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Precaspian Isthmus Emergence Triggered the Early Sakmarian Glaciation (Paleontologic, Sedimentologic and Geochemical Proxies) Vladimir I

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Precaspian Isthmus Emergence Triggered the Early Sakmarian Glaciation (Paleontologic, Sedimentologic and Geochemical Proxies) Vladimir I Boise State University ScholarWorks Geosciences Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of Geosciences 12-15-2018 Precaspian Isthmus Emergence Triggered the Early Sakmarian Glaciation (Paleontologic, Sedimentologic and Geochemical Proxies) Vladimir I. Davydov Boise State University Publication Information Davydov, Vladimir I. (2018). "Precaspian Isthmus Emergence Triggered the Early Sakmarian Glaciation (Paleontologic, Sedimentologic and Geochemical Proxies)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 511, 403-418. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.09.007 This is an author-produced, peer-reviewed version of this article. © 2018, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 license. The final, definitive version of this document can be found online at Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.09.007 Precise timing of the Precaspian- Tethys Seaway closure (Precaspian Isthmus) is established The emergence of the Isthmus occurs at the Asselian-Sakmarian transition The biotic and sedimentological evidences support the emergence of the Isthmus The event changed the global oceanic circulation and is the major driver of the glaciation 295-290 Ma ? 310-295 Ma Uralian Foredeep ? 11 12 11 10 10 8 8 5 12 7 9 6-7 5 9 6 4 4 2 3 1 2 Center of originations 1 Center of originations WWBF Realms: Tethyan Boreal North American Direction of oceanic currents 1 Precaspian Isthmus emergence triggered the Early Sakmarian glaciation 2 (paleontologic, sedimentologic and geochemical proxies) 3 Vladimir I. Davydov a,b,с,* 4 a Permian Research Institute, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, 5 USA 6 b Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya St., 4/5, Kazan’, Tatarstan Republic, Russia 7 c North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute n. a. N.A. Shilo Far East Branch of the 8 Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan. 9 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 10ABSTRACT 11 The sub-meridional seaway that connected Paleo-Arctic and Paleo-Tethys basins was one of the 12 most important geographical attributes of the Late Paleozoic Pangea landscape, 13 paleogeography and paleoclimate. Existing models about the timing of the disconnection of 14 the Paleo-Arctic and the Paleo-Tethyan oceans is very controversial and poorly documented. 15 Warm-water benthic foraminifera (WWBF) were utilized to establish the precise timing of the 16 closure of the Urals-Precaspian-Paleo-Tethys Seaway (UPTS) during Cisuralian time. The WWBF 17 of Paleo-Tethys and those of the Ural—Precaspian Basins during the Gzhelian-Asselian, display a 18 considerably high level of similarity. Beginning from the Sakmarian, the faunas of these two 19 regions became dissimilar, suggesting a break in the connection between the Paleo-Tethys and 20 Ural-Precaspian Basins. The sedimentological evidence (olistostromes and seismites) of the final 21 collision of the Eastern Ural, Kazakhstania, Scythian-Turan plates with the southeastern part of 22 the Russian Platform during Late Paleozoic also support the emergence of the Precaspian 23 Isthmus at the Asselian-Sakmarian transition. The oceanic currents in the Precaspian and the 24 Southern Ural Basins before the Sakmarian were directed northward and later changed to the 25 south. These biotic and physical changes are consistent with the proposed timing of the cutoff 26 of the UPTS. The biotic and sedimentologic features clearly suggest the UPTS closure and the 27 origination of Precaspian Isthmus during the Asselian-Sakmarian transition. The abrupt changes 28 in the oceanic circulation triggered changes in atmospheric CO2, atmospheric circulation and, 29 possibly, albedo feedback. The emergence of the Precaspian Isthmus induced an increase in the 30 poleward salt and heat transport towards mid- to lower latitude Gondwana and Cathasia 31 margins. The warm water currents and moisture along the margins of Gondwana caused a rapid 32 increase in the precipitation necessary to build significant ice sheets during the early-middle 33 Sakmarian. 34 Keywords: Oceanic gateway; Isthmus; Late Paleozoic glaciation; benthic foraminifera; 35 continents configuration. 36 1. Introduction 37 The Late Paleozoic glaciation is a very intriguing and controversial matter and is the penultimate 38 icehouse-greenhouse transition on Earth (Crowell, 1999; Montanez and Poulsen, 2013; Smith and 39 Read, 2000). Our understanding of the processes associated with the glaciation, and particularly 40 the factors that caused the icehouse to greenhouse transition, may help us better understand the 41 changes to recent climate perturbations. The level of atmospheric CO 2 is considered the major 42 factor that drives climate change along with the other less important, such as tectonics, 43 continents configuration, variations of the orbital and spin axis of the Earth and other 44 extraterrestrial events (Montanez and Poulsen, 2013; Smith and Read, 2000). However, the 45 factors behind CO2 fluctuations in the past are unclear. The role of paleogeographic configuration 46 and solar irradiation is considered of secondary importance (Lowry et al., 2014). 47 The sub-meridional seaway that connected Paleo-Arctic and Paleo-Tethys basins was 48 one of the most important geographical attributes of the Late Paleozoic Pangea landscape, 49 paleogeography and paleoclimate (Scotese, 2015). The seaway which connected the shelves 50 along the East-European Craton, the Ural and the Paleo-Tethys was the major oceanic gateway 51 between the oceans in the Paleo-Tethys and Paleo-Arctic (Fig. 1). The final collision of 52 Kazakhstania and Siberian continents with the sutured Laurentia and Gondwana is usually 53 considered to have caused the closure of the Uralian foredeep and UPTS sometime in latest 54 Cisuralian time (Puchkov, 2010). Most tectonic models of the development of the Ural and the 55 surrounding areas during Paleozoic-Mesozoic time imply the existence of the UPTS until the 56 Kungurian because of the early Permian marine sedimentation in the Precaspian and the 57 Southern Ural. According to these models, the end of the marine sedimentation and the 58 accumulation of thick sabkha evaporites in the Precaspian and along the Ural during the 59 Kungurian denote the complete closure of the UPTS (Brown et al., 1997; Cocks and Torsvik, 60 2007; Golonka, 2007; Nikishin et al., 1996; Puchkov, 1997, 2009, 2010; Snyder et al., 1994; 61 Ziegler, 1989; Zonenshain et al., 1990). Nevertheless, some paleogeographic models suggest 62 the existence of the seaway between the Paleo-Arctic and the Paleo -Tethys until the Triassic 63 (Blakey, 2013; Chumakov and Zharkov, 2002; Domeier and Torsvik, 2014 Kaz'min and and 64 Natapov, 1998; Scotese, 2015). Other models suggest that the closing of the Uralian—Paleo- 65 Tethys connection happened in the Moscovian (Lawver et al., 2011) or sometime within the 66 Bashkirian - Kasimovian (Cavazza et al., 2004; Stampfli et al., 2013). Golonka (2011) proposed 67 that the seaway was closed in the Asselian-Artinskian and reopened in the Guadalupian. A 68 somewhat exotic idea by Sengor and Atayaman (2009) proposed that the Paleo-Arctic—Tethys 69 was connected through the hypothetical Carapelit rift during latest Kungurian-Wuchiapingian 70 time. 71 Existing models about the timing of the disconnection of the Paleo-Arctic and the Paleo- 72 Tethyan oceans is very controversial and poorly documented and one of the goals of this study 73 was to establish the precise timing of the event. The exceptionally accurate, quantitative 74 biostratigraphic and radioisotopic calibration of the Pennsylvanian–early Permian global time 75 scale, developed in the type sections in the Southern Ural was employed to establish the 76 precise timing of the geological events in the Late Paleozoic, including those in the Ural- 77 Precaspian regions ( Davydov et al., 2012; Davydov and Cozar, 2018, in press; Schmitz and 78 Davydov, 2012). The tropical-subtropical paleogeographic distribution and the well-known 79 sensitivity of WWBF to paleoenvironments, coupled with their application in development of 80 high-resolution spatial and temporal framework, provides the basis for the study presented 81 here. The taxonomic changes and the evolutionary divergence of the foraminifera in the Uralian 82 and West Tethyan oceans through the Pennsylvanian and early Permian time definitively 83 indicate the emergence of the Precaspian Isthmus and the closure of the connection between 84 the Uralian and Paleo-Tethys oceans on both the northern and mid-east sides of Pangea (Fig. 1). 85 The mid-late Artinskian closure of the connection between the Uralian--Paleo-Tethyan 86 oceans utilizing fusulinids data has been proposed previously (Chuvashov, 1998; Leven, 2004; 87 Ross, 1967b;). Shi and Waterhouse (2010) interpreted this as a significant event that enhanced 88 the cooling of the paleo-Arctic ocean which had already been occurring due to Pangaea's 89 northward drift throughout the Permian. However, this closure was considered insignificant in 90 paleoclimatic models because of the lack of the temporal connection with any known climatic 91 event ( Lowry et al., 2014; Montanez and Poulsen, 2013). In this paper we propose and discuss 92 the causal link between the development of the Precaspian Isthmus in-between the Uralian and 93 West Tethyan basins, the profound biotic transformations in the oceans, sea-level changes, the 94 decline of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, and the expansion
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