Content

Welcome ...... 1

Organizing Committee ...... 3

Scientific Committee ...... 4

Congress Information ...... 5

Congress Venue ...... 6

Speaker Introduction ...... 10

Program at a Glance ...... 12

Scientific Program ...... 16

Presentation Information ...... 16

Daily Program ...... 17

Sunday, August 18th, 2013 ...... 17

Monday, August 19th, 2013 ...... 18

Tuesday, August 20th, 2013 ...... 21

Wednesday, August 21st, 2013 ...... 24

Thursday, August 22nd, 2013 ...... 24

Poster Exhibition ...... 26

Social Program ...... 28

Abstracts ...... 29

Keynote Lecture ...... 29

Oral Presentation ...... 35

Oral Presentation (Chinese)...... 80

Poster Exhibition ...... 89

Author Index ...... 112

Welcome

Prof. Dr. Annette R. Hofmann ISHPES President

Dear participants of the ISHPES Congress 2013,

As the President of ISHPES I want to welcome you to Taipei to our Congress “Games and Sporting Events in History: Organizations, Performances and Impacts”. The Congress will cover a broad range of topics related to the history of various events and movement cultures from all over the world.

This is our third ISHPES conference held in Asia. I am happy to report that over 100 ISHPES members from almost 20 countries will attend this event. This four-day-event will be more than just an academic exchange and debate -we will also be able to make new friends and learn more about the culture of our hosts.

I thank the National Taiwan Normal University and Prof. Mei-Chun Lin and her team to have made this congress possible and for hosting us.

I wish you all an interesting Congress and an enjoyable stay in Taipei with exciting lectures and fruitful discussions.

1

Prof. Dr. Mei-Chun Lin Chairperson, the 14th Congress of ISHPES

It is my great pleasure on behalf of the 14th Congress of ISHPES to welcome you all to this historical international event at National Taiwan Normal University.

Two years ago, Prof. Dr. Annette Hofmann offered us an honourable opportunity to organize this congress. Under the committee’s guidance and assistance, our team has made great efforts to prepare one of the best history conferences in the Asia Pacific Region.

The theme of the conference “Games and Sporting Events in History: Organization, Performances and Impacts” emphasizes integration, connection, co-operation and application of research and learning. It’s also with a focus on an interdisciplinary approach among various scientific areas such as leisure, physical activity, sports, health and community. There are about 150 participants from 28 nations. Their presence and participation will definitely establish a landmark in the sports history community in Taiwan.

The 14th Congress of ISHPES is jointly organized by 4 units: Taiwan Society of Physical Education and Sport History, The Taiwan Society of Sport Sociology, Taiwan Body Culture Society and National Taiwan Normal University. We are also sponsored by 5 units: Ministry of Education, National Science Council, Bureau of Foreign Trade, Department of Information and Tourism of Taipei City Government and National Taiwan Normal University. Thank you all from the bottom of our hearts.

For the following five days, please enjoy any types of professional interactions with your colleagues from different parts of the world. Make sure to visit the night markets, appreciate Taiwanese culture, and enjoy the hospitality in this vibrant and dynamic city.

Welcome to Taiwan!

2 Organizing Committee

Honorary President

Annette R. Hofmann President of ISHPES / Ludwigsburg University

Honorary Vice-President

Gigliola Gori University of Urbino, Italy

Thierry Terret University of Lyon, France

Patricia Vertinsky University of British Columbia, Canada

Secretary General of ISHPES

Kai Reinhart Muenster University, Germany

Honorary Congress Chairperson

Kuo-En Chang President of National Taiwan Normal University

Congress Chairperson

Mei-Chun Lin National Taiwan Normal University

Honorary Advisors

Chien-Tai Wang Taiwan Society of Physical Education and Sport History

Dong-Jhy Hwang President of The Taiwan Society of Sport Sociology

Tseng-Juei Chen President of Taiwan Body Culture Society

Executive Committee

Hsueh-Chi Hsu, Bao-Cun Dai, Jai-He Lin, Yuan-Ming Hsu, Chia-Ju Yen, Ching-Wei Chang, Chin-Fang Kuo, Po-Hsiu Lin, Ming-Zong Lee, Jen-Sin Lee, Li-O Chen, Hsiu-Hua Tsai, Ching-Hung Lin, Hsien-Wei Kuo

3 Scientific Committee

Annette R. Hofmann Sport Pedagogy at the Ludwigsburg University of Education, Germany. Kai Reinhart Muenster University, Germany

Dong-Jhy Whang National Taiwan Sport University, Taiwan

Tien-Chin Tan Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan Li-Hong Hsu Dayeh University, Taiwan C.T. Lucetta Tsai National Taipei University, Taiwan

Gigliola Gori The History of P.E. and Sport, the History of the Body, and the History of Pedagogy, in the Faculty of Sport Sciences at the University of Urbino, Italy.

Thierry Terret President of the French Society of Sports History.

Patricia Vertinsky University Scholar and Professor of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia

Gertrud Pfister The Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen.

Dean Allen University of Stellenbosch, Great Britain

Gerald Gems Health and Physical Education at North Central College in Naperville, Illinois. United States

Gerd von der Lippe Telemark University College Educational Institution; 201-500 Hoyere utdanning industry,

Hiroshi Arai Biwako Seikei Sport College, Japan

Leena Laine Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Finland Maureen Smith California State University, Sacramento, United Stated Sandra Heck Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany

4 Congress Information

Open Hour

Activity Venue Date Time August. 18 (Sun.) 10:00-17:00 August. 19 (Mon.) 08:30-16:00 Registration Gymnasium Building 1F August. 20 (Tues.) 08:30-16:00 August. 21 (Wed.) 08:30-09:00 Poster Exhibition Gymnasium Building 3F August. 19 (Mon.) 13:20-13:50

Name Badge

Participants are requested to wear their name badges during all the Congress activities and social events. All staff will have the right to refuse entry to any session without a proper name badge.

Language

The official language of the Congress is English, which will be used in all presentations (except the Oral Presentation (CH) / COP) and all printed materials. Lunch

Lunchbox will be served in Parallel Room1,2, and 3 on August. 19 (Mon.) On August 20 (Tues.,) the lunch will be served as buffet in General Building (B1). Please bring the coupon and give it to staff at the entrance. On August 21 (Wed.), snack box will be served on the way to city your. Sessions / Changes

Please make sure to be in the session room on time as all sessions will begin per scheduled. The organizing committee reserves the right to adjust or change the program.

Certificate of Participation / USB Drive / Group Photo

Please come and get the certificate, USB Drive, and Group Photo with your badge at registration desk during 11:00-12:00, August 22 (Thursday). If participants do not come and get in time, the secretariat of Congress will not retain or reissue the certificate, USB Drive, and Group Photo.

5 Access to Internet

Free wireless is available in the entire building so that you can use your laptop to gain internet access. Please ask the account and password of free wireless at the Information Desk. Congress Policy

 Smoking is prohibited at all times in the Congress rooms and the entire school.  Please switch your mobile phones off or to vibration mode during all sessions.

Congress Venue

Campus Map National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU)

Address: 162 HePing East Road, Section 1, Taipei City 106 , Taiwan (R.O.C.) Tel: +886-2-77341111 Website: http://www2.ntnu.edu.tw/en/index.php

6 Floor Plan

1 F Gymnasium

Registration Registration

7

3 F Gymnasium

Poster Exhibition

Coffee Break

Parallel Session Room 3

Preview Desk

Parallel Session Room 2 Folk Art Exhibition

Parallel Session Room 1

Audio-Visual

Room

8

4 F

Gymnasium

Seats & Performance area

Food & Desserts Food & Desserts

9 Speaker Introduction

Keynote Lecture Speaker

KL1 Abe Ikuo (Japan) Professor, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba [Topic] A Prolegomena on the Asiatic Perception and Understanding of “Sport”: A Study on Japanese Case before 1911

KL2 Henning Eichberg (German) Professor, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics (IOB), University of Southern Denmark [Topic] Play, Game, and Sport. An Historical－Phenomenological Critique of Sport Idealism

KL3 (Junior Scholar) Chia-Ju Yen & To-Pin Wen (Taiwan) Graduate Institute of Physical Education, National Taiwan Sport University [Topic] Historical discovery of the passage of Tou Hu from China to Japan and South Korea KL4 (ISHPES Award) Alison Wrynn (USA) Professor, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach [Topic] On the Margins: Therapeutic Massage, Physical Education and Physical Therapy－Defining a Profession

KL5 (Routledge Speaker) Malcolm McLean (UK) University of Gloucestershire [Topic] Revisiting (and revising?) sports boycotts: from rugby against South Africa to soccer in Israel

10 Panel Discussion

[Topic] Asian Sports Meets Western Sports: Cross-cultural Exchanges

Gerald Gems Dong-Jhy Hwang (USA) (Taiwan) Professor, Health and Professor, National Physical Education, Taiwan Sport North Central College University, Taiwan in Naperville, USA

Maureen Smith Keiko Ikeda (USA) (Japan) Professor, California Professor, Faculty of State University, Education, Yamaguchi Sacramento, United University Stated

Gwang OK Alison Wrynn (Korea) (USA) Associate Professor, Professor, Department Physical Education, of Kinesiology, Chungbuk National salifornia State University University, Long Beach

11 Program at a Glance

18 Aug. (Sun.)

Venue - Audio-Visual Room

10:00-11:00 -

- Registration 11:00-15:00

Council Meeting

15:00-16:00 Folk ArtFolk Exhibition

16:00-17:00 - 17:00-17:30 17:30-17:50 Opening Ceremony

Keynote Lecture 1 (KL1) 17:50-18:50 - Abe Ikuo 18:50-19:30 Welcome Reception 19:30-21:00 -

12

19 Aug. (Mon.) Parallel Session Parallel Session Parallel Session Venue Audio-Visual Room Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 08:30-16:00 Registration Keynote Lecture 2 09:00-10:00 (KL2) - Henning Eichberg 10:00-10:30 Group Photo & Coffee Break Oral Oral Oral Presentation 10:30-12:10 - Presentation 1 Presentation 2 (CH) 1 (OP1) (OP2) (COP1) 12:10-13:20 Lunch 13:20-13:50 Poster Exhibition 13:50-15:20 Panel Discussion - 15:20-15:40 Coffee Break Oral Oral Oral Presentation 15:40-16:55 - Presentation 3 Presentation 4 (CH) 2 (OP3) (OP4) (COP2) 16:55-17:05 Break Oral Oral 17:05-18:20 - Presentation 5 Presentation 6 - (OP5) (OP6) 18:20-19:30 - 19:30- Junior Scholar Social Night

13

20 Aug. (Tue.)

Parallel Session Parallel Session Parallel Session Venue Audio-Visual Room Room 1 Room 2 Room 3

08:30-16:00 Registration Keynote Lecture 3 (KL3) 09:00-09:45 - Junior Scholar Oral Oral Oral 09:45-11:00 - Presentation 7 Presentation 8 Presentation 9 (OP7) (OP8) (OP9) 11:00-11:20 Coffee Break Oral Oral Oral 11:20-12:35 - Presentation 10 Presentation 11 Presentation 12 (OP10) (OP11) (OP12)

12:35-13:45 Lunch

Oral Oral Oral Presentation 13:45-15:00 - Presentation 13 Presentation 14 (CH) 3 (OP13) (OP14) (COP3) 15:00-15:20 Coffee Break Session for Junior 15:20-16:00 - Scholars: Research and Publication Keynote Lecture 4 (KL4) 16:00-16:50 ISHPES Award - 16:50-17:50 ISHPES General Assembly

14

21 Aug. (Wed.)

Parallel Session Parallel Session Parallel Session Venue Audio-Visual Room Room 1 Room 2 Room 3

08:30-09:00 Registration Keynote Lecture 5 (KL5) 09:00-10:00 - Routledge Speaker 10:20-17:30 City Tour: National Center for Traditional Arts, Yilan

17:30-21:00 Banquet (Gala Dinner)

22 Aug. (Thur.)

Parallel Session Parallel Session Parallel Session Venue Audio-Visual Room Room 1 Room 2 Room 3

08:30-09:00 - Oral Oral Oral 09:00-10:15 - Presentation 15 Presentation 16 Presentation 17 (OP15) (OP16) (OP17)

10:30-11:00 Closing Ceremony -

15 Scientific Program

Presentation Information

[Oral Presentation] 1. Oral presentations are 25 minutes in length, with 20 minutes of presentation and 5 minutes of discussion.  Reminder Card: 3 minutes left of presentation  The bell ringing: times up of presentation and discussion 2. Please check and duplicate your file at preview desk (3F, Gymnasium) 1 hour (at least) before your lecture. If you cannot make it in time, please bring your file to where your lecture is taking place then. The presentation file types which are acceptable for Congress’s computers include: Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003-7 (.ppt) / Adobe Acrobat (.pdf). If you are a Macintosh user, please supply your own Macintosh computer and a VGA socket for external device as well. 3. The congress provides equipments like overhead projector and computer. But if you have any other needs, such as video, please contact with the staff previously. 4. Certificate of Presentation: After the session is over, chair will confer one certificate to the presenter of each participated paper. Certificate includes title and all the authors listed on paper. (There is only one certificate for each paper.)

[Poster Presentation] 1. Poster Area: 3F Hallway, Gymnasium. Poster Exhibition and Discussion: 13:20-13:50, August 19 (Monday) 2. August 19, 13:20-13:50. One of the authors of each participated paper has to stay in front of your paper during this period to present to participants. 3. Please paste your paper after 10:00, August 18 (Sunday), and remove it before 10:00, August 21 (Wednesday). *We will not retain your poster past the removal time. Please be sure that the poster is removed before 10:00, August 21. 4. The size of each poster is 90cm WIDTH x 150cm HEIGHT. It is suggested that use font of Times New Roman, size of tile: 120-180, size of content: 36~ 48 (If the poster does not qualify as we suggested, the Committee of Congress has the right to deny conferring Certificate of Presentation to presenter.) 5. The organizer will prepare tapes and scissors for your convenient. (We can’t assure you the tapes we prepare won’t damage your poster. It is fine if you can prepare it by yourself, but please do not use twin adhesive.) 6. Please check your poster number and title in below, if there is any problem, don’t hesitate to contact us. 7. Certificate of Presentation: During the Poster Exhibition, committee of ISHPES Congress will confer one certificate to the presenter of each participated paper. Certificate includes title and all the authors listed on paper. (If the presenter is absent at then, the secretariat of Congress will not retain or reissue the certificate.)

16 Daily Program Sunday, August 18th, 2013

Time Activities

10:00-11:00 Registration - - 11:00-15:00 (1F) Council Meeting

15:00-16:00 (Room 3)

16:00-17:00 - 17:00-17:30 Audio-Visual Room Folk Art Exhibition Art Folk Opening Ceremony 17:30-17:50 Annette R. Hofmann- ISHPES President (3F) Kuo- En Chang- NTNU President

Mei-Chun Lin- Congress President

Keynote Lecture 1 (KL1)

- Chair: Keiko Ikeda 17:50-18:50 Abe Ikuo A Prolegomenra on the Asiatic Perception and Understanding of “Sport”: A Study on Japanese Case before 1911

18:50-19:30 Welcome Reception

19:30-21:00 - (4F)

17 Monday, August 19th, 2013

Time Activities

08:30-16:00 Registration

Audio-Visual Room

Keynote Lecture 2 (KL2) 09:00-10:00 Chair:Gertrud Pfister Henning Eichberg Play, Game, and Sport. An Historical-Phenomenological Critique of Sport Idealism 10:00-10:30 Group Photo & Coffee Break

Parallel Session Room 1 Parallel Session Room 2 Parallel Session Room 3

Oral Presentation 1 (OP1) Oral Presentation 2 (OP2) Oral Presentation (CH) 1 Combat Sport and Women Sport Exchanges I (COP1) Sport Chair: Malcolm McLean Sport Culture in Asia Chair: Alison Wrynn Chair: Chia-Ju Yen 1.Hua Pan & Xiao-Wei Liu 1. Gertrud Pfister& Gerald Historical Review of 1.Ming Fang Gems Cross-Strait Sports The Review On the Fighting Women: Exchanges History of CBA League Historical and Business Operation 2.Shu-Ping Kuang Sociological Approaches (1) Western Learning and 2.Chin-Fang Kuo, Wen- to Women´s Boxing 10:30-10:55 the Evolution of Modern Xiong Hu & Hsien-Wei 2. Yu-Jing Chen& Mei- Shanghai Sport Kuo (2) Chun Lin The Eighteen Japanese 3.Chen-Hsuan Lee & Tien- 10:55-11:20 From National to Letters from Outside the Chin Tan (3) International: A Historical Sport Ground: The The Strategies and Research of Women’s Historiette and 11:20-11:45 Implication of Taiwan’s Baseball in Taiwan, Thoughtfulness between (4) Participation in the 1950s-1970s Taiwan Champion and International Sport 11:45-12:10 World Champion 3. Wu-Lun Liu Organizations 2008 – Mulan- A glory(ed) 2012 3.Jui-Lang Chiu “Herstory” on Women’s The Research about the football in Taiwan- Period of the “Taoist Politics and Gender Issue Inner Alchemy” 4.Yong Liu Spread of Sports Culture along with the Geopolitical Order Change in Northeast Asian Area

18

Time Activities

12:10-13:20 Lunch 13:20-13:50 Poster Exhibition (3F)

Audio-Visual Room

Panel Discussion 13:50:15:20 Chair: Ying WuShanley Prof. Dong-Jhy Hwang / Prof.Keiko Ikeda / Prof. Gwang OK Prof. Gerald Gems / Dr. Maureen Smith /Prof. Alison Wrynn Asian Sports Meets Western Sports: Cross-cultural Exchanges

15:20-15:40 Coffee Break

Parallel Session Room 1 Parallel Session Room 2 Parallel Session Room 3

Oral Presentation 3 (OP3) Oral Presentation 4 (OP4) Oral Presentation (CH) 2 Taiwanese Culture Sport and Memory (COP2) Chair: Chia-Ju Yen Chair: Gerald Gems Olympic Aspects I Chair: Tien-Chin Tan 1. Pei-Chi Chuang 1. Maureen Smith & Ellen Implanting China: Girl Carlton 1.Xian-Guo Li Scouts Movement in Coup de Tête or Ode to The Confusion and Post-War Taiwan Defeat? Zidane’s Head Scrutiny of the National Butt as Art and Sporting Traditional Sports Culture (1) 2. Chien- Min Cheng, Chao- Memory Heritage under the Chin Hung, Chun-Oh 15:40-16:05 Background of Market Wei, Artur Santos, 2. Feng-Ran Lee (2) Economy Lovecchio Nicola, An overview of Taiwan 16:05-16:30 Chyong-Huoy Huang & Baseball Stamps in 1970s 2.Qian-Ping Yang (3) Zito Viviana 3. Christof Thöny Olympic Movement and 16:30-16:55 Popular Traditional The reception of Hannes Development of Chinese Chinese Qigong Regimen Schneider´s journey to Women Sports Exercise Research Japan in Austria between 1977 and 2012 in Taiwan 3. Hsien-Wei Kuo, Yuan- Ming Hsu & Chin-Fang Kuo The Settler of Taiwan Acrobatic Performance -- Cheng-Kun Wu

16:55-17:05 Break

19

Time Activities

Parallel Session Room 1 Parallel Session Room 2 Parallel Session Room 3

Oral Presentation 5 (OP5) Oral Presentation 6 (OP6) Sport in Korea Sport and Africa Chair: Kai Reinhart Chair: Annette R. Hofmann 1.Ji-Young Park 1. Francois J. Cleophas Participation of A social historical Traditional Korean overview of athletics in Physical Activities in the Cape Colony, South (1) French Culture Africa, until 1902 17:05-17:30 2.Young-Il Na 2. Kemo Keimbou David& (2) Seokhojeong, Our Pascal Charitas 17:30-17:55 Traditional Archery Club From the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa - (3) 3.Kyoung-Ho Park, Gwang (SCSA) to the Association 17:55-18:20 OK & Youn-Jin Park of NOCs of Africa South Korean Soccer and (ANOCA) (1966-1984) Ideology during the Cold War, 1946-1988 3. Pascal Charitas & Kemo Keimbou David The Francophone Congresss of Youth and Sports Ministers (CONFEJES): A renewal of Franco-African cooperation? (1960-1969)

19:30- Junior Scholar Social Night

20 Tuesday, August 20th, 2013

Time Activities 08:30-16:00 Registration

Audio-Visual Room

Keynote Lecture 3 (KL3)

09:00-09:45 (Gigliola Gori Junior Scholar Award) Chair: Gerald Gems Chia-Ju Yen & To-Pin Wen Historical discovery of the passage of Tou Hu from China to Japan and South Korea

Parallel Session Room 1 Parallel Session Room 2 Parallel Session Room 3

Oral Presentation 7 (OP7) Oral Presentation 8 (OP8) Oral Presentation 9 (OP9) Sport, Politics and Media Olympic Aspects I Physical Education I Chair: Maureen Smith Chair: Kai Reinhart Chair: Leena Laine 1.Annette R. Hofmann 1.Rita Mafalda Amaral 1.Zrinko Custonja Katarina Witt: From Nunes Ferreira Books, Textbooks and being an East German in the Olympic Manuals for Physical Diplomat in a Training Movement, from the Education in Croatia (1) Suit to an Olympic Beginning to the Present before First World War Ambassador of Re-united 09:45-10:10 2.Xiu-Ying Ru & Da-Peng 2.Nonaka Yuta Germany in a Dirndl (2) Xu The Introduction of 10:10-10:35 2.Jing Wang Promotion of the 2008 “Theory of Physical Study of the Sports and Beijing Olympic Games to Education” in Course of (3) Media Complex with Multiculturalism in the Study in Japan 10:35-11:00 Mass Appeal Olympic Movement: 3.Hiroaki Sakakibara From the Ceremonies 3. Ya-Wen Huang & Tien- The Introduction of F. L. Perspective Chin Tan Oswald’s ‘The Age of How Do Governing Elites 3.Luis Henrique Rolim Silva ’ (1878) Influence Taiwan’s Sport- & Ali Salat for-All Policy during Establishment of the President Ma’s Regime? Qatar’s National Olympic Committee (1979-1980): Implications in the Country’s Sport

11:00-11:20 Coffee Break

21

Time Activities

Parallel Session Room 1 Parallel Session Room 2 Parallel Session Room 3

Oral Presentation 10 Oral Presentation 11 Oral Presentation 12 (OP10) (OP11) (OP12) Winter Sports Baseball in Taiwan Physical Education II Chair: Annette R. Hofmann Chair: Dong-Jhy, Hwang Chair: Keiko Ikeda 1.Marit Nybelius 1.Yu-Ting Huang, Shu-Fan 1.Yumiko Fujisaka Japan Strengthens the Yang, Ya-Wen Huang The Process of Olympic Value of Nordic &Tien-Chin Tan Introducing Physical Skiing Top-down or Bottom-up? Education in Early (1) Reviewing the Policy Modern Japan - The 2.Hiroshi Arai Process ofthe Baseball Practice of Physical 11:20-11:45 The Preparation of a Reinvigoration Plan Education in Aichi (2) Visionary Sapporo Prefecture in the Early Olympics in 1940 2.Shu-Erh Liao, Kuang-Piao 11:45-12:10 Meiji Era - Hsu (3) 3. Pierre-Olaf Schut Taiwan’s Successful 2.Yoshimi Kasuga The “Winter Sports 12:10-12:35 Bidding for the Host of Social Valuation of the Weeks” Organized by the the 2001 Baseball World Female Gymnastics French Touring-Club. A Cup Teacher in Japan during Lever for Tourist the Latter Meiji Period Development 3.Po-Hsiu Lin The Genealogy of 3.Hideaki Okubo Taiwanese Baseball Understanding of (1951 - 2013) Gymnastics Classes by Elementary School Teachers during the Kyoikurei (1879 Education Order) Period in Japan

12:35-13:45 Lunch Oral Presentation 13 Oral Presentation 14 Oral Presentation (CH) 3 (OP13) (OP14) (COP3) Environment and Space Olympic Aspects II Traditional, Sporting Chair: Gerald Gems Chair: Russel Field Activities Chair: Tien-Chin Tan (1) 1.Russell Field 1.Zhan-Jie Liu& Dong- 13:45-14:10 Re-entering the Sporting Guang Pei 1.Meng-Xia Xin World: China’s The Modern Olympic Shooting Willow in the Sponsorship of the 1963 Movement: The Genesis Yuan Dynasty Games of the New of Olympic Matters in

Emerging Forces China, 1895-1948

22

Time Activities

Parallel Session Room 1 Parallel Session Room 2 Parallel Session Room 3

Oral Presentation 13 Oral Presentation 14 Oral Presentation (CH) 3 (OP13) (OP14) (COP3) 2.Jay Johnson & Jessica 2.Koichi Wada 2.Chang-Ming Yang Chin Knowledge of the Ancient Research on the Greenwashed?: A Olympic Games in Early Development of Chinese (2) Critical Historical Meiji Era Japan Korean Ssireum Rules Perspective of 14:10-14:35 3.Mao-Fu Gong 3.Qi-Lin Sun Environmental Initiatives Chinese Harmony A Research on Heritage (3) in Sport and Physical Thought and Olympic and Development of 14:35-15:00 Activity Crises Chinese Century-old 3.Ying WuShanley Famous Campus sports

Building ‘Coliseums’: Culture Sport, Architecture, and the Business of Entertainment and Survival of American Universities

15:00-15:20 Coffee Break Session for Junior Scholars: Research and Publication 15:20-16:00 - - Chairs: Gertrud Pfister& Annette Hofmann

Audio-Visual Room

Keynote Lecture 4 (KL4) (ISHPES Award) 16:00-16:50 Chair:Annette R. Hofmann Alison Wrynn On the Margins: Therapeutic Massage, Physical Education and Physical Therapy— Defining a Profession. ISHPES General Assembly 16:50-17:50 Chair: Annette Hofmann

23 Wednesday, August 21st, 2013

Time Activities 08:30-09:00 Registration Audio-Visual Room Keynote Lecture 5 (KL5) (Routledge Speaker) 09:00-10:00 Chair:Maureen Smith Malcolm MacLean Revisiting (and Revising?) Sports Boycotts: from Rugby against South Africa to Soccer in Israel City Tour 10:20-17:30 (National Center for Traditional Arts, Yilan) Gala Dinner 17:30-21:00 (Glass House, Yilan)

Thursday, August 22nd, 2013

Time Activities

Parallel Session Room 1 Parallel Session Room 2 Parallel Session Room 3

Oral Presentation 15 Oral Presentation 16 Oral Presentation 17 (OP15) (OP16) (OP17) Olympic Education Sport Exchanges II Body, Culture in Early 20th Chair: Zrinko Custonja Chair: Malcolm McLean Century Chair: Gertrud Pfister 1.Lawrence W. Judge, 1.Wan-Ching Cho, Chi-Fu, (1) Jeffrey C. Petersen, Karin Cheng & Tien-Chin, Tan 1.Rudolf Müllner 09:00-09:25 Surber, David Bellar & The Athletes’ No Body is Perfect – (2) Don Lee Migration from Taiwan Discourse of the The Sustainability of the to China Production of the 09:25-09:50 Youth Olympic Games Sportive Lean Body in 2. Keiko Ikeda Europe Around 1900 2.Dong-Guang Pei & Xiao- British Cultural Influence Ping Wang and Japan: Elizabeth 2.Francisco Pinheiro & Planning and Phillips Hughes’s Visit for Sergio Diosdado Implementation of Educational Research in The popularization of Olympic Education 1901-02. sport in Portugal and Program in China Spain during the 1920’s

24

Time Activities

Parallel Session Room 1 Parallel Session Room 2 Parallel Session Room 3

(3) 3.Wei-Hong Wang & 3.Charles Little 3.Leena Laine Dong-Guang Pei Sport and the Foreign “Invention of Tradition”: 09:50-10:15 A Study on the Olympic Policy of Small Nations: Folk Dances as a Part of Educational Value of New Zealand-Taiwan Nation-Building in Beauty Sporting Relations Finland

Audio-Visual Room

10:30-11:00 Closing Ceremony Annette R. Hofmann- ISHPES President Mei-Chun Lin- Congress President

25 Poster Exhibition

NO. Name Topic

Research On The Value Of the Youth Football Program In P-1 Jin-Jing Cui China’s Schools

A Study on Cultural Changes of Tianjin Modern Sports:1840 P-2 Ya-Jie Wang to 1949

State Policy in the Field of Physical Education in Russia in the P-3 Dmitry Belyukov Beginning of the 20th Century

Gymnastics Development in Russia in the Beginning of the P-4 Viacheslav Shliakhtov XX-th Century

Research on the Evolution of Design and Value of the P-5 Jie Li Olympic Games Mascots

Modern Olympic Marketing Strategy Development Path P-6 Zong-You Zhang Analysis

New Exercise Method Introduced to Girls’ School by an P-7 Tetsuji Kakiyama American Woman in the Meiji Era

The Influence of the Introduction of NBA Stars by CBA on P-8 Xiao-Dan Yan Chinese Basketball Culture

P-9 Chao-Chin Hung Sport: An Ancient Origin-Classicism and Roman Empire

The Influence of Western Natural Physical Education P-10 Ming-Hui Hsieh Thought of Modern Chinese Physical Education(1895-1937)

The Emergence of Teacher/Coach Role of Elementary School P-11 Tzong-Ming Ou in Taiwan (1945-1968)

Societal Marketing of the IOC’s Commercial Partners: P-12 Hyun-Duck Kim Sustainable Development and Operation of the Olympics

P-13 Chun- Oh Wei Sport: An Ancient Origin-What about the Future?

P-14 Chien-Min Cheng Sport: An Ancient Origin-from Middle Age to Renaissance

26

NO. Name Topic

The Rise of an Emerging Sport－The Preliminary Study of the P-15 I-Chieh Tseng Historical Development of Kabaddi in Taiwan

Research on the First United Games of Jiangsu Provincial P-16 Ping-Feng Lung Schools in Modern China (1914)

Eastern Reverberation on West: The 2012 Olympics P-17 Sun-Ah Jeng and South Korean Responses

P-18 Je-Hoon Sung Orientalism Reflected in Globalizing

A Study on Women Physical Education in Taiwan Schools and P-19 Hsiang-Pin Chin Foot Binding During Initial Period of Japanese Colonization (1895~1907) The Examination of the Historic Development of Boxing in P-20 Han-Ching Lin Taiwan

The Study in Historic Development of Track and Field Team P-21 Hui-Mei Ho in Chen-De Senior High School

Successive Sixteen-year Championship-historical Records of P-22 Yi-Chan Chen the Tainan City Rugby Team (1976 - 1992)

The Study of Participation Progress of Female Track and P-23 Chiao-Chun Huang Field Activities in Taiwan Research Taiwan Youth Baseball Participation in P-24 Chung-Wei Chiu International Competitions Taking LLB Trophy Tournament as an Example The Evolution of Taiwanese Sport and Leisure Professional P-25 Hsin-Tzu Ho Training

How PE Examination Had Suddenly Joined the Last Reign of P-26 Mei-Chun Lin Junior High School Entrance Examination in 1967

27 Social Program

Folk Art Exhibition (15:00 - 19:30, August 18, 2013) In order to have every guest experience and recognize Chinese traditional folk art, the host of congress invites 4 masters to demonstrate the Chinese folk artistries, include flour miniature, paper-cutting, Chinese knot, and calligraphy. It is worthy to take your time, visit the booths and enjoy the beauty of Chinese traditional folk art. Welcome Reception (18:50 - 21:00, August 18, 2013) To celebrate and welcome everyone attending 2013 ISHPES in Taipei, the host of congress arranges 3 special programs.

1. Techno Prince Dance

3 dancers dress up in 3 big dolls (the Third Prince) and dance with the electronic music. The Third Prince, Li Nezha, was a deity in Chinese mythology in the form of a young warrior fighting demons, and this dance parade has long been part of the raucous performances at temple carnivals in Chinese communities to enhance Nezha's role as a religious and folklore icon of Taiwan.

2. Juggling Performance: Chinese yo-yo

The jugging performance with Chinese dance and music shows large variety of tricks with the Chinese yo-yo which can be as easy as throwing the yo-yo up into the air or tossing it around the user's back. The Chinese yo-yo is a toy from China consisting of two equally-sized discs connected with a long axle. It was found during the Ming dynasty; roughly 1386-1644.

3. Dancing and Singing Performance of Taiwan aborigines

Taiwanese Aboriginal is renowned for their powerful voice when singing songs, and their unique dance. In Taiwan Evening, there will be a famous aboriginal group to show you an exciting performance through their beautiful voice and dance. City Tour- National Center for Traditional Arts, Yilan (10:20 - 17:30, August 21, 2013)

The National Center for Traditional Arts is located beside beautiful Dong Mountain (Dongshan) River in Yilan. In addition to organized displays and performances of culture and art, it also provides a stage where performing artists can show off their creative works. The emphasis here is on the continuous propagation, innovation, and renewal of traditional arts. You can stroll casually among artistic creations, listen to elegant music, and enjoy exciting opera performances--and you can even participate in the process of artistic creation yourself. Gala Dinner (17:30~21:00, August 21, 2013) The Glass House (Yilan) is the most famous no menu restaurant in North Taiwan. During the night you can experience natural taste from the freshest organic food, and graceful Taiwanese ballads played with traditional Chinese musical instrument.

28 Abstracts

Keynote Lecture

[KL-1] A Prolegomena on the Asiatic Perception and Understanding of “Sport”: A Study on Japanese Case Before 1911

Abe Ikuo, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Tsukuba Is “sport” a stimulant for nationalism, or a sedative for the national antagonism? Otherwise, is it a conveyer for the individual health and happiness, or a refinery of morality? Anyway, the “sport” is a cultural device having all these functions. Today, Asia, especially the East Asia has become the locus where the international interests and concerns are attracted; there are attractive huge-economic markets, the grave emulations between hegemonic members of the region, and sever confrontations between not only the divided nations, but also among the surrounding countries. The dysfunction of international amity has been growing dangerously higher over the watermark that used to be. Although a lot of problems exist, Japan is now going to invite 2020 Olympic Games to Tokyo City. Leaders of the organizing committee for the Games are so ambitious and serious that they are sometimes apt to put aside the most important thing to bid the Games, and they are also inclinable to forget the ideal of “Olympism” and its philosophy. Rather, they seem to be departing from the international partnership because of their “internationalism” for their own “nationalism”. Standing on the recognition of status-quo, my keynote lecture will argue about cultural functions of “sport”, which may promote the effort of peace-keeping, making a man of morality, and enhancing international understanding. In Asian sports history, luckily enough, many sports historians have produced a large number of critical books on the imperial exploitation of sport as a whole. I agree with the criticism against imperialistic sports. However, beside with the criticism against imperialistic/invasive use of “sport”, we need to know whether, under the age of nationalism and imperialism, the cultural functions and understandings of “sport” which might lead to the world peace and international partnership can exist or not. Taking Japan’s case during 1868 and 1911 (the age between the Meiji Restoration and the formation of Japan Amateur Sport Association), I try to examine, in the early age of

29 modernization in Japan, how far Japanese people could perceive “sport” and its universal culture, and how far they could interpret or rationalize it as a cultural tool, and how far they could understand the universal attribution of “sport” which might be relativistic with Japanese mentality. Examining historically that “sport” can transcend international / regional / national confrontations and it can keep existing as the universal culture, would be the most fundamental and underlying problem. We have to scrutinize historically the existence or evidence of the idea that the universal culture of “sport” has grown in Asian countries, among them, in Japan. This prolegomena will consist of 4 parts: 1. Japanese Perception of “Sport” and “Sportsmanship” 2. Japanese Understanding of “Sport” and “Sportsmanship” 3. The Formation of the Japan Amateur Sport Association 4. The Universal Culture of Sport in Japanese Nationalism and Imperialism

30 [KL-2]

Play, Game, and Sport: An Historical-Phenomenological Critique of Sport Idealism

Henning Eichberg Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics (IOB), University of Southern Denmark Sport is game and receives its almost religious, holy undertones from its kinship with play. This is what we learn from Olympic idealism. At a closer glimpse, the phenomena of play, game, and sport are, however, much more differentiated – and maybe contradictory? Some languages use “play” and “game” in a clearly differentiated way: Animals play, but do not engage in games – and the Olympic Games are not Olympic Play. The French phenomenologist Roger Caillois has proposed a deeper philosophical dualism between paidia (spontaneous play) and ludus (regulated, often competitive games). And yet, when involving further languages (like “leg” and “spil” in Danish, and “lek” and “spel” in Swedish) the relation becomes still more complex and less dualistic. Let us listen to the deeper knowledge of languages. Maybe, etymology and the anonymous folk speaking through language can tell us something etymology – questioning the sacral constructions of sport idealism.

31 [KL-3] Historical Discovery of the Passage of Tou Hu from China to Japan and South Korea

Chia-Ju Yen, To-Pin Wen Graduate Institute of Physical Education, National Taiwan Sport University Tou Hu (投壺) is an ancient Chinese game which involves throwing arrows into a vase by hand. It was not only popular in ancient China from 770 BC to 1900 AD, but also spread to ancient Korea and Japan between 500 and 600 AD. The aims of this paper are to find out the historical trajectory of Tou Hu from China to Korea and Japan and its related historical backgrounds. This research adopted the analysis of historical materials. With a distinctive national character, Tou Hu originated in the period of the times of Spring and Autumn (770-476 BC) and flourished in the period of the times Warring States (403- 221BC). Its rise was closely related to the feudal system and is described in the separation of literary and martial arts. It was sustained and modified during the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 AD) and the Wei, Chin, Northern & Southern Dynasties (280- 589 AD). During the Sui (581-619 AD) and Tang Dynasties (618-907 AD), due to the intensive development of politics and economics, sports activities became more popular and diverse. Moreover, due to its advanced civilization, wealth and vast territorial expanse, China had a great influence over her neighboring states. The findings of the passage of Tou Hu, as introduced by China, to Japan and South Korea showed that: A: With the intensive attractiveness of Chinese culture and Buddhism, many monks and students visited China and brought back many classical books back to Korea. Some of them included the information of Tou-Hu. It is estimated by the analysis of historical materials that Tou Hu was initially introduced to South Korea under Emperor Wu during the Southern Dynasty (AD 503-549). Baiji(百濟), a kingdom of Korea had sent ambassadors to visit Emperor Wu learning Buddhist scribes, who learned Three Rites. B: Under the same situation but almost one hundred years later, from a letter of credence showed that Tou Hu was first introduced to Japan during the Sui Dynasties within the period AD 607 – AD 608. OnonoImoko (小野妹子) came to China twice to learn the Chinese rites. Later, Japan sent envoys, students and educated monks to China frequently. Thus, offering chances for learning Chinese culture and having more flexibility, Tou Hu could spread to Japan and Korea and was popular in the upper class and among aristocratic women. Tou Hu is elegant and lightweight; Chinese Confucianism is also one of the important factors that have increased its popularity. Keywords: Tou Hu, Game, Body culture, sport spread

32 [KL-4] On the Margins: Therapeutic Massage, Physical Education and Physical Therapy— Defining a Profession

Alison Wrynn Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach The American physical therapy profession emerged during and following the First World War as a result of the need for trained providers of therapeutic exercise—who practiced under the supervision of a physician—for the rehabilitation of injured soldiers. Most of these pioneer physical therapists came to the profession with a background in corrective exercise developed in women’s physical education programs at a variety of colleges and universities throughout the country. It was female physical educators, almost exclusively, who would train to be the new rehabilitation aids—the foundation of the profession of physical therapy. And, although women and men were separated in sport and in the academic world of physical education, physical therapy was one arena where women were considered “experts” in the body. Those women who decided to enter the emerging field of physical therapy had learned basic rehabilitation skills such as first aid, medical gymnastics, orthopedic gymnastics, massage and even hydro and electro therapy in their undergraduate physical education programs. A number of scholars have examined the therapeutic exercise components of physical education that migrated their way into physical therapy practice but less focus has been placed on the use of massage as a therapeutic tool in physical therapy’s earliest years. The history of therapeutic massage within American physical education has not been fully examined despite its use in men’s physical education in the context of Athletic Training (early Athletic Trainers were sometimes called “rubbers” for their extensive massage practice) and in women’s physical education—as a result of its foundations in Swedish Gymnastics. Recently, Danish historian Per Jorgensen began to analyze the connections among massage practice, physical therapy and chiropractic in Denmark from 1900-1930. My central question focuses on an analysis of how the practice of massage was used in physical therapy, and the ways in which massage practitioners and physical therapists interacted and established their respective scope of practice in the first half of the twentieth century in the United States.

33 [KL-5] Revisiting (and Revising?) Sports Boycotts: From Rugby against South Africa to Soccer in Israel

Malcolm MacLean University of Gloucestershire, England For the first time in nearly 30 years, 2013 has seen increasing public awareness of the revival of calls for a comprehensive boycott of and sanctions on a state based on questions of an “entrenched system of racial discrimination”1. The call to boycott South African sport emerged in the mid 1950s as the apartheid state was developing and refining its comprehensive and systematic legal form amid growing international pressure for decolonisation. This is a different social and political context than the call 50 years later by a wide group of organisations in Palestinian civil society for boycott, divestment and sanctions against Israel. As with the call for sanctions from South Africa, the Palestinian call had limited impact in the ‘west’ outside a small number of social areas – trade unions in the UK being among the most notable – until pressure was put on sports organisations to boycott competition; in the case of South Africa there was increasing pressure on the IOC, the Imperial Cricket Congress and International Rugby Board prevent sporting contact, while in the case of Israel the boycott call reached public consciousness in 2013 through the withdrawal of the physicist Stephen Hawking from an international academic Congress and pressure on UEFA to halt its under-21 international football championship due to be held in Israel. This paper draws on analyses of international anti-apartheid movements’ campaigns against sporting contact with South Africa and the BDS call for the isolation of the Israeli state to consider the place of and potential for sports boycotts. It looks at the anti- apartheid campaigns, especially those in the early 1960s, to consider ways in which the BDS campaign has an impact on existing historical understandings of cultural boycotts as a tactical and strategic campaign tool. 1. ‘BDS Movement Call’ Lim, A. (2012) The Case for Sanctions Against Israel London, Verso. p23.

34 Oral Presentation [OP1-1] of hegemonic masculinities as well as current socialization theories, and Fighting Women: Historical and Bourdieu’s approaches to habitus and Sociological Approaches to Women’s taste. These concepts will guide our Boxing questions to the material and to the Gertrud Pfister, Gerald Gems informants; they will also be used for analysis and interpretations, and to University of Copenhagen assess changes in motives over time and The aim of this study is to gain insights interpretation of current conditions. into the development of women’s boxing through the experiences and perspectives of the women participating in this sport. Various sources will be [OP1-2] used to gather information about the From National to International: history of women’s boxing and the challenges which women faced when A Historical Research of Women’s entering this domain of masculinity, Baseball in Taiwan, 1950s-1970s both in the United States and Europe. In Yu-Jing Chen, Mei-Chun Lin addition we will use published biographies and narratives of female Department of Physical Education, National boxers in order to understand the Taiwan Normal University limited role of boxing in past lives and By hosting the 34thBaseball World Cup to provide a historical context. Current in 2001, Taiwanese women’s baseball developments will be assessed by has reached significant achievement questionnaires delivered to the and has drawn the attention of the participants in boxing programs in the general public. Nowadays, nevertheless, state of Illinois which will provide the research concerning Taiwanese information on the aims and motives as women’s baseball teams is relatively well as on the social background and rare, not to mention the early studies of the sport biographies of the members of its early development. Hence, this each club. In follow up interviews with research aims to bring the historical selected women, we will explore track of the Taiwanese women’s together their past experiences and baseball to light by collecting historic their future perspectives in boxing. materials from newspapers, The theoretical frameworks will be government documents, and data of constructivist gender theories, concepts schools owning women’s baseball teams at the time. The initial

35 achievements are revealed below: First, [OP1-3] the first women’s baseball competition in Mulan- A Glory(Ed) “Herstory” on Taiwan is identified as the “1st Provincial Women’s Football in Taiwan- Politics Women’s Softbaseball Cup” in 1954. and Gender Issue Second, several international women’s baseball teams, mainly from the United Wu-Lun Liu States and Japan, held friendship CRIS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, invitational tournaments in Taiwan and Villeurbanne, France played with our players, and such events were greatly reported. Third, only a Mulan women’s football team was minority of women’s baseball teams created in 1975, after the “Republic of play voluntarily inearly stage of post- China” in Taiwan declined and almost war Taiwan; however, visiting foreign disappeared. As the first female sport women’s baseball teams have made a team in Taiwan and a synonym of huge change to the situation in 1950’s. “Republic of China women’s football Not until the great triumph was team”, Mulan has a crucial character honored in Little League Baseball in nationally and internationally. This 1974 were the professionals in this area paper aims at exploring the significance aware of the potential of Taiwanese of Mulan women’s football team from women’s baseball. Moreover, the first the aspect of political and gender issue, women’s baseball team was established, describing the team’s “herstory” and the “Provincial Girl’s Baseball Cup” through historical review, and an was held as well. To draw a conclusion, analysis of its contribution to Taiwanese it is shown in this research that the society. This research found that those development of Taiwanese women’s Mulan heroines who carried the baseball has been thriving between expectation of compatriots and 1950’s and 1970’s, and further research government won consecutively three will be conduct to form an overall times the championship of AFC picture of women’s baseball in Taiwan. Women’s Asian Cup in 1977,1980 and st 1981, twice the championship in OFC Keywords: Women’s Baseball, the 1 (Oceania Football Confederation) Provincial Women’s Softbaseball Cup, Women’s Championship in 1986 and Provincial girl’s Baseball Cup 1989, and even reached the quarterfinal in the first Women’s World Cup in 1991. Furthermore, Mulan women’s football team represented an important political role for Taiwan during the 1970s and 1980s when “Republic of China” in

36 Taiwan almost disappeared in the sports exchanges between the two sides international realm. They maintained since 1949 have witnessed the visibility of the nation with their unforgettable progress, passable tremendous performance in football. achievements and valuable experience. Moreover, as a female team, Mulan has This paper examines the changes of proved that women can hold up half the relationship between the two sides in sky and broken the stereotype of the past sixty years and illustrates the women are seen disabled in sports such development process, the as football. characteristics of sports exchanges and the importance of cross-strait sports exchanges. It also suggests some measures for further strengthening the [OP2-1] exchanges. Historical Review of Cross-Strait Sports 3.1 Development Process Exchanges Sports exchanges between the two Hua Pan 1, Xiao-Wei Liu 2 sides since 1949 can be seen according to the foreign affairs and sports 1. Institute for Sports History, Chengdu exchanges across the Taiwan straits Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China which is divided into five periods: 1) 2. Foreign Language Department ， closed period (1949-1979); 2) indirect Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu， exchange period (1979-1987); 3) Sichuan，China unidirectional semi-official exchange 1. Object: this abstract contributes to period (1987-1992); 4) slow the understanding of the sports bidirectional official exchange period exchanges between China and Taiwan (1992-2001); 5) rapid bidirectional since 1949. official exchange period (2001-2012). 2. Method: literature review and logical 3.2Important Role analyses. In these five periods, sports associations, 3. Result：Sport. as an important part individual events, local sports of culture and one of the important organizations, and various sports teams, forms of economic and cultural athletes and coaches on both sides exchanges, has promoted the communicated very frequently and exchanges and cooperation between sports exchanges developed rapidly. In the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, so general, there are several great importance has been attached to characteristics in cross-strait spots it by the peoples and the governments exchanges as follows: the exchanges on both sides. More than 60 years of maintained the peaceful coexistence,

37 promoted the mutual understanding The purpose of this paper is to elucidate and friendship, enhanced the level of the transformation of modern sports in competitive sports, sped up the Shanghai under the influence of the prosperity of mass sports, raised the western modern sports. status of sports industry and boosted The notion “western learning” is a vivid the sports culture on both sides. abbreviation of the historical process of Through the sports exchanges, the two the transmission of western culture into sides learned from each other and modern China. The culture “learning” is cooperated smoothly in competitive not simple transfer, but the conflict and sports, mass sports and physical the blending of two heterogeneous education, sports scientific research, cultures. Generally speaking, it is the etc., thus promoting the cooperation process of traditional Chinese culture’s and friendship between the sports fields accepting and fusing with a western one. of the two sides. As a materialized carrier of the ‘western 4. Suggestions culture’, sport was imported into China The purpose of reviewing the past is to after the failure of The Opium War. serve the present. In order to further Because of the essential differences strengthen the cross-strait sports between western sport culture and the exchanges, this paper offers the eastern traditional sport culture, the following suggestions: opening the transmission of western modern sport policies of both sides to create a good culture was inevitably resisted by environment for cross-strait sports Chinese traditional sport culture. Hence exchanges; Holding cross-strait sports the sport part of “western learning” is a competitions and academic Congresss conflicting process. to provide opportunities for sports The modern “physical activities” began exchanges of the two sides. in Shanghai, where various big powers were fighting for concessions, when it was forced to be officially opened as a commercial port on November the 17th, [OP2-2] 1843. Since 1843, with the influence Western Learning and the Evolution of from the western nationals’ sports Modern Shanghai Sport activities, western sports organizations, missionary schools, YMCA (Young Men’s Shu-Ping Kuang Christian Association) and the internal School of Sport Journalism & Foreign needs to improve the inner spirit, Languages, Shanghai University of Sport, modern Shanghai has changed its Shanghai, China attitudes towards the western modern sports from exclusion to adjustment and

38 absorption. The development of sport culture by shortening China’s Shanghai modern sports has gone distance from the world. through different stages, including Modern Shanghai sport is the model of agermination stage (1843-1911), rise the interaction between western sport’s stage (1911-1927), thriving stage (1927- “transition” in China and Chinese 1937), depressed stage (1937-1945) and traditional sport’s “reconstruction”. recovery stage (1945-1949).Under the demonstration and guidance of western expatriates, Shanghai modern sport underwent the development from shock, [OP2-3] rejection to reconciliation and The Strategies and Implication of absorption, from physical reactive Taiwan’s Participation in the absorption to metaphysical International Sport Organizations corresponding consultation and further 2008 - 2012 to comprehensive digestion, of modern 1 western sport. While western sport was Chen-Hsuan Lee , Tien-Chin Tan “transited” and “rebuilt” during its 1. Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure, and localization in China, traditional sport in Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Shanghai finished its modernization Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan from “deconstruction” to After being forced out of the United “reconstruction”. Nations, Taiwan has sought to break out Shanghai became the transmitting of the diplomatic isolation by joining center of modern western sports in international non-governmental China, as it took the initiative, accepted organizations. International sports the essence from western sports culture which can help Taiwan gain and assumed the responsibility to international recognition draw the spread it over the country attention of Taiwanese government simultaneously. The wide spread of the after PRC’s successful ‘ping-pong idea, events, management system and diplomacy’. rules of western sports in Shanghai has The aim of this research is to examine not only promoted the production and the strategies and implications of development of Shanghai modern sport, Taiwan’s participation in the but also spurred the growth of national international sport organizations (ISOs), sport activities, sport theories and sport particularly focusing on the education theories. Thus it is of great International Olympic Committee (IOC), importance to the revitalization and the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), and prosperity of the Chinese traditional International Sport Federations (IFs) from 2008 to 2012.The research

39 questions are as follows: 1. What are persons in the ISOs, and follow the the strategies of Taiwan’s participation Olympic Formula when participating in in the ISOs for Taiwan government and the ISOs. the Taiwanese representatives in the This research concludes that limited ISOs from 2008 to 2012? 2. What is the funding from the government makes implication of Taiwan’s participation in Taiwanese representatives neither the ISOs from 2008 to 2012? That is, unilaterally relies on the government’s what are the attitudes of Taiwanese subsidies nor be significantly influenced representatives in the ISOs towards the by the government. Besides, the government? implication of international relations To fulfil the aim of research, content theories on Taiwan's participation in the analysis is utilized to help analyse the ISOs is that there is no sufficient data. The data are collected from evidence to show that Taiwan’s related official documents from the participation in the ISOs conforms to Sports Administration of the Ministry of the premise of realism, emphasizing the Education, policy documents, press state’s power in international relations. releases, essays, journals, etc.. As for the theoretical frameworks, international relations theories are used to analyze the implication of Taiwanese [OP3-1] government’s involvement in the ISOs. Implanting China: Girl Scouts Two major perspectives in international Movement in Post-War Taiwan relations theories are adopted as criteria when analyzing Taiwan’s Pei-Chi, Chuang participation in the ISOs, namely: Department of Physical Education, National realism and liberalism. Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan The findings reveal that the strategies of This research aims to reveal the process Taiwan’s participation in the ISOs can be of girl scouts education and movement discussed from 2 aspects: the strategies in post-war Taiwan. Girl Scouts can be of the government and the related traced back to 1919 in China, and was Taiwanese representatives in the ISOs. mainly dominated under KMT-led The government’s strategies are to government. By the end of Japanese support Taiwanese representatives occupation, scouting was introduced to primarily through funding and offering the island along with new education translators. On the other hand, the system in 1947. The official organization strategies of Taiwanese representatives “The General Association of the Scouts are to build lasting and mutually of China” was established in 1952, and beneficial relationships with key the “Girl Scouts of China” was founded

40 later in 1958. These two organizations Keywords: Taiwan, Girl Scouts, Re- were governed by both Ministry of sinicize Education and a quasi-governmental organization, namely China Youth Anti- Communist National Salvation Corps (CYC). This research examines the [OP3-2] government documents, scouts Popular Traditional Chinese Qigong textbooks and the magazine Girl Scouts Regimen Exercise Research between Bi-monthly to illustrate this process. In 1977 and 2012 in Taiwan addition, in-depth interviews are also 1 2 adopted to present more concrete Jimmy Chien-Min Cheng , Chao-Chin Hung , images at the time. The results find that Chun-Oh Wei1, Lovecchio Nicola3, girl scouts education and activities were Zito Viviana4, Wen-Chi Ting5 used as a vehicle for reconstruction of 1. Physical Education Office, National national identity. Firstly, due to the lack Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, of teachers and limited knowledge Kaohsiung, Taiwan. toward scouting, the content of 2. Army Academy R. O. C., Chungli, Taiwan scouting curriculum was not divided by 3. Motor and Sport Science, University of gender. Secondly, the concept of Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy. scouting stressed not only on self- 4. Science of Motor and Sport activities, development, but emphasized more on University of Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy. community involvement and ideal 5. Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan citizenships. Thus, itled to a perfect match to a “re-sinicize” project then. This paper aimed to explore and review Thirdly, the general messages delivered the phenomenon of popular Traditional in girl scouts texts not only built up the Chinese Qigong regimen exercise images of new independent women, research between 1977 and 2012 in but also the patriot Chinese citizens. Taiwan. Due to the health promotion Finally, the scouting activities which and disease prevention become in focused on physical, mental, and moral fashion at current time of the modern development were mostly held at society in Taiwan, many people would schools and activity centers of CYC. like to practice any kind of Traditional Hence, certain political objectives could Chinese exercise for health. For instance, be combined legally through education Chinese martial arts, Tai Chi Chun, Wai system. In conclusion, Girl Scout Tan Kung, Yuanji Dance, Shiang Kung, Movement in Post-War Taiwan can be and any kind of Qigong etc. Data were seen as a process of Chinese identity collected using literature review implantation. method revealed that Qigong is a

41 practice of aligning breath, movement, and awareness for exercise, healing, and meditation. It is now practiced [OP3-3] throughout island wide, China and The Settler of Taiwan Acrobatic worldwide, also considered by some to Performance-- Cheng-KunWu be physical exercise, and by others to be 1* 2 a type of a wide range of health care Hsien-Wei Kuo , Yuan-Ming Hsu, practices or meditation. It comprises Chin-Fang Kuo 3 breathing, physical, and mental training 1. Graduate Institute of Physical Education, methods based on Chinese philosophy, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan and also involves rhythmic breathing County, Taiwan coordinated with slow stylized 2. Department of Leisure Management, repetition of fluid movement, a calm University of Kang Ning, Tainan City, Taiwan awareness state, and visualization of 3. Department of Leisure & Recreation guiding qi through the body. The various Studies, Aletheia University, Tainan City, details showed that all qigong forms can Taiwan be characterized as a mix of four types of training: dynamic, static, meditative, This study focuses on the historical and activities requiring external aids. contribution of Chen-Kun Wu (吳成琨, With the roots in Chinese medicine, 1930-1999), one of the characteristical martial arts, and philosophy, qigong is professional acrobats in Taiwan. Data traditionally viewed as a practice to was gathered from oral history, cultivate and balance qi (chi) or what interview, and historiography. has been translated as “intrinsic life Additionally documents were analysed energy”. The overall evidence for the to explore the acrobatic life and health effects of qigong has been largely achievement of Chen-Kun Wu and his inconclusive or contradictory. Because contribution to Taiwan acrobatics. We the underlying clinical trials have been found that Chen-Kun Wu had never set poorly designed and the data of poor his own acrobatic team but he had been quality, it is not possible to come to any performing for offering comfort services firm conclusions as to the health effects in military during the period of being of qigong. We should make well the team leader of the Art working designed and enlarge clinical trials for Organization in the Department of the scientific research of qigong study in Defence. After retiring from service, he the future. was invited to be an acrobatic instructor Keywords: clinical trials, physical in the Training Center of Folk Art of the exercise, Traditional Chinese qigong Republic of China. At the same time, he regimen exercise helped the government to establish and

42 develop the Department of his career at the museum. The five Comprehensive Arts and Entertainment meter high statue depicted a tragic of the Fuxing Opera Troupe moment in French sport history, Experimental School. In his position as Zinadine Zidane’s head butt against training lecturer and feats’ leader, he Marco Materazzi in the 110th minute of organized the first program´s standard the 2006 World Cup final, a game and rules. Moreover, he established the France lost to Italy in overtime penalty Taiwan acrobatic culture foundation kicks. A smaller version of the statue through publishing articles and books was included in Abdessemed’s New based on his practical performance and York spring 2012 exhibition, “Who’s teaching experiences. Furthermore, he Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?” at the introduced Taiwan diabolo (Chinese yo- David Zwirner Gallery. yo) to physical education in school. Reactions to the statue largely focused From the performing stage he was able on the use of statuary to remember a to spread a sport trend “Diabolo” moment in sport that seems better among the people. forgotten. Statues in general have been Keywords: diabolo, entertainment for utilized to celebrate winners, individuals the troops, Chen-Kun Wu (吳成琨) determined or at least perceived to be heroic. Often times, triumphant moments in sports have been captured in statue form. Zidane’s action, resulting [OP4-1] in a red card and an ejection from the Coup De Tête or Ode To Defeat? game, meant he was unable to Zidane’s Head Butt as Art and Sporting participate in the penalty shootout. Memory Moreover, the final marked Zidane’s final game of his career. Despite reports 1 2 Maureen Smith , Ellen Carlton that Materazzi had made racial 1. Department of Kinesiology and Health comments about Zidane’s sister, most Science, California State University football fans were in agreement that Sacramento, Sacramento, California, United Zidane’s head butt crossed the States of America boundaries of fair play and a basic level 2. Department of Kinesiology, Sonoma State of sportsmanship. University, Rohnert Park, California, United Despite the unpopular nature of the States of America statue, presenting in statue form a In September 2012, Algerian born artist losing moment in sport, in fact, perhaps Adel Abdessemed unveiled his latest a disgraceful moment in sport, the work located outside Paris’ Pompidou artistic depiction was nothing new for Museum, as part of a retrospective of Abdessemed, whose work pushes the

43 boundaries of art, politics, and religion. analysis, to understand textual In an interview with the New York Times, representation and meaning of Taiwan the artist claimed, “Zidane, that day, baseball stamps. It is found that Taiwan offered us a rapture. He expressed sport stamps were distributed to create himself as a man.” Exhibition organizer cohesion among people, and promote Alain Michaud told Agence France- the outstanding performance of Presse, “This statue goes against the grassroots baseball. The results also tradition of making statue in honor of indicated that via the stamps certain victories. It is an ode to defeat.” distribution, political ideology and This paper examines the statue as both performance were positively conveyed art and sporting statue, as an example to the people. To conclude, the sport of a sporting statue that remembers a stamps not only offer the background less than triumphant sporting moment, and meaning of the history of interest in and celebrates an athlete’s behavior baseball , but also draw a picture of the that was roundly criticized. Audience political environment in that period, and football fan reactions to the statue which provides us a window to examine will be included in the analysis. the development of sport and politics in Taiwan.

[OP4-2] [OP4-3] An Overview of Taiwan Baseball Stamps in 1970s The Reception of Hannes Schneider´s Journey to Japan in Austria Feng-Ran Lee Christof Thöny National Taiwan Normal University Stamps are pictures expressing Universität Innsbruck historical images and messages. They The development of Japanese skiing is can function as a “memory container”, closely associated with Austria, record every significant story in every although Norwegians started it at the period. With respect to Taiwan, national beginning of the 20th Century. It was baseball teams performed successfully Theodor von Lerch, a major general in in international games, and sport the royal army, who was sent to Japan stamps were hence distributed. in 1911 to instruct the military in skiing. However, the sport stamps were only In 1930, Hannes Schneider was invited covered with words instead of pictures. to Japan to teach his Arlberg technique In this study, historical method was that had attracted attention all over the conducted, coupled with literature world of skiing. The Japanese version of

44 the book “Miracle of the Snowshoe”, Ji-Young Park published by Schneider and Arnold Sports history and philosophy from the Fanck, had already familiarised the Department of Physical Education, Seoul Japanese with his way of skiing. On 24 National University February 1930 Schneider left St. Anton to travel via Berlin and Moscow with the Korea and France have maintained over Transsiberian railway. He arrived in 120 years of diplomatic relationship. Tokyo on 15 March and spent four However, there is little trace of weeks holding lectures and skiing remarkable diplomatic relationship until courses. recent decades. Following the The paper analyzes the reception of devastating Korean War in the 1950’s, Hannes Schneider´s journey to Japan in South Korea has taken great measures Austria. It shows the descpription of the to recover its economy; beyond the circumstances in the local press and world’s expectation, it has made how the image of Japanese culture and remarkable improvements in the skiing tradition was described. economy, coming from one of the Furthermore it tries to analyze the world’s poorest countries in the 1960’s influence of Schneider´s journey to to one of the world’s most advanced Japan in building up the international nations, joining G-20 in 2012. South fame of his ski school. Besides the local Korea’s rise to the global stage can also press, Schneider´s book “Auf Schi in be noted through its active participation Japan” (On skis to Japan) will be the in hosting global sports events, such as mayor source for this paper. The the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics, 2002 continuity of Japanese skiers with the Korea-Japan World Cup, and the recent Arlberg region will also be discussed. It 2011 Daegu Athletics Meeting. With the culminated in an invitation of the advent of globalization, another Schneider family to Japan in 1930, 60 phenomenon that has recently spread years after the famous journey. around the globe is the Korean Wave. Originally based in Southeast Asia, the Key words: Hannes Schneider, Japanese Korean Wave has extended to its sphere skiing culture, Arlbert technique of influence to North America and Europe. This is due to the young people who learn Korean · Taekwondo or [OP5-1] Korean folk songs through dance, and the exposure of the press. Nowadays, Participation of Traditional Korean Korean culture is becoming one of the Physical Activities in French Culture most popular cultures in French society. There are a growing number of French

45 participating in the traditional Korean Keywords: traditional Korean physical physical education forms such as Education, Hallyu, Korean traditional Taekwondo, Taekgyeon, Sonmudo, etc. culture, Korean traditional martial arts Therefore, this study hypothesizes that the k-pop boom in France may create a positive ripple effect, thus increasing the number of the French people [OP5-2] participating in the traditional Korean Seokhojeong, Our Traditional Archery physical education. This study analyzes Club how and why French people participate in traditional Korean physical activities Young-Il, Na both in France and South Korea. The Seoul National Univ. South Korea purposes of this study are the following. Introduction: Recently, I wrote the book First, this will help understand the 『Seokhojeong, Our Traditional Archery current status of the traditional Korean Club』 (2012). Seokhojeong(石虎亭) is physical education and provide a the representing club for the archery perspective of traditional Korean clubs located in Seoul for more than 380 physical activities. Second, it can help years. Unfortunately Seoul city determine the kind of path the French government, which didn’t understand take in order to participate in traditional its historical important things, Korean education. The study presents announced the move of Seokhojeong to an empirical data observed through another location at 2010. So I tried to utilization of the mixed research find and collect the records, including methods: a literature review is the members, the year of establishment, performed mainly with the magazines the site, the photo about Seokhojeng called 『Korean culture』issued from and then wrote the book. The purpose 1982 to present, a case study approach of this research is to identify the to in – depth interviews and a historical values and meaning of the participation observation through SNS Seokhojeng. such as Facebook, Skype, Kakaotalk, etc. We have selected a total of nine Result: The story of the Seokhojeong club is a living history of the research participants (N=9) for the development of Korean traditional following four activities: Taekgyeon (n=2), Taekwondo (n=3), Sonmudo (n=3) archery clubs. Currently, there are 370 traditional archery clubs in Korea. In the and Korean traditional dance (n=1) past, the clubs were the training camps for preparing for the military service examinations as well as centers for the local authorities for cultivating their

46 body and mind. Nowadays, these clubs 3. Department of Physical Education, play an important role as sporting clubs Cheongju University, S. Korea and as preservers of the precious Sport has been transformed as the most traditional cultural heritage of archery. advanced cultural element in every The Seokhojeong was built on the site of nation around the globe. The Namsoyeong( 南小營) which was a representative sport, Korean soccer military service test site of the Joseon adopted from the West in the late Dynasty(1392-1910). According to the nineteenth century has been developed Mangiyoram(萬機要覽, 1808), which through the turbulent modern history of has been compiled since 1625, Korea. This study analyses which kinds of Seokhojeong began as a private archery ideological characteristics were (私習). Seokhojeong was a traditional expressed in Korean soccer under a archery club and the home of a Korean political turmoil in the modern Korean sports club, which after the military society during the Cold War. A literature service tests were discontinued in the review was conducted based on the Gabo Reform (甲午改革 of 1894). primary and secondary data to analyse Until 2012 London Olympic, Korean the phenomenon from a socio-historical team won a total of 34 medals (19 gold, perspective. To complement findings 9 silver and 6 bronze medals) in Olympic from the literature review, inter- archery and this great performance is subjective discussions were employed, due to the efforts of Seokbonggun(石奉 providing a more objective narrative. Its 根) who was a member of Seokhojeong overall research outcomes are as follows. firstly founded Korea’s Olympic archery First, Korean soccer included resistant team and trained them in this club. nationalism through the Japanese colonization since its introduction and it now expressed anti-communist ideology under a frame of ideological conflict of [OP5-3] the Cold War since the Korean War. Second, Korean soccer had stronger anti- South Korean Soccer and Ideology communist characteristics especially during the Cold War, 1946-1988 after the military regime appeared in the Kyoung-Ho Park1*, Gwang OK2, Youn-Jin early 1960s. The successive military Park3 regimes contributed to creating sports nationalism and the South Korean 1. Department of Physical Education, government carried out an ideological Chungbuk National University, S. Korea superiority policy against the North 2. Department of Physical Education, Korea during the era. It can be Chungbuk National University, S. Korea understood in the same context of the

47 Cold War friction on the global sporting Francois J. Cleophas arena. Finally, it may be seen that anti- Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch communist nationalism reflected on University, Republic of South Africa sport excessively was used for ideological competition during this era; Two national organisations controlled however, South Korean soccer could set South African athletics during the 20th the stone for globalization in accordance century, one that operated with state with the elite sports policy under strong sanction, the South African Amateur support of the military regimes. The Athletic and Association (later continuation of the Cold War over its changed to the South African Amateur forty years of history had given various Athletics Union) and the other that sufferings to the global society. On the operated outside this sanction, the other hand, this political ideology made a South African Amateur Athletics and strong rivalry retrieving each nation’s Cycling Board of Control (later changed internal integration to win in the to South African Amateur Athletics competitions especially in sporting Board). Historical accounts of events arenas. Consequently, as the global leading to the establishment of the development was rapid in a certain South African Amateur Athletic and period of time with the influence of the Cycling Board of Control in 1946 is political conflict through the Cold War sparse compared to the official version. ironically, there had been a great deal of This is a reflection of the limited interest competitions in the global sport and its South African sport historians displayed legacy had been in a certain extent in the subject. The present day ruling positive. As we learned from the story of sport body is also negligent in recording soccer in the Korean modern history, the and preserving this history, favouring ideological history of sport can the official version. Standard works, contribute to understanding of socio- dealing with South African athletic political background for sporting culture history, either ignore the unofficial and those legacies can reflect on the version or treat the subject as a both contemporary and future cultural peripheral episode. Yet, non-White societies. sport administrators, in Cape Town, organized track and field meetings since 1898, albeit haphazardly and rudimentary at first. The athletic feats [OP6-1] of Jesse Owens and other African A Social Historical Overview Of American athletes in 1936 was a Athletics In The Cape Colony, South stimulus for Black South African athletes, Africa, Until 1902 especially in Cape Town, to think in

48 terms of Olympic participation, resulting francophone space in Africa, spurred on in post-war national organization. The by France and aimed at contributing to undertaken research covers the athletic the institutionalization and historical period in Cape Town leading internationalization of African sport and to the establishment of the South the organization of the Olympic Games African Amateur Athletics and Cycling (Charitas, 2010). Board of Control in 1946. The starting The participation of the French Empire’s line is the first recorded athletic new African States in the Olympic meeting, organized by a Black club, The Games beginning in 1960 (Rome) and Good Hope Athletic Club, in Cape Town 1964 (Tokyo), as well as the creation of (1898). A historical account is then given the first African Games (Congo- of the administrators and athletes as Brazzaville, 1965), together with the well as political influences that carried Africanization of their administrations the sport during the period until 1946. (Bancel, 1999) enabled the An attempt is also made to identify establishment of a governmental spaces, symbolic and tangible, for the structure attached to the Organization identification of heritage sites. of African Unity (OAU, 1963) and independent of the Olympic movement, which would henceforth be responsible for sports policy throughout the [OP6-2] continent. This body soon began to From the Supreme Council for Sport in challenge the International Olympic Africa (SCSA) to the Association of Committee (IOC) in the fight against NOCs of Africa (ANOCA)(1966-1984) apartheid and in seeking assistance for Africa in athletic and Olympic #2#David-Claude Kemo-Keimbou, development. Pascal Charitas The IOC, concerned with expanding its Department of STAPS, University of Paris worldwide influence and hence to Sud, Orsay, France control this continental space, decided Center of Sport, Politics and Social to create an Association of National Transformations, University of Paris Sud, Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA) Orsay, France in 1981. Thus a two-fold political division grew up between the two The Supreme Council for Sport in Africa bodies: the first, CSSA, because of its (CSSA, 1966) is an institution born out of governmental status campaigned the political movement for African against apartheid since it fell outside independence. Following that event, a the influence of the IOC, even though it sporting decolonization took in the organized regional African games

49 recognized by the IOC; the second, In the context of the Franco-African ANOCA, is a branch of the Olympic community established at the start of movement intended to supplement the French Fifth Republic (1958), the these objectives, especially in terms of newly-independent francophone athletic and Olympic development, with African States (1960) organized a the advent of Olympic Solidarity (OS, number of athletic competitions under 1981). the aegis of France (The Community Our aim here is to examine the roles of Games: Madagascar, 1960; Côte d'Ivoire, these institutions in their actions and 1961; Senegal, 1963) (Charitas, 2010). In transformations as well as their links, fact, following these political changes both in synergies and conflicts. The goal each African State transformed its is to understand to what extent African subordinating colonial links into sporting elites were organized within partnership agreements referred to first and outside the IOC in order to pursue a as bilateral and subsequently as policy vis-à-vis the Olympic movement, multilateral cooperations, which as illustrated by the boycotts of the characterized the post-colonial situation Olympic Games in Montréal (1976), (Balandier, 2007). Moscow (1980), and Los Angeles (1984). Franco-African sporting encounters then Keywords: Sport, Africa, Olympic took place within the framework of organization, IOC, CSSA, ANOCA, these cooperation agreements and boycotts, policies. contributed to the institutionalization of African sport as well as its journey towards autonomy, in particular by the holding of the first Congresss of Youth [OP6-3] and Sports Ministers (CONFEJES), The Francophone Congresss of Youth modelled on the Congresss of Education and Sports Ministers (CONFEJES): A Ministers (CONFEMEN). This process Renewal of Franco-African Cooperation? helped to maintain the metropolitan (1960-1969) French sporting model and system in Africa (Chifflet, Gouda, 1992; Kemo- #Pascal Charitas, David-Claude Kemo- Keimbou, 1999). From 1960 to 1969 Keimbou these Franco-African bilateral Department of STAPS, University of Paris agreements worked to ensure that the Sud, Orsay, France French influence persisted within the Center of Sport, Politics and Social African space. Transformations, University of Paris Sud, However, as la francophonie expanded, Orsay, France these agreements began to include other western States (Canada, Belgium,

50 etc.) from 1969 onwards, which enabled Ludwigsburg University of Education, the emergence of a new international Germany institution designed to provide The German ice skater Katarina Witt, increasing financial and human support who grew up in the former GDR, is for the development of African sport: known as a face of sport, a face of the Congress of Youth and Sports beauty, a face of commercialization. The Ministers from the French-speaking outstanding ice skater not only attained world (CONFEJES, 1969), which meets fame for her Olympic gold medals in annually. 1984 and 1988, but also for her beauty. Our objective is to understand how She was known as “the most beautiful French-African post-colonial relations face of socialism”, and also was voted developed, changed, and recurred over among the most beautiful women in the the course of this decade, and were years 1991 and 1992. Not only Eastern affected by the gradual creation of la German sport took advantage of her francophonie. We do this by examining athletic and performance skills. In re- the design and objectives of these unified Germany, the German Olympic Congresss in order to grasp the Sports Confederation (DOSB) used the strategies of the western donor famous ice skater as an ambassador in countries - and also the tactics of the their world-wide promotion of the African countries which made use of unsuccessful Olympic bid for the this new and expanded francophone Olympic Winter Games which were to area of athletics, which led to the be held in Munich in 2018. creation of the Games of La The paper will elaborate on the various Francophonie (1987). phases in the biography of the German Keywords: Sport, Africa, France, ice skater Katarina Witt, and show how CONFEJES, Francophonie, cooperation, she was instrumentalized in different political ifluences.#5 political regimes for their purposes.

[OP7-1] [OP7-2] Katarina Witt: From being an East German Diplomat in a Training Suit to Study of the Sports and Media Complex an Olympic Ambassador of Re-united with Mass Appeal Germany in a Dirndl Jing Wang Annette R. Hofmann

51 Journalism Department, Capital University Concurrent with the increase in of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, circulation, there was a decrease in China costs. The newspaper market conditions were dramatically changed, and wider Background: Popular sport is attractive, circulations could be produced and and mediated sport has a mass appeal. distributed to a mass audience. The Furthermore, the attraction value of introduction of the rotary press meant sports is increasingly important for the newspapers could fully benefit from its mutual commercialization and potential as a mass medium in a mass development of both sports and the market. The press could now address a media. mass audience that were literate, and Aim: This article presents an historical had money and increased leisure time. analysis of the symbiosis between According to Rowe (1999: 13), look at sports and the media, and seeks to the great changes that have unravel the dynamics in this relationship. transformed the lives of a large portion Methods: Literature. of the world’s population: “the rise of Results: Sports and press became mass capitalism and the industrialism in phenomena during the 19th century, general and the advent of mass and the two spheres have developed in consumption and the commodification parallel ever since. There has always of leisure time in particular.” It is this existed a mutual relationship between relationship that even today “configures” the two. Moreover, today’s modern the association between sports and the sports and media complex is the result media. of new technology and social Reference: Rowe, David (1999) Sport, developments. Culture and the Media. The Untruly Sports are a business - so is the mass Trinity. Buckingham: Open University media. Sports are social institutions - as Free Press. are news and mass media. There is a historical and symbiotic match between sports - and media institutions. According to Rowe (1999: 32), both [OP7-3] institutions are becoming mutually How Do Governing Elites Influence dependent: “It is little wonder that the Taiwan’s Sport-for-All Policy during relationship between sport and the President Ma’s Regime? media (especially in television) is commonly described as the happiest of Ya-Wen Huang1, Tien-Chin Tan1 marriages”. 1. Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan

52 Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan were actually led by scholars. 2) Most of (R.O.C.) the interviewees mentioned the direct influence of President Ma’s political President Ying-Jeou Ma, the former mayor of Taipei, boasts quite a few views on this project. Certain parts of sports achievements in his official the project were even directly led by career, including the construction of the President. 3) The fact that governing twelve sports centers in Taipei, Taipei elites’ values decide what the plan Arena, bike lanes, etc. After the should be like is in accordance with elite President’s Inauguration Day in 2008, theories. However, some interviewees in this research noted that the policy the Sports Affairs Council launched the dominated by governing elites doesn’t “Public Sports Environment Improvement and Molding Taiwan into really meet the demand of local sport- a Sports Island Plan” (“Sports Island Plan” for-all development. Thus, it is in brief). Does the President have suggested that during future sport-for- anything to do with this plan? If yes, all policies’ making process, the central who dominates its formation process? government should include persons to This study aims at analyzing the roles represent local sports organizations. “governing elites” (government officials, Keywords: governing elites, elite legislators, non-governmental theories, Taiwan, sport-for-all policy, organizations, and scholars) play in the Sports Island Plan “Sports Island Plan”. Research data were collected by semi-structured interviews, and analyzed through [OP8-1] directed content analysis. Besides, elite theories were applied as the theoretical Portugal in the Olympic Movement, framework. The main findings are as From the Beginning to the Present follows: 1) In this study, government Rita Mafalda Amaral Nunes Ferreira officials and scholars formed a closed policy-making group. During the policy- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of making process, government officials the New University of Lisbon needed to consult senior scholars for IHC - Institute for Contemporary History, academic support. On the other hand, Researcher integrated scholars needed the resources given The aims of this paper are to provide a only when they took part in the policy- perspective on the links between making process. In contrast, legislators Portugal and the Olympic Movement did not have an active influence on the and to promote knowledge about the plan. As for the non-governmental Portuguese participation in the Olympic organizations, in this research, they events.

53 Using an analytical approach I will start a greater notability, but sport wise by showing the first contact of Portugal there hasn’t been a significant increase with the Olympic Movement through in results. Socially, the Summer Olympic the first IOC Portuguese member, the Games have been gathering sympathy foundation of the Portuguese Olympic from the public and economic interest Committee and the Olympic Academy. from the media, explaining why the few This will help to better understand the Olympic gold medals brought a status of Olympic organizations in this country. heroship to the Portuguese athletes. IOC Sessions, General Assemblies of the Rita Nunes Ferreira is Master in Olympic European Olympic Committees Studies for the University of Association (EOC) and the European Peloponnese of Greece and Youth Summer Olympic Festival (EYOF) International Olympic Academy (2013), are some examples of the Portuguese Degree on Sports Science – Sports skills on organizing sports meetings and Management by the Faculty of Human events to which I will also refer. After Kinetics of the Technical University of the organizational perspective, I will Lisbon, Portugal (1999). Co-author of focus on the Portuguese participation in the book “The 6 of - the first the Olympic events: Winter, Summer Portuguese participation in the Olympic and Youth Olympic Games. Games”, Lisbon (2012). Portugal has participated in 6 editions of the . The first was in 1952 and the last one, in Turin 2010. Portugal has participated in the [OP8-2] Summer Olympic Games since 1912 and Promotion of the 2008 Beijing Olympic has been present in all 23 Olympiads Games to Multiculturalism in the since. Until now Portugal was Olympic Movement: From the represented by 989 athletes that won Ceremonies Perspective 23 medals. In a quantitative analysis this number of medals means that, per Xiu-Ying Ru, Da-Peng Xu participation, Portugal won one medal. Capital Institute of Physical Education and Regarding the newest Olympic Event, Sports, Beijing, China Portugal was present in the first edition Introduction: It has been generally of the Youth Olympic Games - Singapore acknowledged that multiculturalism is 2010 -with a team consisting in 19 the wealth and pursuit of the Olympic athletes in 10 sports. Portugal movement. In reality, however, the conquered 3 medals. majority of the history and symbolism of The integration of Portugal with the the modern Olympic Games is linked to mentioned structures and events led to Western civilization, which is reflected by

54 the fact that there are only two sports of Olympic Games from the torch relay clearly non-Western origin on the named “harmonious journey” themed Olympic program---- (Japan) and “hehe 和合”, essences of traditional taekwondo (South Korea)(Susan Chinese culture, to the opening and Brownell, 2009). “It is above all through closing ceremonies abundant in Chinese the ceremonies that the Olympiad must elements, all of which are perfect distinguish itself from a mere series of platforms to showcase and diffuse the world championship”(Coubertin, 1910: Chinese culture. In conclusion, the 2008 41). Olympic ceremonies can be Beijing Olympic Games made a rapid considered as a setting for intercultural advancement toward the exchange (John MacAloon, 2009). multiculturalism in the Olympic Research Method ： Such methods as movement lacked in its reality. literature, history review, and logical References Cited analysis have mainly been employed in Susan Brownell, Multiculturalismin the this research. Olympic MOvement. Olympic Studies Conclusions: The following conclusions Reader Vol 1. Beijing Sport University have been drawn based on the research Press, 2009, p. 62-63 methods mentioned above. Firstly, the Coubertin, 1910. “Une Olympic moderne. 2008 Olympic Games themselves may VI: Les Cerenmonies” in Revue Olympiqu, promote the multiculturalism in the 10, p. 41-44 Olympic movement in an unprecedented John MacAloon, Olympic Ceremonies as way since it is only the third time for the a Setting for Intercultural Exchange. Olympic Summer Games to be held Olympic Studies Reader Vol 1. Beijing outside the West and in a nation with Sport University Press, 2009, p.179 the typical characteristics of eastern culture. Secondly, a series of visual images created in the Beijing Olympic Games are embodied unique elements [OP8-3] of traditional Chinese culture ranging Establishment of the Qatar’s National from emblem of “Chinese Seal Dancing Olympic Committee (1979-1980): Beijing “ to five mascots of “Fuwa”, from Implications in the Country’s Sport the medal mounted with traditional Chinese jade to the torch full of Chinese Luis Henrique Rolim Silva1*, Ali Salat1 elements shaped with paper roll, colored 1. Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum with Chinese red and patterned with “Lucky cloud”. Thirdly, Chinese elements * Corresponding Author particularly are made to be shown in the This paper is part of an extensive symbolic and unique ceremonies of the research project which aims to

55 understand the socio-cultural had to be re-structured to meet the representations of the Olympic sport in new requirements to play in the Qatar in the different moments of its international sport level. The re- history. Specifically, this paper aims to organization of the sport federations understand the process of and the so-called Youth Welfare establishment of the Qatar National Department (the national sport body) Olympic Committee (QOC) in the late were the last steps to set up the 1970ies. country’s new sport system. With their The theoretical framework is based on statutes and regulations organized, the the concepts of the Cultural History sport federations started to request (BURKE, 2005; GREEN, 2008) in dialogue recognition from their respective with socio-cultural theories such as International Federations (IFs). Social Field and Reproduction With more than five local sport (BOURDIEU, 1993; 1990), National federations recognized by the IFs, the Identity (SMITH, 1991; 2009), Collective next target was set: participating in the Memory (HALBWACHS, 1991), Imagined Olympics. However, in order to be Community (ANDERSON, 1991), allowed to take part, a National Olympic Invented Tradition (HOBSBAWM, 1983) Committee had to be established first. and Places of Memory (NORA, 1997). Thus, eight years after the country’s The mainly primary written sources independence, the Qatar National used in this paper are the documents of Olympic Committee (QOC) was the International Olympic Committee established in 1979. One year later, the (IOC), the International Sport International Olympic Committee (IOC) Federations (IFs) and, the Official recognized it on a provisional basis. Gazette of The State of Qatar. Among The preliminarily findings revealed an these documents are letters, telegrams imposition of the governance model and official documentation written in from the IOC over the country’s sport both English and Arabic. Oral structure. Before the QOC received the testimonials were also used and the full recognition, it had to deal with the interviews were recorded in Arabic IOC’s strict rules for the establishment language. The technique followed the of a National Olympic Committee - e.g. theoretical framework of the Oral NOC had to be without any state History (PORTELLI, 1997). interference. Qatar’s authorities Until 1971 Qatar was one of the British ‘accepted’ the imposed model by protectorates in the Gulf region. After changing the QOC’s Constitution, announcing its independence, Qatar although it remains unclear if the was officially able to have international country’s sport governance model political relations. The local sport clubs effectively changed. An identified

56 change occurred in the sport social level in conducting physical education classes. - the national federations which were Thus most of the publications related to part of the QOC embodied the status of methodological instructions and ‘Olympic sport’. Further, the goal of the descriptions of exercises and games Qatar’s authorities was to place a conducted in physical education classes. national representation through the A smaller part of the publications refers sport, which later it was visible in 1984 to the history of physical education, the Los Angeles Games – the first Qatari construction of facilities for physical Olympic participation. education, equipment and other appliances, specificity of physical education for girls, physical education of children with special needs and one [OP9-1] publication about physiology of physical Books, Textbooks and Manuals for education and exercises. The majority of Physical Education in Croatia before these publications were used at various First World War times as the mandatory literature at teacher training schools and at the Zrinko Custonja different courses for training and University of Zagreb, Department of examinations for physical education Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia teachers in high school. In some cases they are translations of foreign The first books, textbooks and manuals literature, mostly German and Swedish for physical education classes in Croatian language while most developed after the introduction of publications still came as the original obligatory physical education classes in work of local authors. Based on the public schools in 1874. These were the books, textbooks and manuals analysis, oldest monographic editions in the field it is possible to make useful conclusions of kinesiology in the Croatian language about various social and political and represent the beginnings of influences on physical education classes, publishing activities in that area in ideas and ideologies, foreign models Croatia. and the various changes that have In the period before the First World War, occurred in the understanding of the about 30 monographic editions were role and objectives of physical published in the field of physical education in the Croatian education education. They developed in response system before the First World War. to the need for literature in the Croatian language about physical education and later the daily practice of teachers in elementary and high schools

57 [OP9-2] other hand, at the university level, it wasn’t introduced yet. But it was The Introduction of “Theory of Physical written in “Policy” that to teach the Education” in Course of Study in Japan knowledge of physical education was Nonaka Yuta necessary. Kanazawa University Graduate School 4) In August 1947, “Theory of Physical Education” was introduced in “Yoko” in In 1947, “Gakko Taiiku Shido Yoko” junior high school, high school, and (“Yoko”) which is the first physical university. education course of study in post war Japan was drawn up. One of the characteristics of the “Yoko” is that a “Theory of Physical Education” was [OP9-3] introduced. Namely, it was decided to The Introduction of F. L. Oswald’s “The teach theory about physical education Age of Gymnastics” (1878) Into Modern to students. It is said that this started Japan after the Second World War. However, the process of the introduction of Hiroaki Sakakibara “Theory of Physical Education” is not Department of Health and Physical clear. Education, Faculty of Education, Fukuoka The purpose of this study is to clarify University of Education, Japan the process of the introduction of “Theory of Physical Education”. The name Felix Leopold Oswald hitherto has not been known in the study of the The findings were as follows: history of physical education and sport. 1) In November 1945, Professor Honma During his life, Oswald, a natural Shigeo Tokyo from Physical Education scientist, was close to nature in the College proposed teaching theory of United States. However, he commented physical education for students, in a on gymnastics and the ancient Olympics physical education journal. in his article ‘The Age of Gymnastics’ of 2) After the proposition of Honma, the June 1878 that appeared in Popular view about the necessity to teach the Science Monthly. This journal and other theory of physical education increased periodicals were subscribed to by the gradually. However, that view was University of Tokyo library in early mostly for teachers. modern Japan. Kinzaburo Ohno (the 3) In October 1946, “Theory” was years of his birth and death are introduced for “Yoko An” in a draft of unknown), who was a student in the “Yoko” for males and females in junior faculty of law at the University of Tokyo, high school and high school. On the attempted to translate Oswald’s article

58 into Japanese in 1882. Actually, Ohno Department of Health and Social Science, was one year older than Jigoro Kano, Dalarna University who was a student in the faculty of The Nordic skiing world is international, literature at that time. Afterward, Kano but is it global? The disciplines within became the first Japanese IOC Nordic skiing are Cross country skiing, commission member and the founder of Ski jumping and Nordic combined and Judo. Oswald’s article and Ohno’s they are mostly practiced in Europe. The translation spread the knowledge of international body is the International ancient Olympics to the intellectuals of Ski Federation (FIS), located in the University of Tokyo. The importance . Some Nordic skiing centres of gymnastics in ancient Greece was are situated in other parts of the world, fully recognized in both Oswald and but often out of sight of the eye of the Ohno’s works. In this way, the ancient media. One of the values of the Olympics were introduced into early Olympic movement is friendship. “This modern Japan, after the feudal era. value refers to building a peaceful and Oswald’s book, which was entitled better world through solidarity, team Physical Education; or the Health-Laws spirit, joy and optimism in sport. The of Nature, also appeared in Japan. In Olympic Games inspire people to Oswald’s article and book and in Ohno’s overcome political, economic, gender, translation, ancient athletes are racial or religious differences and forge described as worthy of serious friendships in spite of those differences.” consideration and their achievements as To be able to fulfill this value the sport excellent and honourable. Meanwhile, has to be heterogeneous; otherwise Oswald also described Turnen (German there would be no differences to gymnastics) in the United States and overcome. The Nordic skiing world has Europe in modern times. However, been highly homogenous in the Ohno omitted these facts; consequently, perspective of racial, gender and Japanese intellectuals at that time did religious differences. One country that not understand this part of his work. strengthens the Olympic value of Nordic skiing in this perspective is Japan, a

country geographically far away from Europe. I want to present, out of a [OP10-1] historical approach and with theories of Japan Strengthens the Olympic Values social science, the position of Japan in of Nordic Skiing Nordic skiing and relate it to the Olympic value written above. Japan has Marit Nybelius over the years made the Nordic skiing world more heterogeneous in its

59 participation in the different disciplines. about these Olympic Winter Games By putting effort into the development preparations prior to World War II the of Ski jumping Japan has contributed to relevance to present-day sport science overcome the gender differences in the is made. sport. The effort was crowned in the The main method of this study is to world championships 2013, where the clarify the activities that the Ski team of Japan became historical by Association of Japan had implemented winning the first ever mix competition for skiers from 1928 to 1936 for the in ski jumping, a competition where a upcoming Games. team consists out of two men and two The results of this study are as follows: women. 1. In 1924 the Ski Association of Japan had invited three famous skiers from

Norway in order to learn high-level techniques and the ski lessons were [OP10-2] held in many places throughout Japan. 2. The Preparation of a Visionary Sapporo In 1931 the Ski Association of Japan held Olympics in 1940 one-week intensive training camps.3. In Hiroshi Arai 1932 the Ski Association of Japan created anew executive committee to Biwako Seikei Sport College enable new specialized training. The opening of the first Olympic Winter 4. Between 1933 and 1935 the Ski Games in Sapporo in Japan was decided Association of Japan held intensive by the I.O.C. in 1937, but the Games training camps. could not be held due to the war between Japan and China. Therefore it was called the Visionary Olympic Winter Games. In Japan, the major [OP10-3] preparations for holding the Games The “Winter Sports Weeks” Organized took place, but the overall research By the French Touring-Club: A Lever for relating to the comprehensive national Tourist Development elite athlete training preparations came from differing perspectives and was Pierre-Olaf Schut therefore unclear. ACP (EA 3350), Université Paris-Est Marne- The objective of this study is to focus on laVallée the skiers’ athletic ability and training At the end of the 19th century, winter methods that the Ski Association of sports made a discreet appearance in Japan had prepared for the Olympic France on account of mountaineers and Winter Games. By clarifying information

60 servicemen. However their success as a light of the subsidies which were leisure physical activity did not actually allocated and of the agreements start before the beginning of the 20th obtained through its lobbying with local century. The French Touring-Club, an companies and local authorities. association working for the To expound this theme, we shall lean development of tourism, gave it a essentially on the French Touring-Club decisive impulse through various archives and publications. Among the financial and material forms of support. latter, the Touring-Club Review takes a Motivated by a strong interest in the major place, but many pamphlets, tourist development of mountain areas, guides and booklets also testify of the the Club engaged into a long-term involvement and action of this famous action in favor of winter sports over the French association for the development whole French territory. Soon, its leaders of winter sports tourism. set upa very special event: the Winter Sports Week. This happening was planned to take place yearly in every French massif in turns, so that its [OP11-1] dynamics would launch the activity in Top-down or Bottom-up? Reviewing the given area and durably establish it. the Policy Process of the Baseball The aim of this paper is to analyze the Reinvigoration Plan Winter Sports Weeks organized just before the First World War and to show Yu-Ting Huang, Shu-Fan Yang, Ya-Wen their impact on the development of Huang, Tien-Chin Tan winter sports in France. We shall Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and demonstrate that these events Hospitality Management, National Taiwan crystallized the French Touring-Club Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan action and enabled it to have a more effective influence on the development The implementation of the Baseball of tourism than when offering Reinvigoration Plan (BRP) is an assistance to various projects all over unprecedented case, in which the France. In terms of sport, the impact of central government in Taiwan for the the Winter Sports Weeks manifested first time interfered with the affairs of through the creation of ski clubs and the sports federations. It is historically multiplication of competitions. In terms significant, for baseball was the only of tourism, new infrastructures were sport that was determined by the created to accommodate sportsmen government to be reinvigorated. and competitors. We have assessed the Purpose: Thus, this paper reviewed the effects of the Touring-Club action in the historical context of BRP and further

61 investigated the policy process of its bottom-up manners. Comparably, the enactment, hoping to understand the administrative level of BRP was lifted reason why the development of from a policy subsystem to the macro baseball could catch the central political institutions, within which the government’s attention. Two issues factors were both endogenous (top- were hence touched upon, regarding down) and exogenous (bottom-up) what the leading factors were in the forces. What’s worth noting is the fact composition of BRP and how the that the masses, especially fans and interaction was among the stakeholders. mass media, played an even more Methods: Semi-structured interviews influential role in BRP policy process. and documentary analysis were Accordingly, BRP marked a milestone in conducted as the approaches to data the history of baseball development in collection; while Punctuated- Taiwan, for it was a case showing the Equilibrium Theory (PET), proposed by cooperation between governmental and True, Jones & Baumgartner (2007), was non-governmental actors for the sake of adopted as the theoretical basis for the baseball development in Taiwan. analysis of BRP policy process. Findings: Moreover, BRP demonstrated a bottom- 1) Both endogenous and exogenous up policy process in the field of sport for forces catalyzed BRP policy process. The the first time, which in a way turned a former included the public pressure due new leaf for the avenue to sports policy to the gambling scandals and the change in Taiwan. Chinese Taipei baseball team’s losing Keywords: Baseball Reinvigoration Plan, twice to China. The latter included the Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory stress from the President. 2) Initially, the Sports Affairs Council was in charge of BRP; nevertheless, under pressure from the masses, the responsibility was [OP11-2] then taken over by Executive Yuan itself, Taiwan’s Successful Bidding to Host the transferring BRP from ministry-level to 2001 Baseball World Cup cabinet-level. 3) BRP policy process was influenced by several stakeholders, Shu-Erh Liao*, Kuang-Piao Hsu including governmental and non- Graduate Institute of Physical Education, governmental actors, and the voice of National Taiwan University of Physical the masses was found to be the key Education and Sport, Taichung City, Taiwan factor. Conclusion: BRP policy process was in accordance with the PET It is widely recognized that sport and concepts. PET suggests that policy politics have historically existed within process works in both top-down and some form of ‘interdependent’ or ‘symbiotic’ relationship, especially

62 mega-sports events. This study evidence that the dynamics of the examines the circumstances power-relations among actors in which surrounding Taiwan’s bidding for the the perspectives of them are evident for 2001 Baseball World Cup (BWC). It their behaviors such as utilizing illustrates the dynamics of the power different resources and access to struggles and relationships between achieve their preferred ends; finally, the different actors such as government case illustrates that various institutions, national sport governing organizations are more likely to pursue bodies [Chinese Taipei Baseball their projects by engaging in a complex Association, USA Baseball] and the network of competition or collaboration international sporting body and the BWC issue is thus characterized [International Baseball Federation] by a diversity of interests, preferences, within the governance system of values and, ideas, which the groups baseball. We approach our empirical seek to promote in such a context. study of the international baseball system informed by the above considerations to identify the strategic goals which the groups of actors have [OP11-3] pursued and resources available to The Genealogy of Taiwanese Baseball these actors given the historical context. (1951 ~ 2013) Meanwhile, we outline the principles which guide particular organizations to Po-Hsiu Lin address whose interests have been Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and served by the development of the Hospitality Management of National baseball system. A major attempt of this Taiwan Normal University study has been made to synthesize this Today’s news is tomorrow’s history. This evidence by reviewing documentary research applied textual analysis and materials, derived mainly from used the keywords, “baseball” combined government reports, proceedings of with three kinds of keywords that parliamentary debates, academic includes little league baseball team’s journals, media commentaries and so names (like “Maple Leaf”(紅葉), “Golden on. Three conclusions are drawn: first Dragons”(金龍) etc.), political crisis (like that this case identifies factors of “UN”( 聯 合 國 ) and “US severed ‘administration expenses’, geography of diplomatic relations to ROC “(中美斷 bidding, and IBAF’s concern of 交 )etc.) and national sport (“Kuo- equitable/global distribution of BWC are Chiu”(國球), “Kuo-gia-yun-don” (國家運 to make important contributions to 動), “Kuo-Chi”(國技), to search in the Taiwan’s success; second, it points to database of the Udn newspaper

63 group(聯合報系) from 16, Sep. 1951 to [OP12-1] 6th, 2013, to construct genealogy of The Process of Introducing Physical Taiwanese baseball and analyse how and Education in Early Modern Japan why it became “Kuo- Chiu” in last decade. The findings are as follow: When the -The Practice of Physical Education in Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD) Aichi Prefecture in the Early Meiji Era- “recovered” Taiwan in 1945, baseball Yumiko Fujisaka gradually changed its name from colonial Japanese Yakyu(野球) to the Chiang Kai- Nagano Prefectural College, Japan Shek regime’s Chinese Banchiu(棒球). Physical education in Japan was built on The anticipation of the coming legitimacy the base of the establishment of Taiso- crisis of “withdrawing from UN”(1971), denshujo (Normal School of Gymnastics) US severed diplomatic relations to ROC in 1878. However, even before the etc. led the CKS regime implemented the establishment of Taiso-denshujo, little league baseball to build up the gymnastics, playing and sports were national identity and loyalty, in the late researched , introducing Western ideas 1960s and 1970s. This political move at some schools. This study focuses on decided the destiny of Taiwanese the institutions and educators who baseball. The game became a carrier of researched physical education in the national identity. With the early stages of modernization. democratization process of Taiwan, the When the Japanese government built legacy of little league baseball was used the new modern education system in by ex-president Chen, Sui-bian who 1872, it divided the whole country into replaced the Chinese identity of baseball 7 districts. Then the government to Taiwanese identity and made baseball established one National Normal School become Kuo-Chiu. The convergence and in each district and started researching contingency of these historical processes primary education and teacher training. have led to the production of political In 1878, these National Normal Schools activism that applied the mass-mediated were closed, except the Tokyo Normal Taiwanese baseball’s performance as a school. After that the Prefectural cultural symbol differences. Baseball Normal Schools were entrusted with the became a necessary and favoured means training of teachers. of political mobilization on and off the The purpose of this paper is to clarify field, inside and outside of Taiwan. the process of introducing physical Keywords: genealogy, baseball, political education in Aichi Prefecture which was crisis, legitimacy, UN the center of the second educational district.

64 In Aichi Prefecture, the Prefectural teacher was not lower than the general Teacher Training School was established public. The two facts are mutually in 1873, and the National Normal School incompatible. The question now arises: and National Foreign Language School is it true that the social valuation of the were established in 1874. At these female gymnastics teacher for schools, the teachers gave lectures and secondary school was lower than that of other working women? What molded instructions about physical education. the opinion that “the social valuation of Gymnastics and playing with songs for female gymnastics teacher is lower than primary education were taught at the other teachers”? Normal Schools, and sports were This study makes a clear distinction instructed at the Foreign Language between the sense of female School. At the National Foreign gymnastics teacher’s social status and Language school there was a actual standing. In this study I weigh the playground and a teacher of physical historical record about alumnae of the education. We can see the different Tokyo women’s school of gymnastics roots of the introduction of physical and music with the higher educational education in primary education and institutions in the latter Meiji period. secondary education and these will be The result of the examination was that discussed in this paper. the percentage of a family with samurai antecedents (Shizoku) in alumnae of Tokyo women’s school of gymnastics and music is 0.21%-0.54%. These figures [OP12-2] are the same level that the universities one around 1900. These figures show Social Valuation of the Female clearly that a lot of female gymnastics Gymnastics Teacher in Japan during the teacher had higher family background. Latter Meiji Period However, the family background of female gymnastics teachers did not Yoshimi Kasuga display their social valuation. Daito Bunka University The family background and social status It is generally agreed that the social of female gymnastics teacher was valuation of the female gymnastics higher than the general public. However, teacher was lower than other working their social valuation was lower than women (except manual laborer) during other working women because of their the prewar period. In other words, negative image from women’s people put a low academic value on gymnastics which was not valued by physical education in those days. On the society at that time. other hand, it is clear that the school background of female gymnastics

65 [OP12-3] by teachers, unlike the natural play that was spontaneous for most children. Understanding of Gymnastics Classes Moreover, gymnastics was considered by Elementary School Teachers during boring because children would just the Kyoikurei (1879 Education Order) imitate their teachers. As a result, Period in Japan gymnastics was considered appropriate Hideaki Okubo only for higher graders. This meant that most teachers at the time did not have Department of Education, Kanazawa detailed information or knowledge University, Kanazawa, Japan about gymnastics, so that for most of The present study was performed to them gymnastics was probably clarify how elementary school teachers synonymous with “amusement time” in 1880 recognized and understood for children. gymnastics in the context of the first Thus, some new important historical national education system, through facts about gymnastics during the analysis of members’ opinions kyoikurei (1879 Education Order) period expressed in the Fugeshi and Suzu in Japan were clarified. county educational Congress proceedings. The findings were as follows: 1. Teachers at that time understood the [OP13-1] aims of gymnastics as maintaining the Re-Entering the Sporting World: physical strength and good physical China’s Sponsorship of the 1963 Games posture of children, and considered that of the New Emerging Forces every child had already achieved those aims in their daily life. Consequently, Russell Field one third of the thirty members agreed Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation to completely eliminate gymnastics Management, University of Manitoba, from the curriculum. Another one third Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada considered that gymnastics merely November 2013 marks the involved letting children enjoy amusing 50thanniversary of a contentious yet play, and therefore that “gymnastics” little remembered moment in the was inappropriate as a course name. history of decolonization and Thus, only one third of the members international sport, one in which the actually agreed to the original proposal People’s Republic of China (hereafter, for gymnastics. China) played a central role. Prior to the 2. Teachers seemed to consider that 2008 Beijing Olympics, China’s most gymnastics or exercises must be taught sustained support of an international

66 multi-sport event came in November impact on relations between China and 1963 when the Games of the New the USSR to reveal how the event was Emerging Forces (GANEFO) took place in implicated in Sino-Soviet struggles for Jakarta, Indonesia. Roughly 3000 influence in Southeast Asia. participants met in the Indonesian capital and competed in 20 sports plus cultural festivities. Athletes hailed primarily from recently decolonized [OP13-2] countries in Asia and Africa, labelled the Greenwashed? : A Critical Historical “new emerging forces” by Indonesian Perspective of Environmental President Sukarno. The largest team Initiatives in Sport and Physical Activity however was sent by China. 1 2 Accounts that consider the geo-political Dr. Jay Johnson , Dr. Jessica Chin implications of GANEFO focus on 1. Department of Kinesiology and China’s financial support as evidence of Recreation Management, University of GANEFO’s implication within Cold War Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada politics. The event was portrayed in the 2. Faculty of Kinesiology, San José State Western media as a “red” event University, San José, California, USA because of Sukarno’s ties to the Indonesian communist party and the Environmental problems have been Games’ sponsorship by China. Little evident throughout human history; attention however has been paid to however, their scale and severity grew expanding the Cold War binary. Using a dramatically with the shift to industrial variety of archival sources, this paper production (Frey 2001a). As these (re)considers the ways in which problems have worsened they have GANEFO reflected Sino-Soviet tensions garnered increased attention, which has in Southeast Asia and China’s efforts to surged in recent years, at the grassroots extend its geopolitical and social and corporate levels alike around the influence within the Third World. With world. In 2006, the documentary An China sympathetic in the early-1960s to Inconvenient Truth, narrated by Al Gore, nationalist governments in Southeast presented a compelling call to action for Asia as an attempt to build its sphere of individuals and governments to influence, and outside the Olympic recognize and address the pressing Movement over the recognition of issues of global climate change. The Taiwan, it saw a benefit to supporting ensuing attention to all things Sukarno’s efforts at hosting an environmental has been impressive, alternative international sporting event. prompting renowned Canadian This paper also examines GANEFO’s ecologist and activist David Suzuki to

67 hail 2007 as “the breakout year for the wildlife pushed out of their ecosystems environment” (Suzuki 2008). During the as recreational facilities, such as new ski year one could not turn the television trails (Schmidt, 2006), are being built. on or open a newspaper without Over the past year professional sports in encountering terms such as “green” and the United States have joined forces “eco-friendly”. It was a year that and partnered with environmental witnessed national leaders gathering in agencies to raise awareness of sporting Bali to chart a post-Kyoto map for events’ impact on the environment and mitigating global climate change; the to strategize and promote best green Intergovernmental Panel on Climate practices for sports teams and venues. Change and Al Gore received the Nobel One prominent example is the Peace Prize for their efforts against formation of the non-profit organization, global climate change. Increasingly the Green Sports Alliance, which is issues of the environment, particularly comprised of teams from six different global climate change, have become professional sports leagues, over 20 part of the public lexicon. sport venues, and a mix of partners One of the last bastions of eco- ranging from professional sports awareness is the world of sport and organizations to environmental physical activity. Over the past decade, agencies and foundations. In this paper scholars in various fields related to we critically examine the historical human movement have begun to focus framework most recent attempt of their attention on the environmental sport conglomerates to market their implications of hosting of large scale collective green efforts that have largely sporting events, such as the Olympics, escaped the scrutiny of the green gurus NASCAR races and tournaments. and academics. Consequently, a variety of interrelated issues have surfaced regarding the environmental impact of sporting and leisure practices (Dale, 2004; O'Neil, [OP13-3] Steele, McNair, Matusiak, & Madlem, Building “Coliseums”: Sport, 2006; Schmidt, 2006). Events such as Architecture, and the Business of “Eco-Challenge” style adventure races Entertainment and Survival of and marathons, for example, have been American Universities shown to be quite harmful to the environment, as athletes trample over Ying WuShanley pristine grounds and woods. Often, Department of Wellness and Sport Sciences without adequate impact studies, Millersville University of Pennsylvania delicate habitats are being stressed and USA

68 Intercollegiate sport in the United entertainment, and survival in the free States began in 1852 when Harvard and market of American higher education. Yale competed in a boat race emulating Theme: Sporting legacies in the Eastern an Ox-Cambridge tradition. and Western World Commercialism, however, set the elite American colleges apart from their English cousins who preferred ‘play for play’s own sake.’ Sponsored by a [OP14-1] railroad company, the 1852 event set The Modern Olympic Movement: The the tone for the future development of Genesis of Olympic Matters in China, college sport in America—‘play and 1895-1948 profit.’ By the end of the 19th century, Americanized college football had Zhan-Jie Liu, Dong-Guang Pei become a dominant scene in American Capital University of Physical Education and sport. In 1903, Harvard constructed the Sports first concrete stadium in America, igniting a stadium-building mania Introduction: The purpose of this paper throughout the country. In the past is to trace the formation and early century, ‘arms race’ for athletic development of the Chinese Olympic dominancy among universities has Movement, an evolution which is documented by historical incidents that resulted, among other things, the constructions of colossal football are hardly known in the Western world. stadiums and indoor basketball arenas In the process of presenting such with seating capacities beyond those of incidents the following will be examined: professional ranks. The modern-day (1) Origins of international sport in ‘Coliseums’ have not only become the China. most visible landmarks of American (2) Introduction to specific historical universities but also played a vital role figures of China, with particular in the survival of many institutions of reference to the Olympic Movement. higher learning. This paper examines (3) Introduction to China's participation several interrelated issues associated in the Olympic Games, 1932-1948. with the history of ‘Coliseum’ building in Methods: This study documented and American universities: the architectural collated the related literature and the evolution as an effort to beautify the research on the Chinese sports campus; the desire to win and the history .To this end, the narrative- advertising of the institution; and the descriptive method was used. relationship between sport, Results ： The Modern Olympic Movement and its associated spirit and

69 culture, the YMCA, and concepts of [OP14-2] western sport were decisive influences Knowledge of the Ancient Olympic on the formation of modern Chinese Games in Early Meiji Era Japan sport. Each was important in the transformation of traditional Chinese Koichi Wada sporting culture towards a development Faculty of Global and Inter-cultural Studies, which better fitted the needs of an Ferris University, Yokohama, Japan emerging Chinese state in the 20th century. Drastic social changes required When Kano Jigoro (1860-1938) became a new culture and new sport forms and the first International Olympic values. Western sport and the Olympic Committee member in Asia in 1909, Movement met this requirement. In the most Japanese people did not know eyes of progressive Chinese, the value about the Olympic Games (Kano, 1938). and character of each had incomparable In addition, even the members who advantages over the old traditional assembled for the meeting in July 1911 sport system. to found the Japan Amateur Athletic Discussion: Even though the period of Association (JAAA) as a National the l930s and l940s found China Olympic Committee had little engaging in civil strife, as well as the knowledge about the Games (JAAA, eight year long war of resistance against 1936). This study attempts to show how Japanese invasion and occupation, knowledge about the Ancient Olympic China found cause and means to hold Games was introduced during the early seven national games, to organize and Meiji era of Japan to gain a more participate in ten Far East Games, and accurate understanding of the situation observed and participated in four in Japan during the prehistory of Pierre Olympic Games. As well, regional and de Coubertin's Olympic movement. The university games were held from time results of an examination of historical to time. In the end, then, one might materials published from 1868 to 1896 conclude that if it were not for Chinese make it evident that there were two involvement in the Modern Olympic sources of information in Japan during Movement, the road to modern that period. The first source was more transformation would have been long than 67 books on ancient Greek history delayed? in which the Ancient Olympic Games were treated. Some of these books Keywords: China，Olympics，Chinese edited on the basis of diverse foreign Sports books on ancient Greek history describe not only an outline of the four athletic

competitions but also significance of the

70 Olympic Games in ancient Greece. movement. These problems alienate the These descriptions influenced two essence of the Olympic Movement. articles referring to the Ancient Olympic Aim: By finding a thought/theory which Games in the Yomiuri Shimbun can both adhere to the Olympic spirits (newspaper, 15 November, 1887) and and values, we try to solve these Shonen Sekai (Boy's World Magazine, problems. April 1895). The second source was Methods: This research mainly adopts three books on physical education the documentation method, logical theory written in 1883, 1887 and 1896 analysis method, and in-depth by physical educators who graduated interviews method. from the National Institute of Results: Harmony is the relative stability Gymnastics, founded in 1878. Their of the movement of Yin and Yang. descriptions concerning the games are Harmony, as the core of Chinese culture copies of lectures on history of has abundant connotations, such as gymnastics given by an American keeping balance, people-oriented, physician at the Institute. Traditionally, harmony of man with nature, combining it has been thought that Japan was a inside with outside, which are beneficial country that did not know about the to the Olympic movement. Olympic Games. However, there was The integration of harmony and knowledge available concerning the disharmony in the harmony theory can ancient games conveyed through books resolve the over-politics and over- on ancient Greek history and physical commerce contradiction that threaten education theory in the latter part of the independence and educational the 19th century. functions of the Olympic Movement. Both politics and commerce are main factors in the development of the [OP14-3] Olympic Movement. However, it’s opposing the principle of non- Chinese Harmony Thought and Olympic commerciality and non-politic Crises established by Coubertin, and threaten Mao-Fu Gong the independence and educational functions of the Olympic Movement. Wushu Department, Chengdu Sport How to find the balance between University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China commerce, politics, and the Olympic Background: There are many crises, principles is a significant question. such as over-commercialization, politics, The renewing of going round and professional trends, and doping issues, beginning again of the harmony theory which have appeared in Olympic

71 provides a theoretical basis for the and should set a moderate innovation of the Olympic Movement. development target. Only by The theoretical research is always maintaining the stability of the system, behind the practice. When facing the improving the internal and the external problems that the Olympic Movement harmony, can we benefit from the entails, particularly the conflicts Olympic Movement in the long term. between ideal and practice, the Conclusion: Chinese harmony theory research lacks for interpretation and provides four inspirations to ease the response. The theory is also beneficial in problem of Olympic Movement. By building a good relationship between working with them, we hope the the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Movement will become more environment. harmonious in the future. The people-oriented thought sets an optimization goal for the Olympic movement. The essence of that is to adhere to the core value, optimize the [OP15-1] structure of the Olympic system, and The Sustainability of the Youth Olympic improve the relationship with the Games environment and the development of 1* 2 the society. Lawrence W. Judge , Jeffrey C. Petersen , 3 4 1 The combining inside with outside of Karin Surber , David Bellar , Don Lee the harmony theory provides the 1. School of Physical Education, Sport, & method for maintaining the stability of Exercise Science, Ball State University, the Olympic system by improving the Muncie, IN, USA internal and the external harmony. 2. School of Health, Human Performance & Different participants are the units Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, which construct and improve the USA development of the Olympic Movement. 3. CISCO Systems, Indianapolis, IN, USA In combining the principles of benefit 4. School of Kinesiology, University of and obligation to maintain the stability Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA and the development of the system, all In an effort to reignite interest in the elements develop according to their Olympic sports within the current own function. So this principle defines generation of adolescents, the the positions and duties for different International Olympic Committee (IOC) participants. They should know that the President Jacques Rogge, with the development and the interests are in approval of the General Assembly, led the same chain; one should not development of the Youth Olympic disregard others when getting benefits,

72 Games (YOG). The first versions of the examined the YOG from a marketing YOG were held in Singapore (summer perspective, this research is the first to 2010) and Innsbruck (winter 2012). A include comparisons to other more very low general interest in and established sport festivals. Such a awareness of the YOG has been comparison allows for a better demonstrated amongst various understanding of the brand position of audiences including US sport coaches the YOG which currently lags and administrators, Greek athletes and significantly behind the WXG and LOG. coaches, and an international sample of professionals in the field of physical education and sport. As the YOG are still in their infancy, the event’s future is [OP15-2] unclear. In many aspects, the situation Planning and Implementation of the would be akin to asking, in the early Olympic Education Program in China 1900s, whether the Modern Olympic Games would survive. Given the Dong-Guang Pei, Xiao-Ping Wang significant potential implications of the Capital Institute of Physical Education and YOG on youth and the international Sport, Beijing China sport community, the purpose of this Statement of the Problem ： The study was to explore the YOG’s International Olympic Committee sustainability potential (taken here as requests that the Olympic host city and survival and success). This study host country should spread Olympic examined and compared event knowledge and carry forward the awareness and consumption intention Olympic spirit. The purpose of this for three international sport festivals study is to investigate the situation the 2012 Winter Youth Olympic Games concerning planning and (YOG), the 2012 Winter X Games (WXG), implementation of the Olympic and the 2012 London Olympic Games education program. Furthermore, other (LOG) within a sample of Millennial questions pertinent to the study will be youth. Stakeholder, network, and explored. They are: institutional theoretical perspectives frame the study. ANOVA analyses What is the genesis of Olympic revealed that significant differences education in China? existed in the levels of personal Why China needs Olympic education? awareness (F (2, 1878) = 763.4, p < .001) How does Olympic education affect with the YOG (M = 1.88) lower than Chinese ideas of education? both the WXG (M = 4.31) and the LOG What is the specialty of Beijing Olympic (M = 5.60). While prior studies have education?

73 What will Beijing Olympic education Introduction: Olympics attempted to contribute to the world Olympic develop the Olympic concept of beauty movement? as a way to promote moral education. Research Method ： This study The paper explores the Greek beliefs on documented and collated events the educational value of beauty, and surrounding Beijing’s Olympic education examines Coubertin’s Olympic aesthetic program. To this end, the narrative- idea of the purpose base on the descriptive method was used. In Hellenist beauty and love as describing events, an attempt was made contributing to moral progress and to detect and explain the value of building a humanistic society through Olympic education value for Chinese people perceiving the beauty of students. Historical research involved Olympics. the collection and analysis of the data Methods: This study documented and and subsequent presentation of the collated Coubertin’s related literature facts. and the research on the ancient Result：To leave a lasting education Olympic Games. To this end, the legacy of Beijing Olympics, the genesis narrative-descriptive method was used. of Olympic education in China, why Results: Courbertin’s Olympic aesthetic does China need Olympic, how does was supported by a handful of Olympic education affect Chinese idea philosophers at the time. As a of education, what is the specialty of philosopher puts it: “the discourse of Beijing Olympic education, what will Olympism contained an aesthetic Beijing Olympic education contribute to imperative that emphasized the the world Olympic movement, will be observable cultural performance that discussed and examined in the paper. engulfed sport rather than only Keywords: Olympic education; legacy of experience of actively participating”. Beijing Olympic; specialty of Beijing The contribution of beauty in Olympism Olympic education tries to turn abstract, aesthetic ideas into the visible and perceivable beauty as a tool of moral education. The concept of Olympic beauty is aiming to [OP15-3] cultivate people’s sense of appreciation of beauty and realize the function of The Study on the Olympic Educational Olympic moral education. Value of Beauty Discussion: The perception of aesthetics Wei-Hong Wang, Dong-Guang Pei will contribute to forming moral value in Capita University of Physical Education and the author’s view. The Olympics Sports, Beijing, P.R. China attempted to develop the Olympic

74 concept of beauty as a way for moral International migration flows of sport education when European philosophers laborers are conditioned by the broader were keen on talking about the abstract dynamics of globalization. However, the idea of morality in late 19th century. The case of sport migration from Taiwan to concept of Olympic beauty aimed to China not only is conditioned by the cultivate people’s sense of appreciation globalizing process but involves a long of beauty and realize the function of term political rivalry between these two Olympic moral education. The Olympic countries. From changing perceptions of moral education opened a window for the enemy to a partner, as they opened France, which was suffering a moral up to each other in the recent two decline at the time. Courbertin’s decades, more and more Taiwanese Olympic aesthetic was supported by a male basketball players migrated to handful of philosophers at the time. As China in search of better career a philosopher puts it: “the discourse of opportunities. This article focuses Olympism contained an aesthetic particularly on the structural conditions imperative that emphasized the from 1999 to 2012 that influenced and observable cultural performance that induced the athletes to migrate across engulfed sport rather than only the Strait to see how sport migration experience of actively participating”. intermingles with broader economic The contribution of beauty in Olympism and political factors. Documents and tries to turn an abstract, aesthetic idea literature reviews, and interviews with into the visible and perceivable beauty ten Taiwanese basketball migrants on as a tool of moral education. the theme of reasons, difficulties and Keywords: Olympics; Aesthetics; facilitators of their migration were Coubertin conducted. As a result, two levels of structures were explored. First, we examined the increasingly active economic communication across the [P16-1] Strait in terms of the quantity of Taiwanese investment in China after The Basketball Athletes’ Migration 1990s. We found that the unshackling of from Taiwan to China Taiwanese investment in China played Wan-Ching Cho*, Chi-Fu Cheng, the role of initiating human migration Tien-Chin Tan including sport labor migration. Second, we scrutinized the border control Department of Physical Education, National policies of both sides. We found that as Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan China received highly skilled migrants from Taiwan with open arms and

75 consistency, the number of Taiwan Principal of the Cambridge Training basketball migrants seamlessly College for Women (C.T.C. , now Hughes fluctuated with the intensity of Hall in Cambridge University) visited prohibition set by the Taiwan Japan to undertake educational government and CTBA* 1 and with the research in 1901-02 she praised the fact that the CBA*2 dominated the Japanese way of progress that mixed SBL*3 by an overwhelming edge in the best of Western values with terms of market scale, salary and traditional Japanese culture. Her celebrity, which has perpetuated the influence on Japanese Education was whole basketball migration. Other than obvious. She visited higher education migrants’ personal choices, this article schools and institutes located in local specifically identifies with the areas such as Nagoya, Kanazawa, Kyoto, significance of economic and political Kobe, Tottori, Chiba, Fukushima, Sendai, conditions in both donor and receiving Hokkaido, Matsumoto, Wakayama, countries that influence the sport labor Himeji, Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, migration. Fukuoka, Kumamoto, Kagoshima, Keywords: basketball, migration, Nagasaki, Saga and Kokura, as well as Taiwan, China, sport labours universities and educational societies in Tokyo, covering the whole of Japan. *1.Chinese Taipei Basketball Association Some of her lectures were translated *2.Chinese Taipei Basketball Association and published in Japanese educational *3. Super Basketball League (Taiwan) journals as articles entitled “Exercise for Women”, “Modern British Ladies”, “On the Methods of Gymnastics” and “The Ethical Ideal of the English Public School [OP16-2] Boy”. She politely spoke to Japanese audiences about the significance of British Cultural Influence and Japan: women’s role in a new age through Elizabeth Phillips Hughes’s Visit for outdoor games (climbing, rowing), Educational Research In 1901-02. organized games (, hockey and Keiko Ikeda basketball) and gymnastics (Swedish Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, exercises) which encouraged women’s Yamaguchi-city, Yamaguchi, Japan proper characters, self-restraint, cooperation and healthy bodies. She There was a strong British cultural also mentioned women’s scientific role influence, especially following the 1902 as a wise mother who was responsible Japanese-Anglo Alliance against Russia. for the discipline of nursery children: “It When Elizabeth Phillips Hughes, the first is more important for women to

76 administrate politics at home than for Caught between the domestic and the country”. In the same article, she international controversies caused by concluded that her ideas would bring New Zealand’s sporting contacts with something influential not only to ladies South Africa on one hand, and the in Western countries such as the USA, nation’s evolving relationship with the but in Eastern counties, specifically People’s Republic of China on the other, Japan. Thus British influence became sporting relations with Taiwan came to effective as an imported ideal for assume an extremely significant women. challenge for New Zealand policy makers. Thus, although the relationship between the two countries may have been largely peripheral in a sporting sense (given that [OP16-3] sporting contacts were relatively Sport and the Foreign Policy of Small sporadic and generally did not occur in Nations: New Zealand-Taiwan Sporting New Zealand’s most popular sports), it Relations assumed a much larger political significance. The paper seeks to analyse Dr Charles Little this relationship and, in so doing, to Senior Lecturer place the relationship between sport and Tourism, Sport and the Creative Industries New Zealand’s foreign policy into a London Metropolitan Business School broader context that has hitherto been London Metropolitan University recognised. London N7 8DB

Throughout the Cold War and beyond, international sporting contacts have [OP17-1] been the site of intense diplomatic challenges and negotiations. Besides the No Body Is Perfect – Discourse of the macro-politics of the global superpowers, Production of the Sportive Lean Body and their respective ideological blocs, in Europe Around 1900 sporting contacts also became major Rudolf Müllner issues in the foreign policy of many small nations. This paper analyses the Centre of Sport Science and University relationship between sport, diplomacy Sports, Vienna and the foreign policy of small states The ideals of the sportive lean body are through an analysis of New Zealand’s predominant in the public discourses and sporting relations with Taiwan (the images of the presence. They have an Republic of China) from the 1960s enormous normative power. There exists through to the 1980s. a market of different techniques to

77 enhance the body. Many people regard sport popularization only began during their own body as insufficient. This study the decade of 1920’s. In the Portuguese interprets physicalness and its meanings case, for example, it was during this as products of socio-cultural discourses. period that thousands of people went to Therefore these meanings change during the football stadiums, to the roads to see history. From the Renaissance to the cycling heroes or to see boxing matches. This was much the same all over Spain. middle of the 19th century for instance, During this decade, national football the ideal images of the body in European teams became very popular and countries were predominantly corpulent. successful, and also football With the rise of the bourgeoisie around championships and Olympic heroes. 1900 the lean body came into popularity. Sports newspapers and sports columns At the same period the idea came up in the reference newspapers, as well as that the modern subject itself is the early radio, played a decisive role in predominantly responsible for the this process. In Portugal 168 sports fabrication of its own lean and healthy newspapers were published between body. The study will explain in what 1921 and 1930. In 1924, for example, 40 socio-cultural contexts the production of sports newspapers were in activity, one the modern body discourses were of them the first daily sports newspaper, established. It is an interesting fact that Diário de Sport (Sport Daily), and also a modern sport became popular in the newspaper for young children (Os same time. Sportsinhos). Football, cycling, boxing, and shooting were very popular, Keyword: 1 – Body – Culture – History especially football, with attendance figures of 25.000 people during the

games of the National Team or between the most important clubs in Portugal. In [OP17-2] Spain exactly the same happened with The Popularization of Sport in Portugal sports in the national and regional press; and Spain during the 1920’S in fact, it could be said that there was a “sports press explosion”, where football 1 2 Francisco Pinheiro , Sergio Diosdado and boxing were the most popular sports 1. CEIS20, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, at that time. It is also interesting to note Portugal how different regions all over Spain kept 2. CAFD, Catholic University of Valencia, their traditional and native sports Valencia, Spain despite the quick appearance of the future king of sports: football. The history of sport in the Iberian Present and clarifying these processes of Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) became sports popularization during the 1920’s, relevant during the second half of the XIX century. However, the process of

78 in Portugal and Spain, is the main goal of The act of collecting folk dances started at this communication. the end of the19th century and AnniCollan, a young gymnastics teacher, played a significant part in this. In this paper I discuss her role in collecting and [OP17-3] popularizing folk dances as well as how she “Invention of Tradition”: Folk Dances applied them in women's gymnastics. Of as a Part of Nation-Building in Finland interest is how the dances were modified for the use in the building of national Leena Laine identity, among women gymnasts and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, particularly in educating and civilizing the University of Jyväskylä, Finland rural youth. My aim is to show how even The modern nation states emerged within the exploration of folk dances was part of international discourses, where also the “inventing tradition”, projects that aimed idea of 'nation' and national identities at defining the ‘Finnish folk’- that would lie were formed, culturally, ethnically and at the core of the Finnish nation. politically. This way the project of nation The research is based on archival materials, building was at the same time inclusive personal notes, quid books and literature. and exclusive. Finland was an autonomous’ Grand Duchy’ of the Russian Empire between1809-1917, with two major language groups. Swedish was the language of the government and education, as well as that of the upper and middle classes and the coastal rural population. Finnish was the language of the majority, inland rural people. The “Fennoman movement”, that began in the 1840s, was a cultural and political movement that aimed at making Finnish the official language of the state whilst inventing the cultural roots of the ‘Finnish folk’. This was done mainly by extensively collecting, recording and publishing oral folk traditions; tales, songs, poetry, and popular forms of physical culture, to name a few.

79 Oral Presentation (CH)

[COP 1-1] In the second stage, the attention on the league has increased since several The Review of the History of CBA CBA players were drafted to NBA. The League Business Operation enthusiasm of business operation of Ming Fang CBA clubs was very high, among which the best examples were Guangdong Sports college, Yangzhou University tigers. The problem of this stage was N.48 Wenhui Road, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu that the operating scale was still too Province small and it still lost money. CBA league refers to the professional There are many advantages in the third league of Chinese Basketball Association stage. The Swiss company Infront has in mainland China. The League business enough resources of international operation has experienced three stages business, so it has made incomes since 1995: The first stage is the overall significantly higher and attracted big Packaging operation by IMG. The companies such as Lining and Anta. The second stage is the operation by CBA league has also maintained good company. The third stage is the relationships with the media. strategic cooperation with Infront, a Meanwhile, the league has got more Switzerland company. money from television broadcasting. The competition system is also more The followings are the conclusions reasonable and products are more drawn from the research using popular in the market. Each club literature reviews, expert interviews markedly enhances its service and logical analysis: awareness for sponsors, so complaints Advantages of the first stage are: the from sponsors have been significantly league had a good start and attracted reduced in the past 3 years. Deficiencies many social resources; IMG found of this stage are as follows: localization stable sponsors for the league; and of Infront is not enough; some business operated smoothly. On the marketing measures are inconsistent other hand, the insufficiencies of this with China's present situation; too much stage are: the social influence of CBA government interference and weak league was not strong enough; it was input-output ratio of clubs are not also hard to attract famous sponsors. In conducive to the sustainable addition, the tobacco sponsors had a development of the league. negative impact on the image of the League.

80 [COP1-2] receiver encountered, acquainted and cherished with each other; secondly, The Eighteen Japanese Letters from the standpoint analysis of the talking- Outside the Sports Ground: The points in the letters, including body, Historiette and Thoughtfulness mental, family, and sporting affairs; between Taiwan Champion and World third, the documental value of the Champion letters being as a reconstruction of Chin-Fang Kuo1*, Wen-Xiong Hu2, historical scene to appreciate the Hsien-Wei Kuo3 writer’s rejoicing and sorrowing feelings and thoughts, and also the centuries-old 1. Department of Leisure & Recreation thoughtfulness; finally, the conclusion Studies, Aletheia University, Tainan City, of the researchers’ introspection and Taiwan expectation. 2. Office of Physical Education, Tamkang Keywords: Track-and-field, letters, おだ University, New Taipei City, Taiwan みきお(Oda,Mikio),廖漢水(Liao, Han- 3. Graduate Institute of Physical Education, Shui) National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan Letters, as a popularly practicality and multi-literariness, are valuable historical [COP1-3] documents. They expose not only the Research about the Period of the writer’s culture appreciation, spirit “Taoist Inner Alchemy” character and social status but also the 1 2 functions of comforting soul, Dr. Jui-Lang, Chiu , Tzu-Lsuan Chiu enlightening thought and sublimating 1. Institute of Physical Education of friendship. This study aims to explore Yangzhou University the content meaning and historical 2. The School of economics-Xiamen value of the eighteen letters in Japanese University corresponded by おだみきお(織田幹雄 The “Taoist inner alchemy” is the main Oda, Mikio, 1905-1998) and 廖漢水 stream of Static Qigong from which (Liao, Han-Shui, 1917-2002) during the evolved Qigong, Traditional Chinese period of 1953-1992. Therefore, these Medicine and Wushu. From a letters were viewed as a text to be documentary analytic angle examining arranged, performed and analyzed. The the fundamental sequence of Qigong results are as follows: first, the we can divide history into different description of the writing years’ periods and summarize the mechanisms background and the track-and-field of health maintenance through modern journey of that both sender and eyes：

81 1. The period of the “Taoist inner inner alchemy of Nanzong” by writing alchemy”: Wuzhenpian in the Northern Song (1)The foundation period: Wei Boyang dynasty. This kind of Taoist inner wrote Zhouyi Cantongqi by combining alchemy is Static Qigong that leads the the theory of alchemy，the book of energy through Governor and change and Huanglao philosophy after Conception Vessels by focusing your he had read Ionghujing in the Eastern mind on Elixir Fields. The premise of Qi Han dynasty. The influence of Zhouyi runs around the Large and Small Circle Cantongqito “Taoist inner alchemy” is of Vital Energy such that the people similar to Huangdi Neijing to Traditional have abundant Jin in their Elixir Fields, Chinese Medicine. He didn’t think that not forced thinking. This is the theory of energy through main and collateral Huandan which completes the theory of channels came from Governor and the Taoist inner alchemy. With the Conception Vessels and he didn’t point posterities’ effort, Cultivation of soul the position of Elixir Fields either. The and body, training Energy into Soul and name of “Internal Dan” is from training Soul into Iustrationis the key to Lingjianzi written by Xu Xun in the Jin practice the Taoist inner alchemy by dynasty. The position of upper, middle transmission. and lower Elixir Fields are recorded in 2. Significance about Taoist inner Baopuzi written by Ge Hong in the alchemy: Eastern Jin dynasty. Dr. Joseph Needham, the British (2)The maturation period: Lingbaobifa Sinologist thinks that ancient China is a wittern by Zhong Liquan and his student country good at invention. named Lu Yan in the Tang dynasty and Unquestionably, the Taoist inner Zhonglu Chuandaoji written by Shi alchemy is one of those great inventions. Jianwu established the base of the Posterity has found the key of keeping “Taoist inner alchemy” with core health and the meaning of soul and contents of Leading in peace, body. The three steps of practice shown omphaloskepsis and leading the energy by the alchemy is valuable for the through Governor and Conception advance of science in the method of Vessels. That marks a forming of the black box. The Taoist inner alchemy system of the “Taoist inner alchemy”, a explains the living system of human kind of Qigong that Dynamic Qigong and body with the theory of “Jing Qi and Static Qigong are both included but the Shen”, not just the angle of main task is to practice Static Qigong . material .This is the difference between (3)The complete period: After traditional Chinese medical science and combining Coition Medicine and Pigu modern medicine. It contributes to the Qigong, Zhang Boduan invested “Taoist

82 theory of keeping health that modern From what has been discussed above, medicine cannot compare. there is a nice interactive relationship Keywords: history and period; Qigong; between the geopolitical order change Taoist inner alchemy; Cultivation of soul of Northeast Asia and the spread of and body; training Sex hormones into sports culture. Changes of the Energy; training Energy into Soul; geopolitical order affected the training Soul into Iustration development of state physical culture dissemination, dissemination and exchange of sports culture has also affected the geopolitical relationship [COP1-4] between countries in a certain extent. As the world focus area of Northeast Spread of Sports Culture along with the Asia, the advantageous way sports Geopolitical Order Change in Northeast culture value system remodel the Asian Area traditional and promote the Northeast Yong Liu Asia cultural identity, eases regional Department of Sports, Nanjing University of political conflicts. Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

This paper will search the geographical relationship of Northeast Asian area [COP2-1] from Qin and Han Dynasty to modern The Confusion and Scrutiny of the times by means of various documents. National Traditional Sports Culture Developmental features of sports Heritage under the Background of culture in Northeast Asian countries is Market Economy explored from the perspective of cultural identity in the process of Xian-Guo Li, Dong-Hua Liu, Li-Juan Mao, geopolitical order change. The Qi-Lin Sun geopolitical order changes of Northeast Asia provided the spread of Chinese Shanghai Jiaotong University sports with two methods, such as Under the condition of the current spread via immigrant, and spread via market economy, national traditional superstructure. In the process of a sports culture heritage inevitably geopolitical order change, Chinese produce certain confusion. On the one sports culture developed the following hand, many endangered national three features like the one-way output, traditional sports cultures are reborn the quick development of military because the local government attaches sports, and the destruction from great importance to it and calls on the western sports culture.

83 people of insight to get deep excavation [COP2-2] to it. On the other hand, lots of the Olympic Movement and Development national traditional sports culture with of Chinese Women Sports the traditional ethnic and the agriculture and animal husbandry Qian-Ping Yang characteristics is difficult to keep up Tian Jin University of Sport, Tian Jin, China with the pace of the current development the under the impact of Background: “Husband’s Authority” was the tide of market economy. We should one of the important symbols of admit that market economy is a double- traditional Chinese culture. Based on it, edged sword. It brings huge motivation the male privileged social culture type, for the development of national and such ethic codes depressing the traditional sports culture. While at the women as wifely submission and virtues, same time, in order to meet the and male superiority were established. requirement of marketization, it Women at that time had no ego at all. inevitably produces some side effects. They had been on the social verge and Moving to the theatrical effect, going to discriminated for long. the consumer market and becoming a Since the founding of the People’s cultural consumer have become a trend Republic of China in 1949, the in the development of national government has worked on legal traditional sports culture. We should protection of women’s rights to find a balance point of cultural heritage participate in sports. China has resumed before the commercial interests and its legal rights in the UN in 1979. In 1984, utility, and between the traditional and the Chinese national team made its modern etiquette elements. We need to debut in the Olympic Games. Since then, keep continuity and the solemn of Chinese women have started their national traditional sports etiquette, wonderful performance on the Olympic and promote the national traditional stage. sports among people, so as to make the Aim: The study aims to explore Olympic national traditional sports culture movement’s facilitation over the withstand under the impact of realization of Chinese women’s right in commercial tide, which can ensure the sport section. It has changed Chinese inheritance of national traditional sports women’s social role and traditional fate culture, and its rebirth in the social as an attachment to the male. environment of market economy. Methods: Documentary method is used to find out Chinese women’s participation in sports. Data statistics were employed to compare Chinese

84 women athletes’ performance in the Shooting Willow in the Yuan Dynasty Olympic Games. held in the period of the Dragon-Boat Results: The number of Chinese women Festival, accompanying the Riding, the participants has seen increases year by Polo or the Chuiwan(捶丸), became a year. Participants in the 2008 Olympic festival game. It was a willow branch Games are 4.66 times more than at the that was chosen as the target in this 23rd Olympic Games in 1984. Chinese archery game, the arrow was called women athletes have made outstanding Hengcujian （横簇箭）. It was very performances in the Olympic Games. special and consisted of a shaft with a From the 23rd to 29th Olympic Games, flat arrowhead attached to the front they have won 95 golden medals in all, end, without fletching at the other. The accounting for 58% of China’s total gold rule of the game was quite simple: a medals. They have outgrown the male marked willow branch was inserted into Chinese athletes’. the ground, and the winner was the Chinese women athletes have fully person who could hit the target. The displayed their personal values in the game was also anarchery contest. The Olympic Movement. Gao Min and Fu players usually were young military Mingxia have continuously won the gold officers. According to the records, the medals in diving. Deng Yaping, the game emerged in the Northern Zhou Chinese peddler has also consecutively Dynasty(557~581) and went through won four gold medals in the singles and the Song(960~1279)-Liao(907~1125)- doubles. Chinese women have made Jin(1115~1234)-Yuan(1206~1368)- outstanding performances in the Ming(1368~1644)-Qing Dynasty Olympic Movement, fully displayed the （ 1616~1911 ） , which had a long gender advantages of women and history. It disappeared at the beginning changed the unfair social consciousness of the 20th Century because of the and discriminations against women. emergence of new weapons, such as guns and cannons. Some researchers have argued that the game was related to some customs of ancient northern [COP3-1] nationalities such as Qidan（Khitan,Nü zhen （ Nuchen ） and Mongolia. The Shooting Willow in the Yuan Dynasty game in the Yuan Dynasty was usually Meng-Xia Xin ignored because of the short-lived dynasty. But it was described in poems Department of Communication, Wuhan and Yuan Songs to highlight people’s Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan, courage and wisdom. Hubei, P. R. China

85 The present author regards the game in are the 14th biggest minority of China. the Yuan Dynasty as unique: (1) the Each year Chinese Korean holds game was to some degree a kind of wrestling competitions on the Dragon election and training method in the Boat Festival (on May 5th in lunar army; (2) the game was limited because calendar) and the Mid-autumn Festival of the ban of weapons in the Yuan (on August 15th in lunar calendar). Dynasty; (3) the game was Korean wrestling is a unique traditional misunderstood in some Yuan Songs. sport invented by Korean people and its This paper studies the game on the wrestling rules experienced three big basis of historical documents and changes in history. The study in this ancient poetries, including ancient paper aims to clarify the development Korea documents. The main aim is to context of the Korean wrestling rules review the history of Shooting Willow in and identify its specific changes, then the Yuan Dynasty and to figure out why the changing reasons will be analysed to it changed later. find out the influencing factors. Finally an advice on future development of the rules will be given. Fieldwork was done by the author at [COP3-2] Yanji City, the capital of China's Yanbian Research on the Development of Korean Autonomous Prefecture, to Chinese Korean Ssireum Rules collect information on Chinese Korean wrestling in the following ways: face-to- Chang-Ming Yang 1, Shu-Ying Yuan2, face talks, taking photos and videos, 3 Sheng-Lung Lin searching the literature data and 1. Graduate School of Sport Sciences, making historic investigation, etc. This Waseda University study is based on a historical and 2. Graduate School of Sport Sciences, anthropological perspective to read and Waseda University analyse the literature data and relevant 3. Graduate School of Sport Sciences, information in regard to the rules of Waseda University Chinese Korean wrestling. China is a country that consists of one majority and 55 minority groups. Among the minorities the Chinese Koreans are [COP3-3] an important group. According to China’s Sixth National Population A Research on Heritage and Census in 2010 the Chinese Koreans had Development of Chinese Century-Old a population of 1,830,929 in total, and Famous Campus Sports Culture

86 Qi-Lin Sun, Li-Juan Mao, Xian-Guo Li, profound connotation of the extension Dong-Hua Liu, Wei-Wei Chen of a unique cultural phenomenon, and Department of Physical Education, Shanghai has also great research significance. Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, In view of the research objectives, these China universities have a long history, and In today's world domestic and they also have deep cultural heritage, a international competition is becoming wide variety of sports activities have fierce, and the focus of competition is been created in the history. These the competition of science and activities are the results of the school technology, and one between the teachers’ and students’ teaching talents. But the competition is not only practice and exploration in the past between the excellent talents with century, which is the precious wealth of professional knowledge, but also the the school culture. Inheriting and one of the humanistic connotations, the carrying forward the excellent sports improvement of personalities, and the culture is our urgent duty. active spirit of innovation and selfless This study uses the methods of dedication. In a word, the competition is documentary, interviews, on-the-spot one of comprehensive qualities. So, the investigation, and the method of competition in the world today is the comparison. In view of the historical cultural competition, the competition of and cultural background of century-old humanistic qualities; thus requiring the universities’ sports culture inheritance, universities to pay more and more from the headmasters’ sports education attention on the integrated thought, the iconic buildings, sports development of students in talent teams, sports competitions, sports clubs, cultivation. Sports culture, which has extracurricular sports activities, sports functions of entertainment, fitness, slogans, traditional sports, etc. and education, regulation, and summarizing and comparing the encouragement provides great driving historical tradition of the century-old force for students' sense of competition, university sports culture, the results the unique spirit and personality, self- have proved that: the development of esteem and self-confidence, and sports culture is in the large-scale cultivates students' comprehensive system of society. It is not an isolated quality. Therefore, as a subculture of existence, the development of sports culture and university culture, university sports culture deeply reflects university sports culture is a rich and the social cultural and historical background at that time. The sports

87 material culture, as the carrier of system culture and spirit culture, is the foundation of university sports culture construction. Its construction reflects the university sports culture development process. Sports system construction is the guarantee of university sports culture construction. The traditional projects and traditional systems have strong vitality, which is traditional while keeping pace with the times. The sports spirit culture is the key of university sports culture construction. Its heritage and development ultimately come down to the generation of a spiritual level, influencing the development of university sports culture in modern times.

88 Poster Exhibition

[P-1] types of the program, it is valuable for physical fitness, teamwork, the balance Research on the Value of the Youth of online games and real life activity, Football Program in China’s Schools the outreach of football knowledge and Li Xue, Jin-Jing Cui, Gui-Qin Wang, skills, the training of talented people, and the promotion of Quality Education Wei-Hua Teng and culture building. China Sport Culture Development Center Beijing, China The backwardness of China’s football and worrisome physical condition of the [P-2] young people in China have caused A Study on Cultural Changes of Tianjin serious concerns, and necessitated Modern Sports: 1840 to 1949 immediate and effective remedies. Jointly initiated by the Ministry of Ya-Jie Wang Education and the General Tian Jin University of Sport, Tian Jin, China Administration of Sport in 2009, the Tianjin, referred to as “Jin” is one of Youth Football Program in China’s China's four municipalities, located in the Schools (YFPCS) is designed to improve Bohai Sea economic circle center, north the China’s football environment, and is China's largest coastal open city, the also instrumental in promoting Quality birthplace of China's modern industry , Education as well as fostering robust China's earliest modern coastal cities school and urban cultures. Currently it is opening to the outside world. But, carried out in more than 5000 schools in Tianjin was shared by nine countries: 100 cities and is growing rapidly which Italy, Germany, France, Russia, Great requires that it be studied more closely. Britain, Austria, Japan and Belgium, from Using literature review, interviews, 1860 to 1945. questionnaire survey, statistics and field This study begins with the contrast trips, we analyzed the value status, the between before and after Tianjin’s value types and relationships between modern sporting cultural changes. This the various programs We reached the thesis builds upon the “identification- following conclusion .As a government- integration” model of the cultural led program, it is a public welfare changes of modern Tianjin sports from activity and assists young students in the perspective of the spread of western their right to exercise. In terms of value sports culture. Cultural change theory is

89 the theoretical basis and the structure of [P-3] perspective of this study. State Policy in the Field Of Physical The cultural identification mode means” Education in Russia in the Beginning of receive and accept”, and contains two the 20th Century parts: internal and external causes of the western sports culture in Tianjin smooth Dmitry Belyukov communication. The integration mode, Velikiye Luki State Academy of Physical means”mix”, is the representation of Education and Sports, Russia changes of Tianjin sports culture with the Public activity in 1899-1904 affected the influence of the western sports culture. reforming of school and physical The reason the western sports culture education problems. The ministry of spread widely in Tianjin was due to the national education in its circulars structural changes which were rooted in ordered the chiefs of educational the concessions of social economy. It had districts to pay greater attention to the the western cultural image recognition physical training of pupils. as backing and the support of western The out-of-school work in the field of missionaries and their propaganda physical education began to increase concerning western sports culture. after 1906. Today, in order o emphasize the cultural Public organizations of the following prosperity and to spread our country types were founded: sports culture actively it is very important to learn from the example of 1. For pupils of elementary schools and western sports culture spread in Tianjin. vocational schools (mainly for children of workers and peasants) - the If Chinese sports culture wants to get the organization of «amusing» groups. world identity, the important thing is to enhance the comprehensive strength of 2. For pupils of secondary educational our country and recognize and respect schools - the organizations of boy scouts. the national culture. At the same time, to 3. The various sports-gymnastic make the Chinese traditional sports organizations and societies of assistance become bigger and stronger, the key to youth physical education. point is to use its own cultural «Amusing» activities involved studying characteristics to drive economy. We of the military man standing and should find a new sports industry that gymnastics. In 1913 came the news that can support our own sports culture, give the traditional review «amusing» in St.- living space and to pay more attention Petersburg would not take place, on self-promotion. putting an end of activity of these organizations.

90 In groups of boy scouts the basic of advanced schools appeared where attention was given to an ideological, the problems of correct physical spiritually-moral and physical training, development of youth were given and most value was given to education considerable attention. Organizational of activity and independence of children. registration of a uniform system of The scout movement in Russia received management by physical education at special popularity on the eve of and in the state level was deemed necessary. the beginning of First World War (1914- 1918). The gymnastic and sports organizations were actively set up, and the clubs of [P-4] Sokol gymnastics were popularized Gymnastics Development in Russia in faster than others. The ministry the Beginning of the XX-th Century encouraged Sokol movement, arranging Viacheslav Shliakhtov, Dmitry Belyukov fests, supporting financially, involving skilled instructors from Czech. Velikiye Luki State Academy of Physical As a whole, it is possible to allocate Education and Sport, Russia some features of a state policy in the The origins of national sports field of physical education in the gymnastics are connected to the beginning of the 20th century. formation of the Moscow Russian The government of Russia and the gymnastic society in 1883. The first Ministry of national education had not competitions were held in 1885. paid attention to physical training for a Organizing tournaments and long time and these developments will competitions became traditional in the be discussed. society. The German gymnastic system The initiative proceeded from the was especially cultivated in the society. military department as physical «Gymnastic movements» were education was considered a pre-military developed in other regions of the youth preparations. The revival of public empire as well. The Pskov gymnastic interest in the problems of physical society was set up in Pskov province in education for the young generation was 1896. outlined at this time. Educational The society’s purpose was to give an institutions began paying more opportunity to the members and their attention to physical education. Various visitors to be engaged in correct forms of out-of-school work appeared corporal exercises under a skilful and were developed actively. More and management. more pupils were actively involved in sports and physical exercises. A variety

91 The German-Lutherans living in Pskov feeling of unity and a duty, preparing to were members of the society. the native land of worthy sons». The Pskov gymnastic society conducted Sokol organizations were the most sports lessons once a week. The activity numerous in the territory of the Pskov of the society was based on the province. accurate legal regulations defined by After the beginning of the First World the charter. The society existed for 16 War Sokol organizations actively worked years (till 1912). in the service of officer infirmaries, Developments in Eastern Europe and organized gathering of donations in Russia in the second half of the 19th favour of wounded officers, kept at own and in the beginning of the 20th century expense officer beds in infirmaries, promoted the Sokol gymnastic participated in patriotic demonstrations, movement. were volunteers in army. Besides, they The first Sokol society appeared in were actively involved organizations Russia in 1870 in Volynia in the Czech pre-military youth preparations. settlements. The first Sokol gymnastic organizations were founded in various cities of Russia after the 1880s. [P-5] About 7000 persons were members of the Union of Russian Sokol. Thirty-seven Research on the Evolution of Design works about Sokol and Sokol gymnastics and Value of the Olympic Games were published in 27 cities between Mascots 1907 - 1917. Jie Li, Yi-Yi Yu In addition, there were two specialized magazines: «Sokol» (1910-1914) and Capital University of Physical Education and «The Bulletin of Russian Sokol» (1913- Sports 1918). The Sokol movement covered 58 Introduction: The typical animal of the cities of Russia by 1914. host country is generally favoured by In the territory of the Pskov province at the original image of Olympic mascots, the beginning of the 20th century were which, combined with the Olympic two Sokol societies, opened in 1911- emblem, is regarded as the dominant 1912: in Pskov and Kholm. Their element of the Olympic images, carrying purpose was «to promote corporal and the Olympic spirit, reflecting the culture moral perfection of the members by of the host country, and hence is the development in them of corporal perfect integration of Olympic spirit and bearing, dexterity, courage, discipline, the Olympic host country's culture.

92 Methods: This study documented and placed on national culture; from the collated the related literature and the choice of colors, and color matching is research on the evolution of Olympic also increasing. Thirdly, the value of mascots from the perspective of design Olympic mascots represents the various and value .To this end, the narrative- types in the different stages. The value descriptive methods was used. of the germination stage of the Olympic Results: This study is based on the mascot is embodied in the aesthetic and historical evolution of design and value cultural values. In addition to the above of the Olympic mascots, Firstly, three two values, the economic value is most stages has been divided into: the initial prominent at the second stage. In stage of the Olympic Games mascot addition to these three values, (1968-1972), the development phase of educational value becomes more and the Olympic mascots (1973-1991) and clearer at the third stage. The Olympic Olympic mascots for mature innovation mascots have shown increasing types of phase (1992 - present). Secondly, values. Olympic mascots have become Olympic mascot design was manifested one of most important carriers of the in the history of its evolution: Olympic education. quantitatively, from the beginning to Discussion: Based on the analysis of the later more than a single, this change design and value of Olympic Games is at the beginning of the third stage. mascots in the history above, it can be Constructed from the shape, the first safely predicted that Olympic Games stage of the Olympic Games mascots mascots will be further diversified in have no other additions, from the terms of design and value. second stage almost every mascot Keywords: Olympic Games Mascots, added Olympic rings, marking the evolution, design, value beginning to mature specification of the Olympic mascots. From the design methods, from the beginning of the selection of a simple prototype of [P-6] simple cartoon animals or Modern Olympic Marketing Strategy anthropomorphic artificial exaggeration Development Path Analysis was carefully designed to create a complex and even the use of high-tech Zong-You Zhang, Liang Chen to attract people to imagine the Capital University of Physical Education and Olympic mascots. Prototype from the Sports, Beijing, China choice of Olympic mascots focus mainly on the local culture from the beginning, Objective: The modern Olympic Games but later more and more emphasis was marketing activities can be traced back

93 to the first session of the 1896 Athens technologies; and reducing the cost of Olympic Games. Olympic marketing broadcasting the Olympics. entered a new era after 1984. Modern 2. International Olympic Marketing Plan Olympic Games Marketing is an TOP is the “Olympic global partner plan important condition for success; it not sponsors” English abbreviation, founded only provides the necessary funds for in 1985. Since 1985, TOP program has the Olympic Games, but also provides successfully implemented a six. technical support for the Games. TOP sponsorship program's marketing This paper will review the history of strategy is reflected in: Implementation Olympic marketing, to understand the of long-term marketing strategy; the modern Olympic marketing activities, geographical distribution of extended and analyze its marketing strategy. TOP program sponsor; Expansion of the Method: This paper will rely upon the categories TOP program sponsor; official website of the Olympic Games Intensify efforts to combat ambush and International Olympic Committee marketing. official reports. Historical research Keywords: Olympic; Marketing; involved the collection and analysis of Development Strategy the data and subsequent presentation of the facts. To this end, the narrative- descriptive method was used. Results: [P-7] 1. Television Rights Marketing Strategy New Exercise Method Introduced to In 1948 London Olympics, the British Girls’ School by an American Woman in Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) paid the Meiji Era $3000 for the Olympic shooting; this Tetsuji Kakiyama, Ph. D. marks the beginning of the sale of television rights. Graduate School of Health and Sport International Olympic Committee TV Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan broadcasting right marketing strategy Kwassui Girls’ School in Nagasaki was mainly includes: Increasing the Olympic founded in Nagasaki City on December Games television material; Expanding 1, 1879, by Ms. Elizabeth Russell, sent the product lines; Increasing the price of by the American Methodist Episcopal TV rights; Developing more powerful Church. In the School’s history of over marketing network television; Signing a 130 years, the first to promote physical long-term contract with the education was Ms. Mariana Young, who broadcasters; Integration of new succeeded Ms. Russell in 1898 as the second principal. The new exercise

94 method introduced by Ms. Young Xiao-Dan Yan became popular, and several valuable The research center of sport culture Tianjin photographs taken in 1902 showing Universityof sport. Graduate scenes of physical education at that time still remain at Kwassui Gakuin. Almost every one of the CBA teams has However, its historical significance has foreign players .Since the introduction not been verified. This research aimed of Marbury and Francis, the level of the to reveal the details of physical CBA league has improved. Especially this education in the Meiji Era, based on year's CBA league, Qingdao Double star school magazines of that time, caused a huge star effect after the testimonies of graduates who had introduction of the NBA star player attended the School at that time, and Tracy McGrady. The article will use data records of staff meetings, etc. analysis and case analysis to The following old photographs demonstrate the change. concerning the new exercise method Firstly, the introduction of NBA stars were confirmed to be in possession: brings more ornamental value and the two that showed girls wearing a new- focus on teams and the league has style gym suit; one that showed girls significantly increased. The NBA stars marching in the school grounds; and have great influence on Chinese two that showed girls performing the basketball teams and market. Tracy new exercise method. Furthermore, it McGrady’s effect and value are was found that at the occasion of the inextricably linked with the Chinese. Fiftieth Anniversary of the School held Secondly, the article will analyze the in 1930, students received lessons from influence of the introduction of NBA Ms. Young, who attended the event as a stars on Chinese basketball culture. The guest of honor, and reproduced the systems and philosophies between method of physical exercise which was China-US basketball are very different, new back in the Meiji Era. The method especially in building a Team Culture included four exercises, namely and the enhancement of players’ sense breathing exercise, free gymnastics, of belonging, the building of Fan Culture lancing, and percussion exercise. and the enhancement of the interaction of stars. The need for a urther enhancement of the urban basketball culture will be discussed. [P-8] Thirdly, the article will analyze the The Influence of the Introduction of significances of the introduction of NBA NBA Stars by CBA on Chinese stars and the influence of the Basketball Culture

95 introduction of NBA stars on the The body and its movement like the development of youth basketball. primordial evidence of the presence of a The participation of foreign players “person” was always affirmed by the increases the attendance and the Greek people (until the end of the worldwide reputation of the League, classical period - 323 BC). Indeed, the bringing advanced ideas for basketball. perfection of the gesture (from gerere = Besides, it promotes the League’s bring) athletic (atlhos = purpose) was professional process. However, not only constantly performed as an action of do foreign players showcase their talent, sublimation of the individual. Thus, in they are also responsible to become each track (the most famous: the Basketball Cultural Ambassadors in stadion) athletes looking to win as the order to influence young players of most important action to gain the public China and promote the development of applause of moral, physical and warriors the basketball. virtues. This goal would allow the athlete, according to their religion, to overcome and transcend the human condition and to participate in the [P-9] divine dimension. Sport: An Ancient Origin. Classicism Rome or the violent drift and Roman Empire The Romans did not define the 'physical effort' as did the Greeks: they believed 1st Chao-Chin Hung1, Zito Viviana2*, Eid the Greek sport model useless because 3 4 Luca , Alfonso Vargas-Macias , Jimmy no military purpose was pursued. Chien-Min Cheng6, Lovecchio Nicola5 Following the instincts of the people, the interest in the “games” remained 1. Army Academy R. O. C., Chungli, Taiwa strong only in bloody and spectacular 2. Science of Motor and Sport activities, version “Panem et circensem” became, University of “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy. therefore, the philosophy that the 3. Ministry of Education, University and government used to keeping a strong Research, Toscana Office, Italy. popular support. Fighting matches 4. Department of Physical Education and (venationes) between men variously Health, International University of La Rioja, armed against beasts of various kinds Spain. (lions, bears or bulls) and gladiatorial 5. Motor and Sport Science, University of games (fighting man vs. man) quickly Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy. spread. 6. PE Office, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. In this period of decadence and degeneration of morals, the Church Greece or fundamental steps (with the positive intent to protect man

96 and the life) divulged the Edict of Milan experience”, as well as on the (313 AD) by the emperor Theodosius I educational concept of “formation the (suggested by St. Ambrose) to stop the laws of nature.” This development massacres of Christians. originated in Germany, spread through Keywords: Greece, sport, athlete. Europe, and then was further expanded throughout the world. Beset with foreign invasion and depredation from 1895 to 1919, the Chinese government [P-10] and people arrived at the consensus that reform had to be implemented for The Influence of Western Natural greater national strength. As a link in Physical Education Thought on Modern the “national self-strengthening Chinese Physical Education (1895-1937) movement”, western natural physical Chien-Tai Wang1, Ming-Hui Hsieh,2 education was introduced to China, 1. Department of Recreation ＆ Sport under the slogan of “Chinese essentials Management SHU-TE University, Taiwan, and western applications,” by R.O.C. missionary schools, YMCA's, and 2. Physical Education Department National students. Cheng chi University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Owing to fundamental differences between Chinese and Western cultures, The purpose of this study is to evaluate traditional physical education joined the formation and historical forces with military training to counter background of natural physical natural physical education, thus education thought, and to analyze its generating the first controversy influence, in the Chinese recent physical between Chinese and western physical education from 1895 to 1937. The study education. In China of that period, uses historical research methods, and whether in school or in society, the presents the following conclusions after seeds of western natural physical sorting, verifying, analyzing, explicating education had been sown in the goals, and criticizing the gathered historical substance, and methods of physical materials and documents: education. The publication of J. J. Rousseau's Owing to changes in the Zeitgeist from “Emile” in 1762 stimulated the 1920 to 1937, the climate of “Total development of modern natural Westernization” created a favourable physical education, the formation of the opportunity for the development of system of which was based on the natural physical education. However, empirical philosophy that emphasized domestic differences of opinion about the “supremacy of the senses and total westernization triggered the

97 second controversy between Chinese Center for General Education, National and western physical education. The Tainan Junior College of Nursing, integration of Chinese and western Tainan, Taiwan, ROC natural physical education had become The aim of the study was to analyze the inevitable after the turmoil. Meanwhile, emergence of the teacher/coach (T/C) western natural physical education had role in elementary schools in Taiwan. developed deep roots in China, thus The study tried to describe the process ensuring the historical fact of the of the T/C role emergence and analyzed predominance of natural physical the driving power. The historical education. As for the influence it has sociology research approach was used exerted, there has been some negative in the study. After the examination and influence indeed; but in terms of the analysis, the findings were as following. development of modern and In the Japanese colonial period, the contemporary Chinese physical prototype of T/C role had suddenly education, its influence has been emerged by forming the modern school predominantly positive. Though no final education system and the diffusion of historical verdict has been given on modern sport. But it disappeared during western natural physical education, the World War II. When the KMT governed consensus is taking shape that the Taiwan after the war, in order to evaluation should be positive in terms address national defense, the of the construction of historical fact and government used the policy to train reconstruction of historical perspective. schoolchildren and youth club members All in all, the verdict should be in the for military service. The inter-school affirmative on the influence of western athletic events between elementary natural physical education on modern schools was thriving. But there was not Chinese physical education. enough human resources in elementary Keywords: Natural physical education; schools, and the teacher was forced or Modern Chinese; Physical education volunteered to be a coach. The typical thoughts T/C role had emerged again and confirmed, and four kinds of positive and negative driving powers, respectively, were found. [P-11] Keywords: teacher/ coach, dual role, The Emergence of Teacher/Coach Role elementary school teacher, historical of Elementary School in Taiwan (1945- sociology, role theory 1968)

Tzong-Ming Ou

98 [P-12] movements in association with the United Nations Environment Societal Marketing of the IOC’s Programme (UNEP). UNEP Sport aims to Commercial Partners: Sustainable comprehensively consider sport and the Development and Operation of the environment, and raise environmental Olympics awareness by using the environmentally 1 2 Hyun-Duck Kim , Cruz Angelita , friendly sport facilities and products. Gwang OK3* The IOC proposed a guideline for sport 1. Department of Sport Marketing, facilities, including stadiums, which Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea recommends considering the potentially 2. Department of Physical Education, negative impacts of building a stadium Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea on the surrounding environment. This fact has led the commercial partners to 3. Department of Physical Education, mandate significant changes in almost Chung-Buk National University, Cheongju, all dimensions of Olympics advertising Korea relating to media content, Societal marketing and Corporate Social channel/placement, and the overall Marketing (CSR) have gained immense budget allocation pattern. The aim of attention in the past decade for all this study is to systematically review dimensions of hosting the mega and explore the IOC’s newly emphasized sporting event. The Olympic Games social and environmental mandates and have a significant impact on the hosting the marketing communication of nation’s tourism industry, economic, commercial partners who participated social and political issues, and are the in the 2012 London Olympic Games on most globally promoted and the basis of their corporate social commercialized sporting event in the responsibility (CSR) and environmental world. The IOC is now able to generate sustainability (ES). Additionally, a significant amount of commercial historical changes in candidature support from global and domestic procedure of upcoming Olympic Games commercial partners. However, over will be discussed. This facilitates our time the Olympic Games have understanding of why there have been developed problems such as certain and historical changes in their commercialization, political corruption communication strategies with regard in bidding, candidature procedure, and to CSR and ES. Implications for mega- environmental issue. In this regard, the event managers and future research are IOC has established the Sport and also outlined. Environment Commission in 1995, taking a big step towards environmental

99 [P-13] objectives based on established standards, practical and theoretical, Sport: An Ancient Origin. What about taking into account the starting level of the Future? the athlete, the physical characteristics 1st Chun-Oh Wei1, Zito Viviana2*, Chyong- and personality. 1 3 Huoy Huang , Francesco Casolo , The future of the “Homo ludens” or the 4 Mohammad Sarraf Razavi , new routes? Lovecchio Nicola 3, Jimmy Chien-Min Cheng1 The athlete should return to “homo 1. PE Office, National Kaohsiung University ludens” (the man who plays) with his of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. dignity and personality. Physical 2. Science of Motor and Sport activities, education and sport will meet together University of Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy. to create proper balance of well-being. 3. Motor and Sport Science, University of The new root could be: resize the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy. concept of professionalism, reject 4. Physical education department of Panjub, doping, adjust sport sponsorship, University, Chandigarh, India. support sport institutions and Competition or loss of ideals? organizations, take better care of Physical Education classes in schools, Sport is affected by society and its increase the preparation of physical progress. Sponsors, development of education teachers, and calibrate materials, new tests, TV and the world appropriate interventions to the people transfer of players characterize sporting with special needs. Moreover, bridges competition nowadays. The fame given need to be built with all education and by victory fades quickly in contrast to social agencies, especially to stimulate what happened during the classical elderly people to move during their tradition. Sport is not born from nothing. leisure time. A wide and regular It is the form of particular human aim, monitoring of all sport problems and expression of the body and desire to athletes’ lifestyle will surely help to overcome. Today, these 'souls' of the reach significant and healthy outcomes. sport are often forgotten or suppressed by other monetary purposes. In this Keywords: sport, pro-athletes, money scenario, through the works of PE educators, the great values of sports can be revealed. It would be [P-14] appropriate, therefore, that all countries could work together for the Sport: An Ancient Origin- From Middle formulation of a methodology for Age to Renaissance teaching and assessment with common

100 Lovecchio Nicola 1, Zito Viviana 2, Francesco in Italy, was an exampleym where ten horses and bareback riders, represented Casolo1, Francesco Fischetti2, Chyong-Huoy ten districts of the Siena city, run in 3 3,4* Huang , Jimmy Chien-Min Cheng honor of the Christianity. 1. Motor and Sport Science, University of Renaissance or physical exercises in Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy educational programs 2. Science of Motor and Sport activities, By the fifteenth century the moral, University of “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy political, intellectual and philosophical 3. Physical Education Office, National renewal was inspired from the ancient Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, classical world. The explosion of Kaohsiung, Taiwan interests in classical studies led to the 4. Graduate Institute of Applied Science, birth of the ‘schools’, where the National Kaohsiung University of Applied teachers formed the youth of princely Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan houses. Thus, the preoccupation for The Middle Ages or the popular origins body and physical exercise became After the fall of the Roman Empire, the fundamental to the harmonic and edict of Constantinople and the integral educational program of the suppression of the Olympic Games in young. 385 BC there was a rise of Christianity Rambaldoni Vittorino da Feltre (1378) that had a more spiritual view of life. one of the most famous teachers This led to the death of gymnastics and founded the “Ca' Gioiosa” (home joyful) the competitive sports because it at the Gonzaga court, and gave a new emphasized the moral formation. In this teaching approach whichis based on ‘Middle Age’ the exercise was only used pedagogical principles of motor activity. in the military tradition for the Only later in Italy (1550) Girolomo formation of knights. Mercuriali expressed in the “De arte Many events determined the social life gymnastica” his ideas on motor activity of this age: poor conditions of life, and its medical basis. epidemics etc. At the same time, also Keywords: sport, history, Roman Empire technical and scientific discoveries arrived (clock, mill, irrigation, genetics, etc.). People slowly returned to be the creator of events and this period was [P-15] called Renaissance in which was The Rise of an Emerging Sport -The rediscovered the pleasure of movement Preliminary Study of the Historical and team games, different ball games Development of Kabaddi in Taiwan and traditional sport events. The “Palio” I-Chieh Tseng

101 National Taiwan Normal University 3) participation age gradually down, first started by the community, and then India has four thousand years of history extended to the university, high school, regarding the Kabaddi movement, junior high, Today, elementary school similar to the Chinese folk game “eagle students have joined this sport. catches chicken”, which is an emerging movement in Taiwan, this team sport, in 4) outstanding athletic contest, the 2009 by Chun-Jen Huang chairman Taiwan Women's Kabaddi team had introduced to Taiwan from India and participated in 2010 Hiroshima Asian established the Republic of China Games and 2012 World Cup Women's Kabaddi sports associations, sports Kabaddi Championship and successfully clubs, in the same year, under the achieved in 2014 Incheon Asian Games support of Tsan-Hui Lin, the Deputy to qualify. Director-General of Hsinchu Municipal Keywords: Kabaddi, historical Athletics Federation, a group of Kabaddi development, emerging sport enthusiastic PE teachers in Hsinchu City have been gathered and prepared to help train students in this field. As a result, Hsinchu City has become the [P-16] base camp of the development of Research on the First United Games of Kabaddi as an emerging sport. After the Jiangsu provincial schools in modern study, the results are as follows: China (1914) 1) Kabaddi sports development in Ping-Feng Lung Taiwan, although only five years time, but because the land can be carried out The graduate student of National Taiwan only one Xiaoping, dramatically Sport University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan reducing the threshold of participating (ROC) funds, currently in Taiwan, there are The purpose of this research is to more and more teachers and students understand the background of the first to participate in the sport, its regardless United Games of Jiangsu provincial of age, gender restrictions, is worthy schools held in 1914. Through analyzing advocate to promote the movement of the competition events and its origins, people. the research further discusses the effect 2) in the active promotion by Kabaddi that the United Gameshave on school Association, there are 11 cities and gymnastics (physical) education. After counties set up Kabaddi Campaign analyzing and explaining the raw data Committee. that was gathered, the research concluded the results below:

102 First,in 1889 and 1902 the Young Men’s Keywords: United Games, Gymnastic, Christian Association （ YMCA ） YMCA organized a United Games in Tianjin. At the time, the YMCA was responsible for organizing and holding athletic events for religious schools. Later, this was [P-17] passed on to other schools in China. In Eastern Reverberation on West: The 1914, the schools in Jiangsu Province 2012 London Olympics and South held the first United Games and over 30 Korean Responses schools participated in the event. It was 1 2 the largest united athletic event at the Young-Man Kwak *, Sun-Ah Jeng , Gwang time. Second,the Jiangsu Province OK3 United Games competition events 1. Department of Physical Education, included team events such as gymnastic Chungbuk National University, S. Korea displays and individual events such as race, and high jump. It also 2. Department of Physical Education, included special events such as Chinese Chungbuk National University, S. Korea martial arts and other team 3. Department of Physical Education, performances. Looking at these events, Chungbuk National University, S. Korea we can see that the gymnastic events What was the response of Korean came from Japan Gymnastics. The track society to the 2012 Summer Olympics? and field events however were affected What were the various viewpoints of by the YMCA, which held western the Korean people regarding the Games that followed the English system significance of London hosting the measurement and rules.Third, around Olympic Games hard on the heels of the 1914, gymnastics was listed as a formal Beijing Olympics? Answers to these subject in normal school andhighschool. questions can provide important Athletic competitions were also held as insights into modern South Korea, extracurricular activities. The first which has close relationships with both United Games held by Jiangsu provincial China and the United Kingdom. An schools not only demonstrated the analysis of the South Korean reactions results of school gymnastic education, to the two nations, in terms of politics, but also practically held it as economics, and diplomacy, can be made extracurricular activities. Other normal using a sports mega-event as an school andhighschools were affected by analytical instrument. The research this practice and started to follow in outcomes are as follows. First, after the their footsteps. South Korean responses to the hosting of the London Olympics were examined,

103 many pros and cons can be seen. Even among the Olympics. London was the when the hosting was finally confirmed, first city to host the Olympics three mainly through the London times. The London Olympics was the government’s effort to redevelop most environmentally friendly Olympics backward regions via the Olympics, ever. It achieved gender equality for the negative opinions existed due to first time in the history of Olympics and questions about the outcomes and the showed the practicality of deleting the costs for hosting. From the foregoing, landmark for the first time. Part of its there were negative views of the positive legacy was that it aided in the Olympic economic theory, which rebirth of the United Kingdom in the indicated that the hosting of mega context of international relations. sports events always brings about success. In contrast, London gave more weight to Olympic legacies than to the games per se, and thus, the purpose of [P-18] the hosting can be said to be practical. Orientalism Reflected In Globalizing The challenging spirit that enabled the Taekwondo overturning of socially and economically unfavorable conditions became a Je-Hoon Sung turning point in terms of creating Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea successful Olympic legacies. Second, Orientalism within the Korean culture after the South Korean responses to the was created in a multi-layered way since political situations surrounding the the 19th century by imperialistic powers Games were examined, it could be seen like Japan and the United States. that the USA and China recognized each Orientalism that has been affected by other as sports competitors. However, the imperialistic powers “othered” the the events intended to advertise Korean culture, making it seem less Chinese brands in the London Olympics developed and inferior to others’. This succeeded in contributing to the affected Korean culture as a whole and enhancement of not only medal had a big impact in ‘Taekwondo’ which rankings but also national brands. This is most representative of the Korean can be considered an indirect culture. expression of China’s clear growth into a superpower. Finally, the South Korean This study analyzed discourses on response to the outcomes of the Taekwondo shown in “BLACKBELT London Olympics showed positive MAGAZINE”, which covers martial arts and combat sports, from 1960 to date, responses in that the London Olympics in order to find out the ‘characteristics can be said to be the best and first of the process of making Taekwondo a

104 world class sports and the effect of the [P-19] existence of orientalism during that A Study on Women Physical Education process’. in Taiwan Schools and Foot Binding As a result, Taekwondo was known as During Initial Period of Japanese the Karate of Japan by Americansat the Colonization (1895~1907) initial stage of its globalization and the notion that it is one of Japanese martial Hsiang-Pin, Chin arts was dominant. By demonstrating Department of Physical Education, National and appealing to technical differences, Taiwan Normal University Taekwondo escaped from that image and established its identity as Korea's The present study aims to explore the martial arts. As Korea pursued correlation between women physical pragmatism, the United States' modern education in Taiwan schools and foot philosophy, Taekwondo transformed bindings. First, the previous studies itself from a traditional martial art to about the Taiwan women’s foot binding modern martial art and spread across and the background of binding feet many countries. Finally, Taekwondo releasing movement will be reviewed. became a global sport and has the Then, based on historical materials such characteristics of establishing itself as as Taiwan Nichinichi Shinpo (Taiwan an agent in the sort of post-orientalism Daily Newspaper), Taiwan Kyoikukai where the exiting sports culture is Zashi (Taiwan Education Magazines), mostly dominated by the western world. and Taiwan Kyoiku Enkakushi (Taiwan Education Development Magazines), we As such, by analyzing discourses on consider how Japanese colonists carried “BLACKBELT MAGAZINE”, we found out out physical education when teaching that during the process of Taekwondo's female students who have bound feet. globalization, it s attained the Moreover, we will attempt show the characteristics of the traditional development of women physical orientalism which depend greatly upon education in Taiwan schools. The results Karate, a Japanese martial art, and are as follows. First, the prevalence of pragmatism, the United States' modern foot binding continued until 1907. philosophy, and the characteristics of Women physical education in Taiwan post-orientalism which are the schools was still hampered. developments that came from Furthermore, Japanese Governance had overcoming the internal orientalism not carried out any practical physical created by Japan and the United States. education policy. Second, at teaching scenes, there were enthusiastic school

faculties teaching female students with

105 bound feet in physical education class. learn boxing and brought it back to their Their teaching experiences had been home country after World War II. clearly recorded in historical materials. (2) In 1948, the 3rd Provincial Sports Last, in 1907, Mr. Hamasaki Denzo, a Competition listed boxing as an official school faculty in Japanese Governance’s event, and thus became popular in Japanese school, had issued a proposal Taiwan. However, under the which encouraged women with bound conservative social circumstances, it feet to take exercise in physical was very hard for the general public to education class, especially lower limbs accept boxing as a celebrated and exercise. From above, we therefore elevated profession. conclude that Japanese colonist started (3) Occasionally there were excellent to hold positive attitude towards performances in official international women physical education since 1907. events. For example, Xyun Lin gained Keywords: Women Physical Education, the Silver Medal in the 2nd Asian Games, Foot Binding, Japanese Colonization and Weu-Ren Chen was awarded the Bronze Medal in the 6th Asian Games. Nevertheless, it is still very hard for Taiwan to be awarded in international [P-20] official tournaments. The Examination of the Historic (4) With the Boxing Association’s recent Development of Boxing in Taiwan promotion of girls’ boxing as an official event, the boxing public in Taiwan has Han-Ching Lin increased dramatically. As a result since National Taiwan Normal University 2003, Taiwan has gained many medals Boxing is essentially the practice of in international competitions. For the human instinctive outburst, and it needs continuous development of boxing and much response, agility, and courage to more medals, it is important to examine face the challenge. By means of historic the cultivation of the umpires and the research, this thesis collects historic coaches of the R.O.C. Boxing Association, materials to examine the following the subsidy and support for the athletes aspects: and the sustainable development of (1) In 1904Olympic Games boxing was professional boxing in Taiwan. an official event. At that time this sport Keywords: Taiwan, Boxing, Girls’ Boxing was not popular yet in Taiwan. The origin of boxing in Taiwan can be traced back to Japanese-ruled period, when Taiwanese students went to Japan to

106 [P-21] 2011 to enhance the training performance. A Study of the Historic Development of The athletic classes have so well- the Chen-De Senior High School´s Track performed that are subsidized by the and Field Team Cultivation Project in Track and Field Hui-Mei Ho from the Hsinchu government. The National Taiwan Normal University target of Hsinchu Municipal Chen De Senior High School as a center school is Since its foundation in 1998 the track to develop atHsinchu’s elementary and and field team of the Hsinchu Municipal secondary schools track and field, Chen De Senior High School showed integrate all the training resources, and excellent performance. It has been a nurture outstanding athletes in track significant training organization in the and field. development of track and field and has Keywords: Athletic class, Track and been highly valued in the society. This Field Team, Coaches paper mainly focuses on analysing the historic development and current situation of this track and field team. The result of the research is as follows: [P-22] Hsinchu Municipal Chen De Senior High Successive Sixteen-year Championship School consists of a junior high and - Historical Records of the Tainan City senior high department. This means Rugby Team (1976 - 1992) that the athletes can get continuously through their studies from K7 to K12 at Yi-Chan Chen this school; as a result, potential athletic National Taiwan Normal University students can be found and cultivated Department of physical Education here. The school´s Division of Training was The purpose of my study is to founded in 2002 and is in charge of the investigate the relation between the athletic classes. It has helped the Tainan City Rugby team’s successive students with further studies. The rate championships and rugby. The process of passing the college entrance exams is of the Tainan City rugby team’s victories over 90%. Since 2009 for each grade will be analysed to show the historical two athletic class have been established. value of the team’s continuous This program has been highly supported achievements. The data for this study by the government and parents. The was mainly gathered from newspapers, coaches with middle and long distance magazines, journals, books, related running expertise were recruited in publishing, memoirs, etc. History

107 Research methods were used for the [P-23] analysis. The results are as follows: A study of the Progress of Women´s 1) Compared to other rugby teams the Participation in Track and Field Tainan team developed at a much later Activities in Taiwan time. Based on the efforts of the Presbyterian Church and former Chiao-Chun Huang players´ learning experiences from Department of Physical Education, National Japan, the players trained together and Taitung University were able to work on a social cohesion and thus overcome difficulties between Traditionally women have been taught players. A broadcaster passed out all in ignorance. Men had the power of information on the communication participating in social activities. between the infield and the outfield. Therefore, women only were rarely took part in leisure and social activities. After 2) Because of the team´s excellent the May Fourth Movement, women baseball skills and the support of fans finally deserved the right to work and to and government they could win the have an education. Only within a few championships. The Tainan City Rugby years females also made huge progress Team also showed its incredible in sports. They presented excellent centripetal force. It not only identifies performances and there were many itself with rugby, but also created a skilful athletes among them. Although it special local culture. As a result, the is easy to understand women´s progress citizens regard rugby games as their in female sports activities, there are still spiritual support as well as phoenix questions about the changes of social flowers. perception of women who perform 3) The players of the Tainan City Rugby sports activities. These questions need Team contributed to the city because to be investigated further. after the championships they did not The purpose of this study is to discuss look for material wealth but for them the progress of women´s participation different values on a spiritual level were in sports activities in Taiwan: track and much more important. field is the major focus of the discussion. Keywords: Consecutively win the Mainly female track and field championship, rugby participation in Taiwan before and after the Martial Law Period will be

investigated. The method is a documentary analysis for which related

articles, newspapers and references were collected. The contexts were

108 analysed to construct this study. All the [P-24] females who did track and field Research on the Participation of activities are viewed as participants in Taiwanese Youth in International the study. Baseball Competitions: The Example of There are two main findings: (1) Before the LLB Trophy Tournament the Martial Law Period there was only a small number of female athletes who Chung-Wei Chiu1, Wei-Huan Cheng2 participated in track and field activities. 1. Department of Physical Education, Generally, women spend more time National Taiwan Normal University working and with their family than 2. Department of Physical Education, doing track and field activities. (2)After National Taitung University the Martial Law Period, the social atmosphere opened for female sports Youth baseball in Taiwan shows a great activities and the number of female growth. In the 1970s, the team showed athletes rose rapidly; also the age span good results in international of sporting women became wider. competitions and often won Better performances in women´s sports championships. After that, the were also presented in new sports, such participants and teams become more as the marathon for women at the 1988 and more and reached the top in 1990s Olympic Games in Los Angeles. especially for the Youth Baseball Championship (LLB).The purpose of the The conclusion of the study is that the research is: (1) To study the situation rise of women in Taiwanese track and about the selection of teams and players field also shows a transformation of the in Taiwan, (2)To study the achievement formerly social restrictions of women of the World Little League Youth Baseball from sports. It shows a rise of women´s tournament. athletic performances and healthier body conditions. At the same time, The research method is a literature- women’s self-awareness rose and analysis: to understand the situation at women possess more freedom in many that time from articles, newspapers, and aspects. One of it is the participation in magazines etc. The objects for study are sports activities rather than taking care mainly the Big League teams from 1974 of their family. to 1996. The results of the study are: (1) From1974 to 1987 and 1993 the Youth Keywords: Female Sports Activities, Baseball Star team was the Track and Field, MarathonP24 representation for competition. In other years, the team from Mei-Ho high school

took part in the competition four times. (2)Taiwan won 17 championships in total,

109 that’s very outstanding. Since 1997, after In this study, the National Taiwan the twenty-third time, Taiwan no longer Normal University’s Sport, Leisure and takes part in the competition because of Hospitality Management Institute, is some suspects. Now the team competes taken as an example for the in the International Baseball Association development and changes of a sports- Youth Baseball tournament. related system. The results were as Keywords: Youth Baseball, Little League, follows: Tournament 1. The National Taiwan Normal University was established in 1999. It is the first Sport and Leisure Management Institute in Taiwan. [P-25] 2. In relation to the expanding market of The Evolution of Professional Training sport and leisure, the Institute of of Taiwanese Sport and Leisure Management combines sports, leisure, hospitality and others. Hsin-Tzu Ho1, Mei-Chun Lin2 3. Through the evolution of the establishment of sports departments a 1. Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and cultivation of sport and leisure which Hospitality Management, National Taiwan extended to the field of sports, leisure Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan and hospitality specialization can be 2. Department of Physical Education, observed. National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 4. The appointment of teachers Taiwan extended to diverse areas of sports, Since 2001, after the implementation of leisure, recreation, industrial the two-day weekend policy, public management, exhibition and project participation in sport and leisure rose in management. Taiwan. Between 2001 and 2006, sport, 5. There were 12 master students in the entertainment and recreation enterprise first session of 1999, the number of assets increased by 349 million. The first students admitted in 2011 has reached sports-related department in Taiwan was 626 enrolled students. In recent years, established in 1946.In 1972, there were an average annual enrolment of 69 ten more sports-related departments. In students, and 30% rates of acceptance 1992 22 sports-related departments have been reached. existed, and in 2008 the number had Keywords: Sport and leisure, Cultivation expanded to 266departments. This is the highest number of correlations between sport and leisure.

110 [P-26] practice in 1967. 2. In collaboration with educational professionals, the four How PE Examination Had Suddenly largest cities were chosen to hold the Joined the Last Reign of Junior High examination, Taipei, Hsinchu, Taichung School Entrance Examination in 1967 and Kaohsiung. 3. The PE Examination Mei-Chun Lin followed the standard PE curriculum with an attempt to integrate Chinese National Taiwan Normal University culture. Five handily doable items were In Taiwan, the PE examination was first selected respectively for boys and girls. held with Junior High School Entrance Hygiene Tests were for disabled and ill Examinations locally but not nationally students. 4. The test results were during World War II. In 1967, the graded and classified into various levels. Ministry of Education (MOE) had Due to the strong public concerns, the suddenly announced that the PE grades were only for reference. 5. examination was part of the Junior High When the PE Examination was about to School Entrance Examination and it be carried out nationally, it was aroused controversy. This research cancelled because of the “9-Year employs the Historical Research Method Compulsory Education” implementation and Interview which invited 15 in 1968. The Junior High School participants including the former Entrance Exam was also cancelled. project planners and the 1967 Junior Although the short inclusion of the PE High School Entrance Examination Examination into Junior High School participants. Government publications, Entrance Examination did not last long, newspapers, periodicals, and other it showed MOE was seriously concerned relevant writings were collected to about the degeneration of our analyze and provided the whole story of teenagers’ physical fitness and tried why the PE Examination was included in many ways to strengthen their physical the Junior High School Entrance fitness. This concept has never stopped Examination in 1967. The result shows: ever since. In 2000, physical fitness has 1. the critical concepts of MOE then become one of the important records were “Technical Rationality” and for applying for colleges and universities. “Positivism”. In comparison with other It realized the phenomenon above. countries, Taiwanese students’ physical Keywords: PE Examination, physical conditions were much weaker. fitness, Entrance Examination Moreover, it’s hoped by doing so to reduce the cram school programs after school. This proposal had been discussed since 1953 and finally put into

111 Author Index

Author Session Page Author Session Page CHIN, Hsiang-Pin P-19 105 A CHIU, Chung-Wei P-24 109

ARAI, Hiroshi OP10-2 60 CHIU, Jui-Lang COP1-3 81 CHIU, Tzu-Lsuan COP1-3 81 B CHO, Wan-Ching OP16-1 75 BELLAR, David OP15-1 72 CHUANG, Pei-Chi OP3-1 40 BELYUKOV, Dmitry P-3 90 CLEOPHAS, Francois OP6-1 48 P-4 91 CRUZ, Angelita P-12 99 CUI, Jin-Jing P-1 89 C CUSTONJA, Zrinko OP9-1 57 CARLTON, Ellen OP4-1 43 D CASOLO, Francesco P-13 100 P-14 100 DIOSDADO, Sergio OP17-2 78 CHARITAS, Pascal OP6-2 49 F OP6-3 50 CHEN, Liang P-6 93 FANG, Ming COP1-1 80 CHEN, Wei-Wei COP3-3 86 FIELD, Russell OP13-1 66 CHEN, Yi-Chan P-22 107 FISCHETTI, Francesco P-14 100 CHEN, Yu-Jing OP1-2 35 FUJISAKA, Yumiko OP12-1 64 CHENG, Chien-Min OP3-2 41 G P-9 96 P-13 100 GEMS, Gerald OP1-1 35 P-14 100 GONG, Mao-Fu OP14-3 71

CHENG, Chi-Fu OP16-1 75 H CHENG, Wei-Huan P-24 109 CHIN, Jessica OP13-2 67 HO, Hsin-Tzu P-25 110 HO, Hui-Mei P-21 107

112 Author Session Page Author Session Page

HOFMANN, Annette OP7-1 51 KUANG, Shu-Ping OP2-2 38 HSIEH, Ming-Hui P-10 97 KUO, Chin-Fang OP3-3 42 HSU, Kuang-Piao OP11-2 62 COP1-2 81 HSU, Yuan-Ming OP3-3 42 KUO, Hsien-Wei OP3-3 42 HU, Wen-Xiong COP1-2 81 COP1-2 81 HUNG, Chao-Chin OP3-2 41 KWAK, Young-Man P-17 103 P-9 96 L HUANG, Chiao-Chun P-23 108 HUANG, Chyong-Huoy P-13 100 LAINE, Leena OP17-3 79 P-14 100 LEE, Chen-Hsuan OP2-3 39 HUANG, Ya-Wen OP7-3 52 LEE, Don OP15-1 72 OP11-1 61 LEE, Feng-Ran OP4-2 44 HUANG, Yu-Ting OP11-1 61 LI, Jie P-5 92 LI, Xian-Guo COP2-1 83 I COP3-3 86 IKEDA, Keiko OP16-2 76 LIAO, Shu-Erh OP11-2 62 LIN, Han-Ching P-20 106 J LIN, Mei-Chun OP1-2 35 JENG, Sun-Ah P-17 103 P-25 110

JOHNSON, Jay OP13-2 67 P-26 111 JUDGE, Lawrence OP15-1 72 LIN, Po-Hsiu OP11-3 63 LIN, Sheng-Lung COP3-2 86 K LITTLE, Charles OP16-3 77 KAKIYAMA, Tetsuji P-7 94 LIU, Dong-Hua COP2-1 83 KASUGA, Yoshimi OP12-2 65 COP3-3 86 KEIMBOU DAVID, Kemo OP6-2 49 LIU, Wu-Lun OP1-3 36 OP6-3 50 LIU, Xiao- Wei OP2-1 37 KIM, Hyun-Duck P-12 99 LIU, Yong COP1-4 83

113 Author Session Page Author Session Page

LIU, Zhan-Jie OP14-1 69 PARK, Kyoung-Ho OP5-3 47 LUCA, Eid P-9 96 PARK, Youn-Jin OP5-3 47 LUNG, Ping-Feng P-16 102 PEI, Dong-Guang OP14-1 69 OP15-2 73 M OP15-3 74 MAO, Li-Juan COP2-1 83 PETERSEN, Jeffrey OP15-1 72 COP3-3 86 PFISTER, Gertrud OP1-1 35 MUELLNER, Rudolf OP17-1 77 PINHEIRO, Francisco OP17-2 78

N R

NA, Young-Il OP5-2 46 ROLIM SILVA, Luis OP8-3 55 NICOLA, Lovecchio OP3-2 41 Henrique P-9 96 RU, Xiu-Ying OP8-2 54

P-13 100 S P-14 100 SAKAKIBARA, Hiroaki OP9-3 58 NUNES FERREIRA, Rita OP8-1 53 SALAT, Ali OP8-3 55 NYBELIUS, Marit OP10-1 59 SARRAF RAZAVI, P-13 100 O Mohammad SCHUT, Pierre-Olaf OP10-3 60 OK, Gwang OP5-3 47 SHLIAKHTOV, Viacheslav P-4 91 P-12 99 SMITH, Maureen OP4-1 43 P-17 103 SUN, Qi-Lin COP2-1 83 OKUBO, Hideaki OP12-3 66 COP3-3 86 OU, Tzong-Ming P-11 98 SUNG, Je-Hoon P-18 104 P SURBER, Karin OP15-1 72

PAN, Hua OP2-1 37 T PARK, Ji-Young OP5-1 45 TAN, Tien-Chin OP2-3 39

114 Author Session Page Author Session Page

OP7-3 52 X OP11-1 61 OP16-1 75 XIN, Meng-Xia COP3-1 85 TENG, Wei-Hua P-1 89 XU, Da-Peng OP8-2 54 THOENY, Christof OP4-3 44 XUE, Li P-1 89 TING, Wen-Chi OP3-2 41 Y TSENG, I-Chieh P-15 101 YAN, Xiao-Dan P-8 95 V YANG, Chang-Ming COP3-2 86

VARGAS-MACIAS, P-9 96 YANG, Shu-Fan OP11-1 61 Alfonso YANG, Qian-Ping COP2-2 84 VIVIANA, Zito OP3-2 41 YU, Yi-Yi P-5 92 P-9 96 YUAN, Shu-Ying COP3-2 86 P-13 100 YUTA, Nonaka OP9-2 58 P-14 100 Z

W ZHANG, Zong-You P-6 93 WADA, Koichi OP14-2 70

WANG, Chien-Tai P-10 97 WANG, Gui-Qin P-1 89 WANG, Jing OP7-2 51 WANG, Wei-Hong OP15-3 74 WANG, Xiao-Ping OP15-2 73 WANG, Ya-Jie P-2 89 WEI, Chun-Oh OP3-2 41 P-13 100 WUSHANLEY, Ying OP13-3 68

115