Écrire Sa Vie, Vivre Son Écriture

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Écrire Sa Vie, Vivre Son Écriture NETTA NAKARI Écrire sa vie, vivre son écriture The Autobiographical Self-Reflection of Annie Ernaux and Marguerite Duras ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Board of the School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies of the University of Tampere, for public discussion in the Auditorium Pinni B 1096, Kanslerinrinne 1, Tampere, on September 27th, 2014, at 12 o’clock. UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE NETTA NAKARI Écrire sa vie, vivre son écriture The Autobiographical Self-Reflection of Annie Ernaux and Marguerite Duras Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 1966 Tampere University Press Tampere 2014 ACADEMIC DISSERTATION University of Tampere School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies Finland The originality of this thesis has been checked using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service in accordance with the quality management system of the University of Tampere. Copyright ©2014 Tampere University Press and the author Cover design by Mikko Reinikka Distributor: [email protected] http://granum.uta.fi Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 1966 Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 1451 ISBN 978-951-44-9547-2 (print) ISBN 978-951-44-9548-9 (pdf) ISSN-L 1455-1616 ISSN 1456-954X ISSN 1455-1616 http://tampub.uta.fi Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print 441 729 Tampere 2014 Painotuote Acknowledgments There is a tremendous amount of people who have made this project possible. Here, I hope to express my gratitude to at least a fraction of them. First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisors, both current and past. Pekka Tammi’s determination, encouragement and razor-sharp observations on the smallest details of the countless versions of my text have seizelessly pushed me to always do better and better. Markku Lehtimäki’s in-depth comments on various aspects of my work brought it forward in leaps and bounces, especially towards the end of the project. The help and guidance from both of them has been priceless. Päivi Kosonen, an expert on the field of life writing, was my supervisor on my early journey of writing this work. Her words ‘you remind me of myself as a younger scholar’ gave me hope that progress is indeed possible. The hallways of the Literature Studies Programme at the University of Tampere is and has been a home to a number of people whose presence has been extremely valuable to my work, despite me being physically away during most of the process. Mirja Kokko, Maria Mäkelä, and Mari Hatavara, among many, many others, not only have given me feedback during numerous seminars but I have also shared wonderful moments on our conference travels with them. Hanna Meretoja took the time to help with the final bureaucracy before the pre-examination process. Of course, the list would be imcomplete without the ones who have the most recently shared the same ups and downs of thesis writing as I have: my gratitude goes to Maria Laakso, my fellow kymiläinen and Duras scholar Tytti Rantanen, Laura Karttunen, Liisa Ahlava, Juha Raipola, Anne Päivärinta, Sanna Katariina Bruun, and all the other former and current doctoral candidates in our department. The Finnish Doctoral Programme for Literary Studies not only provided for my funding for four years, but was also a place of elevated discussions. The comments I received in our gatherings during the years have perhaps the most contributed to the major outlining of my work. I would like to thank both the professors and other representatives of the associated universities and all the doctoral candidates for their feedback and support. My special thanks goes to Pirjo Lyytikäinen for running the programme, and to all the coordinators who kept the whole thing going. Perhaps one day we will all meet up in Kaisla and have a drink together (or a couple). In addition to the programme, my work received funding from the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Niilo Helander Foundation. Other members of the close circle of literature studies who knowingly or unknowingly have given me support and feedback when I have needed them the most include Anna Rikala, Matti Savolainen, Bo Petterson, Roger Holmström, Päivi Mehtonen, and James Phelan. Perhaps the most memorable moments of my academic journey took place at the Hermes Summer Schools in Santiago de Compostela in Spain and in Giessen in Germany. Thank you, Tuomas Juntunen, Jutta Weingarten, Roxana Emanuela, Virginia Ramos, Claudia Marie Clemente, Simon Luke Cooke, and other participants and organizers for sharing these wonderful events with me. My distinguished pre-examiners, Professor Dr. Ansgar Nünning and docent Sirkka Knuuttila, in addition to writing the most insightful evaluations on my work, offered valuable suggestions for improvements from theoretical all the way to the linguistic and grammatical levels. Without their comments this thesis would lack very essential final touches. I take full responsibility for any remaining flaws, big or small. I would also like to thank Professor Dr. Nünning’s secretary, Ms. Rose Lawson, for her speedy work in transcribing some of his important notes in accordance with my tight schedule. What has been essential in my work are my amazing friends without whom I would be less than I am now. Some, but nowhere near all of them, include Mervi Miettinen, Mikko Höglund, Minna Anttila, and all the rest of my university friends who have become much more during the years; Nannu Suomalainen, Mari Häkkinen, and Annika Pihlaja, who have remained close by despite the physical distance and everything life has thrown at us; Milla Karppinen, with whom I have shared and still share the joy and the gift of writing; and Mariia Lemmetyinen, a true Ocean Soul, whose compassion and understanding makes the world a better place. I also wish to offer a special thanks to my precious gang of festival travellers. Our trips spanning from Northern German mud fields to exotic beaches in the Slovenian Alps and wood storage areas in the Czech Republic have given me strength to carry on with challenges of life such as writing this dissertation. During this whole process I have felt that the most unyielding and unconditional support has come from all the members of my family. The amount of pride and love they feel for me sometimes leaves me speechless. Last but certainly not the least, I wish to thank Eemeli for simply being there. I wrote most of this work at home, and since my home is with you no matter where we live, this is dedicated to you. You keep me grounded and sane in the turmoils of life – but not too much. I cannot wait for what is yet to come. August, 2014 Netta Nakari Netta Nakari Tampereen yliopisto Kieli-, käännös- ja kirjallisuustieteiden yksikkö Kirjallisuustiede NAKARI, NETTA: Écrire sa vie, vivre son écriture. The Autobiographical Self-Reflection of Annie Ernaux and Marguerite Duras Tutkin väitöskirjassani ranskalaisten kirjailijoiden Annie Ernaux’n ja Marguerite Durasin omaelämäkerrallisissa teksteissä ja kirjailijakommentaarissa esiintyvää itsereflektiota. Lähden liikkeelle oletuksesta, että omaelämäkerrallisten tekstien ja niiden kirjoittajan välillä on symbioottinen yhteys, joka ei perustu pelkästään refer- entiaalisuuteen. Esitän, että omaelämäkerrallinen kirjoittaminen on kaikenkattava projekti, jossa omaelämäkerrallinen minä ja kirjailija ovat itsereflektiivisten eleiden kautta intensiivisessä, vastavuoroisessa suhteessa toisiinsa. Kaikki omaelämäkerrallinen kirjoitus viittaa lähtökohtaisesti itseensä. Tämän lisäksi väitöskirjani tarkoitus on osoittaa, että Ernaux’n ja Durasin tekstit sisältävät monenlaisia itsetiedostavuuden ja itseensäviittaavuuden muotoja. Itsere- flektio on moniulotteinen ilmiö, joka kattaa tekstin tason metatekstin, tietoisesti luodut yhteydet kirjailijan tuotannon eri osien välillä sekä kirjailijan julkisen kom- mentaarin kirjoittamisestaan ja työstään. Tutkin työssäni näitä kaikkia sekä erillisinä että toisiinsa vaikuttavina ilmiöinä. Tähän väitöskirjaan kohdeteksteiksi valitut tekstit voidaan nähdä esimerkkeinä kokeellisesta omaelämäkerrallisesta kirjoittamis- esta tai jopa autofiktiosta, sillä ne hämärtävät kirjoituksen ja todellisuuden välistä rajaa ja ottavat kantaa omaelämäkerrallisen kirjoituksen mahdollisuuteen ja/tai mahdottomuuteen kuvata todellisuutta. Väitän kuitenkin, että Ernaux’n ja Durasin itsereflektiiviset tekstit myös kertovat elämäntarinaa. Subjektin kuvaus on heidän kirjoittamisensa väline ja tulos. Kaiken kaikkiaan elämäntarinan rakentaminen on oleellinen osa omaelämäkertoja, myös kokeellisia sellaisia. Esitän myös, että itsereflektio, omaelämäkerrallinen kirjoittaminen ja elämäntarinan rakentaminen tapahtuvat erilaisissa kirjallisissa tiloissa. “Omae- lämäkerrallisen tilan” teoreettinen käsite viittaa kirjailijan tuotannon omaelämäker- rallisten ja fiktiivisten osien väliseen vuorovaikutukseen. Väitöskirjassani tutkinkin näennäisen loppumattomia yhteyksiä kohdekirjailijoiden tuotantojen osien ja myös heidän julkisen kommentaarinsa välillä. Loppujen lopuksi esitän, että koko omae- lämäkerrallinen prosessi tapahtuu yhdessä itsereflektiivisessä tilassa, joka on käsit- teenä laajempi kuin omaelämäkerrallinen tila. Oleellista on myös kuinka Ernaux’n ja Durasin elämäntarinan kertomisen projektit näyttäytyvät intensiivisinä ja into- himoisina sekä muodon että teeman kannalta. Tämä johtuu esimerkiksi teosten jatkuvasta uudelleenkirjoittamisesta, heidän elämiensä ja kirjoittamisen välisen yhteyden painottamisesta, sekä heidän teostensa tietyistä kantavista teemoista, kuten eroottisista rakkaussuhteista. Metodina hyödynnän deskriptiivistä poetiikkaa
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