BROWNSVILLE, BROOKLYN HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT: Evaluating Social Entrepreneurship Programs by Recognizing and Promoting Local Context
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Made in Brownsville 2015 BROWNSVILLE, BROOKLYN HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT: Evaluating social entrepreneurship programs by recognizing and promoting local context Rose Jackson, Ernestine Hodges, Sang Cho, Maxine Dotson, and Andrea McCullough pictured above at HIA workshop 1 Made in Brownsville 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Brownsville Health Impact Assessment (HIA) was a collaborative effort between Made in Brownsville, local Brownsville residents, local planning professionals and the parties whose projects are being evaluated. Special thanks go out to the following individuals who dedicated their time, expertise and knowledge to the success of this HIA: Authors Sang Cho Alan Waxman Contributors Quardean Lewis-Allen, Brownsville Resident, Made in Brownsville Maxine Dotson, Brownsville Resident Ernestine Hodges, Brownsville Resident Esmeralda Miller, Brownsville Resident Rose Jackson, Brownsville Resident Diane Waters, Brownsville Resident Lucas Denton, The Melting Pot Community Culinary Center Genese Morgan, Chair, Ocean Hill Resident, Economic Development Committee, CB 16 Andrea McCullough, Brownsville Resident, OHBCYP Brenda Duchene, Brownsville Resident, Ladies of Elegance Tree Williams, Health Bucks Deron Johnston, Center for Court Innovation Erica Mateo, Brownsville Resident, Center for Court Innovation Danny Murphy, Pitkin BID Pernell Brice, Dream Big Foundation Entrepreneurship Lab This research was made possible by a grant from Community Solutions. 2 Made in Brownsville 2015 CONTENTS Executive summary Table of Figures 1.0 Introduction Health and the Built Environment Health Impact Assessment Brownsville Health Impact Assessment Current Initiatives in Brownsville Health Status Sociodemographics Redevelopment Plan & Study Area The Melting Pot Community Culinary Center Made in Brownsville (MiB) Incubation Lab Dream Big Foundation Entrepreneurship Lab 2.0 HIA Methodology Screening Added Value Timing Technical Feasibility Scoping Community Participation Geographic Boundaries of the affected population Priority health impacts of the redevelopment Assessment Data Reporting Evaluation & Monitoring Process 3.0 Findings Community Safety Connection to health Problems in the Brownsville Community & Safety: CCI Survey Focus group interviews & meetings: Crime and Safety Community Perceptions about its Relationship with the Police: CCI Survey Focus group interviews & meetings: Relationship with the police and security Opportunities the redevelopment presents Social Cohesion 3 Made in Brownsville 2015 Connection to health Community perception of youth problem & problems in the Brownsville Community: CCI Survey Focus group interviews & meeting: Physical Environment & Youth Problems Opportunities the redevelopment presents Access to goods, services, and recreation Connection to health Community perception of youth: CCI Survey Focus group interviews & meeting: Food Focus group interviews & meeting: Recreational programs 4.3.5 Opportunities the redevelopment presents 4.0 Recommendations Appendix References 4 Made in Brownsville 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nationwide, public health research shows that our health is made where we live, work, and play. In Brownsville, Brooklyn, our health is literally made in Brownsville. This health impact assessment is assembled as an accountable methodology by which to evaluate proposed development programs in Brownsville, Brooklyn. From July 2014 to January 2015, Made in Brownsville evaluated three proposed projects in Brownsville: The Melting Pot Community Culinary Center, Made in Brownsville Incubation Lab, and the Dream Big Foundation Entrepreneurship Lab. This HIA is intends to (I) analyze potential health impacts of proposed programs in the community, (II) research many factors that impact health existing in the community and (III) encourage local and regional stakeholders to continue building a healthier community. I. Working with residents and civic leaders, MiB evaluated three proposed projects in terms of community context: The Melting Pot Community Culinary Center, which aims to teach culinary arts and provide fresh, healthy food at affordable prices. The Made in Brownsville Incubation Lab, which aims to engage at-risk youth to change the narrative and reality of violence through community organizing, planning, and design The Dream Big Foundation, which aims to transform communities by training, mentoring, and investing in community entrepreneurs. II. Through interviews, surveys, historical research, and engagement workshops, the HIA team identified major patterns that define Brownsville’s unique context. Structural inequalities and physical disinvestment is a persistent challenge to revitalization. Direct and indirect health impacts from crime and violence are a constant threat to residents’ well-being, and despite Brownsville’s long history of inclusion, people have continuously faced prejudice and exclusion from the norms of New York City. Negative perceptions of the community from the outside are adopted on the inside, and community narratives are frequently critical and reflexive. Change and the potential to imagine change has always been one of Brownsville’s greatest exports. MiB identified three priority impacts that the proposed projects should address: Social Cohesion: Promoting opportunities for social interactions between community residents, businesses and nonprofit organizations; Access to goods, services, and recreation: Providing better access to local food sources and other opportunities for youth and families; 5 Made in Brownsville 2015 Community Safety: Provide protective measures through architecture and landscape design principles as well as programs to enhance community safety by reducing exposure to crime and fear of crime. III. From these priority impact areas, a number of programming, policy and regulatory recommendations were developed to help maximize healthy community design principles for future redevelopment in the Brownsville neighborhood: 1. Recognize the reality of inter-development rivalries (turfs) resulting in violence and engage youth in trans-generational, spatial programming. 2. Address the actions and perception of law enforcement and security personnel. 3. Create a positive relationship between residents, program officials, and law enforcement to allow participants from different housing developments to access programs. 4. Encourage and publicize walking groups to increase street access during periods of less pedestrian activity. 5. Address the divide between public and private housing through more joint programming and information exchange; 6. Recruit businesses open during different times of day throughout commercial corridors. 7. Recruit businesses that prioritize employing local residents. 8. Use transparent storefront windows that create a friendly and inviting atmosphere but cannot be damaged easily. 9. Create facilities that have commercial store frontage at ground level with housing above. 10. Maximize visibility for high risk areas with street lights. 11. Invest in community projects such as neighborhood parks and community gardens to encourage recreation and social interaction opportunities. 12. Fill the gap in published knowledge on Brownsville after 1970 by recording stories from current long time Brownsville residents. 13. Create a dynamic feedback mechanism for neighborhood information including qualitative and quantitative measures that help to evaluate proposed programs, infrastructures, and public spaces. 14. Integrate these processes into Brownsville so that this HIA methodology is an ordinary part of maintaining neighborhood health. 6 Made in Brownsville 2015 1.0 Introduction Health and the Built Environment Nationwide, it is recognized that physical and social environments impact mental and physical health outcomes. Adequate housing, clean air, clean water, and quality food, are necessary for good health and these requirements need proper social cohesion to allow for safe use of spaces. Community design and land-use planning practices have the potential to work with residents and nonresidents across boundaries to effect perceptions of space and create long term changes in air quality, pedestrian injuries and fatality, mental illness, ground and surface water contamination, and housing. Understanding relationships between health and planning or policy decisions allow decision-makers to “gain better insight of outcomes, balance health against other policy considerations, appraise options, and improve the tradeoffs” (Kemm, Parry 2004). Knowing more about the context and process by which health is made in urban spaces means more nuanced and comprehensive solutions to complex problems. It is therefore important to identify characteristics of environments just like Brownsville that are beneficial to human health. Health Impact Assessment A Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is defined as “a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population” (WHO, Gothenburg Consensus, 1999). Evidence of successful HIAs has been carried out in close collaboration with multiple sectors in various disciplines to discuss broad range of health impacts of a given policy or project. Because the complexity of health determinants makes it difficult for any single institution to deal with all public health issues (Marmot MG, Wilkinson RG.1999), there is a growing recognition of decisions to support public