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Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História TESE a Construção Do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História TESE A construção do santo: swami Vivekananda e a sua experiência no Ocidente (1893 – 1897) Raphael Lugo Sanches Mariana 2021 RAPHAEL LUGO SANCHES A CONSTRUÇÃO DO SANTO: SWAMI VIVEKANANDA E A SUA EXPERIÊNCIA NO OCIDENTE (1893 – 1897) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História. Área de Concentração: Poder e Linguagens. Linha de Pesquisa: Poder, Linguagens e Instituições. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Estevam de Oliveira Fernandes. MARIANA 2021 SISBIN - SISTEMA DE BIBLIOTECAS E INFORMAÇÃO S211a Sanches, Raphael Lugo. A construção do santo [manuscrito]: swami Vivekananda e a sua experiência no Ocidente (1893-1897).. / Raphael Lugo Sanches. - 2021. 212 f. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Estevam de Oliveira Fernandes. Tese (Doutorado). Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Departamento de História. Programa de Pós-Graduação em História. Área de Concentração: História. 1. Swami Vivekananda. 2. Hinduísmo. 3. Mediação. 4. Cultura. 5. Ocidente e Oriente. I. Fernandes, Luiz Estevam de Oliveira. II. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. III. Título. CDU 93/94 Bibliotecário(a) Responsável: Luciana De Oliveira - SIAPE: 1.937.800 MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE OURO PRETO REITORIA INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Raphael Lugo Sanches A Construção do santo: Swami Vivekananda e a sua experiência no Ocidente Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto como requisito parcial para obtenção do tulo de Doutor em História Aprovada em 31 de março de 2021. Membros da banca Prof. Dr. Luiz Estevam de Oliveira Fernandes - Orientador (Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto) Prof. Dr. Arilson Oliveira - (Universidade Federal de Campina Grande) Profa. Dra. Maria Lucia Auberre Gnerre - (Universidade Federal da Paraíba) Prof. Dr. Dilip Loundo - (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora) Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio Silveira (Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto) Luiz Estevam de Oliveira Fernandes, orientador do trabalho, aprovou a versão final e autorizou seu depósito no Repositório Instucional da UFOP em 03/05/2021 Documento assinado eletronicamente por Luiz Estevam de Oliveira Fernandes, PROFESSOR DE MAGISTERIO SUPERIOR, em 03/05/2021, às 10:16, conforme horário oficial de Brasília, com fundamento no art. 6º, § 1º, do Decreto nº 8.539, de 8 de outubro de 2015. A autencidade deste documento pode ser conferida no site hp://sei.ufop.br/sei/controlador_externo.php? acao=documento_conferir&id_orgao_acesso_externo=0 , informando o código verificador 0166225 e o código CRC B1363A78. Referência: Caso responda este documento, indicar expressamente o Processo nº 23109.004085/2021-25 SEI nº 0166225 R. Diogo de Vasconcelos, 122, - Bairro Pilar Ouro Preto/MG, CEP 35400-000 Telefone: 3135579406 - www.ufop.br AGRADECIMENTOS Ao mesmo tempo em que escrever uma tese é uma atividade muito solitária, arrisco dizer que ela é também fruto de uma experiência e esforços coletivos. Durante esse período de doutoramento, as contribuições para a realização da pesquisa vieram das mais diferentes pessoas e ocasiões: conversas informais com professores e colegas do curso; questionamentos propostos por professores ao longo das disciplinas que cursei; sugestão de leituras; exposições orais da minha pesquisa em eventos acadêmicos; publicação de artigos; e, é claro, o suporte incomensurável que recebi do meu orientador, Luiz Estevam, ao longo desses quatros anos. A esse professor, sincera gratidão. Assim sendo, agradeço de forma genérica essa coletividade que foi indispensável para a elaboração da tese e, também, para o meu amadurecimento enquanto pesquisador. Sem dúvida, todas essas contribuições foram essenciais. Não posso deixar de agradecer à Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) e ao Programa de pós-graduação em História (PPGHIS), que através da concessão de uma bolsa de estudo, criaram condições favoráveis à elaboração da tese. Muito obrigado. RESUMO Nos últimos meses do ano de 1893, alguns dos principais veículos de comunicação de Chicago noticiaram a presença de um recém-chegado monge hindu em solo americano. Vindo das longínquas terras do oriente, aportou em território estrangeiro com a intenção de participar do Parlamento Mundial das Religiões, ocorrido no âmbito da Feira Mundial. Além da indumentária considerada exótica pelos ocidentais, trouxe consigo a pretensão de atuar como um mediador cultural: intentava conseguir auxílio material e conhecimentos técnico-científicos no ocidente afim de beneficiar seus conterrâneos e, em troca, transmitiria aos ocidentais os conhecimentos religiosos advindos da Índia. A permanência por cerca de mais três anos em terras estrangeiras o fez alterar sobremaneira os seus planos e, também, propiciou a formação de uma rede de sociabilidade e um círculo de discípulos compostos por pessoas economicamente abastadas. Quando o swami retornou à Índia, em 1897, foi recepcionado com festividades públicas e recebeu pela primeira vez o tratamento de vossa santidade. Desde então, muitos esforços foram feitos para perpetuar essa representação, sobretudo, por meio da criação de uma narrativa biográfica oficial, que heroiciza e santifica Vivekananda pelos seus feitos. Esse período foi extensamente documentado através das matérias jornalísticas, apontamentos dos discípulos, registro das suas palestras, fotografias, redação de cartas, publicação de panfletos e livros. Através da leitura entrecruzada desse extenso corpus documental, a tese evidencia como se deu o processo de construção dessa imagem santificada sobre o swami, que de indivíduo ordinário, foi alçado a santo, por sua experiência no ocidente. Palavras-chave: swami Vivekananda; santo; Parlamento Mundial das Religiões; mediação cultural; ocidente-oriente. ABSTRACT In the closing months of 1893, some of Chicago's major media outlets reported the presence of a newly arrived Hindu monk on American soil. Coming from the distant lands of the east, he arrived in foreign territory with the intention of participating in the World Parliament of Religions, which took place within the scope of the World Fair. In addition to the clothes considered exotic by Westerners, he brought with him the intention of acting as a cultural mediator: he tried to get material help and technical-scientific knowledge in the West in order to benefit his countrymen and, in return, he would transmit to the Westerners the religious knowledge from India. The stay for about three more years in foreign lands made him change his plans greatly and also led to the formation of a network of sociability and a circle of disciples composed of economically wealthy people. When the swami returned to India in 1897, he was welcomed with public festivities and received the treatment of your holiness for the first time. Since then, many efforts have been made to perpetuate this representation, mainly through the creation of an official biographical narrative, which heroizes and sanctifies Vivekananda for his deeds. This period was extensively documented through journalistic articles, notes from the disciples, record of his lectures, photographs, letter writing, publication of pamphlets and books. Through the intertwined reading of this extensive documentary corpus, the thesis shows how the process of building this sanctified image about the swami, that of an ordinary individual, was raised to a saint, due to his experience in the West. Keywords: swami Vivekananda; holy; World Parliament of Religions; cultural mediation; west-east. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................................. 8 Um swami entre o Ocidente e o Oriente ..................................................................... 8 Das fontes e do objeto de pesquisa ........................................................................... 11 Estruturação dos capítulos ........................................................................................ 15 CAPÍTULO I – AO OCIDENTE, O ORIENTE .......................................................... 23 1.1 Navegando no desconhecido: da Índia para os Estados Unidos ......................... 23 1.2 As Exposições Mundiais: uma ode ao progresso e à modernidade .................... 37 1.2.1 A Exposição Colombiana ................................................................................. 40 1.2.2 O Parlamento Mundial das Religiões e o Congresso de História das Religiões em Paris ................................................................................................................................. 45 2.1 Um swami em Chicago: atuação no Parlamento ................................................ 51 2.2 Repercussões midiáticas e a crítica aos missionários cristãos. ........................... 65 CAPÍTULO II – OLHAR PARA O OESTE ................................................................ 88 2.1 “Não há esperança de dinheiro para nosso projeto aqui” .................................... 88 2.2 “Não se preocupe com os missionários. É natural que eles chorem” ................. 93 2.3 Fabricando yogins ............................................................................................... 96 2.4 Thousand Islands: cercado por água e por discípulos íntimos .......................... 100 2.4.1 A religião está em nós ...................................................................................
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