DOCSLIB.ORG

Insights Are Volumes Conveying the fi Ndings of Study Ci and Research on Topical Issues in the Drugs fi Eld

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Insights Are Volumes Conveying the fi Ndings of Study Ci and Research on Topical Issues in the Drugs fi Eld ISS N TD Dr About the EMCDDA 16 -X ug 06 D- The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 08 -1 us 68 -0 (EMCDDA) is one of the European Union’s decentralised agencies. e, 08 3 Established in 1993 and based in Lisbon, it is the central source im -E N- of comprehensive information on drugs and drug addiction in Europe. pa C ir The EMCDDA collects, analyses and disseminates factual, objective, ed reliable and comparable information on drugs and drug addiction. drivi In doing so, it provides its audiences with an evidence-based picture of the drug phenomenon at European level. ng The Centre’s publications are a prime source of information for a wide an range of audiences including policymakers and their advisors; profes- d tr sionals and researchers working in the drugs fi eld; and, more broadly, af fi the media and general public. c ac The EMCDDA’s Insights are volumes conveying the fi ndings of study ci and research on topical issues in the drugs fi eld. de nt s EMCDDA Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: EUR 24 INSIGHTS EM 280 CD InkSave (ECI); v2 DA Drug use, impaired driving Coated ISO IN and traffi c accidents SPOT SI Profile: GH Output TS 07:35:53; 2008 02, 12 Date: mm); 210.00 x (309.00 8 8 Format: How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu), where you can place an order with the sales agent of your choice. The Publications Offi ce has a worldwide networK of sales agents. You can obtain their contact details by sending a fax to (352) 29 29-42758. 280 InkSave (ECI); v2 Coated ISO SPOT Profile: Output 10:17:48; 2008 07, Nov Date: mm); 210.00 x (303.76 Format: EMCDDA INSIGHTS Drug use, impaired driving and traffi c accidents Prepared by Elke Raes, T. Van den Neste, A.G. Verstraete 280 (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, InkSave (ECI); Ghent University, Belgium) v2 Coated ISO SPOT EMCDDA project group Profile: Output Dominique Lopez, Brendan Hughes, 07:53:27; 2008 02, 8 12 Paul Griffi ths Date: mm); 210.00 x (148.00 Format: Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union or European Communities. A great deal of information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu). Europe Direct is a service to help you fi nd answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Offi ce for Offi cial Publications of the European Communities, 2008 ISBN 978-92-9168-318-5 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Luxembourg PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER 280 InkSave (ECI); v2 Coated ISO SPOT Profile: Output Rua da Cruz de Santa Apolónia 23-25, 1149-045 Lisbon, Portugal 07:53:27; Tel. (351) 218 11 30 00 • Fax (351) 218 13 17 11 2008 02, [email protected] • http://www.emcdda.europa.eu 12 Date: mm); 210.00 x (148.00 Format: Contents Foreword 5 Introduction 7 Executive summary 11 Chapter 1: Methodological issues in determining the relationship between drug consumption, impaired driving and traffi c accidents 13 Chapter 2: Prevalence of drugs in drivers 37 Chapter 3: Effects and risks associated with drugs 47 Overall conclusion 126 Abbreviations 131 Appendix 134 References 157 280 InkSave (ECI); v2 Coated ISO SPOT Profile: Output 07:53:27; 2008 02, 12 Date: mm); 210.00 x (148.00 Format: Format: (148.00 x 210.00 mm); Date: 12 02, 2008 07:53:27; Output Profile: SPOT ISO Coated v2 (ECI); InkSave 280 Foreword The mobility provided by road transport, particularly the passenger car, allows many modern Europeans to enjoy a lifestyle characterised by fl exibility and independence. However, if we count up the lives lost and injuries infl icted in road traffi c accidents, it is clear that this comes at a price, with the most recent statistics revealing that more than 40 000 people die on European roads each year, while a further 1.7 million are injured. No less than a quarter of these deaths, some 10 000 per year, are estimated to be caused by drink-driving. And although alcohol is by far the most prevalent and well-documented psychoactive substance affecting drivers, concerns have been mounting about increasing reports of road deaths linked to illicit or medicinal drugs. Public awareness of the role of psychoactive substances other than alcohol in road traffi c accidents has increased, due to attention given to this issue by the media, and policymakers are increasingly called upon to respond to this problem. In the European road safety programme tabled in 2003, the European Union set itself the ambitious target of halving the number of road deaths by the end of the decade, thereby saving up to 20 000 lives in 2010. In recognition of the growing problem of driving under the infl uence of psychoactive substances, including illicit drugs and medicines, and the urgent need to establish a fi rm understanding of this issue, the programme proposed a range of measures designed to improve and share information on driving under the infl uence of drugs as a cause of road accidents. Also in 2003, the European Council called on the Commission to ensure that the current programme on road safety is followed up by a set of actions to combat the impact of psychoactive substance use on road accidents. An essential step in this direction is currently being taken under the DRUID project, reporting in 2010, which aims to fi ll gaps in the knowledge base, thereby enabling the development of harmonised, EU-wide regulations for driving under the infl uence of alcohol, drugs and medicine. Driving under the infl uence of drink, drugs and medicines is also targeted in the EU drugs strategy 2005–12 and the EU drugs action plan 2005–08. 280 InkSave (ECI); As part of its aim to provide factual, objective, reliable and comparable information on v2 Coated the drug situation and responses to drug use in Europe, the EMCDDA has undertaken ISO to update its 1999 literature review on drugs and driving. This edition of the Insights SPOT Profile: series is the result of that update. Together with the EMCDDA’s 2007 Selected issue Output on the use of cannabis and benzodiazepines by drivers, the present report provides 07:53:28; 2008 02, a comprehensive picture of the European situation on illicit drugs and medicines 12 Date: mm); 210.00 5 x (148.00 Format: Drug use, impaired driving and traffi c accidents in connection with driving. Both the policymaker and the general reader will fi nd summarised here the large number of studies that have been published on the topic since 1999, allowing an objective appraisal of the known effects of psychoactive substances on the ability to drive, and an assessment of the extent to which drivers impaired by such drugs are present on the roads. Though this edition of the EMCDDA Insights series does not intend to be defi nitive, I am pleased to present what I hope will be seen as an important signpost towards more effective solutions to the problem of driving under the infl uence of drugs. I wish to thanK the following people: Elke Raes, T. Van den Neste and A.G. Verstraete, who conducted the literature survey and prepared the text; Dominique Lopez and Brendan Hughes, who managed the project under the direction of Paul Griffi ths; Shazia Qureshi for editing the text; and Fiona Brown and Peter Fay, who coordinated its publication. Wolfgang Götz Director of the EMCDDA 280 InkSave (ECI); v2 Coated ISO SPOT Profile: Output 07:53:28; 2008 02, 12 Date: mm); 210.00 6 x (148.00 Format: Introduction In the EU Member States, concern about the role of drugs in driver impairment and traffi c accidents has continuously increased. In 1999, a study of drug use among drivers in different European countries concluded that, in the general driver population, the prevalence of illicit drug use was probably in the range 1–5 %, whereas licit drug use was in the range 5–15 % (Verstraete, 2003). The fi rst report by the EMCDDA (1999) on drugs and driving reviewed the available studies evaluating the relationship between drug use, impaired driving and traffi c accidents for a large range of psychoactive substances. It also reviewed Member States’ drug testing procedures and associated legislation on drug-impaired driving, as well as the issues raised by such testing. Among the report’s conclusions was that more research — both experimental and epidemiological — was needed for a better understanding of the effects of drugs on the ability to drive. It was also suggested that psychomotor tests and roadside screening devices needed to be further developed in order to improve procedures for detecting impaired drivers. The European action plan on drugs 2000–04 refl ected this need, calling for research into the effects of driving under the infl uence of illicit drugs and certain psychoactive medicines (1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • International Standards for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders
    "*+,-.*--- -!"#$%&-'",()0"ÿ23 45 "6789!"7(@&A($!7,0B"67$!C#+D"%"*+,9779C&B"!7%EE F33"*+,-.*--- -!"#$%&-'",()0" International standards for the treatment of drug use disorders REVISED EDITION INCORPORATING RESULTS OF FIELD-TESTING International standards for the treatment of drug use disorders: revised edition incorporating results of field-testing ISBN 978-92-4-000219-7 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000220-3 (print version) © World Health Organization and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this license, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO or UNODC endorses any specific organization, products or services. The unauthorized use of the WHO or UNODC names or logos is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO) or the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Neither WHO nor UNODC are responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the license shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT for METHAMPHETAMINE
    Running head: PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE DEPENDENCE By BRINN CULVER A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF NURSING WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Nursing APRIL 2014 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE ii To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation/thesis of BRINN CULVER find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Julie DeWitt-Kamada, DNP, ARNP, PMHNP Chair Anne Mason, DNP, ARNP, PMHNP Dawn Rondeau, DNP, ACNP, FNP PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE iii PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE DEPENDENCE Abstract By Brinn Culver Washington State University April 2014 Chair: Julie DeWitt-Kamada Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive drug whose abuse causes widespread global consequences. The negative impact of MA use on individuals and communities warrants its consideration as a public health concern. MA has a complicated pharmacological action, and chronic use results in neurological dysfunction, including deficits in dopamine. Changes in dopaminergic function make treatment of MA dependence especially challenging, and the mainstay treatment of psychotherapy is insufficient in addressing dopamine deficit. Pharmacological treatments are being explored, but no medication has attained Federal Drug Administration approval, as it requires proof of achieving abstinence. From a harm reduction standpoint, several
    [Show full text]
  • Introduced by Wayne, 13
    LB617 LB617 2017 2017 LEGISLATURE OF NEBRASKA ONE HUNDRED FIFTH LEGISLATURE FIRST SESSION LEGISLATIVE BILL 617 Introduced by Wayne, 13. Read first time January 18, 2017 Committee: Agriculture 1 A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to agricultural promotion; to amend section 2 28-401, Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska, and section 2-5701, 3 Revised Statutes Cumulative Supplement, 2016; to adopt the 4 Industrial Hemp Act; to provide an exemption as prescribed; to 5 provide an operative date; and to repeal the original sections. 6 Be it enacted by the people of the State of Nebraska, -1- LB617 LB617 2017 2017 1 Section 1. Sections 1 to 14 of this act shall be known and may be 2 cited as the Industrial Hemp Act. 3 Sec. 2. (1) The purpose of the Industrial Hemp Act is to assist the 4 State of Nebraska in moving to the forefront of industrial hemp 5 production, development, and commercialization of hemp products in 6 agribusiness, alternative fuel production, and other business sectors, 7 both nationally and globally and to the greatest extent possible. These 8 purposes shall be accomplished, in part, through: 9 (a) The creation of the Industrial Hemp Commission; 10 (b) The industrial hemp research program overseen by the commission, 11 working in conjunction with the staff of selected Nebraska postsecondary 12 institution agricultural research programs, along with other research 13 partners. This research program shall include the planting, cultivation, 14 and analysis of industrial hemp demonstration plots by selected growers 15 that are licensed by the commission; and 16 (c) The pursuit of any federal permits or waivers necessary to allow 17 industrial hemp to be grown in Nebraska.
    [Show full text]
  • DEMAND REDUCTION a Glossary of Terms
    UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.00.XI.9 ISBN: 92-1-148129-5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the: United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Vienna, Austria, in consultation with the Commonwealth of Health and Aged Care, Australia, and the informal international reference group. ii Contents Page Foreword . xi Demand reduction: A glossary of terms . 1 Abstinence . 1 Abuse . 1 Abuse liability . 2 Action research . 2 Addiction, addict . 2 Administration (method of) . 3 Adverse drug reaction . 4 Advice services . 4 Advocacy . 4 Agonist . 4 AIDS . 5 Al-Anon . 5 Alcohol . 5 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . 6 Alternatives to drug use . 6 Amfetamine . 6 Amotivational syndrome . 6 Amphetamine . 6 Amyl nitrate . 8 Analgesic . 8 iii Page Antagonist . 8 Anti-anxiety drug . 8 Antidepressant . 8 Backloading . 9 Bad trip . 9 Barbiturate . 9 Benzodiazepine . 10 Blood-borne virus . 10 Brief intervention . 11 Buprenorphine . 11 Caffeine . 12 Cannabis . 12 Chasing . 13 Cocaine . 13 Coca leaves . 14 Coca paste . 14 Cold turkey . 14 Community empowerment . 15 Co-morbidity . 15 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control (CMO) . 15 Controlled substance . 15 Counselling and psychotherapy . 16 Court diversion . 16 Crash . 16 Cross-dependence . 17 Cross-tolerance . 17 Custody diversion . 17 Dance drug . 18 Decriminalization or depenalization . 18 Demand . 18 iv Page Demand reduction . 19 Dependence, dependence syndrome . 19 Dependence liability . 20 Depressant . 20 Designer drug . 20 Detoxification . 20 Diacetylmorphine/Diamorphine . 21 Diuretic . 21 Drug . 21 Drug abuse . 22 Drug abuse-related harm . 22 Drug abuse-related problem . 22 Drug policy . 23 Drug seeking . 23 Drug substitution . 23 Drug testing . 24 Drug use .
    [Show full text]
  • A. DSM-IV to ICD-9 Cross Walk
    San Mateo County Mental Health Services DSM IV to ICD 9 Cross Walk for Diagnoses Requiring Clinician Decision Use this cross walk of DSM IV diagnosis to record the appropriate ICD 9 diagnosis. These diagnoses require the clinician to choose the appropriate ICD 9 diagnoses. All other cross walks of DSM IV to ICD 9 will be done automatically by MIS. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders DSM IV Disorder ICD 9 Disorder 295.10 Schizophrenia Disorganized Type 295.1x Schizophrenic Disorders, Disorganized Type 295.20 Schizophrenia Catatonic Type 295.2x Schizophrenic Disorders, Catatonic Type 295.30 Schizophrenia Paranoid Type 295.3x Schizophrenic Disorders, Paranoid Type 295.40 Schizophreniform Disorder 295.4x Acute Schizophrenic Episode 295.60 Schizophrenia Residual Type 295.6x Schizophrenic Disorders, Residual Type 295.70 Schizoaffective Disorder 295.7x Schizo-Affective Type 295.90 Schizophrenia Undifferentiated Type 295.9x Schizophrenic Disorders, Undifferentiated Type The 5th digit for the ICD 9 Diagnosis for the above Schizophrenic disorders must be specified as follows: 0 Unspecified 3 Subchronic w/ Acute Exacerbation 1 Subchronic 4 Chronic w/ Acute Exacerbation 2 Chronic 5 in Remission Pervasive Developmental Disorders DSM IV Disorder ICD 9 Disorder 299.00 Autistic Disorder 299.0x Infantile Autism 299.10 Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 299.1x Childhood Disintegrative Disorder The 5th digit for the ICD 9 Diagnosis for the above Autistic disorders must be specified as follows: 0 Current or Active Status 1 Residual State Other Conditions That May Be A Focus of Clinical Attention V61.12 Physical Abuse of Adult (if by Partner) V61.11 Counseling for Victim of Spousal or Partner Abuse Sexual Abuse of Adult (if by Partner) V61.12 Counseling for Perpetrator of Spousal or Partner Abuse Inclusion of a diagnosis on this sheet does not imply the diagnosis is medically necessary for specialty mental health services.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs of Abuseon September Archived 13-10048 No
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION WWW.DEA.GOV 9, 2014 on September archived 13-10048 No. v. Stewart, in U.S. cited Drugs of2011 Abuse EDITION A DEA RESOURCE GUIDE V. Narcotics WHAT ARE NARCOTICS? Also known as “opioids,” the term "narcotic" comes from the Greek word for “stupor” and originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. Though some people still refer to all drugs as “narcot- ics,” today “narcotic” refers to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi-synthetic substitutes. A more current term for these drugs, with less uncertainty regarding its meaning, is “opioid.” Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs like OxyContin®, Vicodin®, codeine, morphine, methadone and fentanyl. WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN? The poppy papaver somniferum is the source for all natural opioids, whereas synthetic opioids are made entirely in a lab and include meperidine, fentanyl, and methadone. Semi-synthetic opioids are synthesized from naturally occurring opium products, such as morphine and codeine, and include heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone. Teens can obtain narcotics from friends, family members, medicine cabinets, pharmacies, nursing 2014 homes, hospitals, hospices, doctors, and the Internet. 9, on September archived 13-10048 No. v. Stewart, in U.S. cited What are common street names? Street names for various narcotics/opioids include: ➔ Hillbilly Heroin, Lean or Purple Drank, OC, Ox, Oxy, Oxycotton, Sippin Syrup What are their forms? Narcotics/opioids come in various forms including: ➔ T ablets, capsules, skin patches, powder, chunks in varying colors (from white to shades of brown and black), liquid form for oral use and injection, syrups, suppositories, lollipops How are they abused? ➔ Narcotics/opioids can be swallowed, smoked, sniffed, or injected.
    [Show full text]
  • Substance Abuse and Addictions Management
    SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ADDICTIONS MANAGEMENT Substance abuse , also known as drug abuse , is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Substance abuse/drug abuse is not limited to mood-altering or psycho-active drugs. If an activity is performed using the objects against the rules and policies of the matter (as in steroids for performance enhancement in sports), it is also called substance abused. Therefore, mood-altering and psychoactive substances are not the only types of drug abuse. Using illicit drugs – narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, cannabis, even glues and paints, are also considered to be classified as drug/substance abuse. [2] Substance abuse often includes problems with impulse control and impulsive behaviour. The term "drug abuse" does not exclude dependency, but is otherwise used in a similar manner in nonmedical contexts. The terms have a huge range of definitions related to taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non- therapeutic or non-medical effect. All of these definitions imply a negative judgment of the drug use in question (compare with the term responsible drug use for alternative views). Some of the drugs most often associated with this term include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (particularly temazepam, nimetazepam, and flunitrazepam), cocaine, methaqualone, and opioids. Use of these drugs may lead to criminal penalty in addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, both strongly depending on local jurisdiction. [3] There are many cases in which criminal or antisocial behavior occur when the person is under the influence of a drug.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcoholism and Chemical Substance Abuse Dependency 15 Unit Course
    !1 Alcoholism and Chemical Substance Abuse Dependency Continuing Education Course (15 Hours/units) © 2019 by Aspira Continuing Education. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be transmitted or reproduced in any form, or by any means, mechanical or electronic without written permission of Aspira Continuing Education. Course Objectives: In addition to the course objectives listed, this course addresses the following content areas related to alcoholism and chemical substance abuse dependency: ✓ Counseling theory and practice ✓ Social and Cultural Foundations ✓ Assessment ✓ Professional practice issues ✓ Wellness and prevention ✓ Human growth and development Table of Contents: 1. Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States……….. 2 2. DSM-5 Diagnostic Summary…………………………………………….. 7 3. Types of Substance Abuse……………………………………………….. 11 4. Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes……………………………… 23 5. Substance Abuse Treatment for Clinicians………………………………. 33 6. Engaging Adolescents in Treatment……………………………………… 37 7. Brief Strategic Family Therapy for Adolescent Drug Abuse…………….. 45 8. Making the Connection: Trauma and Substance Abuse………………….. 86 9. Strategies for Working with Clients with Co-Occurring Disorders……… 93 10. HIV and Substance Abuse………………………………………………. 133 11. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Substance Abuse…………………… 138 12. Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence……………………………….. 146 13. Substance Use and Mental Health Among College Students…………… 172 14. References………………………………………………………………. 176 !1 !2 1. Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States Summary The information below summarizes key findings from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) for national indicators of substance use and mental health among people aged 12 or older in the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the United States. Results are provided for the overall category of people aged 12 or older and by age subgroups.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaloid Profile in Relation to Different Developmental Stages of Papaver Somniferum L
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Phyton, Annales Rei Botanicae, Horn Jahr/Year: 2001 Band/Volume: 41_1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Shukla Sudhir, Singh S. P. Artikel/Article: Alkaloid Profile in Relation to Different Developmental Stages of Papaver somniferum L. 87-96 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Phyton (Horn, Austria) Vol. 41 Fasc. 1 87-96 29. 6. 2001 Alkaloid Profile in Relation to Different Developmental Stages of Papaver somniferum L. By S. SHUKLA*)*) and S. P. SINGH*) With 2 figures Received January 17, 2000 Accepted August 28, 2000 Key words: Alkaloid, P. somniferum, morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, papaverine. Summary SHUKLA S. & SINGH S. P. 2001. Alkaloid profile in relation to different develop- mental stages of Papaver somniferum L. - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 41 (1): 87-96, 2 figures. - English with German summary. The alkaloids variation and its synthesis were studied in two varieties (NBRI-1, NBRI-2) of opium poppy {Papaver somniferum L.) on fresh weight basis of different plant parts at different growth periods. In cotyledon stage (3-4 days after germina- tion) only morphine was present. In roots of two leave stage, thebaine was observed beside morphine. At bud initiation stage morphine, codeine and thebaine were pre- sent during 1994-95 but in 1995-96 thebaine was absent. During bud dropping stage (pendulous bud) the sepals, petals and anthers had morphine. When pendulous bud straightened before flowering it has morphine, codeine and thebaine in all parts in- cluding ovary.
    [Show full text]
  • Opium Poppy' Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. u.s. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office ofIntelligence September 1992 Opium Poppy' Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia . eC 7 7 s DEA- 92004 141189 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduclld exactly as received from the person or organization originating It. Points of view or opinions stated In this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this : iLl i r material has been 9FUi3i~c Doroain/Drug Enforcerrent Adrm. U • S. Department of Justice to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduOllol1 outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the ~ owner. U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Intelligence Washington, DC 20537 (202) 307-8100 September 1992 ADMINISTRATOR·S MESSAGE Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia reviews in detail several complex natural and chemical procedures linked with heroin production. It further explains how the opium poppy plant of Southeast Asia is grown and harvested, how the poppy's opium is chemically converted into morphine, and fmally. how that morphine is then refmed into "China White" heroin by Southeast Asian "cooks" and "chemists." The report will interest a wide audience: those studying "source country" issues, those determining opium poppy crop estimates in mainland Southeast Asia, and those monitoring and controlling the intemational import and export of chemicals. Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia also presents the technical relationship between opium poppy cultivation in the Golden Triangle (the moun­ tainous region where Burma, Laos, and Thailand share common borders) and heroin production in the laboratories of Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbal Supplements and the Surgical Patient
    Herbal Supplements and the Surgical Patient Karen Birmingham, PharmD, BCPS Group Health Objectives Review demographic and economic issues related to alternative supplement use Describe potential risks of herbal supplements for surgical patients Discuss impact of drug-herb interactions on post-anesthesia recovery “Plantaceuticals” Atropine (Atropa belladonna) Digoxin (Digitalis purpurea) Colchicine (Colchicum autumnale) Quinine (Cinchona officinalis) Codeine (Papaver somniferum) Vincristine (Catharansus roseus) Taxol (Taxus brevifolia) Physostigmine (Physostigma venenosum) Salicylin (Salix purpurea) Adapted from Archives of Internal Medicine 1998 1 Herbal History Lesson 2697 BC - China 400 BC - Hippocrates 1500’s - botanical gardens for medical schools 1700’s - herbals used for home health care 1800’s - scientists learn to extract and modify active ingredients from plants 1900’s - pharmaceutical use increases; herbal remedy use decreases 1960’s - renewed interest in “natural health”; nutraceuticals become popular 1992 - NIH establishes the Office of Alternative Medicine - now known as the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Worldwide Use of Alternative Medicine Used by >80% of the population in Asia and Africa Most popular = herbals Very lucrative in the global market Countries That Regulate CAM • Germany • The Netherlands • France • Portugal • Sweden • Japan • Denmark • China • Switzerland 2 Herbal Use in the U.S. Herbal supplements constitute the largest growing component of retail pharmacy. Usage has increased
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Substance Use Disorders and Independent Mood and Anxiety Disorders
    Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Substance Use Disorders and Independent Mood and Anxiety Disorders Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Bridget F. Grant, Ph.D., Ph.D., Frederick S. Stinson, Ph.D., Deborah A. Dawson, Ph.D., S. Patricia Chou, Ph.D., Mary C. Dufour, M.D., M.P.H., Wilson Compton, M.D., Roger P. Pickering, M.S., and Kenneth Kaplan Background: Uncertainties exist about the prevalence and comorbidity of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders. Objective: To present nationally representative data on the prevalence and comorbidity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM–IV) alcohol and drug use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders (including only those that are not substance induced and that are not due to a general medical condition). Design: Face- to-face survey. Setting: The United States. Participants: Household and group quarters residents. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence and associations of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders. Results: The prevalences of 12-month DSM–IV independent mood and anxiety disorders in the U.S. population were 9.21 percent (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 8.78 percent–9.64 percent) and 11.08 percent (95 percent CI, 10.43 percent–11.73 percent), respectively. The rate of substance use disorders was 9.35 percent (95 percent CI, 8.86 percent–9.84 percent). Only a few individuals with mood or anxiety disorders were classified as having only substance-induced disorders. Associations between most substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders were positive and significant (p < .05).
    [Show full text]