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Protection and Restoration of NATURA 2000 Sites in Bratislava and Its Surroundings

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Protection and Restoration of NATURA 2000 Sites in Bratislava and Its Surroundings REPORT FOR THE PUBLIC Protection and restoration of NATURA 2000 Sites in Bratislava and its surroundings INTRODUCTION Bratislava and its surroundings are characterised by rise, crossing the Danube at first and then flowing 1400 an exceptionally rich and unusually diverse mosaic of km to reunite with it in the Serbian-Romanian border natural conditions. Despite its high population density region. Thanks to this, the inhabitants of Bratislava have and unceasing expansive force of the capital, there is the chance to enter the splendid Carpathian beech wide range of unique habitats which are inhabited by forests, which offer room for recreation and respite a large number of rare animal and plant species. from the rush of a big city rush; but, at the same time, Exceptionally species-rich alluvial meadows of the represent a significant habitat for a number of species Morava stretch from the north to Bratislava. The river of Community importance. then enters the territory of the capital below the The exceptionally diverse wildlife is also demonstrated slopes of Devínska Kobyla, a site with the highest plant by the number of protected areas located directly in the biodiversity in Slovakia, including many endemic species capital or in its close surroundings. Sadly, many of these and rare orchids. Below Devín castle rock, the Morava is sites have been negatively affected by inconsiderate swallowed up by the larger Danube, which here flows actions in the past when human considerably destroyed through the so-called Devín Gate. It represents an their natural character. However, they are also confronted important milestone on the Danube’s journey through with recent negative phenomena, such as the spread of Europe, as it changes its nature considerably to a rather invasive plants, intensive forest management, insufficient quiet lowland river after entering Bratislava. The large care, or uncontrolled visitor numbers. amounts of bed load that it brings along the way begin The Regional Association for Nature Conservation and to be deposited in the Danubian Lowland where, Sustainable Development (BROZ), with its partners, over the millennia, they created massive deposits of succeeded in initiating a project aimed at protection and gravel and sand. The Danube tirelessly fought its way restoration of these unique sites. With financial support through these deposits, which resulted in the creation from the European Commission and the Ministry of of the largest inland delta of the Danube, consisting of Environment of the Slovak Republic, unparalleled a tangle of ever-changing river branches surrounded protection measures were successfully implemented. by dense riparian forests. Extremely dry forest steppe The involvement of a wide range of stakeholders, land communities (Asparago-Crataegetum danubiale), owners and users, non-governmental organisations, which originated on the thick gravel deposits, remind governmental authorities, and professional organisations of islands surrounded by the wet riparian forests. was a substantial contribution to raising awareness and On the edge Bratislava, the Carpathian arc, one of improving communication about nature protection Europe’s most dominant mountain ranges, begins to needs. 3 BASIC PROJECT INFORMATION PROJECT DURATION: 1.1.2012 – 31.3.2018 PROJECT TITLE: Restoration of NATURA 2000 sites in cross-border Bratislava capital region LIFE 10 NAT/SK/080 LEADING PROJECT COORDINATOR: The Regional Association for Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development PROJECT PARTNERS: Daphne - Institute of Applied Ecology Faculty of Natural Sciences of the Comenius University in Bratislava State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic Pisztráng Kör (Trout Circle Association) (Hungary) Donau-Auen National Park (Austria) TOTAL PROJECT BUDGET: € 3 490 059 - 50 % of financial means were financed from the contribution of the European Commission and 50 % from the contribution of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic Project sites – sites THE MAIN PROJECT OBJECTIVE: OF COMMUNITY IMPORTANCE: The objective of the project was to strengthen the NATURA 2000 network of protected areas in the cross-border region of Bratislava SKUEV0064 Bratislavské luhy and to ensure a favourable conservation status of habitats and species SKUEV0090 Dunajské luhy of Community importance. The main project objectives included the SKUEV0104 Homoľské Karpaty restoration and introduction of suitable care for forest and non-forest SKUEV0117 Abrod habitats, restoration of water regime in river branches and wetlands, as SKUEV0168 Horný les well as raising awareness of the public and key stakeholders. SKUEV0269 Ostrovné lúčky SKUEV0270 Hrušov SUB-OBJECTIVES: SKUEV0276 Kuchynská hornatina 1. restoration and introduction of suitable management of forest and SKUEV0279 Šúr non-forest habitats of Community importance, SKUEV0280 Devínska Kobyla 2. restoration of water regime of river and wetlands, SKUEV0295 Biskupické luhy 3. lease of land for the purposes of nature protection and their subse- SKUEV0312 Devínska alúvium Moravy quent restoration and maintenance, SKUEV0313 Devínske jazero 4. implementation of preventive measures SKUEV0314 Morava for controlling visitor numbers and SKUEV0388 Vydrica disturbances in the target sites of SKUEV0396 Devínske lúky Community importance, HUFH30004 Szigetköz 5. raising awareness of the public and key stakeholders. 4 PROJECT SITES SLOVAKIA HUNGARY SLOVAKIA HUNGARY Kilometer 5 CHALLENGES AND THREATS TO NATURE AND BIODIVERSITY INTENSIVE FOREST MANAGEMENT EXTINCTION OF MEADOW In recent decades, vast areas of native riparian AND FOREST STEPPE HABITATS forests within the project sites have been replaced Meadow and forest steppe habitats in the Bratislava by plantations of quickly growing non-native Euro- region were formerly established and maintained mainly American poplars. by human activities. In the past, a large part of these Their intensive management results in the creation areas was used for grazing of livestock or preparation of of monoculture even-aged stands that are extracted hay. Their permanent utilisation resulted in the creation once they reach the age of 30. The natural species of a specific mosaic of rare habitats with unique animal diversity and varied age structure of woody plants of and plant species. However, traditional management has a riparian forest is thus being replaced by plantations been abandoned in recent decades, which has resulted of non-native woody plants. Many birds, insects and in gradual overgrowth of these areas with shrubs other animal species which need old trees with massive and invasive plants. Herbs involved primarily include crowns or dead wood for their living cannot find suitable goldenrods (Solidago sp.), common milkweed (Asclepias feeding and nesting conditions here. Intensive forest syriaca), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) management also represents a gateway to the spread and woody plants include in particular tree of heaven of invasive and non-native plants, which often colonize (Ailanthus altissima). They represent very strong open and disturbed areas. The most frequent invasive competition and are able to squeeze out the native plants include white ash (Fraxinus americana), red ash flora species. In the past, efforts to afforest these areas (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), tree of heaven (Ailanthus with non-indigenous woody plants such as black locust altissima) and ash-leaved maple (Negundo aceroides). (Robinia pseudoacacia), black pine (Pinus nigra) or manna ash (Fraxinus ornus) also contributed to the degradation of these habitats. These negative phenomena result in Dry basin of the Devínske rameno river branch 6 Clearcutting causes damage to native riparian habitats Plantations of fast-growing non-native poplars the decline and extinction of typical animal and plant areas and lack of staff, as well as technical equipment of species, and thus in an overall decline in biodiversity in professional forest guards. these areas. The lack of basic tourist infrastructure, educational and information elements in protected areas, as well as DISRUPTED WATER REGIME accompanying ecological educational activities, also Particular during the 20th century, various technical seemed to be the problem. adjustments were carried out along the Danube, with an impact on water and wetland habitats. Flood protection Another reason for this undesirable situation is in- dams were built, the banks of the main channel were sufficient communication between nature protection reinforced with stone, numerous river branches were organisations, professional institutions, local authorities, separated from the main channel, and the overall land owners and users. The lack of awareness of the inundation area was reduced. These water management NATURA 2000 sites in these stakeholders, as well as the measures were aimed in particular at improving flood lay public, is thus a threat to several rare habitats and protection and navigation on the Danube. species of Community importance. However, these changes had a significant impact on the ecosystem of riparian forests and the overall water dynamics of the riparian landscape. River branches and wetlands in the inundation area represent an important living space for the numerous living beings that inhabit them and look for feeding and reproduction possibilities. Water dynamics are of key importance for the ecosystem of a riparian forest – they bring large amounts of nutrients during floods, create periodical wetlands, and the flow of water constantly
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