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Radiocomunicaţii Digitale ______ Radiocomunicaţii digitale __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ RADIOCOMUNICAŢII DIGITALE Articole, Note, Aplicaţii şi Software CRISTIAN COLONATI, YO4UQ Lucrare realizată sub egida Federaţiei Române de Radioamatorism Federaţia Română de Radioamatorism – YO4UQ - 2004 I Radiocomunicaţii digitale __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Este permisă şi chiar recomandată reproducerea, copierea şi difuzarea în totalitate sau parţială a conţinutului acestei lucrări în orice formă de stocarea informaţiei în scopul difuzării cât mai largi pentru radioamatorii YO dar şi pentru tineri, cercurile de radioelectronică şi informatică ale elevilor, alţi pasionţi de radiocomunicaţii şi software. Elaborare: Cristian COLONATI – YO4UQ Consultant: Vasile CIOBANIŢĂ – YO3APG ISBN Editura: N’Ergo Galaţi Tipografia: TipoGal Galaţi Consultant tehnoredactare – tipografiere: Laurenţiu TIRON II Federaţia Română de Radioamatorism – YO4UQ - 2004 Radiocomunicaţii digitale __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ MOTTO: „Transport of the mail, transport of the uman voice, transport of flickering picture in this century as in other our highest accomplishement will have the single aim of bringing men toghether.” „Transportul scrisorilor, transportul vocii omeneşti, transportul imaginilor mişcătoare în acest veac ca şi în următoarele, marea voastră realizare are un singur scop, de ai aduce pe oameni împreună” Antoine Saint - Exupéry (1900-1944) CUPRINS • Cuvânt înainte al Federaţiei Române de Radioamatorism pag.1 • Prefaţă pag. 3 • Introducere pag. 4 - Noţiuni generale despre sistemele de comunicaţii – Procesarea semnalelor în echipamentele de telecomunicaţii – • Radiocomunicaţii digitale profesionale şi în sistemele publice pag. 16 • Comunicaţiile digitale radio în benzile serviciului de amator pag. 18 - Alocare, recomandări IARU – Clasificarea emisiunilor digitale radio ale serviciului de amator – • Funcţionarea plăcii de sunet pag. 22 • Interfeţele calculatorului PC – Radio transceiver pag. 25 - Interfaţarea simplă – Procesoarele MCP / TNC - Placa de sunet utilizată ca modem – • Recepţia (CwGet) şi transmisia (CwType) telegrafică cu ajutorul calculatorului pag. 31 • Radioteletype – Telegrafie cu scriere directă de bandă îngustă pag. 42 - Codul Baudot – Terminale Baudot bazate pe calculatoare – Modem RTTY – Emisiuni FSK / AFSK – Modulatoare şi demodulatoare AFSK – Despre MMTTY – Operarea în concursuri • AMTOR – Amateur Teleprinting Over Radio pag. 57 - Moduri AMTOR – Mecanismul de detecţia erorilor – Modul ARQ – Modul FEC – Operare AMTOR • PACTOR pag. 63 - Formatele transmise – Semnalele de control ACK – Pactor II – Codificarea Huffman – • G-Tor pag. 67 - Protocolul G-Tor – Structura pachetului – Blocul ACK – Întreţeserea – • Clover II pag. 68 - Forma de undă Clover – Modulaţia – Alegerea unei codări eficiente – Clover 2000 – • Codul ASCII pag. 71 - Originile codului – Transmisia ASCII serială – Rata datelor ASCII – Conversia codurilor – Codarea ASCII 128 şi extinsă 256 • Packet radio pag. 75 - Istoric şi evoluţie – Modelul de referinţă OSI – Ce este un protocol? – Ce este comutaţia de pachete? – Straturile OSI implicate în AX25 – Stratul fizic, interfeţe şi modemuri – Stratul legătură AX25 – Stratul Federaţia Română de Radioamatorism – YO4UQ - 2004 III Radiocomunicaţii digitale __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ reţea – Hardware, software şi aplicaţiile packet radio – Modemuri autoconstruite – Comunicaţii packet radio cu placa de sunet a PC, programe semnificative – Aplicaţiile packet radio – • PSK31 pag. 91 - Alfabetul Varicode – Modulare şi demodulare – Lucrul în PSK31 – QPSK – Corespondenţa alfabetelor ASCII / Varicode • Acordul panoramic pe emisiunile digitale PSK31, software-ul DigiPan pag. 98 - Pregătirea echipamentelor – Operarea programului DigiPan – Definiţii ale meniului – Macro programarea – • MFSK16 Multi Frequency Shift Keying, o bijuterie informatică în comunicaţiile digitale pag. 110 - Propagarea în undele scurte şi ionosfera – Proiectarea unui mod de comunicaţii digital – Istoria emisiunilor MFSK – Descrierea MFSK – Aplicaţiile MFSK – Emisia şi recepţia – Specificaţiile MFSK – • STREAM Program de comunicaţii pentru MFSK16 pag. 132 - Configurarea – Operarea – Emisia – Barele de lucru – • Throb V2.5 pag. 139 - Setul de caractere – Fişa tehnică Throb – Operarea - • MT63 Un sistem robust de comunicaţii digitale pag. 144 - Descrierea tehnică a sistemului – Punerea în funcţiune şi operarea - • Hellschreiber pag.152 • Radioamatorii şi Internetul pag. 154 • Emisiunile radio cu spectru împrăştiat (spread spectrum) şi comunicaţiile radio de mare viteză pag. 160 - Repere teoretice – Tehnici de modulare în spectru împrăştiat – DSSS şi FHSS - De la teorie la standarde – Reglementări naţionale privind utilizarea benzilor nelicenţiabile de către serviciul de amator - Benzi de frecvenţă şi canale alocate TNABF – Elemente funcţional tehnologice ale emisiunilor în banda de 2400 MHz – • Tehnologii şi reţele de comunicaţii de mare capacitate în benzile alocate serviciului de amator de 2,4 şi 5,8 GHz pag. 171 - RMMV Reţele Multimedia de Mare Viteză – Alocare – Tehnolgiile radio utilizate – Structura reţelei – Structura hardware pentru AP AccessPoint şi SU Staţie Utilizator (Subscriber Unit) – Accesul la Internet – Comentarii • Alocarea adreselor IP în spaţiul YO pag. 178 - AMPRNet, AMPR.ORG – Consideraţii tehnice – Avantaje • Conectarea la Internet a RMMV Reţelele Multimedia de Mare Viteză operate de serviciul de amator pag. 184 - Reţelele RMMV şi Internetul – Ce este un ISP? – Canale de legătură între un ISP şi RMMV – Configuraţii de conectare la Internet şi structura de echipamente – Configurare software şi structura adreselor – Soluţii economice de conectare la Internet – • Aplicaţii multimedia utilizând canale radio clasice şi RMMV pag. 191 - EchoLink – eQSO – Conexiuni audio / video prin Internet • MixW 2.x – Program multifuncţional pentru comunicaţiile digitale în serviciul de amator - Manual de utilizare I-II • Anexe • Clasificarea emisiunilor conform codului de modulaţie FCC • Tabloul de conversie tensiune – putere pe o sarcină de 50 ohmi (dBmV, dBm) • Pinii conectoarelor de calculator • Interfaţa de date RS232 – V24 • Setul de caractere al codului Morse • Codul ITA2 (Baudot) şi AMTOR • Tabelul conversiilor de coduri ITA1 la ITA4 • Codul ASCII 128 • Schemele TNC2 • Schema TNC PIC-E cu microcontroler • Schema MCP – KAMPlus • Exemple de conectare între MCP şi transceivere • Exemplu (detaliu) privind conectarea între MCP KAMPlus şi handheld FT51-R IV Federaţia Română de Radioamatorism – YO4UQ - 2004 Radiocomunicaţii digitale __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Bibliografie Revista “RADIOCOMUNICŢII ŞI RADIOAMATORISM” - Breviarul articolelor privind comunicaţiile digitale 5-1996 Emisiuni GMSK de 9600 bps YO3AVO 1-1996 Alocarea adreselor IP pentru reţele de transmisiuni de date prin radio YO3GPI 6-1998 Decodarea emisiunilor Radio Packet sub Windows YO3GDK 5-1998 Ce ştim despre clusters? 4X1AD 11-1996 9K6? Nimic mai simplu YO2LGU 12-1996 Utilizarea simplă a modemului FX589 în comunicaţiile Radio Packet de amatori YO3AVO 11, 12/96 1, 2, 3/97 Sisteme de comunicaţii radio pentru voce şi date, mobile şi portabile YO4UQ 5-1997 Analiza vizuală a semnalelor Radio Packet YO3GDK 7-1997 Sisteme de transmisie cu spectru Împrăştiat Şerban Naicu 7-2001 Modem Packet Radio 1200 baud YO3APG 8-2001 PSK31,RTTY,Hellschreiber – fără placă de sunet YO3FLR 8-1999 Modem Baycom YO6GUO 8-1999 Din nou despre Packet Radio YO5DGE 6, 9-1999 Introducere în radio packet YO3GWR 4-1999 PSK31: Un nou mod de radio-teletype bazat pe o filozofie veche G3PLX YO3FFF 4-2002 PSK31 YO3HBN 7-2002 Ce este un DX Cluster YO7GQZ 9-2000 Comunicaţii numerice: Modul MT63 YO3GWR 4,5,6,7,8-1995 Comunicaţii digitale pentru radioamatori YO4UQ 3,4-2002 Home Made DSP VA3FGR 6-2002 Primul Gateway Internet – Radio funcţional din ţară YO3HCV 9-2002 Acordul panoramic pe emisiunile digitale PSK31 YO4UQ 7-2003 Network prin TNC cu CT YO3APJ 5-2003 Radioamatorism 2003 şi modurile digitale YO2IS 5-2003 Recepţia şi transmisia telegrafică cu ajutorul calculatorului YO4UQ 4-2003 LINK pe 2,5 GHz pentru Internet N2NNU 2-2003 MT63 - Un nou mod digital HF YO3HBN 8-2003 CT Network YO3JR 1-2003 Interfaţă pentru PC K4LK 1-2003 Eliminarea brumului audio prin etaj de separare galvanică OE5GPL, OE5KAL (DL5MHR) 7-2003 VoIP şi radioamatorismul WB8IMY Cărţi şi reviste 1. Packet companion Steve Ford WB8IMY ARRL 1995 2. HF Digital Hanbook Steve Ford WB8IMY ARRL 2001 3. Sisteme de comutaţie digitale Eugen Borcoci Ed. Vega 1994 4. Reţele de calculatoare Valentin Cristea & Co Ed. Teora 1992 5. Comunicaţii de date Gilbert Held Ed. Teora 1998 6. Reţele de calculatoare Anrew Tanenbaum Ed. agora 1997 7. Comunicaţii digitale avansate Kamilo Feher Ed. Tehnică 1994 8. Reţele de calculatoare Larry Peterson & Co Ed. All 2001 9. Reţele de comunicaţii Tatiana Rădulescu Ed.Thalia 2002 10. Windows Infrastructure Administaration MCSE Windows 2000 11. The Radioamteur Handbook ARRL Ed. 1963, 1983, 1987, 1998, 1999, 2003 12. Colecţia revistei CONNEX 1999 – 2004 13. Note de curs Iuliu Boros SC Electrica SA - CPI Principalele site-uri Internet consultate: http://home.teleport.com/~nb6z/about.htm http://www.tapr.org/
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