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General Distribution and Characteristics of Active Faults and Folds in the Clutha and Dunedin City Districts, Otago

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General Distribution and Characteristics of Active Faults and Folds in the Clutha and Dunedin City Districts, Otago General distribution and characteristics of active faults and folds in the Clutha and Dunedin City districts, Otago DJA Barrell GNS Science Consultancy Report 2020/88 April 2021 DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS Science) exclusively for and under contract to Otago Regional Council. Unless otherwise agreed in writing by GNS Science, GNS Science accepts no responsibility for any use of or reliance on any contents of this report by any person other than Otago Regional Council and shall not be liable to any person other than Otago Regional Council, on any ground, for any loss, damage or expense arising from such use or reliance. Use of Data: Date that GNS Science can use associated data: March 2021 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Barrell DJA. 2021. General distribution and characteristics of active faults and folds in the Clutha and Dunedin City districts, Otago. Dunedin (NZ): GNS Science. 71 p. Consultancy Report 2020/88. Project Number 900W4088 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... IV 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 1.1 Background .....................................................................................................1 1.2 Scope and Purpose .........................................................................................5 2.0 INFORMATION SOURCES ........................................................................................7 3.0 GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ........................................................................................8 3.1 Rocks and Landforms ......................................................................................8 3.2 Recognition of Active Faults and Folds ............................................................ 9 3.3 Seismicity ...................................................................................................... 12 4.0 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVE FAULTS AND FOLDS ............................................ 13 4.1 Descriptive Classification ............................................................................... 13 4.2 Activity Classification ..................................................................................... 14 4.3 As-Yet Undetected Active Faults ................................................................... 16 4.4 Earthquake Magnitudes ................................................................................. 17 5.0 DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE FAULTS .......................... 18 5.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 18 5.2 Comparison with Previous Assessments ....................................................... 25 5.3 Assessment of Fault Activity Estimates.......................................................... 25 5.4 Discussion of Fault Activity Close to Population Centres ............................... 26 5.4.1 Southwestern Otago ........................................................................................ 26 5.4.2 Northern Dunedin City District ......................................................................... 26 5.4.3 Coastal Hills and Basins North of Clutha River ............................................... 26 5.4.4 Tsunami Generation ........................................................................................ 30 6.0 IMPLICATIONS FOR HAZARDS.............................................................................. 31 7.0 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 32 8.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 33 9.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 33 FIGURES Figure 1.1 The tectonic setting of the Clutha and Dunedin City districts........................................................ 2 Figure 1.2 Illustrations of recent historical fault rupture deformation of the ground surface in New Zealand . 4 Figure 1.3 A northward oblique aerial view of ground-surface deformation across the Ostler Fault Zone, in the Waitaki District in the Canterbury region ............................................................................. 5 Figure 3.1 Diagrams illustrating styles of active faults and folds ................................................................. 10 Figure 3.2 Illustrations of faults exposed in investigation trenches .............................................................. 11 Figure 5.1 General distribution of active faults and folds in the western part of the Clutha District ............. 19 Figure 5.2 General distribution of active faults and folds in the eastern part of the Clutha District and the Dunedin City district ................................................................................................................... 20 GNS Science Consultancy Report 2020/88 i Figure 5.3 Active faults in the southwestern sector of the coastal hills ........................................................ 27 Figure 5.4 Active faults in the central sector of the coastal hills and the Taieri Plain ................................... 28 Figure 5.5 Active faults in the northern sectors of the coastal hills and Taieri Plain .................................... 29 TABLES Table 5.1 Categories and terms used in this report to describe active faults and folds in the Clutha and Dunedin City districts. ................................................................................................................. 21 Table 5.2 Summary of evidence and estimated deformation characteristics of active faults and folds recognised in the Clutha and Dunedin City districts ................................................................... 22 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 GIS DATASET ................................................................................... 39 APPENDIX 2 COMMENTARY ON ACTIVE FAULT MAPPING ............................... 40 A2.1 Background Information ................................................................................. 40 A2.2 Akatore Fault ................................................................................................. 41 A2.3 Backbone fault ............................................................................................... 42 A2.4 Beacon Hill fault ............................................................................................. 43 A2.5 Beaumont River fault ..................................................................................... 43 A2.6 Billys Ridge Fault ........................................................................................... 44 A2.7 Blue Mountain Fault ....................................................................................... 44 A2.8 Clifton Fault ................................................................................................... 45 A2.9 Dunback Hill Fault ......................................................................................... 46 A2.10 Flat Stream – Glenpark Fault ......................................................................... 46 A2.11 Green Island Fault ......................................................................................... 47 A2.12 Hillfoot Fault .................................................................................................. 47 A2.13 Horse Flat Fault ............................................................................................. 48 A2.14 Hyde Fault ..................................................................................................... 48 A2.15 Kaikorai fault .................................................................................................. 49 A2.15.1 Kaikorai valley ................................................................................................ 49 A2.15.2 Caversham valley and South Dunedin ........................................................... 50 A2.15.3 Overall Interpretation ...................................................................................... 51 A2.16 Murphys Creek Fault ..................................................................................... 52 A2.17 Nichols Rock monocline ................................................................................ 52 A2.18 Otanomomo fault ........................................................................................... 52 A2.19 Settlement Fault ............................................................................................ 53 A2.19.1 Geological Character ...................................................................................... 53 A2.19.2 Location and Expression of the Fault ............................................................. 54 A2.19.3 Evidence for Fault Rupture Events / Uplift Events ......................................... 55 A2.19.4 Long-Term Slip Rate and Activity Estimates .................................................. 56 A2.19.5 Short-Term Slip Rate and Activity Estimates ................................................. 57 A2.19.6 Summary ........................................................................................................ 57 ii GNS Science Consultancy Report 2020/88 A2.20 Silver Stream – Merton
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