Van Olmen Et Al. (Proofreading 3)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
On Degrammaticalization: Controversial Points and Possible Explanations
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 On degrammaticalization: controversial points and possible explanations Viti, Carlotta Abstract: This paper discusses the problem of degrammaticalization, that is, the exceptions to the uni- directionality of grammaticalization. After analyzing the criteria that allow us to distinguish between various instances of counter-directional change, two principles underlying degrammaticalization are iden- tified; one is related to the type of language and the other to the type of target structures inwhich degrammaticalization occurs. Firstly, the targets of degrammaticalization are usually closed-class parts of speech with an abstract semantic component. Secondly, the languages in which counter-directional grammatical changes occur turn out to be deprived of an elaborate fusional morphology. These findings may also have an impact on the theoretical conception of grammaticalization, some of whose defini- tional properties are discussed. The paper ends with a discussion of a more controversial point, namely, counter-directional changes by folk etymology rather than by etymology proper. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/flin-2015-0014 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-117203 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Viti, Carlotta (2015). On degrammaticalization: controversial points and possible explanations. Folia Linguistica, 49(2):381-419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/flin-2015-0014 Folia Linguistica 2015; 49(2): 381–419 Carlotta Viti* On degrammaticalization: Controversial points and possible explanations DOI 10.1515/flin-2015-0014 Submitted November 19, 2014; Revision invited November 2, 2014; Revision received March 6, 2015; Accepted May 14, 2015 Abstract: This paper discusses the problem of degrammaticalization, that is, the exceptions to the unidirectionality of grammaticalization. -
Inflectional Morphology in Optimality Theory
Inflectional Morphology in Optimality Theory A Dissertation Presented by Zheng Xu to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Stony Brook University August 2007 Copyright by Zheng Xu August 2007 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Zheng Xu We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation Mark Aronoff, Professor of Linguistics Robert D. Hoberman, Professor of Linguistics Alice C. Harris, Professor of Linguistics James P. Blevins, Assistant Director of Research Research Center for English and Applied Linguistics University of Cambridge This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Lawrence Martin Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Inflectional Morphology in Optimality Theory by Zheng Xu Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Stony Brook University 2007 This dissertation proposes an inferential-realizational model of inflectional morphology (Matthews 1972, Zwicky 1985, Anderson 1992, Aronoff 1994, Stump 2001) within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993). Following Russell 1995, Yip 1998, Hyman 2003, MacBride 2004, I assume that the phonological information of inflectional affixes is introduced through realization constraints (RC) which associate abstract morphosyntactic or semantic feature values with phonological forms. I propose that rankings of realization constraints conform to the specificity condition, i.e. a constraint realizing a more specific morphosyntactic feature value set outranks a less specific realization constraint. I also propose that the unmarked situation in which one feature value is realized by one form (Wurzel 1989) is encoded in two universal and violable markedness constraints, *FEATURE SPLIT which bans the realization of a feature value by more than one form and *FEATURE FUSION which bans a form realizing more than one feature value. -
A Cross-Linguistic Study of Grammatical Organization
Complement Clauses and Complementation Systems: A Cross-Linguistic Study of Grammatical Organization Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Philosophischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von Karsten Schmidtke-Bode, M.A. geb. am 26.06.1981 in Eisenach Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Holger Diessel (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena) 2. Prof. Dr. Volker Gast (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena) 3. Prof. Dr. Martin Haspelmath (MPI für Evolutionäre Anthropologie Leipzig) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.12.2014 Contents Abbreviations and notational conventions iii 1 Introduction 1 2 The phenomenon of complementation 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Argument status 9 2.2.1 Complement clauses and argument-structure typology 10 2.2.2 On the notion of ‘argument’ 21 2.3 On the notion of ‘clause’ 26 2.3.1 Complementation constructions as biclausal units 27 2.3.2 The internal structure of clauses 31 2.4 The semantic content of complement clauses 34 2.5 Environments of complementation 36 2.5.1 Predicate classes as environments of complementation 37 2.5.2 Environments studied in the present work 39 3 Data and methods 48 3.1 Sampling and sources of information 48 3.2 Selection and nature of the data points 53 3.3 Storage and analysis of the data 59 4 The internal structure of complementation patterns 62 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 The morphological status of the predicate 64 4.2.1 Nominalization 65 4.2.2 Converbs 68 4.2.3 Participles 70 4.2.4 Bare verb stems 71 4.2.5 Other dependent -
“Gender and Declension Mismatches in West Nordic” Ivar Berg
“Gender and declension mismatches in West Nordic” Ivar Berg Department of language and literature, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [email protected] Note: This is a postprint version of an article in Historical Linguistics 2015. Selected papers from the 22nd International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Naples, 27–31 July 2015, ed. by Claudia Fabrizio & Michela Cennamo, pp. 97–114. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2019. The publisher should be consulted for permission to re-use or reprint the material in any form. Gender and declension mismatches in West Nordic Abstract: There has been a diachronic tendency to align gender and declension in West Nordic (Bjorvand 1972; Enger 2004), making it particularly interesting to consider “mismatches” that go against this general trend. This paper addresses such cases and discusses possible causes of the mismatches as well as the interaction between phonological and morphological changes in their diachronic development. It appears that the diachronic interaction of gender and declension forms complex patterns of processes related to semantics, phonology, and morphology. The West Nordic development corroborates the view that the connection of an inflection class to some extramorphological property, for instance a semantic or phonological one, is a favoured development (Wurzel 1989; Carstairs-McCarthy 2000). Key words: gender, inflection class, morphology, Norwegian, Icelandic, Old Norse. Running head: Gender and declension mismatches in West Nordic 1 Introduction In all Germanic languages, nouns are classified according to gender and declension (nominal inflection class), although the complexity of the systems and the degree of correlation between the two vary (Kürschner and Nübling 2011). In Proto-Germanic, most declensions comprised words of several genders, and inflectional endings then offered no clue as to the gender of a given word. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quaiity of the copy sulimitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6* x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI' WEAK OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT IN LATER MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN GREEK DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Panayiotis A. Pappas ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Brian D. -
Humanity Fluent Software Language
Pyash: Humanity Fluent Software Language Logan Streondj February 13, 2019 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Problem ................................... 4 1.1.1 Disglossia ............................... 4 1.2 Paradigm ................................... 5 1.2.1 Easy to write bad code ........................ 5 1.2.2 Obsolete Non-Parallel Paradigms .................... 5 1.3 Inspiration ................................. 5 1.4 Answer .................................... 5 1.4.1 Vocabulary ............................... 5 1.4.2 Grammar ................................ 5 1.4.3 Paradigm ................................ 6 I Core Language 7 2 Phonology 8 2.1 Notes .................................... 8 2.2 Contribution ................................. 8 3 Grammar 10 3.1 Composition ................................. 10 3.2 Grammar Tree ................................. 10 3.3 Noun Classes ................................. 10 3.3.1 grammatical number .......................... 12 3.3.2 noun classes for relative adjustment ................. 12 3.3.3 noun classes by animacy ........................ 13 3.3.4 noun classes regarding reproductive attributes ............ 13 3.4 Tense .................................... 13 3.5 Aspects ................................... 13 3.6 Grammatical Mood ............................... 14 3.7 participles ................................. 16 4 Dictionary 18 4.1 Prosody ................................... 18 4.2 Trochaic Rhythm ............................... 18 4.3 Espeak .................................... 18 4.4 -
Context, Contact and Development Editor: Laura Wright (Cambridge)
Volume I: Context, contact and development Editor: Laura Wright (Cambridge) Introduction: English, Englishes and the English Language (Raymond Hickey) I The context of English 1. The Indo-European framework (Donald Ringe) 2. English in its Germanic surrounding (Wayne Harbert) 3. Key events in the history of English (Julia Cuesta) 4. The geography of English in England (Merja Steenroos) 5. Philology and the history of English (Haruko Momma) II Contact and external influences 6. Early contact with Celtic (Raymond Hickey) 7. Classical languages in the history of English (Olga Timofeeva) 8. The Scandinavian period (Richard Dance and Sarah Pons-Sanz) 9. French and English in the later Middle Ages (Geert de Wilde) 10. Code-switching and language mixing (Herbert Schendl) 11. Early standardisation (Louise Sylvester) 12. Neoclassical borrowing and influence on English (Letitia Vezzosi) 13. Typological reorientation in the history of English (Marion Elenbaas) III The long view by levels of language These chapters are intended to cover the entire period of the history of English and thus to satisfy the need for chronological overviews. To achieve this, the authors are to be given more space with a target length for the chapters of between 40 and 50 pages. Each chapter is to have sections on Old, Middle, Early Modern and Late Modern English (up to present-day English) to allow for direct comparison between chapters. 14. Historical phonology (Donka Minkova) 15. Historical morphology (Elżbieta Adamczyk) 16. Historical syntax (Bettelou Los) 17. Historical semantics (Kathryn Allan) 18. Historical pragmatics (Andreas Jucker) NewCHEL, Vol. 1: Context, contact and development Page 2 of 45 19. -
The Grammar of Words
www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com Series editors Keith Brown, Eve V. Clark, April McMahon, Jim Miller, and Lesley Milroy The Grammar of Words www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com O XFORD T EXTBOOKS IN L INGUISTICS General editors: Keith Brown, University of Cambridge; Eve V. Clark, Stanford University; April McMahon, University of Sheffield; Jim Miller, University of Auckland; Lesley Milroy, University of Michigan This series provides lively and authoritative introductions to the approaches, methods, and theories associated with the main subfields of linguistics. P The Grammar of Words An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology by Geert Booij A Practical Introduction to Phonetics Second edition by J. C. Catford Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics Second edition by Alan Cruse www.IELTS4U.blogfa.comPrinciples and Parameters An Introduction to Syntactic Theory by Peter W. Culicover Semantic Analysis A Practical Introduction by Cliff Goddard Cognitive Grammar An Introduction by John R. Taylor Linguistic Categorization Third edition by John R. Taylor I Pragmatics by Yan Huang The Grammar of Words An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology Geert Booij www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc. -
A a Posteriori a Priori Aachener Förderdiagnostische Abbild
WSK-Gesamtlemmaliste (Stand: Januar 2017) A abgeleitetes Adverb Abklatsch a posteriori abgeleitetes Nominal Abkürzung a priori abgeleitetes Verb Abkürzungsprozess Aachener abgeleitetes Wort Abkürzungspunkt Förderdiagnostische abgerüstete Abkürzungsschrift Abbild Transliterationsvariante Abkürzungswort Abbildtheorie abgeschlossene Kategorie Ablativ Abbildung Abgeschlossenheit Ablativ, absoluter Abbildung, Beschränkung Abglitt einer ablative Abgraph Abbildung, Bild einer ablative case Abgrenzungssignal Abbildung, konzeptuelle ablativus absolutus abhängige Prädikation Abbildung-1 ablativus causae abhängige Rede Abbildungen, ablativus comitativus abhängige Struktur Komposition von ablativus comparationis abhängiger Fragesatz Abbildungsfunktion ablativus copiae abhängiger Hauptsatz Abbildungstheorie ablativus discriminis abhängiger Satz Abbreviation ablativus instrumenti abhängiges Morphem abbreviatory convention ablativus limitationis Abhängigkeit Abbreviatur ablativus loci Abhängigkeit, entfernte Abbreviaturschrift ablativus mensurae Abhängigkeit, funktionale Abbruchpause ablativus modi Abbruchsignal Abhängigkeit, gegenseitige ablativus originis Abc Abhängigkeit, kodierte ablativus pretii Abdeckung Abhängigkeit, ablativus qualitatis Abduktion konzeptuelle ablativus respectus Abecedarium Abhängigkeit, ablativus separativus sequenzielle abessive ablativus sociativus Abhängigkeitsbaum A-Bewegung ablativus temporis Abhängigkeitsgrammatik Abfolge Ablaut Abhängigkeitshypothese Abfolge, markierte Ablaut, qualitativer ability abfragen Ablaut, quantitativer -
Title: Certainty and Doubt in Academic Discourse : Epistemic Modality Markers in English and Polish Linguistics Articles
Title: Certainty and doubt in academic discourse : epistemic modality markers in English and Polish linguistics articles Author: Krystyna Warchał Citation style: Warchał Krystyna. (2015). Certainty and doubt in academic discourse : epistemic modality markers in English and Polish linguistics articles. Katowice : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Certainty and doubt in academic discourse: Epistemic modality markers in English and Polish linguistics articles For Hania and Jasio NR 3375 Certainty and doubt in academic discourse: Epistemic modality markers in English and Polish linguistics articles Krystyna Warchał Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego • Katowice 2015 Editor of the series: Językoznawstwo Neofilologiczne Maria Wysocka Referee Piotr Mamet Contents Introduction . 7 1. Academic discourse and its rhetoric . 11 1.1 Academic discourse community: its genres and values . 15 1.2 The cultural factor in academic communication . 18 1.3 English academic discourse: Previous studies . 22 1.3.1 Academic register(s) . 22 1.3.2 Academic genres . 26 1.3.3 Principal themes . 32 1.3.4 English as an academic lingua franca . 41 1.4 Polish academic discourse: Previous studies . 44 1.5 Concluding remarks . 50 2. Linguistic modality . 53 2.1 Approaches and concepts . 53 2.1.1 Sentential, sub-sentential and discourse modality . 54 2.1.2 Modality and mood . 55 2.1.3 Modality and the propositional content . 57 2.1.4 Modality and subjectivity . 59 2.1.5 Modality and the realis/irrealis distinction . 63 2.1.6 Modality and relevance . 67 2.2 Modal meanings and values . 71 2.2.1 The epistemic/deontic distinction and related modal subdomains . 71 2.2.2 The root/epistemic distinction . -
WSK-Gesamtlemmaliste (Stand: Mai 2017)
WSK-Gesamtlemmaliste (Stand: Mai 2017) A abgeleitetes Verb Ablativ a posteriori abgeleitetes Wort Ablativ, absoluter a priori abgerüstete ablative Transliterationsvariante Aachener Förderdiagnostische ablative case abgeschlossene Kategorie Abbild ablativus absolutus Abgeschlossenheit Abbildtheorie ablativus causae Abglitt Abbildung ablativus comitativus Abgraph Abbildung, Beschränkung ablativus comparationis einer Abgrenzungssignal ablativus copiae Abbildung, Bild einer abhängige Prädikation ablativus discriminis Abbildung, konzeptuelle abhängige Rede ablativus instrumenti Abbildung-1 abhängige Struktur ablativus limitationis Abbildungen, Komposition abhängiger Fragesatz von ablativus loci abhängiger Hauptsatz Abbildungsfunktion ablativus mensurae abhängiger Satz Abbildungstheorie ablativus modi abhängiges Morphem Abbreviation ablativus originis Abhängigkeit abbreviatory convention ablativus pretii Abhängigkeit, entfernte Abbreviatur ablativus qualitatis Abhängigkeit, funktionale Abbreviaturschrift ablativus respectus Abhängigkeit, gegenseitige Abbruchpause ablativus separativus Abhängigkeit, kodierte Abbruchsignal ablativus sociativus Abhängigkeit, konzeptuelle Abc ablativus temporis Abhängigkeit, sequenzielle Abdeckung Ablaut Abhängigkeitsbaum Abduktion Ablaut, qualitativer Abhängigkeitsgrammatik Abecedarium Ablaut, quantitativer Abhängigkeitshypothese abessive Ablautausgleich ability A-Bewegung Ablautbildung Abjad Abfolge Ablautdoppelung Abklatsch Abfolge, markierte Ablautkombination Abkürzung abfragen Ablautreihe Abkürzungsprozess -
Paradigm Copying in Tungusic: the Lamunkhin Dialect of Ėven and Beyond Brigitte Pakendorf
Paradigm copying in Tungusic: The Lamunkhin dialect of Ėven and beyond Brigitte Pakendorf To cite this version: Brigitte Pakendorf. Paradigm copying in Tungusic: The Lamunkhin dialect of Ėven and beyond. Paradigm Change. In the Transeurasian Languages and Beyond, pp.287-310, 2014. halshs-01179245 HAL Id: halshs-01179245 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01179245 Submitted on 16 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. John Benjamins Publishing Company This is a contribution from Paradigm Change. In the Transeurasian languages and beyond. Edited by Martine Robbeets and Walter Bisang. © 2014. John Benjamins Publishing Company This electronic file may not be altered in any way. The author(s) of this article is/are permitted to use this PDF file to generate printed copies to be used by way of offprints, for their personal use only. Permission is granted by the publishers to post this file on a closed server which is accessible to members (students and staff) only of the author’s/s’ institute, it is not permitted to post this PDF on the open internet. For any other use of this material prior written permission should be obtained from the publishers or through the Copyright Clearance Center (for USA: www.copyright.com).