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ANALYSIS OF CROSS BORDER IMPCTS List of Content Sr. #: Topics: Page #: 1. Acronyms 2 2. Acknowledgement 3 3. Background of Study 4 4. Executive Summary 5 5. Introduction of Study 6 6. Study Limitations 6 7. Objective of Study 7 8. Methodology of Study 7 8.1 Observation of the people’s thoroughfare at border of India Nepal 7 8.2 Interactive Discussion with border based communities 8 8.3 Consideration Report of Mahakali Sambad 11 8.3.a First Mahakali Sambad 11 8.3.b Second Mahakali Sambad 15 8.3.c Indo-Nepal Joint Mahakali Sambad 16 8.4 Key Informer Interview (KII) 17 8.5 Available Literature review 19 8.6 Women Perspective 19 8.7 Private Sector Involvement 20 9. Major Issues of Cross Boarder Specially in Mahakali River Basin Districts 21 10. Analysis of Cross Boarder Issues 23 Analysis of Cross Border Issues and Impact Study ( Ashok Bikram Jairu) Page 1 of 84 ANALYSIS OF CROSS BORDER IMPCTS 10.1 Labour Migration to India (Seasonal and Long-term) 23 10.2 Irrigation Water Rights and Water Governance 24 10.3 Proper mining of sand, stone and boulder 26 10.4 Access to drinking water 27 10.5 Community early warning systems. 27 10.6 Conservation of Mahaseer fish 28 10.7 Border Security and Disputes 28 10.8 The Mahakali Basin Border Community’s General Issues 29 11. Impact Analysis on Issues 29 12. Recommendations/Way forwards 31 13. Conclusion 33 14. Annexes: 34 Annex 1: a) Brief Informative Background of RUWDUC 34 b) Brief Informative Background of Oxfam/TROSA project 35 Annex 2: Civil Society Organization working for Cross-Border Initiatives 35 Annex 3: Brief Information of Mahakali River Basin Districts 37 15. Bibliography 42 1. Acronyms: CDMC Community Disaster Management Community Analysis of Cross Border Issues and Impact Study ( Ashok Bikram Jairu) Page 2 of 84 ANALYSIS OF CROSS BORDER IMPCTS DDC District Development Committee DCC District Coordination Committee DEOC District Emergency Operating Center EIA Environment Impact Assessment EWS Early Warning System EL Earth Level INJAF Indo Nepal Joint Action Forum INCA India Nepal Cooperation Association KII Key Informer Interview MOEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Climate Change MLA Member of Lower Assembly NNSWA Nepal National Social Welfare Association NEEDS National Environment and Equity Development Society OXFAM OXFAM PAIRVI Public Advocacy Initiatives for Rights and Values in India PMP Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project REED Rural Environment and Education Development Analysis of Cross Border Issues and Impact Study ( Ashok Bikram Jairu) Page 3 of 84 ANALYSIS OF CROSS BORDER IMPCTS RUDES Rural Development and Education Society RUWDUC Rural Women’s Development and Unity Center SANKALP Sankalp Darchula SIDA Sweden International Development Aid (Government of Sweden) SSB Seema Surchhya Bal (Border Security Force) TROSA Transboundary Rivers of South Asia UDI Uttaranchal Development Institute USD United State Dolor VDC Village Development Committee 2. Acknowledgement: Analysis of Cross Border Impact study was conducted based on Mahakali River Basin communities and as well as people thoroughfare at Indo-Nepal Border. The study was conducted under OXFAM- TROSA Project implemented by the civil society organizations are RUWDUC (National Partner), RUDeS, SANKALPA and NEEDS (district base partners) has been focusing vulnerable river basin communities through increased access to and control over river water resources. TROSA (Transboundary Rivers of South Asia) is a five year program aimed at reducing poverty of river Analysis of Cross Border Issues and Impact Study ( Ashok Bikram Jairu) Page 4 of 84 ANALYSIS OF CROSS BORDER IMPCTS basin communities in three large river basins, including a significant upper tributary of the Ganga River-the Mahakali / Sharada River shared by Nepal and India; the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra /Padma /Jamuna and Teesta Rivers shared by India and Bangladesh; and the last free flowing trans-boundary river in Asia, the Salween River basin in Myanmar (shared with China and Thailand). While preparing the study for analysis of Cross Border Impacts, I discussed with many people who are directly or indirectly involved to the Mahakali River Basin and cross border issues. To listen of the voice of local people, I organized a small groups (4-5 persons) discussion with riparian communities for getting their situation and prospective on cross border issues. Similarly, I had observed the people who were crossing the border and their activities during they crossed border. Likewise, a Key Informer Interview (KII) was conducted with ten people expected that, they have had knowledge and learning about the cross border issues. Therefore, first of all, I would like to express my thanks to the group of Kanjabhoj and group of Bhujela as riparian community, who shared about their prospective on cross border issues. Similarity, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Key Informers Mr. Raj Kumar Sunar, Mr. Laxman Tiwari, Mr. Nar Bahadur Saud, Mr. Bishnu Awasthi, Ms. Bhagwati Thapa, Mr. Krishna Singh Deupa, Mr. Mohan Tailor, Mr. Damber Prasad Dhital, Mr. Bir Singh Dhami and Mr. Mohan Chand for their time and valuable information to the study propose. I would like to thank to Mr. Parash Giri, Mr. Dev Raj Badu, Mr. Gambhir Lal Urau and Ms. Nirmala Thakurathi for their support in collection of information and interviewing with Key Informers. I would like to thanks to Mr. Tej Singh Bhandari National Coordinator of Indo-Nepal Joint Action Forum (INJAF) India for providing information based on Mahakali River Basin communities of Analysis of Cross Border Issues and Impact Study ( Ashok Bikram Jairu) Page 5 of 84 ANALYSIS OF CROSS BORDER IMPCTS India. I would also like to express my thanks to the INJAF team for providing me the Mahakali Sambad Report for study propose. I would like to thank you the NNSWA team for their support for arranging the support mechanism for finalizing the study. I would like give sincere thanks to Professor Dr. Mukund Kalauni and Dr. Bhoj Raj Pant for their kind cooperation in the study. Finally, I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Krishna Kumar Shrestha National Director of RUWDUC TROSA Project and their team for providing me an opportunity to analysis the cross- border impact through this study. At the last but not least, I would like to express my big thanks to the all riparian community of Mahakali River Basin. Thanks Ashok Bikram Jairu Consultant 3. Background of Study: Analysis of Cross Border Issues and Impact Study ( Ashok Bikram Jairu) Page 6 of 84 ANALYSIS OF CROSS BORDER IMPCTS The Mahakali River is Indo Nepal Border River in various parts which is demarking as International Border line. Most of the cultures, religious aspects, festivals and rituals are being practiced and seen in both the parts of Mahakali River Basin of Indo Nepal as neighboring country. Most of the people of both sides have marital relations and are culturally associated by taking and giving their bride and groom. Most of the markets are interdependent with each other. Mostly Indo Nepal border based Nepalese are depending upon Indian hospitals for treatment, shopping, employments and Pilgrimage visits in various cities of India. Likewise, Indian people also visits, for worshipping Lord Pashupatinath and other religious places in Nepal. Both the countries are nurtured by the same mountains, rivers and are bound by ancient ties of religion, culture and kinship. A strong relationship between Nepal and India is seen mostly in religious, cultural parts, food habits, rituals and environment which bind them in one relationship of close neighboring country. From the many decades the Mahakali River Basin communities are using water the same river for the functions of various rituals and kin relationship which is a great and unique example of the strong relationship. Based on close the relation and changing context of world and bilateral agreement between Nepal and India for integrate development of Mahakali and Cross Border scenario, it is essential to know and learn for the further riparian communities’ better livelihoods and their rights. Transboundary Rivers of South Asia (TROSA) is a five-year (2017-2021) regional project funded by the Government of Sweden and managed by Oxfam Novib. The program aims to contribute to Analysis of Cross Border Issues and Impact Study ( Ashok Bikram Jairu) Page 7 of 84 ANALYSIS OF CROSS BORDER IMPCTS poverty reduction and marginalization among vulnerable river basin communities through increased access to and control over riverine water resources on which their livelihoods depend. Among the TROSA project Mahakali River is one of them which catchment is around 15,260 sq km. RUWDUC is a non-governmental organization and currently it is working for TROSA programme in Dadeldhura district and centrally as partner of OXFAM-TROSA project in Nepal. RUWDUC came to life with the belief that appropriate motivation and training to women and youth groups could turn them into important catalysts and facilitators in the development of the communities and the region as a whole. According to the RUWDUC under the TROSA project, an analysis of cross border impact study was planned and executed to conduct study through an independent consultant to listen and learning on cross-border issues and impacts across the Mahakali River Basin’s riparian communities’ prospective. The study is focused for understanding about the irrigation rights, proper mining of sand, stone and boulder, access to drinking water, early warning systems and conservation of Mahaseer Fish as a livelihood prospective of Mahakali River Basin’s riparian communities in Nepal. The study hopes to be supported for further planning of TROSA project focusing to the riparian communities’ rights and their livelihood options. 4. Executive Summary: Nepal-India border is unique in the world in the sense that people of both countries can cross it from any point, despite the existence of border check posts at several locations.
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