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Understanding the Role of Parochial Control in A UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF PAROCHIAL CONTROL IN A DISADVANTAGED BROOKLYN COMMUNITY by CHRISTINE SHARON BARROW A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Criminal Justice written under the direction of Bonita M. Veysey and approved by ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Newark, NJ May 2012 ©2012 Christine S. Barrow ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Understanding the Role of Parochial Control in a Disadvantaged Brooklyn Community By Christine Sharon Barrow Dissertation Director: Professor Bonita M. Veysey Brownsville, Brooklyn continues to experience higher rates of single parent headed households, youth poverty, low educational attainment and high unemployment. The aim of this research is to explore the role and influence of parochial control on youth involved in a community organization in the disadvantaged neighborhood of Brownsville. According to Hunter (1985) parochial control is based on the interpersonal networks that serve the community including churches, schools, YMCAs, and athletic leagues and local institutions. This study extends parochial control research by investigating how it operates in a disadvantaged community. More specifically, how it influences youth to conform and how it operates in comparison to private and public forms of social control. In depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with young men and women at a community organization in Brownsville, Brooklyn. For these individuals, parochial control was experienced through various activities at this institution. The staff members worked with other parochial institutions and political organizations to recruit young men and women who were at risk for anti-social behavior. The study concluded that attachments to this community organization made it possible for respondents to overcome the difficulties they experienced living in a disadvantaged community. Results also showed that compared to private and public controls, more respondents reported that parochial control encouraged them to conform. This dissertation concludes with directions for future research. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is dedicated to two of the most caring and supportive parents who I love and emulate-- Gemma and Courtney Barrow. Thank you for all the sacrifices you have made for me throughout the years. You never allowed me to give up and always believed in me. To my brother and sister in law--Jerry and Carmela Barrow, thank you both for providing me with encouragement and laughter that made this process a lot easier. Thanks also to my family, most importantly, Vanessa, Saskia, Lynn, and Aunt Norma – for their motivational words of support and prayers that kept me focused. This dissertation would not be possible without the kind assistance of the staff and teachers at the Brownsville Recreation Center. Thank you for taking time out of your busy schedules to answer all of my questions and share your knowledge. To the young men and women at the Brownsville Recreation Center who took part in the interviews--thank you for sharing your personal experiences and opening up your world to me. Special thanks to my chair Dr. Bonita Veysey for providing the best guidance and mentoring throughout this dissertation process. I am also grateful to have Dr. Mercer Sullivan and Dr. James Finckenauer on my dissertation committee. Thank you both for your knowledge, advice, and support throughout the years. To Dr. Delores Jones-Brown, my mentor, thank you for giving me the idea and initial contacts for this dissertation research. I would also like to thank Dr. Richard Curtis for introducing me to the many residents and sites of Brownsville. I am especially grateful to the Sociology Department at Hofstra University for supporting me throughout the years. Most importantly, to Dr. Marc Silver, words cannot express how fortunate I am to have you guide me these last seventeen years. I iii would also like to thank my friends who kept me in their prayers and were around to keep a smile on my face, --Shauntae, Sabinah, Jason, Fred, Monique, and Shirley. I am also grateful for David; you always remained hopeful even when I was feeling discouraged. To Patrice, thank you for taking the time out of your busy schedule to read many chapters of my dissertation. I’m grateful you were there to help keep me on track. Many thanks to my colleagues at the School of Criminal Justice for years of laughter and inspiration – Michelle, Jennifer K., Vivian, Jennifer B., Shenique, Bahiyyah, Liza, and Justine. Many thanks also to Teresa, Mrs. Wright and Dean Laurencin. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .............................................................5 I. The Literature on Social Controls ............................................................................5 II. Empirical Research of Parochial Control ..............................................................8 III. Contributions to the Parochial Control Literature............................................21 CHAPTER THREE: BROWNSVILLE BROOKLYN: THEN AND NOW.......................... 24 I. Brownsville: The Early Years ........................................................................................ 24 A Time for Change: Public Housing Construction in Brownsville ...........................26 Residential Instability in Brownsville ........................................................................27 Outcomes of Population Turnover.............................................................................30 Nehemiah Housing Construction...............................................................................32 II. Brownsville Today ..................................................................................................33 Demographics............................................................................................................33 Socioeconomic Conditions.........................................................................................34 Education in Brownsville...........................................................................................37 Parochial Institutions in Brownsville ........................................................................40 Crime in Brownsville .................................................................................................42 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................... 45 I. Purpose of Research.................................................................................................45 General Research Question........................................................................................46 Specific Research Question .......................................................................................46 II. Data collection........................................................................................................48 A. Accessing Respondents at the Research Site ........................................................48 B. Sample Selection...................................................................................................49 C. Interview Protocol.................................................................................................51 D. The Interview Procedures ....................................................................................51 III. Data Analysis ........................................................................................................52 A. Grounded Theory .................................................................................................52 CHAPTER 5: YOUTH OF THE BRC..................................................................................... 58 I. Demographic Characteristics..................................................................................58 A. Family Structure....................................................................................................59 B. Education..............................................................................................................60 II. Neighborhood Perceptions Of Brownsville .........................................................61 III. BRC Activities .......................................................................................................62 v A. Work-study Program.............................................................................................65 B. Summer Youth Workers .......................................................................................66 C. BRC Interns...........................................................................................................67 CHAPTER 6: PRIVATE CONTROLS.................................................................................... 69 I. Parental Control.......................................................................................................69 A. Instrumental Support............................................................................................69 B. Expressive Support................................................................................................70 II. Family members......................................................................................................73
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