UBRARV LANDCARE RESEARCH N7 P.O. BOX 69, LINCOLN, NZ
New Zealand Soil Bureau Soils of Bruce County, South Island, New Zealand
N.M. KENNEDY
N.Z. Soil Survey Report 87
Landcare Research NZ
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NZ soi I su .. vey report '5 7 SOILS OF BRUCE COUNTY., SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND
N.M. Kennedy Soil Bureau, Lower Hutt
N.Z. Soil Survey Report 87 New Zealand Soil Bureau Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Lower Hutt, New Zealand 1983 Editor: H. Simmonds Typing: Tessa Roach Draughting: M. Smith
KENNEDY, N.M. 1983: Soils of Bruce County, South Island, New Zealand N.Z. Soil Survey Report 87 50p.
Includes: Kennedy, N.M. 1981: Soil map of Bruce County, South Island, New Zealand. 1:100 OOO N.Z. Soil Bureau Map 159
ISSN 0110-2079
P. D. HASSELBERG, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND-1983 CONTENTS
page SUMMARY ...... ;...... 5 INTRODUCTION TO SOIL-FORMING FACTORS ...... 5 THE SOIL MAP ...... -...... 5 Soil taxonomic and soil mapping units ...... 5 SOIL GROUPS OF BRUCE COUNTY ...... 7 Yellow-grey earths ...... 7 Intergrades between yellow-grey earths and yellow-brown earths ...... 8 Yellow-brown earths ...... 8 Podzolised yellow-brown earths ...... 8 Intergrades between rendzinas and yellow-grey earths ...... 9 Brown granular loams and clays ...... 9 Yell ow-brown sands ...... 9 Organic soils ...... 9 Gley soils ...... 9 Recent soils ...... 10 Saline gley recent soils ...... 10 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS ACCORDING TO THEIR LIMITATIONS FOR LAND USE ...... 10 Pastoral use ...... 10 Cropping ...... 11 Forestry ...... 12 Potential land use ...... 12 Value for food production ...... 13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 14 REFERENCES ...... 14 APPENDIX-EXTENDED LEGEND ...... 15 Explanatory notes ...... 15 INDEX TO SOIL SERIES IN EXTENDED LEGEND ...... 50
Figures l Location maps ...... 4 Tables 1 Legend of soils arranged pedologically ...... 6 2 Soil limitations for pastoral use ...... 10 3 Soil limitations for cropping ...... 11 4 Soil limitations for forest growth ...... 12 5 Classes indicating potential use of soils ...... 12 6 Value of soils for food production ...... 13 4
PACIFIC OCEAN
10km 0 -- 1. 500000 Scale · dary ••••••• survey boun
NEW ZEALAND South Island
TASMAN SEA
PACIFIC OCEAN
Figure I Location maps 5
SUMMARY
This report briefly introduces the soils of Bruce County which has been mapped at a scale of 1: 100 OOO and covers approximately 132 300 ha. The soil map is a compilation prepared from published and unpublished soil surveys carried out by officers of N.Z. Soil Bureau over a number of years. The soils are classified according to the N.Z. genetic soil classification. Salient physical and chemical properties of each soil group are summarised in the text while important properties of individual soils are tabulated in the extended legend (Appendix). Finally, the individual soils are rated according to their limitations for pastoral, cropping and forestry uses, and also to their potential use and value for food production.
INTRODUCTION TO SOIL-FORMING FACTORS
Bruce County covers approximately 132 300 ha level; the land east of the Titri fault rises sharply and is one of the smaller counties in Otago. It is to 430 m above sea level while that to the west of bounded on the south by the Clutha River, on the the depression rises gradually to 675 m. To the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by the Taieri south, the depression falls away to l 0 m above sea and Waipori Rivers and on the west by an arbitrary level where it joins the extensive flood plains asso but irregular line between Waitahuna Hill, Mt ciated with the Clutha River. Stuart and Tuapeka Mouth on the Clutha River. Rainfall ranges from 750 to 1100 mm per year The principal town is Milton, 55 km south of on the uplands, decreasing to 625 mm per year on Dunedin, with a population of 2180 ( 1973). The the lowlands adjacent to the Clutha River. The larger town of Balclutha on the south-east bound mean average temperature of the area is 10°C, and ary is not included in the county (Fig. I). wind is predominantly from the south-west. The uplands climate is cool with snow and mist in The area is bisected by the Tokomairiro depres winter. sion which contains Late Pleistocene sediments, bounded in the east by greywacke, schist, Upper The soil-forming vegetation was principally tus Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks, and in the west by sock grasses with dicotylous (broadleaf) - podocar·p schist and greywacke capped by remnants of forest along the coastal hills. younger sediments and volcanic rocks. The eastern The principal parent material of the soils formed edge of the depression is the Titri fault, along which in Bruce County is schist loess, which usually forms rocks have been uplifted and tilted to the east. a distinct mantle over the schist, greywacke, Upper Similar uplifting and tilting has occurred along the Cretaceous, Tertiary and basaltic rocks. In other Aka tore fault nearer the coast. The elevation of the areas it is incorporated in slope detritus comprised depression varies between I 0 and 60 m above sea mainly of rock fragments.
THE SOIL MAP
The soil map accompanying this report is a com In many parts of the county, new surveys were pilation prepared from published and unpublished carried out, either to complete the area or to update soil surveys carried out by officers of N.Z. Soil earlier information. Bureau over a number of years. 'General survey of the soils of South Island, New Zealand ' (N .Z. Soil Bureau l 968a) provided the SOIL TAXONOMIC AND SOIL MAPPING basis of the soil pattern, supplemented with more UNITS detailed information from ' The growing of linen Soil taxonomic units are conceptual groupings of flax in the Balclutha and Clydevale districts ' individual soils that can be recognised and hence (Greenall et al. 1943), · Soils and their Utilization, classified. They are defined in terms of a modal Green Island-Kaitangata District' (Wright et al. concept with specific morphological, physical and 1957), ' Soils of the Lower Clutha Plains' (Cutler chemical properties, and site features. The taxon et al. 1957), ' Provisional soil data of the Taieri omic units (series) are arranged in the pedological Plains ' (Cutler and Raeside 1960) and the soil map legend according to the type and degree of develop of Taieri County by Leamy and Leslie (1973). ment the soil has undergone (Table 1). 6
Table 1 Legend of soils arranged pedologically from quartz gravels, quartz conglomerates, siliceous sandstones, quartz sands and loess derived from schist YELLOW-GREY EARTHS Mt Misery series from shallow schist loess over greywacke from loess derived from schist Pukcawa series Pukekoma series from alluvial gravels of schist greywacke and quartz with a Pukekoma silt loam shallow schist loess cover Pukekoma silt loam, shallow variant Greenfield series Mahinerangi series from greywacke, and from locss derived from schist Taioma series Allanton series from loess derived from schist, and greywacke from conglomerate (schistose), sandstone and loess derived Narrowdale series from schist Narrowdale silt loam Henley series Narrowdale silt loam, deep subsoil variant from loess derived from schist Narrowdale shallow silt loam Clydevalc series PODZOLISED YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS Clydevale fine sandy loam Clydevalc silt loam Lowland Clydevale hill soils from schist loess, greywacke colluvium and/or greywacke Otokia series Taikitao series Otokia silt loam from locss derived from schist Te Houka series Tokoiti series Tc Houka silt loam Upland Tc Houka hill soils Tokomairiro series from schist loess, schist colluvium and/or schist Maungatua series Warepa series' Maungatua silt loam, peaty silt loam Warepa silt loam Maungatua hill soils Warepa shallow silt loam Warcpa hill soils INTERGRADES BETWEEN RENDZINAS AND YELLOW Kuri series GREY EARTHS Kuri sandy loam from phosphatic limestone, calcareous sandstone and Kuri silt loam schist loess Kuri silt loam, strongly gleyed subsoil phase Milburn series Waitahuna series' Waitahuna silt loam and heavy silt loam BROWN GRANULAR LOAMS AND CLAYS AND Waitahuna hill soils ASSOCIATED INTERGRADES TO YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS INTERGRADES BETWEEN YELLOW-GREY EARTHS from basalt and from loess derived from schist AND YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS Cargill series from loess derived from schist Highclitf series Raurckau serics2 Highclitf silt loam, stony silt loam Raurekau silt loam H ighclitf hill soils Raurekau brown silt loam YELLOW-BROWN SANDS from greywackc, subschist conglomerate gravels and schist from quartzo-feldspathic sands locss Brighton series Kaitangata series Shagree series YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS AND RELATED STEEPLAND SOILS ORGANIC SOILS Lowland from weakly to moderately decomposed peat and alluvium derived mainly from schist from grcywacke, and locss derived from schist Waitepeka series Akatorc series Waitepeka peaty loam Akatore hill soils Waitepeka peaty silt loam Akatorc hill soils, brown topsoil variant Tuakitoto series from mudstone and sandstone Tuakitoto loamy peat Wangaloa series Tuakitoto loamy peat, saline phase from quartz gravels, quartz conglomerates, quartz sands Stirling series and locss derived from schist Otonomomo series Taratu series Taratu silt loam, sandy loam GLEY SOILS Taratu hill soils from alluvium derived mainly from schist and greywacke from coarse locss derived from schist Taieri series Newstead series Taieri silt loam Upland Taieri peaty loam from schist. and loess derived from schist RECENT SOILS Tuapeka series Non to weakly gleyed Tuapcka hill soils3 from alluvium derived from schist Tuapcka steepland soils3 Clutha series Waipori series Clutha sandy loam Waipori silt loam, stony silt loam Clutha brown sandy loam Waipori hill soils Clutha fine sandy loam 7
Table 1 (cont.) The legend of soil taxonomic units for this sur Pomahaka series vey was compiled from published and unpublished Pomahaka coarse sand Pomahaka loamy sand maps (see list p.5) that were prepared on various Pomahaka fine sandy loam scales ranging from 1:253 440 (I inch to 4 miles) Matau series (General survey of the soils of South Island, New to 1:31 680 ( 1 inch to 40 chain) (Soils of Gleyed Zealand) the Lower Clutha Plains). Consequently, because of from alluvium derived from schist Paretai series the variability of detail, or the difficulty of express Koau series ing it on a scale of 1: l 00 OOO, the soil units were Koau silt loam separated into two main levels of pedological rank, Koau silt loam, peaty subsoil phase soil series and soil type (a subdivision of the series). from sediments derived from coal measure and loess siltstones, greywacke flat or rolling Pucrua series Generally, in this survey, soils on land have been mapped as soil types and phases SALINE GLEY RECENT SOILS (Taylor and Pohlen 1979). However, the units from estuarine alluvium derived from schist, greywacke shown on the map are seldom entirely homoge and Tertiary sediments (up to 15%) Kaikorai series neous and usually contain inclusions of named and unnamed soils too small in area to be shown at map scale. On hilly and steep land 1Warcpa and Waitahuna soils have previously been classed as where profiles are more variable the mapping units intergradcs between yellow-grey earths and yellow-brown are called hill soils and steepland soils to signify carths. complex mapping units. These are indicated by H 2Raurekau soils have previously been classed as yellow-brown soils in the map earths. for hill soils and S for steepland symbol. 3lncludes some areas of lowland variants.
SOIL GROUPS OF BRUCE COUNTY
The soils of Bruce County are classified in soil Yellow-grey earths derived from loess have dark groups according to the New Zealand genetic soil greyish brown friable, weakly to moderately struc classification (N.Z. Soil Bureau l 968b) (Table 1). tured, silt loam topsails with brownish yellow com Salient physical and chemical properties of each of pact silty subsoils. One of the most distinctive these groups are summarised in the following text, morphological features of these soils is the compact while properties of individual soils are tabulated in subsoil with fragipan. Well developed fragipans are the extended legend (Appendix 4). compact, massive horizons rich in silt, sand or both, but generally low in clay, which develop under con ditions of pronounced seasonal drying. In strongly YELLOW-GREY EARTHS developed yellow-grey earths in Bruce County, the fragipans have a pronounced prismatic structure Yellow-grey earths in Bruce County occur mainly with distinctive gammate3 tonet-gammate~ features. on easy rolling to rolling downlands, terraces and fragipan generally occurs fans up to an elevation of 360 m above sea level The upper surface of the the soil surface and the pan itself and under a rainfall of 625-975 mm per year. They 30-40 cm below thickness from 25 to 60 cm. Under are generally formed on schist-derived loess but may vary in of about 700 mm per year the fra some have formed on Tertiary sediments, grey rainfall in excess impede drainage, causing surface water wacke and schist rocks with variable admixtures of gipan may pugging during the winter months. loess. The yellow-grey earths mapped in the survey logging and range from dry hygrous 1 to hygrous2 and developed under pre-European vegetation of mainly silver tussock (Paa caespitosa) and fescue tussock (Fes 3Gammate colour patterns are due to uneven moisture penetra tuca novaeze/andiae) association. tion through the lower soil horizons. Formed under reducing conditions, they appear as grey veins outlining the fragipan prisms and penetrating deeply down the cracks between prisms. The 1 Dry hygrous: These soils arc on average below field capacity pattern resembles a repetition of the Greek letter gamma (r) and for one to five months of the year. has therefore been called 'gammate'. 'Hygrous: These soils. on average. do not reach wilting point 'Net gammate pattern: Refers to vertical veins surmounted bY for any month, and are above field capacity for one to five months reticulate veins. This pattern occurs under a somewhat moistc.r of the year. climate than that of gammate soils. 8
Profile morphology of yellow-grey earths may 1. Lowland yellow-brown earths texture, slope, drainage and, vary considerably with Lowland yellow-brown earths (hygrous) develop material. Some shallow and in particular, parent under rainfall within a range of 750-1000 mm per yellow-grey earth weath stony soils formed in the year and up to elevations of 575 m above sea level. may show little sign of a ering environment The pre-European vegetation consisted mainly of fragipan. fescue tussock and red tussock (Chionochloa rubra) Although the yellow-grey earths have low to grassland association with isolated stands of dico moderate nutrient status they are generally suitable tylous/podocarp forest. weak topsoil structure makes for cropping but their These soils are characterised by a friable dark and sheet erosion under them susceptible to wind greyish brown to very dark greyish brown silt loam intensive cultivation. topsoil with nut or crumb and nut structure. Sub soils are yellowish brown to brownish yellow silt INTERGRADES BETWEEN YELLOW-GREY loam to silty clay loam, friable to firm, with nut or EARTHS AND YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS blocky structure. Most lowland yellow-brown earths are of low between yellow-grey earths and Intergrade soils natural fertility but they are capable of supporting are formed on Tertiary sedi yellow-brown earths good pasture, if adequately fertilised and carefully admixtures of schist loess up to an ele ments with managed. vation of 375 m above sea level. The rainfall varies 1OOO mm per year and the pre between 7 50 and 2. Upland yellow-brown earths European vegetation was predominantly fescue and silver tussock association. Upland yellow-brown earths generally develop between elevations of 130 and 590 m above sea profile features of both yellow These soils display level and under a rainfall of 675-1100 mm per year; earths and their affin grey earths and yellow-brown in this survey some soils identified as Tuapeka is determined by small changes ity to either group series were found at levels as low as 25 m. in topography, aspect and soil moisture regime. Consequently they occur as a mosaic pattern occu Pre-European vegetation for upland yellow pying the narrow climatic zone between the two brown earths was fescue tussock (Chionoch/oa rig groups. The climate of this zone is similar in dry ida) grassland association. The soils are less weath seasons to that of the dry hygrous yellow-grey eai1hs ered but more strongly leached than the lowland and in the wet seasons to that of the hygrous yellow yellow-brown earths and have weaker consisten brown earths. ces, paler subsoil colours, coarser textures and more weakly developed structures. Because profiles vary according to site there are no simple diagnostic features for the group as a Large areas of these soils, especially those on the whole. tableland, are well suited for pastoral development. Similarly, chemical characteristics vary consid erably, but in general these soils have properties PODZOLISED YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS similar to the zonal group to which they have the closest affinity. Podzolised yellow brown earths in Bruce County Yell ow-grey earth to yellow-brown earth inter are formed on schist loess over either greywacke or grades are represented in Bruce County by Kai schist, and the principal features of this group are tangata and Raurekau series. influenced mainly by vegetation, elevation and cli mate. These soils are very strongly leached and imperfectly 1 to moderately well drained2• Like the YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS yellow-brown earths, this group has been sub divided for convenience. Yell ow-brown earths are formed on greywacke, schist, Tertiary sediments and schist loess. The 1. Lowland podzolised yellow-brown earths this group are influenced principal features of Lowland podzolised yellow-brown earths occur and elevation but also by parent mainly by climate at elevations of 100-425 m above sea level under material, stage of weathering and leaching, slope and type of vegetation under which the soil is formed. 'Imperfectly drained: refers to those soils in which the water is removed slowly enough to keep them wet for significant periods These soils are usually well drained and have a but not all the time (Taylor and Pohlen 1979). regime. For convenience, the hygrous soil moisture 'Moderately well drained: refers to those soils in which the water yellow-brown earths are subdivided into the is removed somewhat slowly so that the profile is wet for a small following: but significant part of the time (Taylor and Pohlen 1970). 9
a rainfall of 850-1100 mm per year. They have cropping. However, their use is restricted largely to developed mainly under a vegetation of kaikawaka pastoral farming because they occur on hilly terrain (Libocedrus plumosa) and rimu (Dacrydium cupres or at moderately high elevations and the presence simon) which produced a strongly acid litter. of stones and boulders inhibits cultivation. These soils are characterised by a thin mor litter layer on the surface and a bleached horizon at the YELLOW-BROWN SANDS base of the topsoil which is underlain by a thin iron pan. Below the pan is a brownish yellow blocky Yellow-brown sands in Bruce County are formed structured subsoil. mainly on quartzo-feldspathic sands and are 2. Upland podzolised yellow-brown earths restricted to sand dunes and associated sand flats along the coast. There is a wide range of mor Upland podzolised yellow-brown earths occur at phological features, governed by the age of the dune, elevations of 400-675 m above sea level under a but in general these soils have a greyish brown to snow tussock vegetation. Rainfall varies from 850 very dark grey, loose to very friable, coarse sand to 1OOO mm per year. These soils have many fea to sandy loam topsoil, single-grained or with crumb tures common with those of the first group, the structure. Subsoils consist of loose pale yellow to differences being due mainly to the higher eleva light brownish grey and grey structureless loamy tions and lower temperatures, resulting in weaker sand and sand. weathering and lower production and turnover of organic matter. The soils have low nutrient status, being gener ally strongly leached, droughty in summer and sus ceptible to wind erosion. Present land use is INTERGRADES BETWEEN RENDZINAS restricted to semi-extensive and extensive sheep and AND YELLOW-GREY EARTHS cattle grazing but many areas have a potential for commerical forestry. lntergrades between rendzinas and yellow-grey earths develop on phosphatic limestones and cal ORGANIC SOILS careous sandstones with admixtures of loess, and occur in a few small areas in Bruce County asso ciated with hilly terrain (Milburn series). Organic soils form on decomposed or partly decomposed plant residues and occur in low-lying Soils developed on limestone are characterised areas where the water table is permanently high. by dark grey to dark brown silt loam to silty clay Two groups of organic soils are mapped in Bruce loam topsoils with moderate to strong nut and County: those found in areas subject to periodic granular structure, over yellowish brown to brown flooding where alluvium has been incorporated with ish yellow firm clay loam to clay subsoils with scat the organic matter, and those formed essentially tered rock fragments. Sandy textures are common from organic accumulation in absence of mineral in soils associated with sandstone. Natural fertility accretion. varies from moderate to high. The soils of the first group have dark greyish brown to black topsoils with textures ranging from BROWN GRANULAR LOAMS AND CLAYS peats to peaty silt loams. They generally overlie gleyed silts and sands deposited on the flood plains. Brown granular loams and clays have developed These soils are usually well suited to intensive on weathering products derived from basic igneous farming and cropping, with some market garden rocks mixed with varying amounts of schist loess. ing, but they are of moderate to low nutrient status They occur as a complex mosaic with zonal soils and require drainage. Pastures are susceptible to west of Lake Waihola, often associated with small pugging if stocked under wet conditions. areas of hilly terrain. The pre-European vegetation The second group, which is often referred to as was similar to that of the adjacent zonal soils to raised bogs, comprises partly decomposed plant which they intergrade. remains. These soils are low in inorganic matter Although loess has modified the morphology of and nutrients, have very poor drainage, are difficult these soils to varying degrees, they are character to drain, pug easily and require careful manage ised by dark brown to very dark brown colours, silt ment for pasture development. loam to silty clay loam textures, friable consist ences and well developed nut and granular GLEY SOILS structures. These brown granular loams and clays have Gley soils develop on flood plains of rivers and medium to high nutrient status, are well drained streams where sediments have accumulated slowly and are capable of sustaining intensive and regular by periodic flooding and the water table is high for JO
considerable periods. They are characterised by silty suited for intensive mixed farming and cropping. clay loam textures, dark greyish brown topsails and However, as they are low in humus and have weakly light grey to light greenish grey subsoils. developed structures, long term cropping may result in structural deterioration. Because of their low-lying situation and the pres ence of pans and cemented subsoil layers, gley soils The imperfectly to poorly drained gleyed recent are naturally poorly drained. Most are not easy to soils occur in low-lying parts of the flood plains drainartificiallybecause water moves slowly through where water tables are high in winter and spring. the silty clay loam textured, compact subsoil, and These soils are more easily drained than gley soils intensive agricultural production is thus inhibited. because they have coarser textures without subsoil compaction. When drained, most of the soils can be cropped or used for intensive dairying. RECENT SOILS
Recent soils occur on flood plains and on asso ciated low terraces subjected to periodic flooding. SALINE GLEY RECENT SOILS They range from well to poorly drained. Principal profile features of well to moderately Saline gley recent soils occur along the margins well drained recent soils (non to weakly gleyed) are of coastal estuaries. They are morphologically light grey to light brownish grey topsails of varying similar to gleyed recent soils except that they have textures, friable consistences, and weakly devel weakly developed humus topsails and are saline, oped crumb to granular structures, merging into supporting only salt-tolerant vegetation. They are grey or greyish brown subsoils, single grained or largely unused but if protected from marine flood with very weakly developed nut and blocky struc ing and extensively drained they could sustain semi tures, almost massive. These soils are generally well intensive to intensive grazing.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS ACCORDING TO THEIR LIMITATIONS FOR LAND USE
In this section of the report, for flat to rolling I B Limitations of drainage and nutrients land, the soil taxonomic units, which represent the Otokia series Warepa silt loam dominant soil(s) found within the mapping units, Tokomairiro series are given ratings according to their limitations for Kuri silt loam, strongly gleyed subsoil phase various land uses. However, when a land use deci Raurekau silt loam sion is made, consideration must be given to other Raurekau brown silt loam Takitao series soils which may be found in the mapping units, Waitepeka peaty loam either as inclusions or as other members of soil Waitepeka peaty silt loam complexes. Tuakitoto loamy peat Tuakitoto loamy peat, saline phase Taieri silt loam PASTORAL USE Taieri peaty loam Matau series Paretai series This classification follows Gibbs (1968). Koau silt loam Koau silt loam, peaty subsoil phase Table 2 Soil limitations for pastoral use Puerua series CLASS l: Soils of flat and rolling land with minimal or slight limitations for pastoral use CLASS 2: Soils of flat and rolling land with moderate l A Limitations of nutrients limitations for pastoral use Clydevale fine sandy loam 2A Limitations of insufficient moisture and. to a lesser Clydevale silt loam extent, nutrients Te Houka silt loam Pukeawa series Kuri silt loam Greenfield series Waitahuna silt loam Kuri sandy loam Newstead series 28 Limitations of texture, structure. or elevation Tokoiti silt loam Warepa shallow silt loam Cargill series Taratu silt loam, sandy loam Highcliff silt loam. stony silt loam Waipori silt loam, stony silt loam Clutha sandy loam Mt Misery series Clutha brown sandy loam Pukekoma silt loam Clutha fine sandy loam Pukekoma silt loam, shallow variant Pomahaka loamy sand Mahinerangi series Pomahaka fine sandy loam Taioma series 11
Narrowdale silt loam CLASS 2: Soils of fiat to rolling land with moderate limitations Narrowdale silt loam, non-stony subsoil variant tor crop production. These soils are not as versatile Narrowdale shallow silt loam as those ot Class I and although they may be smted to one Brighton series or two kinds of crop they may be quite unsuitable for others. Shagree series 2A Soils with limitations of insufficient moisture Pomahaka coarse sand Pukeawa series Clydevale fine sandy loam Highclitf silt loam, stony silt loam CLASS 3: Soils offiat and rolling land with severe limitations for pastoral use 2B Soils with subsoil pan and drainage impediment, lia- 3A Limitations of nutrients through high fixation or bility to erosion and nutrient limitations salinity Clydevale silt loam Kaikorai series Otokia series Te Houka silt loam 3B Limitations of subsoil pans and drainage Tokomairiro series Stirling series Warcpa silt loam 3C Limitations of excessive moisture, shrinkage Warepa shallow silt loam Otanomomo series Kuri sandy loam 30 Limitations of elevation with cool wet climate Kuri silt loam Maungatua silt loam. peaty silt loam Kuri silt loam, strongly gleycd subsoil phase Waitahuna silt loam CLASS 4: Soils of hilly and steep land with slight Raurekau silt loam to moderate limitations for pastoral use Raurekau brown silt loam Limitations of nutrients Newstead series Allanton series (on hilly slopes) Taioma series Clydevale series (on hilly slopes) Cargill series Te Houka series (on hilly slopes) Shagrcc series Warcpa series (on hilly slopes) Waitahuna series (on hilly slopes) CLASS 3: Soils offiat and rolling land with severe limitations Kaitangata series (on hilly slopes) for crop production Akatorc series (on hilly slopes) 3A Shallow and/or stony soils with serious moisture Taratu series (on hilly slopes) deficiency Taupeka series (on hilly slopes) Greenfield series Tuapeka series (on steep slopes) Taratu silt loam, sandy loam Waipori series (on hilly slopes) Mt Misery series Milburn series (on hilly slopes) Brighton series Highclitf series (on hilly slopes) Pomahaka coarse sand CLASS 5: Soils of hilly and steep land with moderate to 3B Soils of medium to high elevation. and of wet low- severe limitations for pastoral use lying land not easily drained 5A Limitations of insufficient or excessive moisture Waipori silt loam, stony silt loam Henley series (on hilly slopes) Pukckoma silt loam Pukekoma silt loam, shallow variant 5B Limitations of erosion Mahincrangi series Wangaloa series (on hilly slopes) Narrowdale silt loam CLASS 6: Soils of hilly and steep land with severe Narrowdale silt loam, non-stony subsoil variant to very severe limitations for pastoral use Narrowdale shallow silt loam 6A Limitations of nutrients and soil erosion Takitao series Maungatua series (on hilly slopes) Tokoiti series Maungatua silt loam, peaty silt loam Tuakitoto loamy peat CROPPING Tuakitoto loamy peat, saline phase Stirling series This classification follows Cutler (1967). Otanomomo series Taieri silt loam Table 3 Soil limitations for cropping Taicri peaty loam CLASS 1: Soils of fiat and easy rolling land with minimal or Pucrua series slight limitations for crop production Kaikorai series IA Soils most suitable for cropping-limitations arc fairly easily overcome CLASS 4: Soils of hilly and steep land unsuitable for crop production Clutha sandy loam Clutha brown sandy loam Allanton series (on hilly slopes) Clutha fine sandv loam Henley series (on hilly slopes) Pomahaka loamy sand Clydevalc series (on hilly slopes) Pomahaka fine sandy loam Tc Houka series (on hilly slopes) Warepa series (on hilly slopes) I B Not present in this survey Waitahuna series (on hilly slopes) IC Soils which require drainage before they can be suc Kaitangata series (on hilly slopes) cessfully cropped. These soils have limitations of Akatore series (on hilly slopes) nutrients also. Wangaloa series (on hilly slopes) Waitepeka peaty loam Taratu series (on hilly slopes) Waitepeka peaty silt loam Tuapeka series (on hilly slopes) Matau series Tuapeka series (on steep slopes) Paretai series Waipori series (on hilly slopes) Koau silt loam Maungatua series (on hilly slopes) Koau silt loam, peaty subsoil phase Milburn series (on hilly slopes) Highclitf series (on hilly slopes) 12
FORESTRY 3B Soils with limitations of shallow and/or stony pro- files, and insufficient moisture Greenfield series This classification follows Cutler (1967). Class Taratu silt loam, sandy loam 2C is slightly modified to include lowland soils with Taratu series (on hilly slopes) Mt Misery significant liability to erosion. series 3C Soils with poor drainage Table 4 Soil limitations for forest growth Kuri silt loam, strongly gleyed subsoil phase Waitepeka peaty loam CLASS I: Soils of flat, rolling and hilly land with minimal or Waitepeka peaty silt loam slight limitations for forest growth IA Soils with no significant limitations for forest growth Tuakitoto loamy peat Tuakitoto Clydevale fine sandy loam loamy peat, saline phase · Kaitangata series (on hilly slopes) Stirling series Aka tore series (on hilly slopes) Otanomomo series Taieri silt loam Newstead series Tuapeka series (on hilly slopes) Taieri peaty loam Paretai series Taioma series Takitao series Koau silt loam Tokoiti series Koau silt loam, peaty subsoil phase Puerua series Cargill series Kaikorai series Clutha sandy loam Clutha brown sandy loam 30 Soils of high uplands, with low fertility and/or poor Clutha fine sandy loam drainage Pomahaka loamy sand Maungatua silt loam. peaty silt loam Pomahaka fine sandy loam Maungatua series (on hilly slopes) IB Soils with minor limitations of soil drainage which CLASS 4: Soils of steep land with slight to moderate may limit the establishment of some species limitations for forest growth Clydevalc silt loam Warepa silt loam Tuapeka series (on steep slopes) Warcpa series (on hilly slopes) Kuri sandy loam Kuri silt loam Waitahuna silt loam Waitahuna series (on hilly slopes) POTENTIAL LAND USE Raurekau silt loam Raurekau brown silt loam Matau series By combining classes of limitations for pastoral CLASS 2: Soils of flat, rolling and hilly land with moderate use, cropping and forest growth, classes indicating limitations for forest growth potential use of soils have been determined. These 2A Soils with limitations of insufficient moisture and/or classes follow those outlined by Cutler (1967). The a subsoil pan restricting root development Pukcawa series classes are generalised and do not imply that soils Allanton series (on hilly slopes) within each class will be equally productive. Each Henley series (on hilly slopes) soil has been classed according to the use for which Clydevalc series (on hilly slopes) it is most suitable. Otokia series Tc Houka series Table 5 Classes indicating potential use of soils Tc Houka series (on hilly slopes) CLASS A: Horticulture Tokomairiro series and intensive cropping Warcpa shallow silt loam Waitepeka peaty loam Narrowdale shallow silt loam Waitepeka peaty silt loam Milburn series (on hilly slopes) Clutha sandy loam Highcliff silt loam. stony silt loam Clutha brown sandy loam Highcliff series (on hilly slopes) Clutha fine sandy loam Pomahaka fine sandv loam 2B Soils with limitations of coarse sandv texture and Matau series • probably nutrient deficiencies Brighton series CLASS B: Cropping (cereals. etc) with intensive grazing Shagree series Clydevale fine sandy loam Pomahaka coarse sand Clydevale silt loam 2C Soils with limitations of elevation and/or erosion Otokia series Wangaloa series (on hilly slopes) Te Houka silt loam Waipori silt loam. stony silt loam Tokomairiro series Waipori series (on hilly slopes) Pomahaka loamy sand Pukekoma silt loam Paretai series Pukekoma silt loam. shallow variant Koau silt loam Mahinerangi silt loam Koau silt loam, peaty subsoil phase Narrowdale silt loam CLASS C: Intensive and semi-intensive grazing Narrowdale silt loam. non-stony subsoil variant Pukeawa series Greenfield series CLASS 3: Soils of flat, rolling and hilly land with severe Clydevale series (on hilly slopes) limitations for forest growth Tc Houka series (on hilly slopes) 3A Not present in this survey Warepa silt loam 13
Warepa shallow silt loam Table 6 Value of soils for food production Kuri sandy loam CLASS I Soils of high actual or potential value for food Kuri silt loam production Kuri silt loam. strongly gleyed subsoil phase IA Soils of high actual value for food production Waitahuna silt loam Clutha sandy loam Taioma series Clutha brown sandy loam Milburn series (on hilly slopes) Clutha fine sandy loam Cargill series Pomahaka fine sandy loam Highcliff silt loam, stony silt loam Matau series Tuakitoto loamy peat 1B Soils of high potential value for food production Tuakitoto loamy peat, saline phase Clydevale fine sandy loam Stirling series Waitepeka peaty loam Taieri silt loam Waitepeka peaty silt loam Taieri peaty loam Pomahaka loamy sand Pomahaka coarse sand Paretai series Puerua series Koau silt loam Kaikorai series Koau silt loam, peaty subsoil phase CLASS D: Intensive and semi-intensive grazing or production forestry CLASS 2: Soils of moderate value for food production Allanton series (on hilly slopes) Pukeawa series Henley series (on hilly slopes) Clydevale silt loam Warepa series (on hilly slopes) Otokia series Waitahuna series (on hilly slopes) Te Houka silt loam Raurekau silt loam Tokomairiro silt loam Raurekau brown silt loam Warepa silt loam Taratu silt loam, sandy loam Warepa shallow silt loam Newstead series Kuri sandy loam Tuapeka series (on steep slopes) Kuri silt loam Waipori silt loam, stony silt loam Kuri silt loam. strongly gleyed subsoil phase Pukekoma silt loam Waitahuna silt loam Pukekoma silt loam. shallow variant Raurekau silt loam Mahinerangi series Raurekau brown silt loam Narrowdale silt loam Waipori silt loam, stony silt loam Narrowdale silt loam. non-stony subsoil variant Pukekoma silt loam Tokoiti series Taioma series Highcliff series (on hilly slopes) Narrowdale silt loam, non-stony subsoil variant Shagree series Tokoiti series Cargill series CLASS E: Production forestry Highcliff silt loam, stony silt loam Kaitangata series (on hilly slopes) Shagree series Aka tore series (on hilly slopes) Tuakitoto loamy peat Tuapeka series (on hilly slopes) Tuakitoto loamy peat, saline phase Waipori series (on hilly slopes) Stirling series Narrowdale shallow silt loam Taieri silt loam Takitao series Taieri peaty loam CLASS F: Semi-extensive grazing Puerua series Wangaloa series (on hilly slopes) Kaikorai series Taratu series (on hilly slopes) CLASS 3: Soils of low value for food production Mt Misery series Greenfield series CLASS G: Extensive grazing and conservation Allanton series (on hilly slopes) Maungatua silt loam, peaty silt loam Henley series (on hilly slopes) Maungatua series (on hilly slopes) Clydevale series (on hilly slopes) Brighton series Te Houka series (on hilly slopes) CLASS H: Conservation Warepa series (on hilly slopes) Otanomono series Waitahuna series (on hilly slopes) Kaitangata series (on hilly slopes) Akatore series (on hilly slopes) Wangaloa series (on hilly slopes) VALUE FOR FOOD PRODUCTION Taratu silt loam. sandy loam The Town and County Planning Act ( 1977) Taratu series (on hilly slopes) requires that land of high actual and potential for Newstead series Tuapeka series (on hilly slopes) food production be protected from the unnecessary Tuapeka series (on steep slopes) encroachment of urban development, wherever Waipori series (on hilly slopes) practicable. To help identify this land the soils of Mt Misery series Bruce County have been rated according to their Pukekoma silt loam, shallow variant value for Mahinerangi series food production. Food production is con Narrowdale silt loam sidered here to include intensive land uses such as Narrowdale shallow silt loam market gardening, horticulture, cropping and dair Takitao series ying. The classification follows Cowie (1974), with Maungatua silt loam, peaty silt loam the addition of subclasses 2A and 2B. 14
Maungatua series (on hilly slopes) Brighton series Milburn series (on hilly slopes) Otanomomo series Highcliff series (on hilly slopes) Pomahaka coarse sand
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The help and encouragement given by the late gratefully acknowledged. Mr W.A. Pullar in the preparation of this report is
REFERENCES
COWIE. J.D. 1974: Soils of Palmerston North city and envi Clydevale districts. N.Z Departmelll 1!( clgriculturc rons. New Zealand. N.Z. Soil Surrey Report 24. Bulletin 1Op. CUTLER. E.J.B. 1967: Soils of the Otago region. Pp.35-51 in LEAMY, M.L.: LESLIE. D.M. 1973: Taieri. Soils. i\'.Z. Soil 'National Resources Survey. Part Y-Otago Region.' Bureau Maps 97/1-4. Land inventory survey-County Compiled by Town and Country Planning Branch. Min- series. N.Z. Department of Lands and Survey. • istry of Works. 572p. N.Z. SOIL BUREAU. 1968a: General survey of the soils of CUTLER, E.J.B.: RAESIDE, J.D. 1960: Provisional soil data South Island, New Zealand. N.Z. Soil Bureau Bullc1in of the Taieri Plains. N.Z. Soil Bureau. Dunedin. Unpub 27. 404p. lished report. N.Z. SOIL BUREAU l 968b: Soils of New Zealand. part I. CUTLER. E.J.B.: RICHARDS. J.: COLLIE. T.W. 1957: Soils N.Z. Soil Bureau Bullc1i11 26(1) l 42p. /\·./.. Soil Bureau Bulletin of the lower Clutha Plains. TAYLOR, N.H.: POHLEN. I.J. 1979: Soil survey method. l\'./.. 15. 40p. Soil Bureau Bulle/in 25 242p. land use. Chapter 5. GIBBS. H.S. 1968: Soil classification for WRIGHT, A.C.S.: RICHARDS. J.: LOBB. W.R.: MILLER. R.B. of New Zealand. Part l '. S./.. Soil pp.124-130 in 'Soils 1952: Soils and their utilization. Green Bureau Bulletin 26(1) 142p. Island-Kaitangata District. N./.. Soil Bureau Bulle1i11 6 GREENALL. A.F.: FAITHFUL. W.C.: WRIGHT. A.CS. (n.s.) 36p. 1943: The growing of linen flax in the Balclutha and 15
APPENDIX-EXTENDED LEGEND
EXPLANATORY NOTES lor and Pohlen (1979). Only the main properties of the soils are listed. 1 MAPSYMBOL 8 OVERALL DRAINAGE This symbol designates the soil mapping unit on Classes are those given for overall drainage in the soil map. Taylor and Pohlen (l 979, pp.38-39). The classes are: 2 SOIL SERIES AND TYPES very poorly drained moderately well drained The legend gives soil taxonomic units (series) poorly drained well drained arranged pedologically within N.Z. genetic soil imperfectly or somewhat somewhat excessively drained groupings. Soil types and phases comprising the poorly drained excessively drained dominant soil(s) found within the mapping units 9 SOIL LIMITATION CLASSES are given in brackets. Where the mapping unit cov The dominant soil within the mapping unit is ers hilly or steep land, the soils are more variable rated according to the type and degree of soil lim and the terms 'hill soils' and 'steepland soils' are itations for various kinds of land use, including used to signify this variability. Up to 15% of any pastoral farming, cropping and forestry. For details mapping unit may comprise soils that do not fall of the classes used, see pp. I 0-12 of this report. within the definition of the taxonomic unit (e.g. up to 15% of the mapping unit shown as Raurekau silt 10 POTENTIAL LAND USE loam may comprise soils that cannot be classified By combining soil limitation classes for different as Raurekau series). land uses, soil classes indicating potential use have been determined, following Cutler (l 967). Each soil 3 PARENT MATERIAL/PARENT ROCK has been classed according to the use for which it This is the weathered unconsolidated material is most suitable, but the classification does not from which the soil has been formed. Parent rock imply that all soils in one class are equally pro is the rock from which the parent material is derived ductive (see p.12 of this report). The classes are: by weathering. A-Horticulture and intensive cropping 4 PRE-EUROPEAN VEGETATION -B-Cropping (cereals etc.) with intensive grazing This refers to the vegetation existing on the soil C-Intensive and semi-intensive grazing D-Intensive and semi-intensive grazing or production before European development. It is generally forestry believed to be the vegetation under which the soil E-Production forestry formed. F-Semi-extensive grazing G-Extensive grazing or conservation 5 TOPOGRAPHY/ELEVATION (m) H-Conservation Slopes are classified according to Taylor and Pohlen (l 979) as follows: 11 VALUE FOR FOOD PRODUCTION flat to gently undulating The soils are rated according to their actual or easy rolling most slopes< 5° potential value for food production in terms of the rolling most slopes< 12° Town and Country Planning Act ( 1977). Classes are moderately steep most slopes< 23°; many slopes (see p.13 of this report): 12-23° moderately steep to steep most slopes< 30°; many slopes I A Soils of high actual value for food production 18-30° I B Soils of high potential value for food oroduction steep many slopes 30-38° 2 Soils of moderate value for food production very steep many slopes ~ 40° 3 Soils of low actual or potential value for food production Elevation is in metres above sea level to the nearest 5 metres. 12 LIKELY RESPONSES TO PASTORAL TOPDRESSING 6 MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL (range) This information has been drawn from 'General This is the range of mean annual rainfall over survey of the soils of South Island, New Zealand' which the soil occurs. Figures are taken from rain (N.Z. Soil Bureau l 968a) to provide a basic guide. fall records or from isohyet maps supplied by the Symbols used are: N.Z. Meteorological Service, and are to the nearest millimetre. SP Superphosphate L Lime (carbonate) 7 BRIEF SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTION Mo Molybdenum salts A brief profile description of the dominant soil 13 PRESENT SOIL EROSION AND is given. In the mapping unit, some variation of FLOODING this representative profile can be expected, particu The types of soil erosion existing under current larly with respect to depth, texture and colour. kinds of land use are given. Flooding is given in Descriptive terminology used follows that in Tay- terms of frequency. 16
I 968a) within which the soils 14 GENERAL SOIL LIMITATIONS AND identified in this sur vey were originally mapped. POTENTIALS Main limitations for intensive use are given, with 16 AREA (ha) some indication of potential where appropriate. The areas were obtained by planimeter on the Where increased understanding of a soil has led to published soil map. The map, however, is drawn a change in classification of the taxonomic unit, this at too small a scale to measure areas accurate!y and also is indicated. the figures given are approximate only, rounded to 15 SOIL SET (Ref. no.) the nearest 50 hectares except for the smaller com This column shows the soil sets (and soil set ponents. For complex mapping units containing two reference number) of the 'General survev of the soils named soils, 60% of the measured area was arbi of South Island, New Zealand' (N.Z. 'soil Bureau trarily assigned to the first named complex member and 40% to the second. 17 18
Brief soil profile description 7 Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual Map Soil series 5 3 4 (m) rainfall 1 types2 parent rock vegetation elevation symbol and (mm)6
YELLOW-GREY EARTHS cm greyish brown gravelly Shallow schist Fescue/silver Flat to 625-675 15 liark Pv Pukeawa silty clay loam; friable; nut silt loess over tussock undulating; (gravelly and granular structure; clay greywacke grassland, some some rock loam; silty many gravels and stones, loam; gravelly matagouri outcrops; sandy loam) 25-60 17cm pale brown to yellowish brown gravelly silty clay loam; friable; nut and blocky structure; many gravels and small stones,
Oil greywacke.
brown silt Alluvial gravels Fescue/silver Flat to gently 625-675 28 cm dark greyish Gf Greenfield loam; friable to very loam; of schist, tussock with undulating (silt friable; nut and granular silt greywacke and patches of terraces; some gravelly few gravels and gravelly quartz with matagouri scrub rock outcrops; structure; loam; stones, sandy loam) shallow schist 15-35 loess cover 15 cm yellowish brown gravelly silt loam; very friable; weak nut and blocky structure; few to many gravels,
Oil greywacke and quartz gravels and stones.
15 cm very dark grey to very dark ton Greywacke, and Silver tussock Moderately 725-775 AIH Allan greyish brown gravelly silt (hill soils) schist loess grassland, some steep slopes; matagouri 30-175 loam; friable; nut and granular structure; few to many gravels,
20cm brownish yellow gravelly silt loam; friable; nut structure; many gravels and stones.
Oil greywacke.
brown Schistose Silver/fescue Moderately 725-800 18em very dark greyish HyH Henley friable; fine nut conglomerate. tussock steep to steep silt loam; (hill soils) structure, schist loess and grassland, some slopes. short and granular sandstone manuka and steep slopes and dicotylous forest some strongly 23cm pale olive silt loam with rolling slopes many mottles; friable; nut included in and blocky structure; few mapping unit; gravels. 15-250 23cm light grey gravelly silty clay loam with many mottles; friable; blocky structure; many gravels,
Oil schistose conglomerate. 19
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food prod- onse to past. and limitations,, (ref. no.)'; (ha)'" sym- (class)" oral ping estry use'" uction (class)" topdressing 12 flooding 1.i bol'
Well 2A 2B 2A c 2 SP medium; Wind and Shallow and Pukeawa 2450 Pv drained L medium; sheet stony soils; SP+L good tend to be (23b) to v. good droughty in summer
Well 2A 3A 3B c 3 Wind and Shallow and stony Included with 350 Gf drained sheet soils; droughty in Pukeawa (23b) summer; small discontinuous areas
Well 4 4 2A D 3 Shallow and stony Included with 50 AIH drained soils; tend to be Kaitangata hill droughty in soils (31b) summer
Moderately 5A 4 2A D 3 SP good; L Sheet and Stony subsoils; Henley hill soils HyH well to well good; Mo gully; some tend to be (23dH) 500 drained likely tunnel droughty in gullying and summer slumping where loess is deep 20
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual 7 symbol' and 2 3 Brief soil profile description types parent rock vegetation4 elevation (m); rainfall (mm)6
Cvs Clydevale Schist loess Fescue/silver Gently 625-675 25 cm dark greyish brown (fine sandy tussock fine undulating to sandy loam; loam) grassland, friable; nut some rolling; and granular structure. matagouri 65-95 J8cm pale olive sandy loam with many mottles: friable; nut and blocky structure; many small iron concretions.
20cm olive loamy fine sand; few mottles; friable to firm; blocky structure to single grain.
011 olive grey loamy sand; many mottles; very friable: single grain. Cv Clydevale Schist loess Fescue/silver Easy rolling to 625-230 25 cm dark greyish brown (silt loam) silt tussock strongly rolling; loam; friable; nut structure. grassland. some 25-230 matagouri JO cm brownish yellow and grey silt loam; few to many mottles: friable; nut structure; few iron concretions,
25cm brownish yellow silt loam; distinct mottles; friable; blocky and nut structure,
on light olive brown fine sandy loam; many mottles; firm; blocky structure. CvH Clydevale (hill Schist loess Fescue/silver Many narrow Similar soils) over greywacke tussock strips, 625-750 to grassland, some moderatelv Clyde vale matagouri steep slop~s; fine small areas of sandy mapping unit loam but steep and rocky: textures are 80-240 variable Ot Otokia Schist loess Silver/fescue Easy rolling to 725-780 20cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam) tussock rolling: loam: friable; nut and grassland 20-50 granular structure,
8cm light yellowish brown and greyish brown silt loam; many distinct mottles; friable; nut and granular structures: many iron concretions,
13cm light grey silt loam; many distinct mottles; friable: blocky structure: few iron concretions.
20cm pale olive silty clay loam; many distinct mottles; firm: blocky/prismatic structure.
on light yellowish brown silt loam: many prominent mottles; firm; prismatic structure. 21
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations'• (ref. no.)15 (ha)'• sym- (class)8 oral ping estry usern ion (class)" topdressing12 flooding 13 bol1
Moderately IA 2A IA B IB Wind and Droughty in Clydevale (23a) 450 Cvs well to well sheet summer drained
Imperfectly IA 2B IB B 2 Mo fair; SP Wind and Weakly to Clydevale (23a) 9000 Cv to medium; L sheet moderately moderately fair; Mo+SP compact subsoils; well medium to perched water drained good; table; tends to be MO+SP+L droughty in good to v. summer. good Marked sorting of loess away from Clutha River as subsoils grade into silts
Moderately 4 4 2A c 3 Mo fair; SP Sheet; some Soils droughty in Clydevale hill 2250 CvH well to well medium; L tunnel- summer. soils (23a) drained fair to good; gullying and In manv areas Mo+SP soil slippage Clydevale series good: occurs in complex Mo+SP+L with Tuapeka v. good series (on hilly slopes) Imperfectly IB 2B 2A B 2 SP good Sheet and Compact subsoil; Included with 1350 Ot to gully; some perched water Tokomairiro moderately tunnel- table; tends to be (18b) well gullying droughty in drained summer 22
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography I Mean annual Brief soil profile description' symbol 1 and types2 parent rock 3 vegetation• elevation (m); rainfall (mm)"
Th Te Houka Schist loess Fescue tussock Easy rolling to 675-725 20cm dark greyish brown (silt loam) grassland rolling, some silt loam; friable; nut strongly and rolling granular structure, slopes: 15-IOO 8cm dark greyish brown and yellowish brown silt loam: friable; nut and granular structure: few iron concretions,
15cm light olive grey silty clay loam; few mottles; friable; blocky and nut structure,
34cm light olive grey silty clay loam: abundant distinct mottles: firm: blocky structure,
on yellowish brown to light olive brown silty clay loam; many distinct mottles: firm: blocky /prismatic structure. ThH Te Houka Schist loess Fescue tussock Moderately 675-725 Similar to Te Houka silt loam (hill soils) over greywacke grassland steep with some (above) but horizons are thinner short moderately steep to steep slopes: 302/iO Tm Tokomairiro Schist loess Fescue tussock Undulating to 675-750 25 cm dark greyish (silt loam) (primary brown silt and/or grassland, some flat terraces and loam: friable: secondary) nut and red tussock fans; some easy granular structure, rolling slopes; I0-60 13cm pale olive silt loam: many distinct mottles; friable; nut and granular structure,
13cm light yellowish brown silty clay loam: many distinct mottles; friable to firm; blocky structure,
on brownish yellow to yellowish brown silty clay loam; few to many prominent mottles; firm: blocky /prismatic structure. Wr Ware pa Schist loess Fescue/silver Easy rolling to 700-850 22cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam) tussock strongly rolling; loam; friable: nut structure, grassland 25-250 13cm light yellowish brown to pale olive silt loam: many distinct mottles: friable: blocky and nut structure,
30cm pale olive silt loam: many distinct mottles; firm; blocky structure,
on light yellowish brown silt loam to silty clay loam; many prominent mottles; firm: prismatic structure: few iron concretions. 23
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations 14 (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym (class)8 oral ping estry use 10 ion (class)1 1 topdressing12 floodingl3 bol1
Imperfectly IA 2B 2A B 2 Mo fair; L Sheet and Compact subsoil; Te Houka (23) 1450 Th drained fair; SP fair; rill perched water Mo+SP table: tends to be good to v. droughty in good; summer and Mo+SP+L susceptible to v. good; waterlogging during SP+L good winter
Included with 600 ThH Moderately 4 4 2A c 3 Sheet and Moderately Te Houka (23) well to rill compact subsoil; imperfectly tends to be drained droughty in summer 4850 Tm Imperfectly IB 2B 2A B 2 SP good Slight sheet Moderately Tokomairiro (18b) drained compact to compact subsoil: perched water table: susceptible to waterlogging during winter. Includes some poorly drained soils. Formerly named Warepa strongly gleyed silt loam (Wright et al. 1952)
Imperfectly IB 2B IB c 2 L good: Sheet and Compact Previously Warepa 10150 Wr drained Mo slight rill subsoil: classified by (28b) to perched Leamy & moderate: water table: Leslie ( 1973) Mo+SP tends to be as intergrade v. good droughty in between summer and yellow-grey susceptible earths and to yellow waterlogging brown in winter. earths, now regarded as B-gleyed yellow-grey earth 24
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography I Mean annual Brief soil profile description' symbol 1 and types2 parent rock 3 l'egetation4 elemtion (m)5 rainfall (mm)6
Wrs Warepa Schist loess Fescue/silver Easy rolling to 700-825 Similar to Warepa silt loam (above) (shallow silt over quartz tussock rolling, some but profiles overlie quartz gravels at loam) gravels grassland strongly rolling 30-75 cm depth association, slopes; some flax, hard 25-150 fem and tutu WrH Warepa Schist loess Fescue/silver Moderately 700-850 Similar to Warepa silt loam but (hill soils) over schist or tussock steep slopes; horizons are thinner greywacke association, some short some hard fern steep slopes and manuka included in mapping unit; 30-160 Krs Kuri Schist loess Native flax, Undulating to 775-825 15 cm dark brown loamy sand; (sandy loam; overlain by some dicotylous/ rolling slopes on very friable to loose; crumb loamy sand) 80-40cm podocarp forest coastal terraces; structure, windblown 10-30 schist sand 12cm dark reddish brown to brown sandy loam; friable; nut structure,
20cm brownish yellow to light yellowish brown silt loam; many distinct mottles; friable to firm; blocky structure,
50cm brownish yellow to light yclllowish brown silty clay loam; many prominent mottles; firm; blocky /prismatic structure,
on brownish yellow silty clay loam; firm; blocky structure.
Kr Kuri Schist loess Native flax, Gently 775-825 25-30 cm very dark grey to dark grey (silt loam) some coastal undulating to silt loam; friable; nut scrub rolling slopes on structure, coastal terraces; 10-100 lOcm light brownish grey and dark grey silt loam; many distinct mottles; friable; nut and granular structure,
18cm light yellowish brown silt loam; few to many distinct mottles; friable; blocky structure,
011 light yellowish brown fine sandy loam; many prominent mottles; firm; blocky /prismatic structure.
loam (above) Krx Kuri Schist Joess Flax, sedges and Gently 775-825 Similar to Kuri silt (silt loam, rushes, some undulating to but subsoils are more strongly glcyed strongly gleyed dicotylous/ easy rolling subsoil phase) podocarp forest slopes on coastal terraces; 10-50 25
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitationsl4 (ref. no.)" (ha)16 sym- drainage 1 (class)8 oral ping estry useio ion (class)11 topdressing12 ftooding 13 bol
Moderately Warepa (28b) I JOO Wrs Imperfectly 2B 2B 2A c 2 L good; Mo Sheet slight to compact subsoil; to perched water table moderately moderate; in wet winter; often well Mo+SP v. good droughty in drained summer Sheet and Moderately Warepa hill I 100 WrH Imperfectly 4 4 lB D 3 SP+L+Mo v. good rill; some compact subsoil; soils (28bH) to tends to be moderately tunnel- gullying droughty in well summer drained
Compact subsoil; Included with 100 Krs Moderately 2A 2B IB c 2 Wind perched water Warepa (28b) well table; sandy topsoil drained may be wet in winter
Compact subsoil; Included with 2100 Kr Imperfectly IA 2B 1B c 2 Sheet and rill perched water Warepa (28b) to table; tends to be moderately droughty during well summer and drained susceptible to waterlogging in winter
Weakly to Included with 750 Krx lB 2B 3C c 2 Imperfectly moderately Warepa (28b) to poorly compact subsoil; drained perched water table; waterlogged in winter. Mapping unit includes some small areas of Newstead series 26
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual Brief soil profile description 7 symbol' and types2 parent rock3 vegetation' elevation (m); rainfall (mm)•
Wt Waitahuna Schist loess Fescue tussock Rolling to 700-900 18 cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam) grassland, some strongly rolling loam; friable; nut and silver and red slopes, some crumb structure, tussock easy rolling; .80-340 I 0 cm light yellowish brown silt loam; many distinct mottles; friable; nut structure,
20 cm light yellowish brown to pale olive silty clay loam; many distinct mottles; firm; nut and blocky structure,
25 cm light yellowish brown silty clay loam; many prominent mottles; firm; blocky/ prismatic structure,
on light yellowish brown silty clay loam; many distinct mottles; firm; blocky /prismatic structure. WtH Waitahuna Schist loess Fescue tussock Moderately 700-900 Similar to Waitahuna silt loam (hill soils) over schist grassland, some steep slopes; (above) but profiles are shallower and red and silver some strongly less mottled tussock rolling and short steep slopes included in mapping unit; 30-340 INTERGRADES BETWEEN YELLOW-GREY EARTHS AND YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS R Raurekau Schist loess Fescue/silver Mainly rolling 850-975 18 cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam, net- tussock ridge tops; loam; friable; nut structure. gammate grassland. some l 00-360 variant) native flax and 9 cm light yellowish brown silt bracken fern loam; many distinct mottles; friable; nut structure.
15 cm yellowish brown silty clay loam; many distinct mottles; friable; blocky structure,
on light yellowish brown silt loam; many prominent mottles; firm; blocky /prismatic structure.
Rb Raurekau Schist loess Fescue/silver Mainly rolling 850-975 Similar to Raurekau silt loam (brown silt tussock. some ridge tops; (above) but topsoils are browner and loam) bracken fern 100-300 subsoils less mottled 27
9 Overall Soil limitation classes Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations" (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym (class)s 10 12 13 oral ping estry use ion (class)" topdressing ftooding bol'
Im perfect! y IA 2B lB 2 c Mo fair; SP Sheet Weakly to Waitahuna (29) 11 750Wt to moderate; L moderately moderately fair; SP+L compact subsoil; well good; drained perched water Mo+SP table; occasionally good; draughty in Mo+SP+L summer. v. good Previously classified by N.Z. Soil Bureau ( 1968) as intergrade between yellow- grey earths and yellow-brown earths
Moderately 4 4 lB D 3 SP Sheet Weakly to Waitahuna hill 2100 WtH well moderate; moderately soils (29H) drained Mo fair; compact subsoil, Mo+SP occasionally good; SP+L draughty in good; summer Mo+SP+L v. good Imperfectly lB 2B lB D 2 SP fair; Sheet Moderately Raurckau (37d) 4550 R drained SP+Mo compact subsoil; good; Mo perched water slight; L fair; table. Previously SP+L good; classified by Leamy Mo+SP+L & Leslie (I 973) as v. good lowland yellow- brown earth
Moderately 1B 2B IB D 2 Weakly to Raurekau (37d) 305 Rb well moderately drained compact subsoil. In many places occurs in complex with Raurekau silt loam 28
7 Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography I Mean annual Brief soil profile description symbol' and types' parent rock 3 vegetation4 elevation (m)5 rainfall (mm)6
silt loam; KaH Kaitangata Greywacke, Fescue/silver Mostly 750-1000 15 cm very dark greyish (hill soils) subschist tussock moderately friable; nut and crumb conglomerate grassland, some steep; some structure, gravels and dicotylous forest short steep schist loess slopes included 25 cm yellowish brown silty clay in mapping loam; friable; nut and unit; blocky structure; few 35-375 gravels,
23 cm brownish yellow to light yellowish brown silty clay loam; friable; blocky and nut structure; many gravels,
on weakly weathered conglomerate.
YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS AND RELATED STEEPLAND SOILS Lowland AkH Akatore Greywacke and Fescue tussock, Moderately 750-1000 15 cm very dark greyish brown (hill soils) schist loess bracken fern, steep to steep; silt loam; friable; nut and tutu, some some short granular structure, dicotylous/ steep slopes podocarp forest included in 15 cm brownish yellow silt loam; mapping unit; few mottles; friable; nut 35-430 and granular structure,
20 cm brownish yellow silt loam; friable; nut structure; few gravels and stones,
on weakly weathered greywacke.
AkbH Akatore Greywacke and Dicotylous/ Moderately 750-1000 Similar to Akatore silt loam (above) (hill soils, schist loess podocarp forest steep to steep; but topsoils are browner brown topsoil some short variant) steep slopes included in mapping unit; 35-430 WH Wangaloa Mudstone and Native flax and Moderately 750-880 3 cm leaf litter, (hill soils) sandstone patches of steep to steep dicotylous/ slopes; some 10 cm dark greyish brown to podocarp forest steep slopes brown silty clay loam: included in friable; nut and granular mapping unit; structure, 10-30 13 cm yellowish brown to brownish yellow silty clay loam; friable; nut structure,
15 cm brownish yellow clay loam; few distinct mottles; friable; blocky structure,
15 cm greenish grey silty clay loam to clay; few mottles; friable to firm; blocky structure; few rock fragments. 29
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations 14 (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym- (class)8 oral ping estry use 10 ion (class)" topdressing•i flooding 13 bol'
Well 4 4 IA E 3 SP good; Sheet Gravelly and stony Kaitangata hill 3700 KaH drained SP+Mo subsoils soils (31 bH) good to v. good
3900 AkH Moderately 4 4 IA E 3 Negligible Subsoils contain Akatore hill well few to many soils (36fH) drained to gravels and stones well drained
Well 4 4 IA E 3 Negligible Subsoils contain Akatore hill 3200 AkbH drained few to many soils (36fH) gravels and stones. Many areas under indigenous forest
Moderately SB 4 2C F 3 Many areas Small Included with 3370 WH well highly discontinuous areas Warepa (28b) drained susceptible to slumping and slipping 30
soil profile description 7 Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography I Mean annual Brief symbol' and types' parent rock3 ''egetation• elevation (m); rainfall (mm)6
Quartz Fescue/silver Easy rolling to 750-1000 18 cm very dark grey to very dark Tr Tara tu silt lo:im; loam; conglomerates, tussock rolling slopes; greyish brown (silt few sandy loam) quartz gravels grassland. some some friable; nut structure; and sands. and snow tussock. moderately iron concretions, patches of schist manuka scrub steep slopes loess and dicotylous/ included in 8cm yellowish brown to broadleaved mapping unit; brownish yellow silt loam; forest 30-290 friable; nut and granular structure,
15cm yellowish brown silty clay loam; friable; nut structure; few iron concretions.
on cemented quartz gravels.
Similar to Taratu silt loam (above) TrH Taratu Quartzosc Fescue/silver Moderately 750-1000 (hill soils) conglomerates, tussock steep to steep, quartz gravels grassland, some some short and sands, and bracken fern. steep slopes; patches of schist native flax and 30-200 loess dicotylous/ podocarp forest Coarse schist Fescue/silver Easy rolling to 750-800 20 cm dark greyish brown fine Ne Newstead to very (fine sandy loess tussock rolling; sandy loam; friable few loam; sandy grassland, some 40-220 friable; nut structure; loam) dicotylous forest iron concretions.
13cm light olive grey mottled sandy loam; friable to very friable; nut structure,
18cm light yellowish brown sandy loam; few mottles,
011 light yellowish brown mottled loamy sand; loose; single grain.
Upland brown silt TeH Tuapeka Schist and Fescue/snow Moderately 675-950 15 cm dark greyish (hill soils) schist loess tussock steep slopes; loam; friable to firm; nut grassland some short and crumb structure, association. steep slopes some dicotylous/ included in 20cm yellowish brown silt loam: podocarp forest mapping unit; friable to firm; nut and 25-550 blocky structure.
25cm yellowish brown to brownish yellow gravelly silt loam; friable; nut and blocky structure: many gravels and stones,
011 schist. silt loam (on TeS Tuapeka Schist and Fescue/snow Steep slopes: 675-950 Similar to Tuapeka but profiles are (steepland soils) schist loess tussock some hilly slopes) (above) grassland moderately shallower association, steep slopes some dicotylous/ included in podocarp forest mapping unit; 50-550 31
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations" (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym (class)8 oral ping estry use 10 ion (class)11 topdressing12 flooding 13 bol'
Well 2B JA 3B D 3 SP Sheet Quartz gravels near Taratu (40a) 2550 Tr drained moderate; surface; tends to be SP+Mo droughty in good; summer. Some SP+Mo+L areas suitable for good to v. production forestry good; Mo fair
Well 4 4 3B F 3 SP+Mo Sheet Includes Taratu Taratu hill soils 7300 TrH drained good light grey hill soil (40aH) (Wright et al. 1952)
Moderately IA 2B IA D 3 Wind and Discontinuous Included with 450 Ne well sheet areas; tends to be Kaitangata hill drained to droughty in soils (31 bH) well summer. Occurs in drained complex with Kaitangata in many areas. Formerly named Otokia sandy loam (Wright et al. 1952)
Well 4 4 IA E 3 SP Sheet and Gravelly and stony Tuapeka hill 15 100 TeH drained moderate; L rill subsoils. Tuapeka soils (41cH) fair; Mo fair hill and steepland soils include areas of lowland variants which occur below 200m
Well 4 4 4 D 3 SP Soil creep; Shallow gravelly Tuapeka 4675 TeS drained moderate; sheet and rill and stony subsoils steepland soils SP+Mo (41c) good; SP+L good; SP+L+Mo good to v. good; L fair; Mo slight 32
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European TopographyI Mean annual Brief soil profile description7 symbol' and types 2 parent rockJ vegetation4 elevation (m)5 rainfall (mm)"
Yp Waipori Schist loess Snow/red/ Rolling and 825-950 20 cm dark greyish brown to very (silt loam; stony over schist fescue tussock easy rolling dark greyish brown silt silt loam) grassland ridges; loam; friable; nut and association 130-590 granular structure,
lOcm yellowish brown silt loam to silty clay loam; friable; nut and granular structure,
15 cm brownish yellow to yellowish brown silty clay loam; firm; blocky and nut structure; few gravels,
17 cm yellowish brown gravelly silty clay loam; firm; nut structure; many gravels,
on schist.
YpH Waipori Schist and Snow/red/ Moderately 825-950 Similar to Waipori silt loam (above) (hill soils) schist loess over fescue tussock steep slopes; but horizons arc thinner schist grassland some short association steep slopes included in mapping unit 260-520 Mmg Mt Misery Quartz gravels, Fescue/snow Easy rolling to 925-1100 23 cm very dark greyish brown (gravelly silt quartz tussock rolling ridge silt loam; friable; nut loam) conglomerates; grassland, some tops; few structure, siliceous manuka and moderately sandstones and cassinia scrub steep slopes 13cm quartz sands; included in yellowish brown gravelly some schist mapping unit; silt loam; many distinct loess 295-400 mottles; friable; nut structure; many gravels and small stones,
15 cm brownish yellow gravelly silt loam; few distinct mottles; friable; nut structure; many quartz gravels.
on coarse sand and cemented quartz gravels.
Pk Pukekoma Schist loess Fescuc/rcd Easy rolling to 750-900 25 cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam) tussock rolling ridges; loam; friable; nut structure, grassland 200-400 association, 13cm some cassinia brownish yellow silt loam; friable; and heath scrub nut and granular structure,
33cm brownish yellow to light yellowish brown silt loam; friable; blocky structure,
on light yellowish brown silt loam; friable; blocky structure.
Pks Pukekoma Schist loess, and Fescue/rcd Easy rolling to 750-900 Similar to Pukekoma silt loam (silt loam, schist tussock rolling ridges; (above) but profiles are shallower shallow variant) grassland some with stony subsoils association. moderately some cassinia steep slopes and heath scrub included in mapping unit; 200-400 33
Overall Soil limitation classes" Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations14 (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym (class)8 oral ping estry usew ion (class) 11 topdressing12 flooding 13 bol'
Well 2B 3B 2C D 2 SP fair; Mo Wind Gravelly and stony Waipori (54f) 2500 Yp drained slight; L subsoils. Snow may good; cause malformation SP+L+Mo of trees v. good
Well 4 4 2C E 3 Sheet and Gravelly and stony Waipori hill 450 YpH drained wind subsoils soils (54tl-I)
Moderately 2B 3A 38 F 3 SP fair; L Negligible Gravelly and stony Mt Misery 500 Mmg well to well fair; Mo subsoils with (54d) drained slight; conglomerate SP+Mo boulders often on moderate; surface; small SP+L discontinuous moderate; areas. Misty in SP+Mo+L winter. Some areas v. good suitable for production forestry
Well 2B 3B 2C D 2 SP Misty in winter Pukekoma (54e) 2450 Pk drained moderate; L moderate: Mo fair; SP+L good; SP+Mo good; SP+Mo+L v. good
Well 2B 3B 2C D 3 Wind and Misty in winter Included with 1250 Pks drained sheet Pukekoma (54e) 34
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual Brief soil profile description7 symbol' and types2 parent rock1 ''egetation4 elevation (m)5 rainfall (mm)6
Mh Mahinerangi Schist loess Fescue/red Easy rolling to 750-950 16 cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam) snow tussock rolling ridge loam; friable; nut structure; grassland tops; few small iron concretions, association 220-450 12cm light yellowish brown mottled silt loam; friable; nut and granular structure; few iron concretions,
26cm light yellowish brown mottled fine sandy loam; friable to firm; blocky structure,
30cm light olive brown fine sandy loam; many distinct mottles; firm; blocky structure; few iron concretions,
on light olive brown mottled fine sandy loam; firm; blocky structure to massive.
Tf Taioma Schist loess Fescue/snow Easy rolling to 725-800 20 cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam) tussock rolling ridges; loam; friable; nut and grassland 170-260 granular structure, association 20cm light yellowish brown silt loam; friable; nut and blocky structure.
30cm light yellowish brown silt loam; friable to firm; blocky structure,
on light yellowish brown to light olive brown silt loam; friable; blocky structure; few iron concretions.
Nd Narrowdale Schist loess and Fescue/snow Easy rolling to 950-1100 15 cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam) greywacke tussock rolling ridge loam; nut and granular grassland tops; structure, association. 210-430 some manuka 6cm brownish yellow silty clay and cassinia loam; friable; blocky and scrub nut structure,
23cm brownish yellow silty clay loam; few distinct mottles; friable; blocky structure; few gravels,
40cm brownish yellow gravelly silt loam; friable; nut and blocky structure; many gravels and stones.
011 greywacke. 35
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations1• (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym- (class)8 oral ping estry use 10 ion (class)11 topdressing12 ftooding 13 bol1
Moderately 2B 3B 2C D 3 Snowfall may cause Included with 1350 Mh well malformation of Waipori (541) drained trees; misty in winter
Well 2B 2B IA c 2 L good; Slight sheet Taioma (54c) 350 Tf drained SP+Mo+L v. good
Moderately 2B 3B 2C D 3 Similar to Gravelly and stony Included with 1150 Nd well Mt Misery subsoils; misty in Mt Misery (54d) drained to gravelly silt winter, exposed. well loam Formerly named drained Mt Misery silt loam (Wright et al. 1952) 36
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual Brief soil profile description 7 symbol 1 and types2 parent rock 3 vegetation• elevation (m); rainfall (mm)''
Ndd Narrowdale Schist loess Fescue/snow Easy rolling to 950-1100 20 cm very dark greyish brown to (silt loam, non over greywacke tussock rolling ridge dark greyish brown silt stonv subsoil grassland tops; loam; friable; nut and variant) association, 270-400 granular structure, some manuka and cassinia 8 cm brownish yellow and dark scrub greyish brown silt loam; friable; nut and granular structure,
13 cm brownish yellow to light yellowish brown silt loam; few mottles; friable; nut and blocky structure,
on light yellowish brown fine sandy loam; few distinct mottles; firm; blocky structure.
Nds Narrowdale Schist loess and Fescue/snow Easy rolling to 950-1100 Similar to Narrowdale silt loam but (shallow silt greywacke tussock rolling ridge profiles are shallower and more stony loam) grassland tops; association, 210-430 some manuka and cassinia scrub
PODZOLISED YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS Lowland Tt Takitao Schist loess Dicotylous/ Easy rolling to 1000-1100 3 cm leaf litter, (peaty loam; over greywacke podocarp forest rolling ridge loamy peat; colluvium tops; 10 cm very dark brown to very peaty silt loam; and/or 125-425 dark greyish brown humic silt loam) greywacke silt loam; friable; nut and crumb structure,
8 cm greyish brown silt loam; few distinct mottles; friable; blocky structure,
0.5 cm discontinuous iron pan,
13 cm brownish yellow silty clay loam; few mottles; friable; blocky structure; few iron concretions,
on brownish yellow to light yellowish brown silty clay loam; firm; blockv structure; few soft iron concretions. 37
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations14 (ref. no.)" (ha) 16 sym (class)8 oral ping estry use 10 ion (class)11 topdressing12 flooding 13 bol1
Moderately 28 38 2C D 2 Small Included with 200 Ndd well discontinuous Mt Misery (54d) drained areas; misty in winter, exposed. Formerly named Mt Misery deep silt loam (Wright et al. 1952)
Well 28 38 2A E 3 Gravels and rock Included with 335 Nds drained near surface; misty Mt Misery (54d) in winter; exposed. Formerly named Mt Misery shallow silt loam (Wright et al. 1952)
Imperfectly 18 38 IA E 3 Mostly under Takitao (6ld) 200 Tt drained indigenous forest; very strongly leached 38
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual Brief soil profile description 7 symbol' and types' parent rock3 vegetation4 elevation (m)' rainfall (mm)"
Tk Tokoiti Schist locss Dicotylous/ Rolling ridge 850-1100 (I) without iron pan' (silt loam) podocarp forest tops: 18 cm dark greyish brown silt .100-390 loam: friable: nut and granular structure. 20 cm brownish yellow silt loam; friable: nut and blocky structure. 011 light yellowish brown silty clay loam: nut and blocky structure: few iron concretions.
(2) with ircm pan 18 cm dark greyish brown silt loam: friable: moderately developed fine nut and crumb structure. 25em yellowish brown silt loam: very friable: weakly developed blocky structure with discontinuous very thin ( 1cm) reddish brown iron pan near the top of the horizon, 011 light yellowish brown silt loam: friable: Upland massive. Mt Maungatua Schist loess. Snow/fescuc/ Easy rolling to 850-1000 20 cm very dark brown silt loam: (silt loam; peaty over schist red tussock rolling slopes; friable; nut and granular silt loam) colluvium grassland some structure; few to many iron and/or schist association moderately concretions, steep slopes included in 9 cm greyish brown to olive mapping unit; grey silt loam; many 400-675 distinct mottles; firm; blocky and granular structure,
0.3-0.5 cm iron pan,
45 cm light yellowish brown to light olive brown silt loam; friable to firm; blocky structure,
011 schist.
'As mapped by Wright et al. (1952). Tokoiti series included profiles with and without an iron pan. Although the series has since been more tightly defined to include only those profiles with an iron pan. insufficient detailed mapping has been carried out over the area covered by this survey to be able to separate the two types of profiles. Accordingly, a representative profile of each type is included here. 39
Overall Soil limitation classes" Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations14 (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym- 8 10 1 13 (class) oral ping estry use ion (class)11 topdressing 2 flooding boll
Well IA 38 IA D 2 SP+L good Negligible Some areas still Tokoiti (part 750 Tk drained under indigenous Sid) forest
Imperfectly 3D 38 3D G 3 Slight wind Cold moist climate; Maungatua 1900 Mt drained very strongly (64a) leached. Some areas may be suitable for production forestry 40
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual Brief soil profile description 7 symbol' and types' parent rockJ vegetation' elevation (mr rainfall (mm)6
MtH Maungatua Schist loess, Snow/fescue/ Moderately 850-1000 23 cm very dark grey to dark grey (hill soils) over schist red tussock steep to steep silt loam; friable; nut and colluvium grassland slopes; some granular structure, and/or schist association short steep slopes included 5 cm greyish in mapping brown silt loam; many distinct unit: mottles; firm: 400-675 nut and blocky structure,
I cm iron pan,
12 cm strong brown to brownish yellow silty clay loam; many faint mottles; friable to firm; blocky structure; few gravels,
18 cm yellowish brown gravelly clay loam; firm; blocky structure; few to manv gravels, ·
on light olive brown gravelly silty clay loam; friable; blocky structure; many gravels. INTERGRADES BETWEEN RENDZINAS AND YELLOW-GREY EARTHS MlH Milburn Phosphatic Silver tussock Moderately 750-775 20 cm dark greyish brown to (hill soils) limestone and grassland, some steep slopes: brown gritty clay loam; calcareous dicotylous forest some short friable; nut and granular sandstone, some steep slopes structure; many weathered schist loess included in gravels, mapping unit; 65-110 25 cm yellowish brown to brownish yellow clay; friable to firm; blocky structure; few weathered stones and gravels,
on strong brown to yellowish brown clay; firm; blocky structure; many weathered stones and gravels.
BROWN GRANULAR LOAMS AND CLAYS AND ASSOCIATED INTERGRADES TO YELLOW-BROWN EARTHS Ca Cargill Basalt, and Fescue/snow Easy rolling to 800-1 OOO 25 cm dark brown to very dark (silt loam; stony schist loess tussock rolling slopes; brown silty clay loam; silt loam) grassland, some some friable: nut and crumb dicotylous/ moderately structure, podocarp forest steep slopes included in 35 cm mapping unit; dark brown to strong 300-500 brown silty clay loam; nut and blocky structure; few weathered rock fragments,
15 cm dark brown siltv clav loam; friable; biocky structure; many weathered rock fragments and small stones.
on weathered basalt. 41
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations14 (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym- (class)8 oral ping estry use10 ion (class)11 topdressing12 flooding' 3 bol 1
Imperfectly 6A 4 3D G 3 Slight wind Cold moist climate Included with 1100 MtH to and sheet Maungatua moderately (64a) well drained
Well 4 4 2A c 3 Slipping and Small Included with 125 MIH drained slumping discontinuous Karitane hill areas, high nutrient soils (30H) status. Mapping units similar to Clarendon hill soils mapped in Taieri County (Leamy & Leslie 1973)
Gravelly and stony Cargill (76a) 800 Ca Well IA 28 IA c 2 Some drained slumping subsoils, boulders on surface. Elevation is a limitation for forestry in some areas 42
7 Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography I Mean annual Brief soil profile description symbol' and types2 parent rock3 vegetation4 elevation (m)5 rainfall (mm)6
brown Hi Highcliff Basalt, and Fescue tussock Rolling ridges 700-800 23 cm very dark greyish (silt loam; stony schist loess grassland, some and hill tops; silt loam; friable; nut and silt loam) dicotylous/ 160-240 granular structure; podocarp forest 13cm greyish brown to brown silty clay loam; friable; nut and granular structure;
33cm yellowish brown to dark brown silty clay loam; friable; nut and blocky structure; many weathered rock fragments,
on weathered basalt.
HiH Highcliff Basalt, and Fescue tussock Moderately 675-800 Similar to Highcliff silt loam (hill soils) schist loess grassland, some steep slopes; (above) but profiles are usually dicotylous/ some steep shallower podocarp forest slopes included in mapping unit; 70-295 YELLOW-BROWN SANDS B Brighton Wind-blown Silver tussock, Gently 750-825 8-30 cm grey coarse sand; loose; (coarse sand; quartzo- sedges, flax, undulating to single grain, loamy sand; feldspathic sand-binding strongly rolling sandy loam) sands vegetation dunes; some on light grey to grey coarse sand flats; sand; loose. 5-15 Sg Shagree Wind-blown Manuka scrub, Sand flats, 750-825 30 cm very dark grey to very dark (sandy loam; quartzo- silver tussock, gently greyish brown sandy loam; peaty sandy feldspathic flax, swamp undulating to friable; nut structure, loam) sands; some vegetation, rolling dunes; alluvium and some dicotylous/ < 5-15 25cm light brownish grey fine organic matter podocarp forest sandy loam; many distinct mottles; friable; nut and blocky structure,
15 cm light brownish grey fine sandy loam; many distinct mottles; friable; blocky structure to single grain,
on light grey to grey loamy sand; few mottles; very friable to loose; single grain.
ORGANIC SOILS Wp Waitepeka Peat and Rushes, sedges, Flat and low- 700-750 20 cm dark greyish brown peaty (peaty loam) alluvium flax lying; loam; very friable; crumb 2-4 structure,
28cm pale brown to brown peaty silt loam; very friable; crumb structure,
25cm brown semi-fibrous peaty loam,
on light grey to light brownish grey silt loam.
Wps Waitepeka Peat and Rushes, sedges, Flat and low- 700-750 25 cm dark greyish brown peaty (peaty silt loam) alluvium flax lying; silt loam; friable; crumb 3-4 structure,
on greyish brown peaty silt loam to peaty loam; friable; crumb structure. 43
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations14 (ref. no.)ts (ha)t6 sym- (class)8 oral ping estry useto ion (class)11 topdressing12 ftooding 13 bol1
Well IA 2A 2A c 2 Some sheet Gravelly and stony Highcliff (part 100 Hi drained subsoils, boulders 75c) on surface
Well 4 4 2A D 3 Some sheet Gravelly and stony Highcliff (75bH) 500 HiH drained subsoils, may be droughty in summer, boulders on surface
Excessively 2B 3A 2B G 3 Very Discontinuous Brighton (68a) 150 B drained susceptible areas, droughty in to wind summer erosion
Moderately 2B 2B 2B D 2 Wind Small Included with 200 Sg well to well discontinuous Brighton (68a) drained areas, includes some soils with peaty textures. Formerly named Toko sand and peaty sand (Wright et al. 1952)
Very lB IC 3C A IB Occasional Small single area Included with 100 Wp poorly flooding Koau (90a) drained
Very IB IC 3C A lB poorly to Occasional Small single area Included with 50 Wps poorly flooding Koau (90a) drained 44
7 Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual Brief soil profile description 5 symbol 1 and types2 parent rock3 vegetation4 elevation (m) rainfall (mm)6
Tu Tuakitoto Peat over Rushes, Flat, often 750-875 20 cm dark brown peat; slightly (loamy peat) alluvium niggerheads, occupying the sticky; structureless, toitoi, some floors of narrow manuka steep-sided 20cm dark brown loamy peat; valleys; slightly sticky and plastic; 5-75 structureless,
60cm dark brown to very dark brown loamy peat; sticky and slightly plastic; structureless
on greenish grey sand.
Tus Tuakitoto Peat over Rushes, sedges Flat and low- 725-775 Similar to Tuakitoto loamy peat (loamy peat, alluvium and flax lying; (above) but soils are influenced by saline phase) < 5-10 salinity SI Stirling Peat over Sedges and Flat to slightly 700-750 20 cm very dark brown to black (peat) alluvium rushes convex peat; friable; fine granular 3-6 structure,
on pale brown to brown semi-fibrous peat.
0 Otanomomo Peat Sphagnum moss Convex raised 700-750 10 cm yellowish brown peat; (peat) and wire rushes bog; spongy and fibrous, 5-8 30cm very dark brown to black peat; greasy and fibrous,
on brown to dark brown fibrous partly decomposed peat.
GLEY SOILS T Taieri Alluvium Sedges, rushes, Flat; 750-875 23cm dark greyish brown silt (silt loam) flax; some 5-70 loam; friable; nut and manuka granular structure,
!Ocm light brownish grey to light olive grey silty clay loam; few distinct mottles; friable; nut and granular structure.
30cm light olive grey and light grey silty clay loam; few distinct mottles; friable; blocky structure,
on light greenish grey silty clay loam; many distinct mottles; slightly sticky and plastic; massive.
Tp Taieri Alluvium with Sedges, rushes, Flat; 750-875 Similar to Taieri silt loam (above) (peaty loam) some peat flax 5-70 but topsoils are peaty (peaty loam to loamy peat) RECENT SOILS Cls Clutha Schist alluvium Rushes and Flat to gently 675-750 23 cm grey micaceous sandy loam; (sandy loam) sedges, some undulating; friable; crumb structure, dicotylous/ 2-35 broadleaved on light grey sand; loose; forest and single grain. manuka scrub 45
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitations14 (ref. no.) 15 (ha)16 sym- 8 10 (class) oral ping estry use ion (class)" topdressing 12 flooding 13 bol 1
Very lB 3B 3C c 2 Occasional Small Included with 1000 Tu poorly flooding discontinuous areas Taieri (89e) drained
Very IB 3B 3C c 2 Regular Soluble salts may Included with 1480 Tus poorly flooding be a problem Motukarara (92) drained Very 3B 3B 3C c 2 Negligible Two small areas Included with 30 SI poorly flooding Otanomomo drained (87)
Very 3C 3B 3C H 3 Negligible Small single area Otanomomo 50 0 poorly flooding (87) drained
Poorly lB 3B 3C c 2 SP good; Occasional Small Taieri 1300 T L good flooding drained discontinuous (89e) areas
Small Very lB 3B 3C c 2 .Occasional discontinuous Taieri (89e) 550 Tp poorly to flooding areas, mapping unit poorly includes some soils drained with silt loam Occasional topsoils Clutha (95c) Well IA IA IA A IA 800 Cls flooding drained 46
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography I Mean annual Brief soil profile description7 symbol' and types2 parent rock3 vegetation' elevation (m); rainfall (mm)6
Clb Clutha Schist alluvium Rushes and Flat to gently 650-900 23 cm brown sandy loam; friable; (brown sandy sedges, some undulating; nut and granular structure, loam) dicotylous/ 5-150 podocarp forest 25cm pale brown to brown fine and manuka sandy loam; friable; nut scrub structure,
on light yellowish brown fine sandy loam; very friable; nut structure.
Cl Clutha Schist alluvium Rushes and Flat to gently 675-750 33 cm grey micaceous fine sandy (fine sandy sedges, some undulating; loam; friable; crumb loam} dicotylous/ 2-8 structure, podocarp forest and manuka 30cm light grey fine sand; firm; scrub crumb structure,
on light grey sand; firm; single grain.
Ps Pomahaka Schist alluvium Some manuka Gently 625-750 18 cm grey coarse sand; loose; (coarse sand) scrub undulating single grain, levees; 2-11 on light grey to white sand; loose; single grain.
p Pomahaka Schist alluvium Rushes and Flat to gently 675-750 25 cm brownish grey loamy sand; (loamy sand) sedges undulating; very friable; crumb 2-6 structure,
45cm light grey loamy sand; loose; single grain,
20cm greyish brown silt loam (old topsoil); friable; nut structure,
on grey micaceous fine sandy loam; firm; blocky structure.
Pf Pomahaka Schist alluvium Rushes and Flat; 675-750 25 cm light grey sandy loam; firm; (fine sandy sedges 1-2 blocky structure, loam) 15cm light bluish grey fine sand; firm; single grain,
Oil greyish brown silt loam; sticky and plastic.
M Ma tau Schist alluvium Manuka, flax, Gently 675-750 18 cm grey micaceous silt loam; (silt loam) some dicotylous/ undulating; firm; crumb structure, podocarp forest 2-6 25 cm grey micaceous silt loam; many distinct mottles; blocky structure; few iron nodules,
on light grey fine sandy silt; few distinct mottles; massive. 47
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Value for Likely resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- onse to past. and limitationsl4 (ref. no.) 15 (ha)'6 sym- (class)8 oral ping estry use 10 ion (class)11 topdressing12 flooding 13 boll
Well IA IA IA A IA Occasional Clutha (95c) 600 Clb drained . flooding
Well IA IA IA A IA SP good; L Occasional Includes some Clutha (95c) 1200 Cl drained fair flooding imperfectly to moderately well drained soils
Somewhat 2B 3A 2B c 3 Regular Mapping unit Included with 250 Ps excessively flooding includes some Clutha (95c) to poorly drained excessively soils drained
Well IA IA IA B 1B Occasional Mapping unit Included with 500 p drained flooding includes some Clutha (95c) poorly drained soils
Poorly to IA IA IA A IA Occasional Some profiles rest Included with 250 Pf imperfectly flooding on older peaty soils Clutha (95c) drained
Moderately I B IC IB A IA Occasional Included with 445 M well flooding Clutha (95c) drained 48
Map Soil series Parent material/ Pre-European Topography/ Mean annual Brief soil profile description7 symbol' and types2 parent rock 3 vegetation4 elevation (m)5 rainfall (mm)6
Gleyed Pt Paretai Schist alluvium Rushes and Flat; 675-740 30 cm bluish grey silt loam; (silt loam) sedges < 1-10 slightly sticky; sliehtly plastic,
on bluish silt.
Ko Koau Schist alluvium Flax, rushes and Flat; 675-750 30 cm greyish brown silt loam; (silt loam) niggerheads 2-7 sticky and plastic when wet,
25 cm light brownish grey silt loam; moist and plastic,
on light grey to bluish grey silt; very wet and plastic.
Kop Koau Schist alluvium Sedges and Flat; 675-750 Similar to Koau silt loam (above) (silt loam, peaty rushes 2-7 but subsoils are peaty within 45 cm subsoil phase of the surface Flat to gently 750-800 Wide range of profile morphologies Pu Puerua Alluvium Rushes, sedges (silty clay loam; derived from and niggerheads undulating silt loam; sandy coal measure levees and flood loam; gravelly siltstones, and plains; silt loam; greywacke and 2-15 gravelly sand) loess
SALINE GLEY RECENT SOILS brown fibrous Kk Kaikorai Estuarine Rushes, salt- Flat; 750-825 5 cm yellowish (peaty loam; alluvium tolerant herbs 1-5 peaty loam; granular and clay loam) and grasses crumb structure,
15 cm very pale brown to pale yellow and grey silty clay loam; friable; nut and blocky structure,
15 cm pale olive sandy loam; many distinct mottles; friable; blocky structure,
30 cm olive grey sandy loam; firm; blocky structure to massive,
on greenish grey silty clay loam; slightly sticky; plastic; massive. 49
Overall Soil limitation classes9 Potential Likely Value for resp- Erosion General soil Soil set Area Map drainage Past- Crop- For- land food product- 14 onse to past. and limitations (ref. no.) 15 (ha)'6 sym- (class)8 oral ping estry usew ion (class)" topdressing12 13 ftooding bol1
Poorly to IB IC 3C B IB Areas not Included with very poorly 850 Pt · protected by Koau (90a) drained control banks are susceptible to flooding Poorly IB IC 3C B IB SP fair; L Susceptible Soils are not peaty Koau (90a) 1335 Ko drained fair; SP+L to flooding within 45 cm of the good to v. surface (cf. Kop) good
Poorly IB IC 3C B IB Susceptible Koau (90a) 450 Kop drained to flooding
Poorly to IB 3B 3C c 2 Many areas Complex very poorly mapping Included with 3000 Pu susceptible unit Taieri (89e) drained to flooding
Very 3A 3B 3C c 2 Tidal Small Included with 100 Kk poorly flooding discontinuous areas Taieri (89e) drained 50
INDEX TO SOIL SERIES IN EXTENDED LEGEND
page page 48 Akatore ...... 28 Paretai ...... ,..... 46 Allanton ...... 18 Pomahaka ...... Puerua ...... 48 ...... 42 Brighton Pukeawa ...... 18 Cargill ...... 40 Pukekoma ...... 32 ...... 44, 46, Clutha Raurekau ...... 26 Clydevale ...... 20 Shagree ...... 42 ...... 18 Greenfield Stirling ...... 44 ...... 18 Henley Taieri ...... 44 ...... 42 Highcliff Taioma ...... 34 Kaikorai ...... 48 Takitao ...... 36 Kaitangata ...... 28 Taratu ...... 30 Koau ...... 48 Te Houka ...... 22 Kuri ...... 24 Tokoiti ...... 38 Mahinerangi ...... 34 Tokomairiro ...... 22 Matau ...... 46 Tuakitoto ...... 44 Maungatua ...... 38, 40 Tuapeka...... 30 Milburn ...... 40 Waipori ...... 32 Mt Misery ...... 32 Waitahuna ...... 26 Narrowdale ...... 34 Waitepeka ...... 42 Newstead ...... 30 Wangaloa ...... 28 22,24 Otanomomo ...... 44 Warepa ...... Otokia ...... 20