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Ehrlichiosis Canina SABER. Revista Multidisciplinaria del Consejo de Investigación de la Universidad de Oriente ISSN: 1315-0162 ISSN: 2343-6468 [email protected] Universidad de Oriente Venezuela EHRLICHIOSIS CANINA Gutiérrez, Clara Nancy; Pérez-Ybarra, Luis; Fátima Agrela, Irma EHRLICHIOSIS CANINA SABER. Revista Multidisciplinaria del Consejo de Investigación de la Universidad de Oriente, vol. 28, núm. 4, 2016 Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=427751143001 PDF generado por Redalyc a partir de XML-JATS4R Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto EHRLICHIOSIS CANINA CANINE EHRLICHIOSIS Clara Nancy Gutiérrez [email protected] Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Venezuela Luis Pérez-Ybarra Departamento de Microbiología, Venezuela Irma Fátima Agrela Departamento de Microbiología, Venezuela Resumen: La ehrlichiosis canina es una enfermedad infecciosa emergente transmitida por garrapatas, producida por Ehrlichia spp. (Proteobacteria: Ricketsiales), la cual afecta a miembros de la familia Canidae. Los agentes etiológicos son bacterias Gram negativas, intracelulares obligatorias, redondeadas y pleomórficas, esto último especialmente en cultivos celulares. Estas bacterias se localizan en vacuolas rodeadas de membranas (mórulas) en el citoplasma de células sanguíneas y dependiendo de la especie, tienen tropismo por linfocitos, monocitos y granulocitos. Históricamente la enfermedad es endémica en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, pero se reporta cada vez más en regiones de clima templado. Ello puede atribuirse a varios factores, los cuales incluyen el mejoramiento en las herramientas de diagnóstico, los cambios ambientales y climáticos (calentamiento global) que influyen directamente en la distribución de las garrapatas y la gran cantidad de viajes con mascotas de un lugar a otro del planeta, lo cual ha contribuido al establecimiento de esta enfermedad en áreas no endémicas. Es común la presencia de coinfección con otros patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas y esto complica la patogénesis, las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Frecuentemente, el patógeno no puede ser eliminado por completo a pesar de la terapia con antibióticos y la resolución de los signos clínicos. Actualmente, no se dispone de SABER. Revista Multidisciplinaria una vacuna, por lo que el uso de ectoparasiticidas resulta ser una buena opción para del Consejo de Investigación de la la prevención de la enfermedad. Esta enfermedad constituye un problema en medicina Universidad de Oriente, vol. 28, núm. 4, veterinaria y el potencial zoonótico de estos agentes es una consideración de gran 2016 relevancia para la salud humana. Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela Palabras clave: Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, perro, ehrlichia, Recepción: 01 Junio 2016 zoonosis, rickettsia. Aprobación: 30 Junio 2016 Abstract: Canine ehrlichiosis is an emerging infectious disease transmitted by ticks, Publicación: 01 Septiembre 2016 caused by Ehrlichia spp. (Proteobacteria: Ricketsiales), which affects members of the family Canidae. e etiological agents are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular, Redalyc: http://www.redalyc.org/ rounded, and pleomorphic bacteria, the latter especially in cell cultures. ese bacteria articulo.oa?id=427751143001 are localized in vacuoles surrounded by membranes (morulae) in the blood cells cytoplasm, and depending on the species, have a tropism for lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. Historically the disease is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions, but is reported increasingly in temperate climate regions. is can be attributed to several factors, which include the improvement in diagnostic tools, environmental and climate change (global warming) that directly influence the distribution of ticks, and the large number of travels with pets from one place to another in the planet, which has contributed to the establishment of this disease in non-endemic areas. Co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens is common and this complicates the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Oen, the pathogen cannot be completely eliminated despite antibiotic therapy and resolution of clinical signs. Currently, there is no vaccine available, making the use of ectoparaticide to be a good choice for the prevention of the disease. is disease is a problem in veterinary medicine and zoonotic potential of these agents is a consideration of great importance to human health. Keywords: Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, dog, ehrlichia, zoonosis, rickettsia. PDF generado por Redalyc a partir de XML-JATS4R Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Clara Nancy Gutiérrez, et al. EHRLICHIOSIS CANINA... INTRODUCCIÓN La ehrlichiosis canina puede ser causada por Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii y Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Goodman et al. 2003, Straube 2010, Romero et al. 2011); se puede presentar coinfección con estos agentes y otros patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas (Little 2010). Desde el año 2001, las bacterias del género Ehrlichia pertenecen al grupo alfaproteobacteria, orden Rickettsiales y familia Anaplasmataceae (Dumler et al. 2001, Bowman 2011). El orden Rickettsiales también comprende a la familia Rickettsiaceae y una diferencia biológica entre ambas familias consiste en que las bacterias de la familia Anaplasmataceae se multiplican dentro de vacuolas rodeadas de membranas mientras que los miembros de la familia Rickettsiaceae lo hacen libres en el citoplasma de la célula huésped (Rikihisa 2010a). En 1935, Donatien y Lestoquard del Instituto Pasteur de Argelia visualizaron en monocitos de perros febriles y con anemia, organismos semejantes a rickettsias, por lo que fueron clasificados como Rickettsia canis. En 1945, Moshovski los reclasificó como Ehrlichia canis en honor a Paul Ehrlich, bacteriólogo alemán, con lo que se estableció un género diferente a Rickettsia (Ristic y Huxsoll 1984, McDade 1990). En el hemisferio occidental, Bool y Sutmöller (1957), identificaron el primer caso de infección por E. canis en frotis sanguíneos de perros en la isla de Aruba. En Estados Unidos para el año de 1962, Ewing (1963), visualizó a E. canis en leucocitos vistos en frotis sanguíneos de perros y fue considerada un patógeno de importancia veterinaria después de los brotes epizoóticos en perros militares ingleses en Singapur en 1963 y en perros militares de Estados Unidos en Vietnam en 1968, que resultó con la muerte de aproximadamente 200 animales (Huxsoll et al. 1970, Bavaro et al. 2005, Mavromatis et al. 2006). Desde entonces se ha reportado una alta morbilidad y mortalidad entre perros domésticos y otros miembros de la familia Canidae en países de todas partes del mundo, sobre todo en regiones tropicales y subtropicales del planeta, esto en concordancia con la presencia de la garrapata marrón del perro Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Harrus et al. 1999, Ferrolho et al. 2016). Para el año de 1971, Ewing et al. describieron una nueva cepa de E. canis, la cual fue visualizada en granulocitos (principalmente neutrófilos) y el perro tenía una forma leve de ehrlichiosis canina. Anderson et al. (1992) después de análisis genéticos concluyeron que era otra especie a la que nombraron Ehrlichia ewingii, en honor a Sidney Ewing por su trabajo pionero con este agente. En este mismo país, en el año 1986, Maeda et al. (1987) reportaron el primer caso de ehrlichiosis monocítica humana al observar en el frotis sanguíneo de un paciente febril, cuerpos de inclusión intraleucocitarios. Para ese momento se pensó que podría tratarse de E. canis por la semejanza morfológica, ultraestructural y por la reacción positiva del suero de este paciente con antígeno de E. canis, pero luego Anderson et al. (1991) después de analizar la secuencia del gen ARNr 16S demostraron que era una especie diferente, a la que propusieron con el nombre de Ehrlichia PDF generado por Redalyc a partir de XML-JATS4R Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto SABER, 2016, 28(4), ISSN: 1315-0162 / 2343-6468 chaffeensis. Esta especie también puede infectar a perros y el primer reporte fue en Estados Unidos (Dawson et al. 1996). Dada la importancia epidemiológica por afectar a perros domésticos, de trabajo y callejeros, y dado su potencial epizoonótico, en la presente revisión se tratan las enfermedades ocasionadas por estos tres agentes en perros. Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia canis es el agente etiológico de la ehrlichiosis monocítica canina (EMC), enfermedad multisistémica grave y a veces fatal que afecta a miembros de la familia Canidae, la cual incluye a los perros, lobos, coyotes y zorros; predominantemente a los perros y es transmitida por la garrapata marrón del perro Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Straube 2010, Faria et al. 2011, Waner y Harrus 2013, Ferrolho et al. 2016). E. canis tiene una distribución cosmopolita, incluyendo Asia, África, Europa y las Américas, siendo más frecuente en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales; al parecer Australia y Nueva Zelanda están libres de la infección por E. canis (Kelly 2000, Mason et al. 2001, Harrus et al. 2012). En 1996, se reportó la primera infección humana con E. canis, y se logró el aislamiento en cultivo celular y la caracterización genética a partir de un humano aparentemente asintomático con infección crónica del estado Lara, Venezuela; a esta cepa la denominaron Ehrlichia humana venezolana (Perez et al. 1996, Unver
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