni, Sn (fluorspar) Mo, Bi Mo, Bi Mo Cu, Au Cu production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery 1941 (W) U — F W (SCLT), ———W ———W, ———W, — U — W (WLFM, SCLT), 1916 U 1927WLFM), W (SCLT, 1938 S, U 1941 W (FRBR, SCLT) 108.1; 66 1968 S, U 1968 W (SCLT) 5; 65 percent 1971 — — W (SCLT) — —WO 287; R1S; 0.51 percent 1902 U 1902 W (WLFM, SCLT), — U 1978Ag, WLFM), W (SCLT, 1906 S, U 1906W (SCLT) Sn, — — — with occasional A tin producer, — U? 1966 W (WLFM, SCLT)W conc; 100; 1930's U 1939 (W) W (WLFM, SCLT), Okbang mine (North Province) Kyongsang Ssang Jeong mine (North Kyongsang Province) Riviera Weolag mine (North Weolag Ch'ungch'ong Province) Sangdong mine Province) (Kangwon Wolfram Schist Wolfram (Northern Cape Province) Wallekraal (Northern Wallekraal Cape Province) Shongoni (Northern Cape Province) Dae Hwa (North Dae Hwa Ch'ungch'ong Province) Bu-Duck Province) (Kyonggi Zaaiplaats (Northern Cape Province) Sannae mine (South Province) Kyongsang Dal Sung mine (North Province) Kyongsang Country Site name South Korea South Korea South Africa South Korea South Korea South Africa South Africa South Africa South Korea South Korea South Africa South Korea South Korea 60 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN mining planned. planned. — Reserve deposit. Reserve ; 2,7 ; 17,500; ; 1983. ; 1983 — ; 1983 — ; 1983 deposit; surface Explored/reserve 3 3 3 3 3 3 ; 1983 — ; 1983 mining complex. Orlovsky ; 1983 — 3 3 3 ; 1.27 percent WO ; 1.27 percent 3 0.04Ð0.07 percent Mo; 16,000; 0.03Ð 0.07 percent Be 65,500; 0.1Ð0.3 percent WO 65,500; 0.1Ð0.3 percent percent Cu hich data are given. All resource data are in thousands of metric tons; year indi- hich data are given. ble 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prod, production; —, not reported on not available; ble 8. NA, Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments —WO 400; R1; 1.00 percent Annual production — — — mining surface In exploration; — —1992 Russian conc prod when combined with Spokoinyi WO 4,320; R1; 0.60 percent Elements of economic interest (SCLT), Mo (SCLT), (MLBD), Cu (CLCP) (MLBD) production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery — N —Au Cu, W (SCLT), — —WO 30.8; 1920's N — W (SCLT)1941 — —— — — S Mo W (SCLT), 1971Ta W (HBNR, SCLT), 9 percent of WO 386; R1; 0.60 percent ———W ———W 1916 U? 1916 W (WLFM) —1911 — — 1915 W (WLFM)WO 1,181; R1; 0.60 percent — —WO 958; R1; 0.60 percent 1910's — — W (WLFM) — —WO 1,179; R1; 0.80 percent 1936 U 1941 W (WLFM), Mo, Be NA NAWO 2,741; R1; 0.50 percent Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. Agylky Agylky (Sachal Yakutia) Balkany Balkany Oblast, (Chelyabinsky R.F.S.R.) Boguty (Almaty Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) Bom-Gorkhon (Buryat A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.) Bayan (Kokchetau Bayan (Kokchetau Oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.) Belukha (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Bukuka (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Antonovogorsk (Chita Antonovogorsk Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Akchatau Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Country Site name Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Table 10. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for w N, not mined. S, surface; [Mining methods: U, underground; used in this table are defined ta cates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations the ISMI record form] TABLE 10. SELECTED PRODUCTION AND MINERAL-RESOURCE INFORMATION 61 development. Reserve deposit (Chernov, 1993). deposit (Chernov, Reserve Development, surface mining surface Development, 1996a). planned (Mazurov, molybdenum complex. ; 3 3 ; 1983 Dzhida tungsten and 3 ; 1983 and 1941–47—exploration 3 ; 1983 — 3 , 0.042 percent WO , 0.042 percent 3 ; R1; 0.35 percent WO ; R1; 0.35 percent 3 10,910; R1; 0.43 percent WO 10,910; R1; 0.43 percent 430,025; Mo, 0.071 percent Mo; 253,000; Cu, 0.042 percent Cu Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments — — Aktash mining complex. — — mining complex. Lermontovsky — — mining complex. Solnechny —— — —— — Annual percent of production 1992 Russian conc prod NA NAWO 204; R1; 0.80 percent — — 61,553; WO 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with Vostok-2 1992 Russian conc prod 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with Kholtoson 1992 Russian conc when combined with Inkura Elements of economic interest (MLBD), Be, Nb, Ta, Ta, (MLBD), Be, Nb, Se (MLBD), Cu (CLCP) production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery ———W, Hg1 Hg1 ———W, 1938? U 1951 W (WLFM), Mo — N — W(SCLT) None None 71.6; WO ———————— — — — — — — 1956 — — Mo W (SCLT), — S 1974 W 37 percent of — S? — U Cu, PbW, Sn, 1960 Mo W (SCLT), 1 percent of NA NAWO 2,866; R1; 0.43 percent Inkura mine — SKholtoson mine — — UMurr mine Mo W, 1941 1933 Mo W, S, U? 11 percent of 1935 W (HBNR, SCLT) 11 percent of — — — — Kalgutin (R. Gorno Z.F.S.S.R.) Altay, Karaoba Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Kit-Teberda Kit-Teberda (Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Dedosa Gora (Chita Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Dzhida district (Buryat A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.) Koktenkol Koktenkol Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Lermontovsky Lermontovsky (Primor’ye Kray, R.F.S.R.) Festivallnoye Festivallnoye Kray) (Khabarovsk Ingichka (Samarkand Uzbekh Region, A.S.S.R.) Country Site name Former Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union 62 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN development; 1952—milling. development; Production ceased in 1994. Explored/reserve deposit; surface deposit; surface Explored/reserve mining planned (Mazurov, 1996b). ; 3 ; 1983 — 3 ; 1983 mining complex. Iultinsky ; 1983 and 1932–36—exploration 3 3 , 0.239 percent WO , 0.239 percent 3 1,505; R1; 0.8 percent WO 1,505; R1; 0.8 percent 13,000; Mo, 0.038 percent Mo; 55,700; Cu, 0.16 percent Cu hich data are given. All resource data are in thousands of metric tons; year indi- hich data are given. ble 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prod, production; —, not reported on not available; ble 8. NA, Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments —— — —— — —— — Annual production — — 73,000; WO 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with & Svetloye Tenkergin 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with Iul'tin & Tenkergin 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with Iul'tin & Svetloye — —WO 5,000; R1; 0.40 percent Elements of economic interest (MLBD), Cu (CLCP) (CSTR) production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery 1973 — — Mo W (SCLT), ———— — — 1928 — 1940’s Mo W (SCLT), — —WO 540; R1; 0.50 percent ———— — — — — — — 1978WLFM) Sn W (SCLT, Iul'tin mine 1937 U mineSvetloye 1954 1983W Sn, U mineTenkergin — 1983 8 percent of W Sn, U — 8 percent of W Sn, 8 percent of Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. Severny Katpar Severny Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Magadan region, region, Magadan Russian S.F.S.R. Lyangar Lyangar (Sydar’ya Region, Uzbek S.S.R.) Shumilovskoye (Chita Shumilovskoye Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Maykhura Tajik Oblast, (Kulyab S.S.R.) Country Site name Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Table 10. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for w N, not mined. S, surface; [Mining methods: U, underground; used in this table are defined ta cates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations the ISMI record form] Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union Former Former Soviet Union TABLE 10. SELECTED PRODUCTION AND MINERAL-RESOURCE INFORMATION 63 — (1986). — molybdenum complex. tungsten deposit of the Largest Union, with 70 former Soviet percent of total tungsten reserves 1996). (Russkikh and Shatov, deposit; Explored reserved mining planned. surface “Wolfram.” —

3 ; 1982. , 0.03 ; 1971. ; 1983 tungsten and Tyrnyauz , 0.004 ; 1983 mining complex; Primorsky 3 3 3 3 3 3 ; 1983 mining complex. Orlovsky ; 1983 — ; 1971 3 3 ; 1983 Feasibility study underway ; 1983 — 3 3 3 ; 1985 3 50,800; R1; 0.60 percent WO 50,800; R1; 0.60 percent 3,000; R1E; 0.102 percent WO 3,000; R1E; 0.102 percent percent Sn, 65,000; R2E + R2S; 0.10 percent WO 800; R2S; 0.37 percent WO 800; R2S; 0.37 percent percent Mo; 0.02 Cu (tailings); 1982 6,200; R1E; 0.19 percent WO 6,200; R1E; 0.19 percent ; 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments —WO 1,000; R1; 0.50 percent —WO 22,025; R1; 0.58 percent —WO 40,000; R1E; 0.1 percent 3,000; 78 percent WO 3,000; 78 percent —WO 3,600; R1; 0.5 percent 1961Ð84 ; 3 3 ; 1984 3 Annual production 1992 Russian conc prod 65? percent WO 1992 Russian conc prod when combined with Bom- Gorkhon — —WO 1,100; R1; 0.128 percent 1992 Russian conc prod when com- bined with Lermontovsky percent WO 1984 Elements of economic interest (MLBD), Cu (CLCP) production Year of first Year Mining method Year of Year discovery 1934 U, S 1938 Mo, Cu, Bi W (SCLT), 40 percent of 1910's S 1910'sAsWLFM), W (SCLT, WO 275; 1980's N None W (SCLT) None NoneWO 1,500; R1; 0.8 percent — U— 1943 U? W (WLFM), Sn Pre-1917W (WLFM) Sn, W conc; 380; — —WO 1,060; R1S; 0.37 percent 1939 S —Ta W (WLFM), 9 percent of 1981? N None W (WLFM, SCLT) None None — — 1945 — ——WLFM), Mo W (SCLT, U 1968— Cu, Mo W (SCLT), U 37 percent of 1977 W (SCLT) — —WO 1,432; R1; 0.60 percent — U, S 1951As Sn, W (SCLT), 450; 78 Tyrnyauz (former Tyrnyauz Kabardin-Balkar A.S.S.R., R.F.S.R.) (Salamanca Province) (Salamanca Province) (La Coruna Province) Province) Spokoinyi (Chita Spokoinyi Oblast, R.F.S.R.) Hills) Verkhne-Kayrakty Verkhne-Kayrakty Oblast, (Dzhezkazgan Kazakh S.S.R.) Vostok-2 (Primor'ye Kray, R.F.S.R.) Yubileinoye (Leninabad Region, S.S.R.) Tadzhik (Badajoz/Caceres Provinces) Country Site name Former Former Soviet Union Spain Barruecopardo Spain Los Santos Spain Santa Comba Spain Silleda (Pontevedra Former Former Soviet Union Sudan Jebel Eyob (Red Sea Former Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union Spain La Parilla 64 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN total Swedish output in 1918Ð20 and 1935Ð63. — — Last production in 1980. — — Byproduct of mining and milling molybdenum ore. Mine closed in 1986.

3 ; 1983 ; 1982. 3 , 0.025 3 3 ; 1986. ; 1980 — ; 1986 3 , 0.4 3 3 3 ; 1983 production includes Cumulative ; 1983 — ; 1983. ; 1984. 150; 3 3 ; 1983 Last production in 1979. 3 3 ; 1983 Last production in mid-1970's. 3 3 ; 1984 3 400; R1E; 1.75 percent WO 400; R1E; 1.75 percent 900; R1; 0.24 percent WO 900; R1; 0.24 percent 1,500; R1; 0.43 percent WO 1,500; R1; 0.43 percent percent Sn, 0.5 Cu, 0.15 Zn; 1987 42,000; R1M; 0.18 percent WO 42,000; R1M; 0.18 percent R2S; 0.75 percent WO R2S; 0.75 percent percent Sn; 1981 Plus 35,000; R1M; 0.03 percent WO Plus 35,000; R1M; 0.03 percent 4,000; R1M; 0.3 percent WO 4,000; R1M; 0.3 percent 2,268; R2S; 0.57 percent WO 2,268; R2S; 0.57 percent 3,175; R1M; 0.57 percent WO 3,175; R1M; 0.57 percent (tailings) 2,100; R2S; 1.5Ð2.0 percent WO 2,100; R2S; 1.5Ð2.0 percent 120; R1S; 0.75 percent WO 120; R1S; 0.75 percent ; 3 hich data are given. All resource data are in thousands of metric tons; year indi- hich data are given. ; 1915Ð 3 ble 8. NA, not available; conc, concentrate; prod, production; —, not reported on not available; ble 8. NA, ; 1861Ð 3 ; 1948Ð84WO 340,000; R1M; 0.03 percent ; 1952Ð56 3 3 ; 1943Ð71 — Last production in 1971. 3 ?; 1953Ð73 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 1,246; ferberite conc; 1981Ð82 WO 1,767; W; 1977Ð88W; 1,767; WO 14,500; R1E; 0.5 percent 7,917; W; 1918Ð20, 7,917; W; 1932Ð63, 1973Ð84 0.25 percent Sn; 1917Ð19, 1943Ð44 24,500; WO 1953Ð58. 19,200; 0.18 percent WO 1908 550; 70 percent WO 550; 70 percent 17, 1976Ð80 ; 1980 3 Annual production conc; 1981Ð82 WO 1978Ð88. 1977 10; W; 1980Ð84 224; W; 224; W; 1984Ð85 —WO 2; 72 percent Elements of economic interest rare earth elements (monzonite) Zn, Ag production Year of first Year Mining method U 1870 W (WLFM, SCLT)percent 70 50; Year of Year discovery 1969 U 1971 W (SCLT) — —WO 1,000; R1; 0.75 percent 1977 S — W (FRBR) 623; ferberite 1854 1946 S 1947 W (FRBR) —W conc; 65.0 percent 1,120; 1970 S — W (FRBR) — —WO 2,500; R1; 1.0 percent 1969 S 1974 Mo, F W (SCLT), — 1974Ð75W; 0.1; 1969W; 15,800; R1S; 0.15 percent Last production in 1975. 1950 U, S 1975WLFM) W (SCLT, W; 160; — U 1917 (W) Cu W (SCLT), W; 358; 1952 S1941 (W) S 1974 1953 W (SCLT) W (SCLT) — — —WO 567,477; 0.35 percent — — 1879 S, U 1948W (HBNR), Sn, Mo, 1942 U 1942 W (HBNR, SCLT) —WO 9,100; Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits districts—Continued. Province) (Phrae Province) Carrock (Cumbria) About District) (Nakhon Si Thammarat Province) Indian Springs (Nevada) Province) Province) Andrew mine Andrew (California) Lake Brown's (Montana) Hemerdon (Devon) 1916 S 1917 W (WLFM), Sn — W, 205,000; 1.0 percent Climax mine (Colorado) Redmoor (Cornwall) Pre-1861 U — W (WLFM), Sn, Cu, Hamme district Queen (Tungsten mine) (North Carolina) Country Site name Thailand Doi Mok (Chiang Rai Thailand Doi Than Ngoam United Kingdom Uganda Nyamolilo (Kigezi Thailand Khao Soon mine United States Turkey Uludag (Bursa Table 10. All production data are in metric tons; years indicate periods for w N, not mined. S, surface; [Mining methods: U, underground; used in this table are defined ta cates date of resource assessment. Resource types are defined in figure 1. Most abbreviations the ISMI record form] Sweden (Orebro Yxsjoberg United States United States United Kingdom United States United Kingdom United States TABLE 10. SELECTED PRODUCTION AND MINERAL-RESOURCE INFORMATION 65 producing in 1931Ð79. — unknown. reserves (Anderson, 1978). present. Explored; no production. Exploration started around 1980; tin mining started 1965; no tungsten mining. — ; 3 , and , in , hard 3 2 3 ; 1985 Mine closed in 1986. 3 , in placers; 2 ; 1983 in placers , in placers 3 2 2 , hard rock; 20,000 Bi 3 ; 1983. 1277; R1; WO ; 1983. 1277; R1; 3 ; 1985 profitably at Cannot be recovered 3 , in placers; poss: 1,000, 2 , hard rock; and 3,000: SnO 3 rock; and 13,532, SnO 4,000; R1M; 0.32 percent W; 1984?W; 4,000; R1M; 0.32 percent Last production in 1982. 1983. 1476 R1S; WO 1983. 1476 R1S; poss: 30,000, WO poss: 30,000, WO —— hard rock; 3,000 SnO placers rock; and 2,000 SnO 22,914, SnO Proven and probable: 1,512, WO and probable: 1,512, Proven ; 3 ; 3 ; 1943Ð84WO 100; R1E; 1.0 percent 3 Cumulative productionCumulative Resources Comments 4,587; W; 1958Ð84W; 4,587; WO 611; R1E; 1925Ð44, 1944Ð58 1935Ð60, 1972Ð76, 1980Ð 82. 7,613; W; 1918Ð53W; 7,613; 1986W; 10; R1; Mine closed in 1986. 5,459; WO 1910Ð45 ; 3 ; 3 Annual production 1980Ð84 — — and probable: 12,900, Sn in hard Proven — 1937, 1940Ð57W; 2,065; — — 1979 1981Ð84 Elements of economic interest (SCLT), Au(SCLT), — — — Deposit exploited. (WLFM), Sn — —WO Poss: 40,000 Sn and 20,000 (WLFM), Sn — — — — (SCLT), Sn, Zn, (SCLT), BRIT Bi, Be, Au BRIT Bi, Be, Bi production Year of first Year Mining method U 1929 W (SCLT) — — — current Important past producer, Year of Year discovery Early 1900's? 1912 U———————W 1938 —WLFM) W (SCLT, — — — — — Was reserves Potential for “large” 1941 S, U 1943 Cu, Mo W (SCLT), WO 655; 1914 U, S1930 1917 U, S Cu, Mo W (SCLT), 1936 — W (SCLT) 1917Ð19, W; 13,214; —WO 371,300; 0.73 percent ———W ———W 1916 U 1937 Mo, Zn, F, W (SCLT), 1906 S, U — W (WLFM), Sn —WO 9,164; 60 percent 1916 U, S1916 1943 U W (SCLT) 1918 Mo, Cu W (SCLT), —WO 2,000; 1943, 1952Ð56W; 112.4; — Last production in 1956. ———W ———W ———W ———W 1937 (W) N None W None NoneWO 77; R1S; District) district Strawberry mine Strawberry (California) Mill City district (Nevada) Scheelite Nevada (Nevada) Province) Tem Piute district Tem (Nevada) Bang Province, Bang Province, Tonkin) Pilot Mountain district (Nevada) Pine Creek mine (California) (Bac Thai Province) with Da Liem Searles Lake Searles Lake (California) Country Site name Zaire SOMINKI (Kivu) 1930 S, U 1932W (WLFM) Sn, W; 45; Zimbabwe Beardmore (Bikita Zimbabwe Chiredzi-Chipinage Zimbabwe R.H.A. Zimbabwe Scheelite King United States United States United States Vietnam (Lam Dong Tria Da United States Vietnam Pia Oac district (Cao United States United States Zaire Bishasha Vietnam Dao district Tam United States 66 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

REFERENCES CITED ESCAP/RMRDC (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific/Regional Mineral Ahlfeld, Federico, 1954, Los yacimientos minerales de Bolivia: Resource Development Center), and Beijing, Geological Pub- Bilbao, Imprenta Industrial, S.A., 277 p. lishing House, p. 233Ð243. Ahmed, A.A.M., 1979, General outline of the geology and mineral Campbell, A.R., Rye, Danny, and Petersen, Ulrich, 1984, A hydro- occurrences of the Red Sea Hills: Sudan Geological and Min- gen and oxygen isotope study of the San Cristobal mine, eral Resources Department Bulletin 30, 63 p. Peru—Implications of the role of water to rock ratio for the Altringer, P.B., Brooks, P.T., Dannenberg, R.O., and Marchant, genesis of wolframite deposits: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. W.N., 1979, Tungsten recovery from Searles Lake brines by 8, p. 1818Ð1832. ion exchange: Mining Engineering, v. 31, no. 8, p. 1220Ð Carter, W.D., and Kiilsgaard, T.H., 1983, Landsat analysis of the 1225. Yangjiatan tungsten district, Hunan Province, People’s Anderson, C.B., 1978, Tungsten in Rhodesia: Rhodesia Geological Republic of China, in Carter, W.D., Rowan, L.C., and Weill, Survey Annals, v. 4, p. 76Ð82. G., Remote sensing and mineral exploration—1982: Anstett, T.F., Bleiwas, D.I., and Hurdelbrink, R.J., 1985, Tungsten Advances in Space Research, v. 3, no. 2, p. 113Ð123. availability—Market economy countries: U.S. Bureau of Charoensri, P., 1983, The major tungsten districts of Thailand: Mines Information Circular 9025, 51 p. Conference on Geology and Mineral Resources of Thailand, Anthoine, Pol, Evrard, Pierre, Kharkevitch, Cyrille, and Schaar, Bangkok, 19Ð28 November 1983, 10 p. Georges, 1968, The Symétain tin deposits—Geology and Chauris, Louis, and Guigues, Jean, 1969, Gîtes minéraux de la mining, in A technical conference on tin [London, 1967, France—Notices explicatives regionales des feuilles de la Papers]: London, International Tin Council, v. 2, p. 421Ð455. carte au 1/320,000, v. 1, Massif Amoricain: [France] Bureau Arribas, A., 1979, Le gisement de tungstène de Barruecopardo: de Recherches Géologiques et Minières Mémoire 74, 96 p. Chronique de la Recherche Minière, no. 450, p. 42Ð49. Chen, Z., and Hu, L., 1982, The geological characteristics and pri- Barabanov, V.F., 1961, [Mineralogy of tungsten deposits in the mary zoning of Huangsha vein-type tungsten deposit, in Hep- Eastern Transbaikal region]: Leningrad [former Soviet worth, J.V., and Yu, H.Z., eds., Symposium on Tungsten Union], Leningrad University, 360 p. (Reviewed by E.A. Geology [Jiangxi, China, October 1981]: Bandung [Indone- Alexandrov: International Geology Review, v. 5, no. 5 (May sia], ESCAP/RMRDC (United Nations Economic and Social 1963), p. 601Ð603.) Commission for Asia and the Pacific/Regional Mineral Baxter, J.L., 1978, Molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium and chro- Resource Development Center), and Beijing, Geological Pub- mium in Western Australia: Western Australia Geological lishing House, p. 257Ð268. Survey, Mineral Resources Bulletin 11, 140 p. Chernov, B.S., 1993, The present state and development prospects Bender, F., 1983, Geology of Burma: Berlin, Gebrüder Borntrae- of the tungsten raw material base of Russia: Moscow, Miner- ger, p. 185Ð192. alnye Resursy Rossii, 1993, p. 3, 15Ð19. Beskin, S.M., Larin, V.N., and Martin, Y.B., 1996a, Physiographic Chinese Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Information, types of granitic rocks of Kazakhstan and their metallogenic Chinese Institute of Mineral Deposits, and Chinese Academy significance, in Shatov, V., Seltmann, R., Kremenetsky, A., of Geological Sciences, 1992, Mineral resources maps of Lehmann, B., Popov, V., and Ermolov, P., Granite-related ore China: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, scale 1: deposits of central Kazakhstan and adjacent areas: St. Peters- 5,000,000. burg, Russia, Glagol Publishing House, p. 259Ð268. Chung, C.K., 1975, Tungsten and molybdenum deposits in South ———1996b, The greisen Mo-W deposit of Aqshatau, central Korea: Korean Institute of Mineral and Mining Engineers Kazakhstan, in Shatov, V., Seltmann, R., Kremenetsky, A., Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 192Ð199. Lehmann, B., Popov, V., and Ermolov, P., Granite-related ore Clarke, M.C.G., 1983, Current Chinese thinking on the South deposits of central Kazakhstan and adjacent areas: St. Peters- China tungsten province: Institution of Mining and Metal- burg, Russia, Glagol Publishing House, p. 145Ð154. lurgy Transactions, v. 92, sec. B, p. B10ÐB15. Béziat, P., Prouhet, J.P., and Tollon, F., 1980, Le district de Mon- Coakley, G.J., Crockett, R.N., and Hammerbeck, E.C.I., 1991, tredon-Labessonnié (Tarn)—W, Sn, F: [France] Bureau de International Strategic Minerals Inventory summary report— Recherches Géologiques et Minières Mémoire 112, 44 p. A regional assessment of selected mineral commodities in Bunting, R.M., 1987, Tungsten—Chinese torpedo market: Engi- subequatorial Africa: U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Perspec- neering and Mining Journal, v. 188, no. 3, p. 60Ð62. tives, 44 p. Burnol, L., and Delille, J.C., 1986, Tungsten deposits of France, in Coetzee, C.B., ed., 1976, Mineral resources of the Republic of Beus, A.A., ed., Geology of tungsten: Earth Science [Paris], v. South Africa (5th ed.): South Africa Geological Survey Hand- 18, p. 89Ð113. book 7, 462 p. Buros, J., and Wagner, H., 1978, Rohstoffwirtschaftliche Länder- Collins, E.M., and Kesler, S.E., 1969, High temperature telescoped berichte, XVI. UdSSR—Molybdan und Wolfram: Hannover, tungsten-antimony mineralization, Guatemala: Mineralium West Germany, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Deposita, v. 4, no. 1, p. 65Ð71. Rohstoffe, 147 p. Conde, L.N., Pereira, V., Ribeiro, A., and Thadeu, D., 1971, Jazi- Cai, Jianming, Liu, Ruolan, and Zeng, Guangsheng, 1982, Study gos hipogénicos de estanho e volfrâmio: Congresso Hispano- on fluid inclusion and its relation to mineralization of Pangus- Luso-Americano de Geologia Economica, 1st, Madrid-Lis- han tungsten deposit, Jiangxi Province, China, in Hepworth, bon, 1971, Livro-guia Excursao, no. 1, pt. 7, 81 p. J.V., and Yu, H.Z., eds., Symposium on Tungsten Geology Dawson, K.M., and Dick, L.A., 1978, Regional metallogeny of the [Jiangxi, China, October 1981]: Bandung [Indonesia], Northern Cordillera—Tungsten and base metal-bearing REFERENCES CITED 67

skarns in southeastern Yukon and southwestern Mackenzie: Société Géologique de France Bulletin, v. 25, no. 3, p. 335Ð Canada Geological Survey Paper 76Ð1A, p. 287Ð292. 348. Dekate, Y.G., 1967, Tungsten occurrences in India and their gene- Grabher, D.E., 1984, Skarn deposits—Union Carbide’s Pilot sis: Economic Geology, v. 62, no. 4, p. 556Ð561. Mountain project, geologic setting and field trip guide, in De Kun, N., 1965, The mineral resources of Africa: New York, Johnson, J.L., ed., Exploration for ore deposits in North Elsevier Publishing Co., 478 p. American Cordillera—Field trip guidebook: Reno, Nev., Derré, C., 1979, Le gisement de schéelite de Salau: Chronique de Association of Exploration Geochemists, p. FT5ÐFT24. la Recherche Minière, no. 450, p. 12Ð26. Grant, J.N., Halls, C., Sheppard, S.M.F., and Avila, W., 1980, Evo- DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Sutphin, D.M., and Cannon, W.F., 1984, Inter- lution of the porphyry tin deposits of Bolivia, in Ishihara, S., national Strategic Minerals Inventory summary report—Man- and Takenouchi, S., eds., Granite magmatism and related ganese: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930ÐA, 22 p. mineralization: The Society of Mining Geologists of Japan, Dick, L.A., and Hodgson, C.J., 1982, The Mactung W-Cu (Zn) Mining Geology Special Issue no. 8, p. 151Ð173. contact metasomatic and related deposits of the northeastern Häusser, I., 1987, Geologie und mineralische Rohstoffe der Kore- Canadian Cordillera: Economic Geology, v. 77, no. 4, p. 845Ð anischen Demokratischen Volksrepublik (KDVR): Berlin, 867. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, unpub- Dines, H.G., 1956, The metalliferous mining region of south-west lished report, 45 p. England: London, Great Britian Geological Survey Memoir, Haughton, S.H., Frommurze, H.F., Gebers, T.W., Schwellnus, 2 v., 795 p. C.M., and Rossouw, P.J., 1939, The geology and mineral deposits of the Omaruru Area, South West Africa—An expla- Dunn, D.P., and Burt, D.M., 1979, Skarn mineralization related to nation of Sheet No. 71: Union of South Africa, Geological pegmatites at the San Antonio tungsten mine, Baviacora, Survey, 160 p. Sonora, Mexico [abs.]: Geological Society of America Higashimoto, S., 1977, Geology and ore deposits of the Kuga Abstracts with Programs, v. 11, no. 7, p. 417. mine, southwest Japan: Geological Survey of Japan Bulletin, Eadington, P.J., 1983, A fluid inclusion investigation of ore forma- v. 28, no. 12, p. 775Ð793. tion in a tin-mineralized granite, New England, New South Higgins, N.C., 1985, Wolframite deposition in a hydrothermal vein Wales: Economic Geology, v. 78, no. 6, p. 1204Ð1221. system—The Grey River tungsten prospect, Newfoundland, Editorial Committee of the Mineral Deposits of China, 1992, Min- Canada: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 5, p. 1297Ð1327. eral deposits of China: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, Ho, C.E., 1987, Tungsten: Mining Magazine, v. 156, no. 3, p. 219Ð v. 2. 221. Fontaine, H., and Workman, D.R., 1978, Review of the geology Hsu, K.-C., 1943, Tungsten deposits of southern Kiangsi, China: and mineral resources of Kampuchea, Laos and Vietnam, in Economic Geology, v. 38, no. 6, p. 431Ð474. Nutalaya, P., ed., Proceedings of the Third Regional Confer- Il’in, K.B., Markov, K.A., Dragunov, V.I., Ermolaev, B.A., and ence on Geology and Mineral Resources of Southeast Asia, Terentev, V.M., 1992, Map of mineral resources of Russia and Bangkok, Thailand, 14Ð18 November 1978: p. 539Ð603. adjacent countries (within the boundaries of the former Forster, C.N., Burson, M.J., and Glover, J.K., 1979, The Lened USSR)—Brief explanatory notes: St. Petersburg, VSEGEI, tungsten deposit—Oral presentation at the 7th Geoscience 112 p. Forum, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, December 2Ð4, 1979. Imai, H., Lee, M.S., Ilda, K., Fujiki, Y., and Takenouchi, S., 1975, Fries, Carl, Jr., and Schmitter, Eduardo, 1945, Scheelite deposits in Geologic structure and mineralization of the xenothermal the northern part of the Sierra de Juarez, Northern Territory, vein-type deposits in Japan: Economic Geology, v. 70, no. 4, Lower California, Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin p. 647Ð676. 946ÐC, p. 73Ð101. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 1979, Report of the Institu- Gaukroger, K.F., 1984, A final report on the assessment of tion of Mining and Metallurgy Mission to China, 14Ð30 Octo- scheelite mineralization in southern Asia: Saudi Arabian Dep- ber 1974, 14 p. uty Ministry for Mineral Resources Open File Report, RFÐ Ivanova, G.F., 1974, Geokhimicheskie Osobennosti Volframovykh OFÐ04Ð3, 11 p. Mestorozhdenij Mongoli: Geologiya Mestorozhdenij, v. 16, Ginn, R.M., and Beecham, A.W., 1986, The Fostung scheelite no. 6 (NovemberÐDecember), p. 45Ð52. deposit, Espanola, Ontario: Canadian Geology Journal of Jones, A., 1996, Ferro-alloy directory and databook (4th ed.): Sur- CIM, v. 1, no. 1, p. 46Ð54. rey, United Kingdom, Metal Bulletin Books, Ltd., 362 p. Giuliani, G., Li, Y.D., and Sheng, T.F., 1988, Fluid inclusion study Karahan, S., Demirci, A., and Atademir, R., 1980, Turkish tungsten of Xihuashan tungsten deposit in southern Jiangxi province, producer redesigns for efficiency: World Mining, v. 33, no. China: Mineralium Deposita, v. 23, no. 1, p. 24Ð33. 10, p. 46Ð51. Goossens, P.J., 1978, The metallogenic provinces of Burma— Kelly, W.C., and Rye, R.O., 1979, Geologic, fluid inclusion, and Their definitions, geologic relationships, and extension into stable isotope studies of the tin-tungsten deposits of China, India, and Thailand, in Nutalaya, P., ed., Proceedings Panasqueira, Portugal: Economic Geology, v. 74, no. 8, p. of the Third Regional Conference on Geology and Mineral 1721Ð1822. Resources of Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, 14Ð18 Kerr, P.F., 1934, Geology of the tungsten deposits near Mill City, November 1978: p. 431Ð492. Nevada: University of Nevada Bulletin, v. 28, no. 2, 46 p. Gouanvic, Y., and Gagny, C., 1983, Étude d’une aplopegmatite Kim, S.E., and Hwang, D.H., 1983, Metallogenesis in Korea— litée à cassitérite et wolframite, magma différencié de Explanatory text for metallogenic map of Korea: Seoul, 1’endogranite de la mine de Santa Comba (Galice, Espagne): Korean Institute of Energy and Resources, 52 p. 68 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Kooiman, G.J.A., McLeod, H.J., and Sinclair, W.D., 1986, Por- Resource Development Center), and Beijing, Geological Pub- phyry tungsten-molybdenum orebodies, polymetallic veins lishing House, p. 374Ð384. and replacement bodies and tin-bearing greisen zones in the Martin, H.J., 1964, The Bikita tinfield: Southern Rhodesia Geolog- Fire Tower Zone, Mount Pleasant, New Brunswick: Eco- ical Survey Bulletin 58, 147 p. nomic Geology, v. 81, no. 6, p. 1356Ð1373. Mathieson, G.A., and Clark, A.H., 1984, The Cantung E zone ore- Kwak, T.A.P., and Tan, T.H., 1981, The geochemistry of zoning in body, Tungsten, Northwest Territories—A revised genetic the skarn minerals at King Island (Dolphin) mine: Economic model: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 5, p. 883Ð901. Geology, v. 76, no. 2, p. 468Ð497. Mazurov, A.K., 1996a, The Koktenkol stockwork W-Mo deposit, Landis, G.P., and Rye, R.O., 1974, Geologic, fluid inclusion, and central Kazakhstan, in Shatov, V., Seltmann, R., stable isotope studies of the Pasto Bueno tungsten-base metal Kremenetsky, A., Lehmann, B., Popov, V., and Ermolov, P., ore deposit, northern Peru: Economic Geology, v. 69, no. 7, Granite-related ore deposits of central Kazakhstan and adja- p. 1025Ð1059. cent areas: St. Petersburg, Russia, Glagol Publishing House, Lennan, W.B., 1983, Ray Gulch tungsten skarn deposit, Dublin p. 155Ð165. Gulch area [abs.], in Mineral deposits of northern Cordillera, ———1996b, The skarn-greisen tungsten deposit of Qatpar, cen- program with abstracts: Montreal, Canadian Institute of Min- tral Kazakhstan, in Shatov, V., Seltmann, R., Kremenetsky, ing and Metallurgy, p. 28Ð29. A., Lehmann, B., Popov, V., and Ermolov, P., Granite-related Lesch, L., 1984, Bericht über die fachlichen Ergebnisse der ore deposits of central Kazakhstan and adjacent areas: St. Dienstreise in die KDVR im Zeitraum vom 20.9 bis Petersburg, Russia, Glagol Publishing House, p. 181Ð186. 3.10.1984: Dresden, unpublished report, 11 p. Moussu, R., 1965, Les gisements d’étain et wolfram de Saxe et Li, K.C., and Wang, C.Y., 1955, Tungsten—Its history, geology, Bohème—Notes d’un voyage d’études: [France] Bureau de ore-dressing, metallurgy, chemistry, analysis, applications, Recherches Géologiques et Minières Bulletin 4, p. 1Ð68. and economics: New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, Murakoshi, T., and Hashimoto, K., 1956, Geology and mineral 506 p. resources of Japan: Geological Survey of Japan, March 1956, Li, Y., 1993, Poly-type model for tungsten deposits and vertical p. 188Ð190. structural model for vein-type tungsten deposits in South Nakamura, T., and Kim, M.Y., 1982, Macrostructure of vein filling China, in Kirkham, R.V., Sinclair, W.D., Thorpe, R.I., and in ore veins, with special reference to those of plutonic tung- Duke, J.M., Mineral deposit modeling: Geological Associa- sten-tin-copper veins at Otani mine, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan: tion of Canada Special Paper 40, p. 555Ð568. Mining Geology, v. 32, no. 172, p. 85Ð95. Liu, W., 1982, Geological features of mineralization of the Xinglu- Newberry, R.J., 1982, Tungsten-bearing skarns of the Sierra okeng tungsten (molybdenum) deposit, Fujian Province, in Nevada, I—The Pine Creek mine, California: Economic Hepworth, J.V., and Yu, H.Z., eds., Symposium on Tungsten Geology, v. 77, no. 4, p. 823Ð844. Geology [Jiangxi, China, October 1981]: Bandung [Indone- Nishiwaki, Mikio, and others, 1960, Prospecting at the Yaguki sia], ESCAP/RMRDC (United Nations Economic and Social mine and its effects: Mining Geology (Tokyo), v. 10, p. 329Ð Commission for Asia and the Pacific/Regional Mineral 337. Resource Development Center), and Beijing, Geological Pub- lishing House, p. 339Ð348. Noble, S.R., Spooner, E.T.C., and Harris, F.R., 1984, The Logtung Lofts, P.G., 1986, Baid al Jimalah tungsten prospect, Najd region, large tonnage, low-grade W (scheelite)-Mo porphyry deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in Drysdall, A.R., Ramsay, C.R., south-central Yukon Territory: Economic Geology, v. 79, and Stoeser, D.B., eds., Felsic plutonic rocks and associated no. 5, p. 848Ð868. mineralization of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Journal of Nokleberg, W.J., 1981, Geologic setting, petrology, and geochem- African Earth Sciences, v. 4, p. 229Ð236. istry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Lokras, K.V., Gajbjiye, N.G., and Raju, A.V., 1981, Agargaon mine, central Sierra Nevada, California: Economic Geology, tungsten deposit, Nagpur district, Maharashtra: India Geolog- v. 76, no. 1, p. 111Ð133. ical Survey Bulletin, Series A—Economic Geology, no. 42, Ohlsson, L.G., 1979, Tungsten occurrences in central Sweden: 63 p. Economic Geology, v. 74, no. 5, p. 1012Ð1034. Longe, R.V., and others, 1978, Computer-based files on mineral Ohmachi, H., 1977, Geology and mineral resources of Japan: Geo- deposit—Guidelines and recommended standards for data logical Survey of Japan, unpublished paper. content [prepared by Mineral Deposits Working Committee, Panova, E.G., and Gavrilenko, V.V., 1996, Mineralogy and National Advisory Committee on Research in the Geological geochemistry of wallrock alteration at the tungsten deposits Sciences]: Canada Geological Survey Paper 78Ð26, 72 p. of Boguty and Aqshatau, south and central Kazakhstan, in Lu, Huangzhang, 1985, Fluid inclusion studies of a new type of Shatov, V., Seltmann, R., Kremenetsky, A., Lehmann, B., ore deposit—Porphyry tungsten occurrence in China: Popov, V., and Ermolov, P., Granite-related ore deposits of Geochemistry, v. 4, no. 1, p. 41Ð52. central Kazakhstan and adjacent areas: St. Petersburg, Russia, Ma, Linqing, 1982, The geological characteristics of Damingshan Glagol Publishing House, p. 332Ð336. sedimentary-magmatic-hydrothermal wolframite deposit, Parker, J.M., 3d, 1963, Geologic setting of the Hamme tungsten Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, in Hepworth, district, North Carolina and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey J.V., and Yu, H.Z., eds., Symposium on Tungsten Geology Bulletin 1122ÐG, 69 p. [Jiangxi, China, October 1981]: Bandung [Indonesia], Pattee, E.C., 1960, Tungsten resources of Montana—Deposits of ESCAP/RMRDC (United Nations Economic and Social the Mount Torrey batholith, Beaverhead County: U.S. Bureau Commission for Asia and the Pacific/Regional Mineral of Mines Report of Investigations 5552, 41 p. REFERENCES CITED 69

Pelletier, R.A., 1964, Mineral resources of south-central Africa: Schanz, J.J., Jr., 1980, The United Nations’ endeavor to standard- Capetown, Oxford University Press, 277 p. ize mineral resource classification: Natural Resources Forum, Petersen, U., 1965, Regional geology and major ore deposits of v. 4, no. 3, p. 307Ð313. central Peru: Economic Geology, v. 60, no. 3, p. 407Ð476. Scherer, F.M., 1970, Industrial market structure and economic per- Plimer, I., 1975, Wolfram Camp wolframite-molybdenite-bismuth- formance: Chicago, Rand McNally College Publishing Co., quartz pipes, North Queensland, in Knight, C.L., ed., Eco- 576 p. nomic geology of Australasia and Papua New Guinea, v. 1— Segerstrom, K., 1967, Geology and ore deposits of central Ata- Metals: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy cama Province, Chile: Geological Society of America Bulle- Monograph Series 5, p. 760Ð762. tin, v. 79, p. 305Ð319. Plumridge, C.L., 1975, Mount Carbine tungsten reef swarm, in Serjeantson, R., 1997, Non-ferrous metal works of the world (7th Knight, C.L., ed., Economic geology of Australia and Papua ed.): Surrey, United Kingdom, Metal Bulletin Books, Ltd., New Guinea, v. 1—Metals: Australasian Institute of Mining 662 p. and Metallurgy Monograph Series 5, p. 762Ð764. Shepherd, T.J., Beckinsale, R.D., Rundle, C.C., and Durham, J., Pollard, P.J., 1981, Hydrothermal tin-tungsten mineralization and 1976, Genesis of Carrock Fell tungsten deposits, Cumbria— origin of associated cordierite-anthophyllite rocks at Tommy Fluid inclusions and isotopic study: Institution of Mining and Burns Mine, North Queensland: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Transactions, sec. B, v. 85, p. B63ÐB73. Metallurgy Transactions, sec. B, v. 90, p. 365Ð370. Shi, Mingkui, and Hu, Xiongwei, 1988, The geological character- Proshin, J.M., 1995, On current state and measures to develop istics and genesis of the granite-hosted tungsten deposit at the raw material base of metallurgy: Moscow, Mineral’nye Dajishan mine, Jiangxi Province, China: 7th Quadrennial resursy Rossii, p. 4, 34Ð35. IAGOD (International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits) Symposium, Lulea, Sweden, 1986, Proceedings, Rabchevsky, G.A., 1988, The tungsten industry of the U.S.S.R.: p. 613Ð621. U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Issues, November 1988, 50 p. Shibue, Y., 1984, Chemical compositions of tourmaline in the vein- Reedman, A.J., 1973, Partly mobilized syngenetic tungsten deposit type tungsten deposits of the Kaneuchi mine, Japan: Minera- at Nyamalilo mine: Overseas Geology and Mineral lium Deposita, v. 19, no. 4, p. 298Ð303. Resources, no. 41, p. 101Ð106. Shishigin, P.R., Yan-Zhin-Shin, V.A., Sitnikov, V.S., Ivanov, G.S., Reynaud, R., 1982, Production and trading of Portuguese tungsten Kovaley, L.N., Koshlyak, V.S., and Naumov, G.G., 1994, ores—Main production centers in Portugal, in European Mineral resources—Base economic development of Sacha Tungsten Seminar, Lisbon, 22Ð24 March 1982: Portugal- Republic (Yakutiya): Otechestvennaya Geologiya, p. 3Ð9. European Communities’ Document III/208/84ÐE, 24 p. Simmons, S.F., and Sawkins, F.J., 1983, Mineralogic and fluid Ross, D.C., 1961, Geology and mineral deposits of Mineral inclusion studies of the Washington Cu-Mo-W-bearing brec- County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin 58, 98 p. cia pipe, Sonora, Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 78, no. 3, Roush, G.A., 1935, Strategic mineral supplies 5.0, tungsten: The p. 521Ð526. Military Engineer, v. 27, no. 154, p. 280Ð285, and v. 27, Sinclair, W.D., 1986, Molybdenum, tungsten and tin deposits and no. 155, p. 343Ð348. associated granitoid intrusions in the northern Canadian Cor- Ruiz, J., and Barton, H.D., 1985, Geology and geochemistry of dillera and adjacent parts of Alaska, in Morin, J.A., ed., Min- Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico: Preprint, 1985 Annual meeting of eral deposits of northern Cordillera: The Canadian Institute of the Society of Mining Engineers of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Volume 37, p. 216Ð233. Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (SMEÐ Slack, J.F., 1972, Structure, petrology, and ore deposits of the AIME), 3 p. Indian Springs (Delano Mts.) region, Elko County, Nevada: Russkikh, S.S., and Shatov, V.V., 1996, The Verkhnee Qairaqty Oxford, Ohio, Miami University, M.S. thesis, 159 p. scheelite stockwork deposit in central Kazakhstan, in Shatov, Sluijk, D., 1963, Geology and tin-tungsten deposits of the Regoufe V., Seltmann, R., Kremenetsky, A., Lehmann, B., Popov, V., area, northern Portugal: Amsterdam, University of Amster- and Ermolov, P., Granite-related ore deposits of central Kaza- dam, Ph.D. thesis, 123 p. khstan and adjacent areas: St. Petersburg, Russia, Glagol Pub- Smirnov, V.I., ed., 1977, Ore deposits of the U.S.S.R.: San Fran- lishing House, p. 167Ð180. cisco, Pitman Publishing Ltd., v. III, 492 p. Sabir, H., and Labbé, J.-F., 1986, Bi’r Tawilah tungsten prospect, So, C.-S., Rye, D.M., and Shelton, K.L., 1983, Carbon, hydrogen, Najd region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in Drysdall, A.R., oxygen, and sulfur isotope and fluid inclusion study of the Ramsay, C.R., and Stoeser, D.B., eds., Felsic plutonic rocks Weolag tungsten-molybdenum deposit, Republic of Korea— and associated mineralization of the Kingdom of Saudi Ara- Fluid histories of metamorphic and ore-forming events: Eco- bia: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 4, p. 249Ð255. nomic Geology, v. 78, no. 8, p. 1551Ð1553. Safa, P., Couilloud, D., Tessier, B., and Moine, B., 1987, Le gise- So, C.-S., Shelton, K.L., and Rye, D.M., 1983, Geologic, sulfur ment de tungstène de Fumade (Tarn, France)—Gitologie, car- isotopic, and fluid inclusion study of the Ssang Jeong tung- actères pétrographiques et géochimiques des skarns et des sten mine, Republic of Korea: Economic Geology, v. 78, granites: Chronique de la Recherche Minière, no. 487, p. 39Ð no. 1, p. 157Ð163. 51. So, C.-S., Shelton, K.L., Seidemann, D.E., and Skinner, B.J., 1983, Sawkins, F.J., 1979, Fluid inclusion studies of the Inguaran cop- The Dae Hwa tungsten-molybdenum mine, Republic of per-bearing breccia pipes, Michoacán, Mexico: Economic Korea—A geochemical study: Economic Geology, v. 78, Geology, v. 74, no. 4, p. 924Ð927. no. 5, p. 920Ð930. 70 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Stafford, P.T., 1985, Tungsten, in Knoerr, A.W., ed., Mineral facts Pacific/Regional Mineral Resource Development Center), and and problems: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, p. 881Ð Beijing, Geological Publishing House, p. 413Ð425. 894. Willig, C.D., and Delgado, J., 1985, South America as a source of Stemprok, M., 1986, Tungsten deposits of central Europe, in Beus, tungsten, in Proceedings of the Third International Tungsten A.A., ed., Geology of tungsten: Earth Sciences [Paris], v. 18, Symposium, Madrid, 13Ð17 May 1985: Shrewsbury, England, p. 79Ð87. MPR Publishing Services Ltd., p. 58Ð85. Strauss, C.A., 1954, The geology and mineral deposits of the Pot- Wolff, G.C., 1978, The Kara deposit, in Green, D.C., and Wil- geitersrus tin-fields: South Africa Geological Survey Memoir liams, P.R., eds., Geology and mineralization of N.W. Tasma- 46, 252 p. nia (—Proceedings of a symposium held at Burnie, 11Ð12 Swift, W.H., White, W.C., Wiles, J.W., and Worst, B.G., 1953, The November 1978): Geological Society of Australia, Tasmania geology of the Lower Sabi coalfield: Southern Rhodesia Geo- Division, p. 37Ð38. logical Survey Bulletin 40, 96 p. World Bank, 1996, World development report 1996: New York, Tanelli, G., 1982, Geological setting, mineralogy and genesis of Oxford University Press, p. 90Ð93. tungsten mineralization in Dayu district, Jiangxi (People’s Wu, Y., Mei, Y., Lui, P., Cai, C., and Lu, T., 1987, Geology of the Republic of China)—An outline: Mineralium Deposita, v. 17, Xihuashan tungsten ore field: Beijing, Geological Publishing no. 2, p. 279Ð294. House, Geological Memoirs, ser. 4, no. 2. (In Chinese with a Taylor, R.G., 1979, Geology of tin deposits: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 27-page English abstract.) 543 p. Wu, W., 1979, Chinese tungsten ores, in Tungsten, Proceedings Tschanz, C.M., and Pampeyan, G.H., 1970, Geology and mineral First International Tungsten Symposium, Stockholm, 5Ð7 deposits of Lincoln County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines September 1979: London, Mining Journal Books, p. 118Ð126. Bulletin 73, 187 p. Xia, Hongyuan, Linag, Shuyi, Xie, Weixin, and Shuai, Dequan, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the 1982, Primary zoning of Huangsha tungsten deposit and its Pacific (ESCAP), 1990, Vietnam, v. 6 of Atlas of mineral genesis, Jiangxi Province, China, in Hepworth, J.V., and Yu, resources of the ESCAP region: Bangkok, United Nations H.Z., eds., Symposium on Tungsten Geology [Jiangxi, China, ESCAP, 123 p. October 1981]: Bandung [Indonesia], ESCAP/RMRDC United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1979, The interna- (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia tional classification of mineral resources—Report of the and the Pacific/Regional Mineral Resource Development Group of Experts on Definitions and Terminology for Mineral Center), and Beijing, Geological Publishing House, p. 451Ð Resources: United Nations document E/C.7/104, 28 p., 461. including annexes. Yan, H.Z., Wu, Y.L., and Li, C.Y., 1980, Metallogenetic systems of U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1923Ð95, Minerals yearbook: Washington, tungsten and their mineralization characteristics, in Ishihara, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 108 v. S., and Takenouchi, S., eds., Granite magmatism and related ———1993, Metal prices in the United States through 1991: U.S. mineralization: Society of Mining Geologists of Japan, Min- Bureau of Mines special publication, p. 179Ð184. ing Geology Special Issue, no. 8, p. 215Ð221. U.S. Geological Survey, 1905Ð22, Mineral resources of the United Zaw, U.K., 1984, Geology and geothermometry of vein-type W-Sn States: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, deposits at Pennaichaung and Yetkanzintaung prospects, 45 v. (Continued by U.S. Bureau of Mines). Tavoy Township, Tennasserim Division, southern Burma: ———1996, Tungsten—Annual review—1995: U.S. Geological Mineralium Deposita, v. 19, no. 2, p. 138Ð144. Survey Mineral Industry Surveys, November 1996, 16 p. Vaché, R., 1979, La gisement de schéelite de Mittersill: Chronique de la Recherche Minière, no. 450, p. 9Ð13. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON Victor, I., 1957, Burnt Hill wolframite deposit, New Brunswick, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 52, no. 1, p. 149Ð168. TUNGSTEN RESOURCES Wagner, H., and Berthold, G., 1979, Rohstoffwirtschaftliche Länderberichte XXIII—COMECON rohstoffwirtschaflicher Angelleli, V., Fernandez Lima, J.C., Herrera, A., and Aristarain, L., Überblick: Hannover, West Germany, Bundesanstalt für 1970, Descripción del mapa metalogenético de la República Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 253 p. Argentina—Minerales metalíferos: Argentina Ministerio de Economía y Trabajo, Secretaria de Estado de Mineria, Direc- Wallace, S.R., Muncaster, N.K., Jonson, D.C., Mackenzie, O., ción Nacional de Geología y Minería, Anales XV, 172 p. Bookstrom, A., and Surface, V.E., 1968, Multiple intrusion and mineralization at Climax, Colorado, in Ridge, J.D., ed., Barbier, C., 1971, The economics of tungsten: London, Metal Bul- Ore deposits in the United States, 1933/1967: New York, letin Books Ltd., 191 p. American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Beus, A.A., ed., 1986, Geology of tungsten: Earth Science [Paris], Engineers, v. 1, p. 605Ð640. v. 18, 280 p. Wang, C., Xu, Y., Xie, C., and Xu, W., 1982, The geological char- Bichan, H.R., Gaskell, J.L., and Hubble, P.A., 1979, Availability of acteristics of Shizhuyuan W-Sn-Mo-Bi deposit, Hunan Prov- tin and tungsten to British industry, in Jones, M.J., ed., Avail- ince, China, in Hepworth, J.V., and Yu, H.Z., eds., ability of strategic minerals: London, The Institution of Min- Symposium on Tungsten Geology [Jiangxi, China, October ing and Metallurgy, p. 18Ð31. 1981]: Bandung [Indonesia], ESCAP/RMRDC (United Brazil, Ministério das Minas e Energia, Departamento Nacional da Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Producao Mineral, 1980, Availiacao regional do setor mineral ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON TUNGSTEN RESOURCES 71

Rio Grande do Norte: Brazil Departamento Nacional da Prod- für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, unpublished report, 56 ucao Mineral Boletim no. 53, p. 89Ð114. p. Burrows, J.C., 1971, Tungsten, an industry analysis: Lexington, Krivcov, A.I., 1993, Der Geologische Dienst und die Entwicklung Mass., Heath Lexington Books, 289 p. der mineralischen Rohstoffbasis (in Russian): Moskow, Rosk- Carlborg, H., 1930, Varldens Wolframmalmtillganger: Jernkon- omnedra/ZNIGRI, v. I, 617 p., v. II, 161 p. torets Annaler, v. 114, p. 455Ð490. Kuznetsov, V.A., 1982, West Siberia—Mineral resources— Chermetinformatsia, 1992, Directory—Enterprises and organiza- Geologiya SSSR XIV/1: Moscow, Nedra, 319 p. tions of non-ferrous metallurgy: Moscow, Chermetinfor- Mining Journal Books, Ltd., 1979, Tungsten: 1982, Proceedings of matsin, 137 p. the First International Tungsten Symposium, Stockholm, 5Ð7 Chhibber, H.L., 1934, The mineral resources of Burma: London, September 1979: London, Mining Journal Books, Ltd., 181 p. MacMillan and Co., Ltd., 320 p. ———1982, Tungsten: Proceedings of the Second International Felicissimo, J., Jr., and De Lima, P., 1945, Tungsténio: Estado de Tungsten Symposium, San Francisco, 1Ð5 June 1982: Lon- Sao Paulo [Brazil], Secretaria de Agricultura, Industria e don, Mining Journal Books, Ltd., 179 p. Comércio, Boletim no. 31, 462 p. Mulligan, R., 1984, Geology of Canadian tungsten occurrences: Geological Survey of Canada, Economic Geology Report 32, Generalov, V.A., and Antonenko, L.K., 1995, The current state and 121 p. development prospects of the raw material base of metal- Pelissonier, H., 1987, Les gisements de tungstène dans le monde: lurgy: Gornyj Zhurnal, 1995, p. 7, 27Ð31. Chronique de la Recherche Minière, no. 487, p. 3Ð10. Harris, P.M., 1983, Tungsten—A review: Institution of Mining and Rastall, R.H., and Wilcockson, M.A., 1920, Tungsten ores: Lon- Metallurgy (London) Occasional Papers, no. 2, 42 p. don, Imperial Institute Monograph on Mineral Resources Hepworth, J.V., and Yu, H.Z., eds., 1982, Symposium on Tungsten with Special Reference to the British Empire, John Murray, Geology [Jiangxi, China, October 1981]: Bandung [Indone- 81 p. sia], ESCAP/RMRDC (United Nations Economic and Social Roskill Information Services, Ltd., 1977, The economics of tung- Commission for Asia and the Pacific/Regional Mineral sten (3d ed.): London, Roskill Information Services, Ltd., Resource Development Center), and Beijing, Geological Pub- 132 p. lishing House, 596 p. Strishkov, V.V., 1988, The production of tungsten concentrates in Hobbs, S.W., and Elliott, J.E., 1973, Tungsten, in Brobst, D.A., the U.S.S.R.: Mining Magazine, v. 159, no. 2, p. 112Ð116. and Pratt, W.P., eds., United States mineral resources: U.S. Surjono and Clarke, M.C.F., 1981, Primary tungsten occurrences Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, p. 667Ð678. in Sumatra and the Indonesian tin islands, Indonesia: Indone- Ingham, F.T., and Bradford, E.F., 1960, The geology and mineral sia Directorate of Mineral Resources Bulletin, no. 5, v. 1, resources of the Kinta Valley, Perak: Federation of Malaya, p. 1Ð40. Geological Survey District Memoir 9, p. 294Ð302. U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Isaev, E.N., Beshanova, M.P., and Larichkin, V.A., 1995, Mineral- Administration, 1956, Materials survey—Tungsten: Washing- ressourcen der Welt (in Russian): Moscow, Roskomnedra/ ton, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 126 p. AOOT VNIIzarubezhgeologija, 575 p. Waller, J., 1986, The outlook for tungsten: Metal Bulletin Monthly, Kraft, M., and Kampe, A., 1991, Explorationsergebnisse von no. 183, p. 76Ð91. Auslandsaktivitäten der DDR, Kurzbeschreibung ausge- Yih, S.W.H., and Wang, C.T., 1979, Tungsten—Sources, metal- wählter Lagerstätten/Vorkommen der Mongolei, Mozambiks, lurgy, properties and applications: New York, Plenum Press, Vietnams, Angolas, Guinea-Bissaus: Berlin, Bundesanstalt 500 p. 72 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Revision History for Circular 930–O U.S. Geological Survey

International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report—Tungsten First posted online in 1998 Revised and reposted in November 2014, as Circular 930–O, version 1.1 Revisions by John H. DeYoung, Jr., and Kim B. Shedd of the U.S. Geological Survey

After publication in 1998 of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Circular 930–O, “International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report—Tungsten,” inconsistencies between resource data for tungsten deposits in table 10 and the list of the 10 largest deposits in the world (in terms of tungsten content) in table 2 were examined and determined to be the result of errors in both tables. The 10 largest deposits listed in table 2 (on page 12) are based on tungsten content of resources in the R1 and R2 categories (explained in figure 1 on page 3) as presented in table 10 (on pages 50–65). A revised table 2 for page 12 is presented below.

Table 2. Ten largest tungsten deposits or groups of deposits in the world.

[This table does not include the Searles Lake brine/evaporite deposit in the United States, from which tungsten cannot be recovered profitably. Contained tungsten is calculated from resource data in table 10. Contained tungsten for individual deposits may not add to total shown owing to rounding]

Contained tungsten Deposit name (province) Country (thousand metric tons) Verkhne-Kayrakty (Dzhezkazgan Oblast)…………. Former Soviet Union [Kazakhstan] 872 Shizhuyuan (Hunan)……………………………….. China 497 Mactung (Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories)………………………………………... Canada 1434

Lianhuashan (Guangdong)…………………………. China 317 Tyrnyauz (former Kabardin-Balkar A.S.S.R.)……... Former Soviet Union [Russia] 242 Logtung [Northern Dancer] (Yukon Territory)……. Canada 167 Yangchuling (Jiangxi)……………………………… China 159 Xingluokeng (Fujian)………………………………. China 142 Damingshan (Guangxi)…………………………….. China 115 Vostok-2 (Primor'ye)……………………………… Former Soviet Union [Russia] 101 Total………………………………………………………………………………………… 3,050 1Contained tungsten based on resource data (R1M, R1S, and R2S) from 1981 source listed in table 10. Contained tungsten based on resource data (R1M) from 1986 source listed in table 10 is 177 thousand metric tons.

In this revised table 2, the conversion factor used to convert tungsten trioxide (WO3) to contained tungsten (W) was 0.7931, not 0.8 as was apparently used in the original study. Resource quantities in tables 2 and 10 are shown in thousands of metric tons (that is, in kilotons [kt]).

1) The largest deposit, Verkhne-Kayrakty (in Kazakhstan, which was part of the former Soviet Union), is shown in table 10 (on page 63) as having 1,100 kt of R1 resources at 0.128 percent WO3. The “R1” in table 10 should be “WO3”; that change results in the tungsten content of the deposit being calculated as 872 kt (1,100 kt x 0.7931 = 872 kt W). The corresponding R1 resources would be 859,000 kt (1,100 kt ÷ 0.00128). If the 1,100 kt represented R1 resources and not WO3, the deposit would contain only about 1 kt of tungsten (1,100 kt x 0.00128 x 0.7931 = 1.12 kt W).

REVISION HISTORY FOR CIRCULAR 930–O 73

2) The contained tungsten for the Mactung deposit (in Canada) has been revised from 617 kt to 434 kt. In table 2 of the original report, the estimate for R1M resources from a 1986 source (179 kt W) was added to the R1M + R1S + R2S total from a 1981 source (438 kt W), thus double counting the R1M resources (179 kt W). When the double-counted resource is not included, and the more precise conversion factor is used, the revised tungsten content of the resource, based on data from table 10 (on page 52), is 434 kt (57,000 kt x 0.0096 x 0.7931 = 434 kt W). 3) Table 10 (on page 54) shows that the R1 resources of the Lianhuashan deposit (in China) are 40,000 kt at 1 percent WO3. This represents 317 kt of contained tungsten, ranking the deposit fourth in the revised table 2. It was not included in table 2 of the original report. As a result of this addition, the Ta’ergou deposit (in China), formerly ranked number 10, is not included in the revised table 2.

The identification of these inconsistencies and the preparation of a revised table 2 resulted from attention brought to the largest deposit list (table 2) when it was cited by Pitfield and Brown (2011, p. 15) and Silberglitt and others (2013, p. 41). These reports listed the 12 largest tungsten deposits based on contained tungsten data for the 10 deposits in table 2 of USGS Circular 930–O and more recent resource data for the Hemerdon deposit in the United Kingdom (309 kt W; was 60 kt W in USGS Circular 930–O) and the O’Callaghan’s deposit in Western Australia, which was discovered in mid-2008 (Pitfield and Brown, 2011, p. 15). The revised table 2 in this revision history is based on the data in table 10 of USGS Circular 930–O. No attempt has been made to update the data in table 10. For example, there are more recent resource estimates for Hemerdon (see above) and Mactung (estimates calculated to Canada’s National Instrument 43–101 standards result in indicated plus inferred resources of 382 kt WO3 or 303 kt W per Wardrop Engineering, Inc., 2009, p. 1–2 to 1–3). Also, recent discoveries, such as O’Callaghan’s (see above) or recent development of previously discovered deposits, such as at the Sisson deposit in New Brunswick, Canada (221 kt WO3 or 175 kt W; see Northcliff Resources Ltd., 2013) contain sufficient resources to be considered in a listing of large tungsten deposits. In addition, no attempt has been made to correct other parts of Circular 930–O (abstract, text, tables, figures, or maps) that may have been based on the original table 2.

In addition, the presentation of the resource data in table 2 with three significant digits implies greater precision than is inherent in resource estimates. The annual USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries report presents reserve and resource estimates with no more than two significant digits (U.S. Geological Survey, 2014).

Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge the counsel of W. David Sinclair, economic geologist at the Geological Survey of Canada and a coauthor of Circular 930–O, for sharing his recollection of the construction of table 2 in that publication and for providing examples demonstrating the reasons that recent resource numbers may not be comparable to those of the original report. Some of these reasons are new information on the discovery of deposits after Circular 930–O was prepared (mid-1980s) and released (1998), reevaluation of deposits that were identified when the data were compiled, changes in resource reporting standards, and differences among applications of those standards in different countries.

References Cited

Northcliff Resources Ltd., 2013, Development/history [of the Sisson deposit]: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Northcliff Resources Ltd., accessed June 4, 2014, at http://www.northcliffresources.com/s/Development.asp.

Pitfield, Peter, and Brown, Teresa, 2011, Tungsten [commodity profile]: Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom, British Geological Survey, 33 p., accessed June 3, 2014, at http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1981.

Silberglitt, Richard, Bartis, J.T., Chow, B.G., An, D.L., and Brady, Kyle, 2013, Critical materials—Present danger to U.S. manufacturing (prepared for the National Intelligence Council): Santa Monica, Calif., RAND Corporation, document RR–133–MC, 46 p. [Also available at http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR133.html.]

U.S. Geological Survey, 2014, Mineral commodity summaries 2014: U.S. Geological Survey, 196 p., accessed June 4, 2014, at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2014/mcs2014.pdf.

74 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTEN

Wardrop Engineering, Inc., 2009, Amended technical report on the Mactung property, document no. 1053390100- REP-R0001-00, prepared for North American Tungsten Corporation, Ltd.: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Wardrop Engineering, Inc., [372] p., accessed June 4, 2014, at the SEDAR (System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval) Web site at http://www.sedar.com/.

Suggested Citation of USGS Circular 930–O, Version 1.1

Werner, A.B.T., Sinclair, W.D., and Amey, E.B., 2014, International strategic mineral issues summary report— Tungsten (ver. 1.1, November 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930–O, 74 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/ circ/0930/o/. [Supersedes version 1.0 published in 1998; revisions in 2014 by John H. DeYoung, Jr., and Kim B. Shedd.]

International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930

Prepared as a cooperative effort among earth-science and mineral-resource agencies of Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America

This volume was published as separate chapters AÐO

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THOMAS J. CASADEVALL, Acting Director

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Published in the Eastern Region, Reston, Va.

VOLUME CONTENTS [In 1997, the cooperative program named the International Strategic Minerals Inventory was renamed the International Strategic Mineral Issues. Therefore, the volume title for chapters AÐN differs from that for chapter O]

A. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Manganese By John H. DeYoung, Jr., David M. Sutphin, and William F. Cannon B. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Chromium By John H. DeYoung, Jr., Michael P. Lee, and Bruce R. Lipin C. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Phosphate By Ulrich H. Krauss, Henning G. Saam, and Helmut W. Schmidt D. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Nickel By John H. DeYoung, Jr., David M. Sutphin, Antony B.T. Werner, and Michael P. Foose E. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Platinum-Group Metals By David M. Sutphin and Norman J Page F. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Cobalt By Richard N. Crockett, Gregory R. Chapman, and Michael D. Forrest G. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Titanium By Roy R. Towner, Jonathan M. Gray, and Lyn M. Porter H. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Natural Graphite By Ulrich H. Krauss, Helmut W. Schmidt, Harold A. Taylor, Jr., and David M. Sutphin I. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Lithium By Terrance F. Anstett, Ulrich H. Krauss, Joyce A. Ober, and Helmut W. Schmidt J. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Tin By David M. Sutphin, Andrew E. Sabin, and Bruce L. Reed K. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Vanadium By I. Goldberg, E.C.I. Hammerbeck, L.S. Labuschagne, and C. Rossouw L. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Zirconium By Roy R. Towner M. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Niobium (Columbium) and Tantalum By Richard N. Crockett and David M. Sutphin N. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report—Rare-Earth Oxides By Wayne D. Jackson and Grey Christiansen O. International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report—Tungsten By Antony B.T. Werner, W. David Sinclair, and Earle B. Amey

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES (ISMI)

PARTICIPATING AGENCIES

Australia Republic of South Africa Bureau of Resource Sciences Minerals Bureau Canada Geological Survey Department of Natural Resources United Kingdom Minerals and Metals Sector British Geological Survey Geological Survey of Canada Federal Republic of Germany United States Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften Bureau of Mines und Rohstoffe Geological Survey

SUMMARY REPORTS

This circular is one of several reports on selected mineral commodities to be published in the U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930 volume. The circulars published to date are listed below; year of publication is shown in parentheses. Circulars 930ÐA to 930ÐN were produced by the International Strategic Minerals Inventory. Copies are available free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 U.S.A. 930ÐA. Manganese (1984) 930ÐI. Lithium (1990) 930ÐB. Chromium (1984) 930ÐJ. Tin (1990) 930ÐC. Phosphate (1984) 930ÐK. Vanadium (1992) 930ÐD. Nickel (1985) 930ÐL. Zirconium (1992) 930ÐE. Platinum-Group Metals (1986) 930ÐM.Niobium (Columbium) and 930ÐF. Cobalt (1987) Tantalum (1993) 930ÐG. Titanium (1988) 930ÐN. Rare-Earth Oxides (1993) 930ÐH. Natural Graphite (1988) 930ÐO. Tungsten (1998) A report (by Coakley and others) on mineral commodities in subequatorial Africa was published in 1991 by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in the Mineral Perspective Series. Copies are available from the Mineral Resources Program, U.S. Geologi- cal Survey, 913 National Center, Reston, VA 20192 U.S.A. Requests for copies of International Strategic Mineral Issues summary reports and for further information may also be addressed to: Ian Lambert, Director Distribution Branch Mineral Resources Branch Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Bureau of Resource Sciences Postfach 51 01 53 John Curtin House 30631 Hannover 51 22 Brisbane Avenue FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Barton, ACT 2600 Chief Director, Minerals Bureau AUSTRALIA Private Bag X4 Minerals and Metals Sector Braamfontein 2017 Canadian Department of Natural Resources REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 580 O’Connor Street—Room 729 Gregory R. Chapman Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E4 British Geological Survey CANADA Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG UNITED KINGDOM , version 1.1