THE 2010-2014 KENTUCKY

STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN

2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Photo courtesy of Jody Robinson, Bellevue Renaissance Committee Main Street Manager and Bellevue Certified Local Government Coordinator.

The 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan was produced by the Kentucky Heritage Council, the Kentucky State Historic Preservation Office. The Kentucky Heritage Council is an agency of the Tourism, Arts, and Heritage Cabinet.

Cover photo: A tour at Woodford Distillery (Labrot & Graham Distillery), a National Historic Landmark located in Woodford County. Photo taken by author in 2009.

Title page photo: Fairfield Avenue in Bellevue, 2009. Belleview is a certified local government located in northern Kentucky. The Bellevue Main Street Program offers several promotional programs throughout the year. Featured here, Shop Bellevue.

2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Acknowledgements

We offer sincere appreciation to those who participated in the creation of this plan. A heartfelt thanks goes to the local organizations and city governments that contributed time, space, and money to host the preservation plan public meetings in February and March 2009. These groups include: the Southern and Eastern Kentucky Tourism Development Association (SEKTDA), the Historic Railpark Train Museum, the City of Bowling Green, the Landmark Association of Bowling Green-Warren County, the City of Lexington, Paducah Renaissance Alliance, Morehead Tomorrow, Inc., the Morehead Conference Center, the Frazier International History Museum, Louisville Main Street, Renaissance Covington, and the City of Covington.

Others who note mention for their generous efforts include Preservation Kentucky, Inc., Preservation Louisville, and Jody Robinson, Bellevue Assistant City Administrator and Manager of the Bellevue Main Street Program.

This document was written and produced by Wendy Wheatcraft, KHC Planning & Research Coordinator. Contributors include Patrick Kennedy, Peggy Guier, Scot Walters, Lynn Webb, Bill Macintire, Marty Perry, Tressa Brown, Gwynn Henderson, David Pollack, Phil Mink, Diane Comer, and Mark Dennen.

This publication has been financed in part with federal funds administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. The contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Park Service. All programs receiving federal funding operate free from discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or disability. Any person who believes that he or she has been discriminated against should write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20240

2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Vision Statement

Kentucky’s cultural places are irreplaceable resources essential to the economic, environmental, social, and cultural sustainability of our communities. The state’s unique heritage resources are integral to our identity and sense of place. State and federal agencies, neighborhoods, municipalities, non-profit organizations, Certified Local Governments, Main Street programs, and individuals will work in partnership to protect, preserve, and use our resources to build thriving local economies, provide jobs, create affordable housing, conserve natural resources, encourage tourism, and adopt a greater understanding and appreciation of our shared heritage. Kentuckians will be empowered with the knowledge, legal and financial tools, technical skills, and political will to support a balance between economic stability and appropriate development, as communities plan for inevitable change. Together, we will build a preservation culture that incorporates education and stewardship, as we plan for the future.

2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Foreword

Every five years the Kentucky Heritage Council takes an in-depth look at the current conditions and future plans for preservation across the Commonwealth. For the past year, we have been gathering and analyzing information. I am now pleased to present the 2010- 2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan.

For any planning document to be functional and dynamic, a collaboration of all interested parties is needed. Toward this effort, the Kentucky Heritage Council collected comments and suggestions at public meetings across the state, as well as through an online survey and other meetings with private and public individuals. Issues have been identified and assessed, and opportunities analyzed from which new goals and strategies have been carefully defined.

Kentucky has always had a strong focus on preserving its historic and cultural resources, but there are still considerable challenges to be met. Changes in the economic climate, recent shifts in urban and suburban development patterns, and lack of concerted community planning efforts throughout the state are a few of the major issues identified that endanger our irreplaceable historic and prehistoric assets.

The 2010-2014 plan was written from a pragmatic point of view to assist the Kentucky Heritage Council in performing federal and state-mandated responsibilities, but it is also intended to assist all those who live in, work with, and plan for Kentucky’s unique historic buildings, structures, sites, districts, objects, cultural landscapes and archaeological resources. The citizens of Kentucky are heirs to an extraordinary legacy—our historic and prehistoric places. We believe this document will be of assistance to those Kentuckians who have taken on the responsibility of protecting and preserving our heritage.

I want to thank everyone who has contributed to the 2010-2014 Plan. This will guide us through the next five years and make us better stewards of Kentucky’s cultural resources. By providing us with your concerns and recommendations, we have gained a clearer understanding of how to prioritize actions to make preservation efforts more successful and to ensure that Kentucky does not lose the great heritage we have been given.

Executive Director, Kentucky Heritage Council and State Historic Preservation Officer

2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Starting the Planning Process Page 1 Introduction 1 Public Involvement 4 Survey Results 4 At-Risk Resources 9

Chapter 2: Trends Affecting Historic Preservation 12 Population 12 Housing 15 Economic Trends 18 Government 25 Environmental Trends 36 Travel & Tourism 42 Technology 47

Chapter 3: A Summary of Kentucky’s History, Providing a Context for Cultural Resources 50

Chapter 4: Kentucky’s Cultural Resources 66 Resource Types 66 Archaeological Site Classification in Kentucky 67 Prehistoric Resources 67 Historic Resources 69

Chapter 5: Preservation Programs 84

Chapter 6: A Five-Year Vision for Historic Preservation in Kentucky 126 Vision Statement 126 2010-2014 Goals, Strategies, & Action Items 128

Conclusion 139

CHAPTER 1: STARTING THE PLANNING PROCESS

Introduction preservation conserves embodied energy and diminishes the need for new

raw materials, conserves open space In the end, we will conserve only what and lessens pressures for development we love. We will love only what we on the urban fringe, reduces waste in understand. We will understand only landfills, spurs economic growth, is what we are taught. more labor intensive than new

construction, supplies affordable Baba Dioum housing, encourages social interaction (Senegalese poet and naturalist) and civic engagement, and provides a

strong sense of place and identity that Communities across Kentucky promote contributes to psychological well being, historic preservation because it historic preservation directly contributes enhances quality of life, minimizes to environmental, economic, social, and negative impacts on the environment, cultural sustainability. and yields economic rewards. From

rural cultural landscapes, like the Well before the National Historic Perryville Battlefield in Boyle County to Preservation Act was enacted by urban districts, like the Butchertown Congress in 1966, Kentucky citizens Historic District in Louisville, our historic worked together to protect their historic and cultural resources provide a strong buildings and landmarks. Grassroots vehicle for social and cultural renewal preservationists were among the first to and present a powerful tool for question the impacts of unrestricted economic growth. Cultural resources development and unplanned growth on maintain community identity and make our cities, towns, and natural the Commonwealth a unique place to environment. Initial efforts focused live. Protecting our historic places is mostly on saving individual historic essential to the future sustainability of properties from being destroyed. Kentucky communities. Today, there is a realization that historic

preservation efforts affect, and are Today, sustainability is directly linked to affected by, land use decisions. the “green movement,” but it’s much

more than environmental responsibility. Some Kentucky community leaders It includes cultural, social, and economic have come to the understanding that consciousness and accountability. The historic preservation is the key to wise most widely accepted definition of community land use planning. sustainability is taken from the United Incorporating the identification and Nations Bruntland Commission’s 1987 evaluation of historic and cultural places report, Our Common Future. It defines into comprehensive planning efforts and sustainable development as formulating careful treatment options or “development that meets the needs of creating protective regulations for those the present without compromising the resources can: promote mixed use ability of future generations to meet their development in downtowns, return own needs.” Because historic underutilized historic buildings to the

Page 1 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan local tax base, enable communities to pedestrian amenities, public transit, bike fund the maintenance of existing paths, water lines, sewers and utilities). infrastructure rather than construct new The Recovery Act is infusing an infrastructure, create and maintain estimated $3 billion directly into the successful heritage tourism programs Commonwealth of Kentucky over the that augment local economies, preserve next few years. This will have a direct open space for recreational purposes, impact on historic and cultural places support agricultural reuse of farm and and the future of historic preservation in pasture land, and generate a variety of Kentucky. In some instances, state, housing types. Planning for historic and city, and county decision makers will cultural places ensures that future have the opportunity to manage new growth is well-matched with the diversity “stimulus” money and funnel funds into of community needs. historic preservation projects that could provide affordable housing, streetscape The next five years will not be easy for improvements in historic districts, and the Commonwealth or the nation. 2010- educational programming. 2014 is predicted to be a time of slow transition. Immediate relief is needed In 1966, Congress passed the National for the country’s failing financial Historic Preservation Act, the most far- markets, businesses, lending reaching historic preservation legislation institutions, and industries. These enacted in the United States. Included economic challenges will be difficult to in its many directives is a listing of overcome and will directly affect historic mandated responsibilities for each state preservation initiatives. Economic historic preservation officer (SHPO) and uncertainties have considerable his or her staff. In addition to implications for: the distribution of the identifying, evaluating, nominating, and federal Historic Preservation Fund protecting historic properties, each state (HPF) to state historic preservation historic preservation office is also offices, the future of the federal and required to periodically develop a state state historic tax credit programs, the historic preservation plan. outlook of the Main Street and Renaissance Kentucky programs, and The Kentucky Heritage Council, the the availability of preservation grants. Kentucky State Historic Preservation Office, prepared the 2010-2014 In February 2009, President Obama Kentucky State Historic Preservation signed the $790 billion American Plan in reaction to existing financial and Recovery & Reinvestment Act (ARRA) social conditions and in anticipation of to provide relief for the depressed U.S. future needs. The 2010-2014 Plan economy and protect those in greatest addresses critical issues affecting need. This historic legislation includes significant historic and cultural places in federal tax cuts, expansion of Kentucky and makes recommendations unemployment benefits and other social to minimize threats. The Plan is welfare provisions, as well as intended to assist the Kentucky Heritage investments in education, health care, Council in performing its federally energy, and community infrastructure mandated responsibilities, but it’s also (such as roads, bridges, sidewalks, meant to be a historic preservation

Page 2 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

“roadmap” or guide for all Kentucky Planning for the Plan neighborhoods, towns, municipalities, other state departments, and federal The Kentucky Heritage Council, acting agencies whose decisions and actions as the Kentucky State Historic affect historic and cultural resources. Preservation Office, is required by We hope that this document provides federal law to develop and implement a information that enables Kentucky state historic preservation plan. communities to initiate, coordinate, and Although plan preparation is a maintain local preservation planning requirement, the Heritage Council programs. recognizes that a carefully-crafted

preservation plan, reviewed on a regular The Plan is arranged into six chapters. basis, is a significant component of any Chapter 1 explains how the plan was successful state historic preservation initiated, clarifies how public program. The last state historic participation was solicited, and preservation plan was submitted to the illustrates the outcome of the public National Park Service in 2004. At that survey, which was utilized to help time, the Kentucky Heritage Council determine plan priorities and goals. acknowledged the need to establish a Chapter 2 introduces trends that will shorter planning cycle that would take affect and influence historic preservation into account emerging issues and trends during the next five years. Chapter 3 every five years. provides a brief account of historic events that have shaped the built Due to the amount of time and effort environmental and cultural landscape. needed to develop the 2010-2014 Chapter 4 offers descriptions of Kentucky State Historic Preservation Kentucky’s unique cultural resources. Plan, the Heritage Council reestablished Chapter 5 identifies the different a planning and research coordinator agencies, organizations, and programs position and hired an individual in that contribute to preservation across October 2008 to assume planning the state, presents significant responsibilities. An advisory committee accomplishments that have been comprised of Kentucky SHPO staff was achieved during the last five years, and established to evaluate the isolates present and expected effectiveness of past projects and challenges. Chapter 6 presents the five- discuss potential plan objectives and year vision for historic preservation in strategies. Kentucky, the goals for the future, and the strategies and activities that will To begin the process of obtaining accomplish our goals. extensive public input, an online survey

was initiated, and public meetings were

scheduled throughout the state and

publicized through the Kentucky

Heritage Council website, e-mail blasts,

the Kentucky Main Street Listserve,

press releases, and neighborhood

association and other organization

electronic newsletters and websites.

Page 3 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Public Participation responsible for maintaining or interpreting state-owned historic or

prehistoric sites or identifying and Early active public participation is evaluating cultural resources through integral to the historic preservation federal review processes. planning process. Success depends on how well comments and In addition to the pubic meetings, the recommendations are solicited from Kentucky Heritage Council provided an various groups and incorporated into online survey, which was open for public planning priorities and goals. In an response January-April 2009. It attempt to gather public input from a consisted of six questions concerning widespread and diverse audience, a preservation issues, future expectations, series of nine public meetings was and needed opportunities that were organized. A concentrated effort was specific to a respondent’s place of made to invite individuals representing residence. different disciplines and organization affiliations. Citizens were encouraged to participate in both day and evening Survey Results meetings held in Frankfort (2 meetings), Somerset, Bowling Green, Lexington, The 2009 online survey was the first Morehead, Paducah, Louisville, and attempt by the Kentucky Heritage Covington. The meeting places were Council to gather plan recommendations chosen for geographic range and and comments electronically, and the readiness of local sponsorship. The effort proved to be successful. 381 second Frankfort meeting was planned surveys were received from 66 counties. specifically for Kentucky state The survey was comprised of six basic employees, targeting those who are questions that revealed how

Page 4 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan respondents felt about current investment in historic downtowns (8%), challenges facing historic preservation, the need for resource identification and plan priorities and goals, historic survey (7%), no local historic preservation educational opportunities, preservation plan (7%), no local historic desired actions for state and local preservation law (5%), and no local decision makers, and endangered Main Street program (2%). cultural resources in Kentucky. An additional question was provided for Six percent of respondents added general comments. Listed below are comments in the “Other Issues” the multiple choice survey questions category. Additional critical issues and the corresponding responses. mentioned were: a need for a state historic preservation grant program Preservation Challenges funded by the State of Kentucky, lack of historic preservation professionals in What do you consider to be the top three local government, lack of zoning critical issues or greatest challenges facing regulations throughout Kentucky, historic preservation in your community? underutilization of heritage tourism opportunities, lack of communication 1. Lack of Local Support for Historic and understanding between building Preservation 2. A Need of Historic Preservation code inspectors and local historic district Education or Training review boards, the looting of 3. Demolition by Neglect archaeological sites, and a need for 4. Unplanned or Poorly Planned Community additional funding and staff for the Development/Growth Kentucky Heritage Council. 5. No Local Historic Preservation or Cultural Resource Management Plan 6. No Local Main Street Program 7. Lack of Investment in Historic Downtown 8. No Local Historic Preservation Law Survey Responses – 9. Lack of Local Resource Identification and Challenges Facing Historic Preservation Survey 10. Other. Please specify. Lack of Local Support for Historic According to our survey Preservation responses, the three most critical Need for Historic Preservation issues or greatest challenges 6% Education 16% facing historic preservation in 7% Demolition by Neglect Kentucky are: (1) a need for historic preservation education 5% Unplanned or Poorly Planned and training and (1) demolition by Community Growth neglect (both 17%), (2) lack of 8% No Local Historic Preservation Plan local support for historic 17% preservation (16%), and (3) 2% No Local Main Street Program unplanned or poorly planning community growth (15%). The 7% Lack of Investment in Historic Downtown remaining issues in order of selection were: lack of No Local Historic Preservation Law 15% 17% Lack of Resource Identification and Survey Page 5 Other 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Goals promote historic preservation easements and other protective What are the top four historic preservation covenants (9%), list significant historic goals that should be addressed in the 2010- properties in the National Register of 2014 Kentucky Historic Preservation Plan? Historic Places (5%), identification and survey-specifically Native American and 1. Provide Public Historic Preservation African American resources (4%), Educational Opportunities 2. Identification and Survey of Resources - promote the Certified Local Government in general Program (2%), and update state survey 3. Identification and Survey of Resources - specifications (2%). specifically Native American and/or African American Sites Two percent of respondents added 4. Nominate/List Historic Properties in the comments in the “Other Goals” National Register of Historic Places category. Other goals mentioned 5. Expand Financial Incentives for include: reestablish a state historic Preservation Projects preservation grant program; promote the 6. Develop Additional Incentives for establishment of zoning regulations Establishing & Maintaining Business in throughout the state; encourage better Historic Downtowns 7. Integrate Historic Preservation & Smart communication and cooperation Growth Initiatives into Planning Efforts between citizen preservationists, local Across the State officials, and others involved with land 8. Update Architectural and Archaeological management; develop an “options plan” Survey Requirements for the reuse of vacant historic buildings; 9. Promote the Certified Local Government create more heritage tourism programs, Program partner with state law enforcement to 10. Promote Historic Preservation impose state archaeological laws; and Easements and Other Protective Covenants develop new state legislation for Native 11. Other Goals. Please specify. American tribal recognition

According to our survey responses, the top four goals to be addressed in the Survey Responses - Historic Preservation Goals 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan were identified as: Historic Preservation Education (1) expand financial incentives for Identification & Survey preservation projects (20%), (2) 2% integrate historic preservation Identification & Survey - focus on 9% 13% planning into community planning Native American & African American 2% efforts across the state (17%), (3) List Significant Properties in the 2% National Register develop additional incentives for 11% establishing and maintaining Expand Financial Incentives for Preservation Projects 17% businesses in historic downtowns 4% Develop Additional Incentives for (15%), and (4) provide historic Businesses in Historic Downtowns preservation educational 5% Integrate Historic Preservation into opportunities (13%). The remaining Planning Efforts Across the State plan goals in order of selection were: Update State Survey Specifications 15% identification and survey of 20% resources - in general (11%), Promote the Certified Local Government Program Promote Historic Preservation Page 6 Easements

Other 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Educational Opportunities The remaining workshop topics in order of preference were: cemetery The Kentucky Heritage Council provides preservation (8%), cultural resource educational opportunities that address survey and inventory (7%), establishing historic preservation initiatives and local historic districts (7%), the National programs. Please choose no more than Register of Historic Places Program three public workshop topics below that (6%), archaeology (6%), African would be most beneficial to you and your American heritage (3%), the Certified community. Local Government Program (3%), and 1. Rehabilitation Tax Credits Native American heritage (2%). 2. Hands-on Repair/Rehabilitation 3. Main Street Program Two percent of respondents added 4. Preservation Laws, Including the Section comments in the “Other” category. 106 Process 5. Establishing Local Historic Districts Other requested workshop topics 6. Certified Local Government Program include: the economic benefits of 7. Survey & Inventory of Cultural Resources historic preservation and preservation 8. National Register of Historic Places success stories; basic principles of Program historic preservation; how to create local 9. Native American Heritage preservation legislation; how to find 10. African American Heritage potential funding sources for 11. Prehistoric Archaeology preservation projects; grant writing; 12. Historic Archaeology historic preservation and “green” 13. Cemetery Preservation building procedures; economic 14. Other. Please specify. Survey Responses – The Kentucky Heritage Council has Requested Public Education Workshop Topics several responsibilities, which include providing educational Rehabilitation Tax Credits opportunities and technical assistance to the public. Some Hands-on Repair/Rehab Kentucky universities and technical colleges, Certified Local Main Street Program Governments, Main Street 3% 7% 7% Preservation Laws, Including Programs, and other non-profit Section 106 Process 6% organizations across the state also Establishing Local Historic offer public preservation learning 10% 2% Districts opportunities. 3% Certified Local Government Program 6% According to our survey responses, 5% Survey & Inventory the three most-requested workshop National Register of Historic topics include: (1) rehabilitation tax 8% Places Program credits (21%); (2) hands-on repair Native American Heritage or proper rehabilitation practices 20% 2% (20%); and (3) preservation law African American Heritage (10%). 21% Archaeology

Cemetery Preservation Page 7 Other 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan strategies for businesses in historic • amend the state TIF legislation to downtowns; how to utilize historic places promote historic preservation as to develop successful heritage tourism an option for growth,2 programs; military heritage, historic park • encourage rehabilitation and and other cultural landscape adaptive use of historic buildings, preservation; the role of the preservation • establish a state law that professional; additional historic mandates hiring at least one preservation commission training; and historic preservation professional the Rural Heritage Development for each local jurisdiction Initiative and its application in other • provide more funds to the areas of the state.1 Kentucky Heritage Council to reestablish a state preservation Recommended Actions for grant program Decision Makers • communicate more effectively with the public, and How can state or local decision makers help • incorporate public input into land initiate and execute historic preservation use decisions. objectives in your community? Over half of the respondents insisted This survey question generated 243 that state and local decision makers survey responses. Suggestions were should obtain preservation education, varied and covered a wide range of which would offer a framework for policy concerns. Some frequently suggested decisions. Above all, measures should ideas for officials were: be taken to understand federal and state • establish more effective state and preservation laws, historic preservation local historic preservation laws, planning standards, and appropriate • incorporate historic preservation technical preservation procedures. planning into local comprehensive planning efforts, Ashland, KY "Local decision makers need to lead by • provide local financial incentives example. But in most cases, these folks for preservation projects have limited historic preservation (property tax deduction, small knowledge… I think historic preservation repair and rehab grants, no tax should be an integral part of the Kentucky on building materials, etc.), League of Cities education tracks. Most • initiate and promote additional importantly, the positive financial impact of statewide and local heritage hp [historic preservation] should be tourism programs, emphasized." • raise the cap and lower the threshold on the state historic tax credit, 2 TIF stands for Tax Increment Financing. Kentucky HB549 established the statewide TIF program that makes financing available for every city and county in Kentucky. The first step for all programs is the establishment of a TIF development area, which may or may not qualify 1 The Rural Heritage Development Initiative for state participation, depending on state began in Kentucky in 2006. This program will be requirements. See http://finance.ky.gov/TFI.htm described in detail in Chapter 5. for more information.

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Madison County • abandoned family and community “Appoint a historic preservation agent for cemeteries; each county or designated jurisdiction—a • military heritage sites; person who could identify local landmarks, • historic downtowns, especially update surveys, access grant money, etc.” commercial districts; Grayson County • Kentucky’s rural landscape; “Create an overall [local] plan that identifies • historic road corridors; critical sites and their needs, prioritizes • schools; objectives, and develops incentives. • theaters; • churches; Bowling Green, KY “Increase the state tax credit. Amend • historic bridges; Kentucky TIF legislation to prohibit • rock fences; demolition of significant historic properties • railroad depots; and allow historic preservation to be a • shotgun houses and bungalows; viable option.” • post WWII residential and commercial buildings; At-Risk Resources • Native American sites, such as prehistoric burial mounds, village The survey also asked respondents to sites (e.g. Eskippakathiki), and list known endangered historic places in resources associated with the their communities. Trail of Tears; • African American schools; Identify historic places in your community • archaeological sites threatened that are currently threatened by neglect or by ATVs and looting, and demolition. Feel free to include specific sites and/or types of resources. • historic courthouses.

Resource identification and condition All cultural resources identified as being assessment are essential elements of at-risk through the public survey are historic preservation planning. Some important and should be protected, but property types are more directly three particular resource types (rural threatened by deterioration, land cultural landscapes, county development patterns, inappropriate courthouses, and historic schools) are use, or negative public perceptions of endangered by far-reaching threats that their value, and such properties should not only impact the resources but also be given priority consideration for site directly influence the economic management or treatment. Planning sustainability of the surrounding efforts should be taken to avoid communities and the state overall. incompatible land uses at or near significant resources. Rural Cultural Landscapes 82% of survey respondents listed The National Park Service defines a endangered resources within their cultural landscape as a geographic area county of residence. At-risk resource (including both cultural and natural types named in the survey (in order of resources and the wildlife or domestic frequency) were: animals therein) associated with a

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of the twenty-first century. Over the last 50 years, two major trends have transformed agricultural practices in the state—(1) small, family-owned farms are consolidating into large corporate farming operations and (2) agricultural and pasture land is being sold and converted into urban use. Both currently threaten the rural landscape. Roughly 1/3 as many farms exist in Kentucky today as there were in 1950. Rural cultural landscape in Marion County. Photo contributed Because annual farm income is now by Bill Macintire, KHC Survey Coordinator. rising and falling erratically, fuel costs are rising, foreclosures are increasing, historic event, activity, or person or and the global marketplace is uncertain, exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic farm consolidation and land conversion values. are becoming more and more prevalent.

“Reading” a cultural landscape is County Courthouses identifying all manmade features on a Historic county courthouses in Kentucky landscape—even those that are the are now being replaced by large judicial most ordinary or easily overlooked—and centers or complexes. The construction determining why they are there. of these facilities has led to the Whether it’s a dirt road, telephone pole, demolition of entire blocks of historic rock fence, field, orchard, cellar, family buildings in urban centers or cemetery, bridge, tobacco barn, downtowns. The judicial center projects bungalow, or a grand hotel, all cultural do not usually involve the spending of features should be carefully considered. federal funds; therefore, they do not require review by the Kentucky State Generally, there are four types of Historic Preservation Office. cultural landscapes, which are not mutually exclusive: historic sites, If rehabilitation of an existing courthouse historic designed landscapes, historic or the construction of an addition on an vernacular landscapes, and existing courthouse will not ethnographic landscapes. Each type of accommodate the space required for cultural landscape tells a particular contemporary needs, the construction of story. Rural landscapes, which are a new building can be done less usually considered historic vernacular invasively without destroying a landscapes, cover the vast majority of community’s sense of place. Kentucky. Nelson County has made a notable Agriculture, which has so often been compromise. An abandoned Wal-Mart connected to Kentucky’s identity, was razed to construct the new Nelson culture, and economy, has dramatically County Judicial Center, and the historic shaped the landscape from the earliest county courthouse, located in the center subsistence farms to the modern farms of Bardstown, was retained. The

Page 10 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

historic courthouse is currently being buildings 40 years or older were rated in reutilized as the Bardstown-Nelson poor condition. County Welcome Center, which houses several city and county offices, including Historic schools in traditional the Bardstown-Nelson County Tourist & neighborhoods are indispensible assets Convention Commission and the to a community. The use of a historic Bardstown Main Street Program. No community-centered school anchors a historic buildings were demolished, and neighborhood, cultivates a strong sense the rural cultural landscape was left of place, decreases our dependence on undisturbed. automobiles, and protects open space and agricultural land. Unfortunately, several historic schools across Kentucky have been closed in recent years to build large school campuses or “mega schools” outside of urban or town centers to which students are bused. This is usually done in the name of efficiency and the desire for modern facilities, but it creates problems. It can increase the need for community infrastructure and new amenities, which ultimately causes sprawl. Many equate old schools with substandard education, but as hundreds of school districts The historic Nelson County Courthouse in Bardstown, across the United States have currently the Nelson County Welcome Center. Photo demonstrated, well-maintained or contributed by Chris Black. rehabilitated historic schools can support a superlative, twenty-first Historic Schools century educational program. The Kentucky Department of Education, Division of Facilities Management, conducts annual assessments of the quality of all public school buildings in the state. The 2008 assessment of school building conditions showed more than half of the state’s 1,190 school buildings (56% or 668 schools), which are less than 20 years old, are rated as being in excellent or better than average condition. Another 350 schools, ranging in age from 20 to 30 years, are deemed in good or average condition. However, 154 schools statewide, all of which are 30 to 40 years old, were rated as being in fair or poor condition. Eighteen

Nicholasville Elementary School, built around 1935, currently serves grades 1-5 in Jessamine County. An addition (shownPage above 11 on the left) was constructed to accommodate a need for more space. 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

CHAPTER 2: TRENDS AFFECTING HISTORIC PRESERVATION

“The question is not whether your part of Population Trends the world is going to change. The

question is how.” The 2000 census recorded Kentucky’s

total population at 4,041,769. This was Edward T. McMahon, The Conservation a population increase of 9.7% from the Fund 1990 census. The U.S. Census Bureau

estimated the 2008 year end total state Whether a local government, not-for- population at 4,269,245 (a 5.6% profit organization, company, or state increase since 2000). It appears that agency, it’s vital for any group to Kentucky’s population is now increasing understand the big picture—to at a slower rate than it was throughout comprehend the trends of the past and the 1990s. present to prepare for the future.

Change is inevitable and essential for According to the 2008 estimate, the top growth. However, it is important to be five counties in Kentucky with the aware of why change occurs and how it largest population are (in order of can be managed. Long-term challenges population count): Jefferson, Fayette, can be better met if we come to Kenton, Boone, and Warren—which are understand demographic, economic, all in or around metropolitan areas. social, and technological developments. Three Kentucky counties (Spencer,

Scott, and Boone) were included as One key component of historic three of the top 100 fastest growing preservation planning is the counties in the nation, a list produced by identification and assessment of trends the Census Bureau in March 2009. and other external conditions that have Between 2000 and 2008, Spencer the power to influence future historic County (ranked #24) had a population preservation projects and programs. increase of 47.7%; Scott County (ranked The intent of trend analysis is to #73) had an increase of 34.7%, and provide a context or framework Boone County (ranked #78) had an within which informed decisions can increase of 34%. This is to be be made. expected, considering that each county

borders a large city—Louisville, This chapter includes information Lexington, and Covington, concerning the following factors: the respectively—and is experiencing change of Kentucky’s population, growth that is mushrooming out from the housing trends, economic conditions, urban centers. The highest number of political and legal actions, travel and population increase in the state was in tourism industry development, Boone County with an estimated environmental trends, and technological increase of 29,240 people since 2000. advances. All have the potential to

affect the success of historic

preservation goals, objectives, and

policies.

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Population Growth diverse, by mid-century. Two-thirds of those who reach age 65 by 2010 are Much of Kentucky’s current population expected to need some long-term care growth stems from natural increase (the during their lives. There will be more difference between the birth rate and need among those 80 and older, death rate). However, a small particularly women, who generally live percentage of this increase can be longer and have higher rates of disability attributed to domestic migration or than men. Kentucky’s capability to meet migration into Kentucky from other the varied needs of older Kentuckians states and international migration. will become increasingly imperative to families. Access to high-quality elder According to the U.S. Department of care services, from institutional care to Health and Human Services, more in-home support, will be crucial. babies were reported born in 2007 than in any other year in American history At present, 30% of Kentucky’s (4,317,119 births total). This number population is comprised of baby surpasses the peak of the postwar boomers (those Americans born ‘‘baby boom,’’ in 1957. Public services generally between 1946 and 1964). The will be in high demand when these oldest baby boomers entered their children reach school-age or possibly sixtieth decade around 2006. For many earlier. In 2005, about 72% of Kentucky years, demographers, fiscal analysts, births were to single women with lower and other policy experts have compared levels of education (high school or less). the aging of the baby boomer These trends suggest that a rising generation, to an ominous, demographic number of children will be living in tidal wave that, in the absence of policy economically vulnerable circumstances. changes, will make critical demands on entitlement programs, namely Medicare, Between 2000 and 2008, thirty-six Medicaid, and Social Security, and Kentucky counties experienced a weaken other government functions. decrease in population. The five But baby boomers will also be the most counties with the highest population educated and, some suggest, the most reduction were: Fulton County (-11.6%), active older generation to date. As they Martin County (-7.8%), Harlan County reach the age traditionally associated (-7.3%), Lee County (-6.3%), and with retirement, it is projected that most Hickman County (-6.2%), which are all will choose to retire later or enter the located in far western or eastern workforce again (1) due to financial Kentucky. necessity, (2) to retain health insurance and other benefits, (3) to support Population Characteristics children or grandchildren, or (4) just to stay active and involved. In 2000, the median age in Kentucky was 35.9. The 2008 estimate shows the Although Kentucky's population in 2000 median age at 37.7. According to was 90% white, recent demographic projections made by the U.S. Census trends in Kentucky have paralleled Bureau, the nation will be much older, America's growing diversity. The state’s as well as more racially and ethnically Hispanic population is projected to

Page 13 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan almost double by 2010, and small Population Trends - enclaves of Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Indian, and Serbian immigrants Implications for Historic are becoming more common. Preservation

There is uncertainty regarding the size • Recent population trends show that of Kentucky’s undocumented population the fastest growing Kentucky (i.e. illegal immigrants). The Kentucky counties are located adjacent to Long-Term Research Center estimates large metropolitan areas. The that this population has risen steadily demand for housing, schools, from 2000 to 2008 and is currently utilities, and other infrastructure will around 30,000 people. This number increase in these areas. Without represents a 15% increase from the zoning laws, conservation 2005 estimate. It is important to have easements, local historic districts, an accurate count of the undocumented purchase of development rights population because virtually all state programs, or other regulatory and local government planning and planning tools in place, cultural spending are based, to some degree, on resources in these areas are population size and location. endangered.

• Statistically, Kentucky’s population is quickly growing older. The first of the baby boomer generation is now retiring. Retirees may leave older sections of cities as they scale down housing, moving from larger to smaller homes or opting for condominium living or retirement communities. All of these options affect historic urban areas and may afford new opportunities for rehabilitating historic buildings. For example, historic warehouses rehabilitated into loft apartments may appeal to retirees who wish to have freedom from property maintenance. • A small percentage of Kentucky’s population growth is occurring due to the immigration of individuals from Central and Latin America who are in search of good jobs and a higher standard of living. Their wages are such that they would benefit from high-quality affordable housing in rehabilitated historic buildings.

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Housing Trends same county but in a different residence; 4% continue to live in the

state but have moved to a different Starting in 1990, rates of home county; 3% are living in a different state; ownership increased steadily throughout and less than 0.5% have moved abroad. the nation, sustained by record-low This reveals that most Kentuckians are interest rates and readily-accessible not moving at this time. financing. However, by 2007, the

national home ownership rate Household Size plummeted as the mortgage crises

ensued. According to the 2005-2007 ACS

estimates, there are approximately In Kentucky, home ownership rates 1,654,119 occupied housing units in have steadily declined since reaching a Kentucky, 71% (1,171,597) of which are peak in 1998. They made an owner-occupied and 29% (482,582) are unanticipated jump in 2007, within two renter-occupied housing units. Out of all percentage points of the 1998 high. occupied units, 72% are 1 unit (e.g. Historically, Kentucky home ownership single-family homes), 2.8% have 2 ranks high when compared to the rates apartments, 3.7% have 3-4 apartments, of other states, but per capita income 4.3% have 5-9 apartments, 5.7% consist usually ranks much lower. Whether of 10 or more apartments, and 11.5% Kentucky’s rise in housing rates will be are mobile homes or another type of maintained in the face of the deepening housing. 12.4% of all housing units are U.S. housing crisis remains to be seen. vacant.

In 2008, the Kentucky counties with the The average Kentucky household size ten highest totals of housing units were: of owner-occupied households is 2.56 Jefferson (331,607), Fayette (133,149), persons, and the average size of renter Kenton (70,866), Warren (45,803), households is 2.33 persons. The Boone (45,043), Hardin (44,558), average family size is 3.03. Daviess (43,019), Campbell (39,218), Madison (33,486), and Pike (32,787). KENTUCKY’S ESTIMATED HOUSEHOLD SIZE Between 2000 and 2008, the counties Owner- Renter- Total with the fastest growing numbers of occupied occupied Occupied housing units were Spencer (45.1% housing housing housing units units units growth), Boone (35.1 % growth), and Total 1,171,597 482,522 1,654,119 Scott (34% growth). Considering that 1 person Spencer, Boone, and Scott Counties households 23.40% 39.40% 28.00% also had the fastest-growing population 2 person rates, these results are to be expected. households 37.80% 27.10% 34.70% 3 person Based on the 2005-2007 American households 17.40% 15.90% 17.00% 4 or more Community Survey (ACS), a three-year person national data sampling produced by the households 21.40% 17.60% 20.30% U.S. Census Bureau, 83% of Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005-2007 Kentuckians live in the same residence American Community Survey. as the year before; 10% are living in the

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Housing Characteristics renovate or build low-income housing or (2) providing funds that may be used Of all the occupied housing units in directly on affordable housing. These Kentucky, approaches are considered “supply- • 10.9% were constructed in 1939 side” assistance. The other course for or earlier, helping low-income families is supplying • 16% were constructed between the tenant with rental assistance. The 1940 and 1959, latter program primarily consists of the • 12% were constructed between U.S. Department of Housing and Urban 1960 and 1969; Development’s (HUD) Section 8 • 17.3% were constructed between Housing Assistance Program. The 1970 and 1979; Section 8 voucher program provides • 13.5% were constructed between rent subsidies to eligible low-income 1980 and 1989; families to make up the difference • 18.5% was constructed between between what a family can afford 1990 and 1999; and (usually 30% of household income) and • 10.7% was constructed in 2000 the market rent for suitable housing in or later. the area. The Department of Agriculture Rural Housing Service (RHS) also Since 2004, the median house value furnishes this type of assistance with the has increased by 13.8%, from $98,438 Section 515 program. in 2004 to $114,000 in 2007. The majority of housing units now fall The supply side approach to funding between $50,000 and $149,000. About low-income housing has several 62% of households residing in owner- programs that developers can utilize. occupied domestic units have a From Community Development Block mortgage. Grant (CDBG) funds to the HOME Investment Partnership Act, HUD aids In 2007, the median monthly rental developers that attempt to make these payment was $563. Over 154,400 projects work. Another important rental households (31%) paid more than funding program is the Low Income 35% of their gross monthly income on Housing Tax Credit Program (LIHTC), housing. According to the Kentucky which can be utilized in conjunction with Housing Corporation, housing cost that the Federal Historic Preservation Tax exceeds 30% of a monthly income is Incentive Program. considered a high cost burden, while households paying 50% of their Given that the senior population is adjusted gross income for housing have expected to increase dramatically over an extreme cost burden. the next 20 years and that poverty rates among the Kentucky elderly are Programs that Address Low-Income currently higher than the national Housing Needs average (12.9% compared to 9.5%), addressing housing needs for seniors Current housing assistance programs will be of high priority. tend to focus on either (1) providing financing incentives that may be used to

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The Housing Corporation concludes that Housing - Implications for there will be a growing need for diverse and inexpensive housing choices for Historic Preservation seniors, including the development of affordable assisted living and nursing • There is a severe need for affordable care facilities that will provide skilled housing for many Kentuckians, medical care. These facilities should be including senior citizens, immigrants, made affordable for low-income seniors. single women with or without children, and other economically Most senior citizens prefer to remain in disadvantaged groups. Historic their own homes for as long as possible. properties can be rehabilitated using Their residences may require building the Federal Tax Credit Incentive modifications, such as wheelchair Program or LIHTC Program to offer ramps, to make them more accessible. affordable housing alternatives to Many live in historic homes that are 50 new construction. years or older. • Preservationists should look closely at information regarding household size. Smaller households may need smaller living spaces. Older houses are typically smaller than houses constructed today. A historic house or historic building rehabilitated into loft apartments or condominiums could be a more compact and affordable housing option for seniors, single people, newly-married couples without children, or others. • The housing market crisis has led to a decrease in need for the construction of new homes and

intensified demand for the Historic Midway Elementary School (ca. 1924) located in improvement of existing homes. Woodford County was rehabilitated (1997-1998) into Midway School Apartments, to provide affordable housing. New products promoting energy This project, completed by AU Associates, Inc., won several efficiency are sometimes not the awards, including the Ida Lee Willis Award for Historic best option for historic buildings. In Preservation. fact, some lead to energy inefficiency and irrevocably harm historic buildings. (See Environmental Trend Section.) • A substantial percentage of Kentucky’s housing stock (26.9%) is 50 years old or older. Promoting reinvestment in older affordable neighborhoods will require their preservation or rehabilitation. The

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creation of local historic districts Economic Trends promotes this. The purpose of

creating a local historic district and The following is an attempt to describe architectural review board is to national and international economic protect valuable resources, as well trends and how they affect the state as as develop methods through which a whole. vacant, foreclosed, and abandoned

older housing is reused, once again Since the last State Historic adding to the local tax base. Preservation Plan was published in 2004, the U.S. economy has fallen into a deep recession. Fiscal analysts have named five probable trends that heralded this dramatic decline:

1. Stock prices plummeted. From December 2007 to August 2009, the Dow dropped at an annual rate of 14%;

2. Business credit froze. (Banks extend business credit to

businesses so that they can BEFORE continue to operate on a daily basis.) Without credit, some businesses were forced to shut down, which raised unemployment;

3. Housing prices dropped dramatically (28% overall). In June 2007, the national median single family home price was $229,000; in January 2009, it was $164,800.3 Housing price declines and foreclosures were a result of mortgage financing reliant upon mortgage-backed securities, which contributed to

lax lending standards. Banks AFTER, 2009 have literally stopped purchasing

The historic Tuberculosis Hospital (ca. 1946) located in them on the secondary market, Ashland, Kentucky was rehabilitated into 34 residential which means that few mortgages apartments for victims of domestic violence. This project, are currently being issued. This which is now progressing through the final application phases for federal and state historic tax credits, was completed by

AU Associates, Inc. in 2009. Project sponsor: Safe Harbor of 3 NorthEast Kentucky Source: National Association of Realtors Page 18 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

has further depressed the unemployed persons increased to housing market; 466,000.

4. Large bank near-failures. Bank In recent months, the U.S. job market near-failures have involved some has shown some signs of improvement. of the most prestigious financial According to the Department of Labor, services companies, including the pace of job loss has slowed since Lehman Brothers, AIG, peaking in January 2009 when 741,000 Wachovia, and Bear Stearns, as people exited the labor force. well as many foreign banks. Bank near-failures are a result of In 2004, Kentucky’s unemployment rate their inability to raise funds, either was 4.6%, which was roughly the same through debt offerings or sale of as the national unemployment rate at stock. This leads to a cash flow that time. It rose to 5.5% in 2007 and problem that causes their 6.4% in 2008 when the number of non- demise. In some cases, farm workers (excluding agriculture and depositors have rushed to self-employed jobs) dropped from withdraw their savings, an event 12,700 employees to 1,854,000 reminiscent of the Great employees. This was the second Depression; highest decrease of non-farm jobs in Kentucky’s history. The majority of job 5. Oil prices skyrocketed, rising to losses were caused by a sharp decline $144 per barrel in July 2008 in industrial employment (an indication before settling to $30 per barrel in of the manufacturing slump), followed by December 2008. Oil prices were significant decreases in the trade, high due to a seasonal surge in transportation, and utilities sector, a sign demand and an investment of retrenchment (economizing) by bubble created by traders. Lower consumers. demand for oil and lower oil prices have removed some At the end of 2008, unemployment rates inflationary pressure. were higher in 110 Kentucky counties than the previous year. Jackson County Job Loss recorded the state’s highest annual unemployment rate. Woodford and Unemployment is also high. Job losses Fayette Counties had the lowest send far-reaching shockwaves unemployment rates, both at 4.8%. throughout an economy. Not only does unemployment threaten income and Income benefits, it also instigates great social harm, weakening health and physical Wage and salary income is one of the wellbeing, depleting retirement savings best barometers of state economic and and jeopardizing family stability, while revenue performance. The per capita conveying costs to taxpayers. The income of Kentucky has consistently national unemployment rate climbed to been below the national average. Over 9.7% in August 2009, as the number of the last decade, the state’s ranking among all states and the District of

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Columbia degenerated from 42nd in older is more prevalent in Kentucky than 1999 to 47th in 2008. In 2008, most other states. As the first wave of Kentucky’s per capita income was baby boomers reaches retirement age, $31,826, while the average U.S. per the risk of poverty among Kentucky capita income was $39,751. Only senior citizens escalates. The rising Mississippi, Utah, West Virginia, and out-of-pocket costs for health care, Arkansas had lower per capita incomes housing, utilities, transportation, food, than Kentucky. The District of Columbia and other basic necessities grow each experienced the highest per capita year and cut deeper into incomes that income at $64,991, and Connecticut are already strained due to economic ranted second at $56,248. Mississippi instability and diminishing health care had the lowest per capita income at benefits. $29,569. Also, over one third of Kentucky Poverty Rate households headed by women with no adult males in the household live in The definition of poverty is “the poverty. Lower-wage jobs, lost working insufficiency of means relative to human time for pregnancy and child caretaking needs.” This definition does not reveal responsibilities, lingering discrimination, the significant repercussions of poverty, and nonexistent benefits during their such as the extensive economic, social, later years have been noted as some of and cultural effects on individuals, the many contributing factors for the families, and entire populations. financial discrepancy between single Poverty has the power to determine the female households and other household course of human lives and influence types. families for generations. Furthermore, poverty can manipulate the economic Poverty and Historic Districts well-being of cities and regions that must shoulder the burden of added Over 60% of America’s historic districts costs to accommodate the poor. (about 13,600 are listed in the National Through 2007, the percentage of Register of Historic Places) overlap Americans living in poverty remained census tracts where the poverty rate is steady (around 12.5%), while the higher than average. In many areas, poverty rate for Kentucky fluctuated large numbers of abandoned buildings between 15.5% and 16.5%. In 2008, are located in some of our most the national poverty rate climbed to disinvested communities—places where 13.2%, and the percentage of incentives are needed to create market- Kentuckians living in poverty increased rate and affordable housing to prevent to 17.1%, the fifth highest percentage in displacement. the nation, below Arizona (18%), Mississippi (18.1%), Louisiana (18.2%), The Labor Force and New Mexico (19.3%). Kentucky occupations projected to grow The most recent information from the in the future (2006-2016) include: U.S. Census Bureau indicates that medical assistant, registered nurse; poverty among persons aged 65 and nursing aide, business operations

Page 20 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan specialist; carpenter; landscape & Consumer Activity grounds keeping worker; child care worker; customer service According to recent consumer credit representative; accountant & auditor; reports issued by the Federal Reserve, janitor & cleaner; construction There has been a dramatic drop in equipment operator or operating outstanding credit. This is caused both engineer; waiter/waitress; and by consumers shrinking the amount of elementary school teacher. debt they’re holding and by banks restricting the amount of credit they’re Older Workers in the Labor Force extending.

The succession of economic blows has Gross Domestic Product left many current and soon-to-be retirees more financially vulnerable. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the Losses in the stock market, which fueled estimation of the total dollar value of all 401(k) plans, and declining home values final goods and services produced in a (the home typically being the major state. The GDP is a good gauge of a asset of older Americans) present state’s economic health and prosperity. formidable obstacles to retirement for During the 1990s, the Kentucky GDP many. Thus, there is a current trend for was around 89% of the national retirees to re-enter the labor force or for average. Following the recession of the those 65 and older to remain in the labor early 2000s, Kentucky’s manufacturing- force longer out of financial necessity. dependent economy was unable to recover as strongly as other states. The national labor force grew to 79 Although the Kentucky GDP has risen million workers between 1950 and 2000 since 2000, the increase has not been at an annual rate of 1.6%, but it is substantial enough to keep pace with expected to stall in the near future. the national average. Today, it remains Between 2000 and 2050, the annual at or near 80% of the national GDP. rate of labor growth is projected to slow to 0.6%, and the future labor force will Foreign Direct Investment be composed of an older, equally female/male, and more ethnically Foreign Direct Investment boosts local diverse set of workers. job creation and improves economic health. From 1999 to 2003, the dollar The number of workers will be value of Kentucky investments from substantially smaller—an estimated 51 foreign-based companies more than million by 2050. This slow growth rate is doubled. Since then, foreign direct attributed to population factors, including investment has waned. 40% of these the gradual departure of baby boomers types of investments are in the from the labor force and low birth rates manufacturing sector, and most following the end of the baby boom. originate in either Japan (38%) or Germany (34%). In 2006, foreign- controlled companies accounted for 18.4% of total manufacturing employment in Kentucky. The global

Page 21 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan financial crisis of 2008 could constrain Agriculture this type of investment in the future. Historically, Kentucky’s economy grew Value of Exports from and was sustained by agricultural production. Although the state’s Kentucky’s exports have more than economy no longer relies heavily on the tripled during the last two decades due sale of agricultural products, the almost exclusively to growth in the agricultural industry still remains an manufacturing sector. Since 1990, the important economic engine for the value of the state’s exports has grown Commonwealth. The total value of from $6 billion to $19.3 billion, which is a agriculture commodities receipts for growth rate of more than 200%. In 2007 was $4.4 billion, and the total 2008, the state’s leading export was value of agriculture exports was an transportation equipment, which estimated $1.2 billion. generated $6.8 billion (36% of the total). Other top exports were chemical Kentucky Agricultural Statistics manufactures ($3.5 billion), machinery Total Land Area in manufactures ($1.9 billion), and the State: 25,388,000 acres computers and electronic products ($1.4 Land in Farms: 13,700,000 acres billion). Export-supported jobs Farmland accounts for 54% associated with manufacturing account of the total acreage in for an estimated 6.2% of Kentucky’s Kentucky. total private-sector employment. Number of Farms: 83,000 (2007 estimate) Kentucky ranked #4 in the nation in number of farms, In 2007, a total of 3,101 companies behind Texas, Missouri, & exported goods from Kentucky. Of Iowa. This number has those, 77% were small and medium- alarmingly decreased by sized enterprises (SMEs), with fewer 1,000 farms since 2006. than 500 employees. SMEs generated Average Farm Size: 165 acres 16% of Kentucky’s total exports in 2007. Average Value of Land & Buildings Additionally, Kentucky’s exports (2007): $2,850 per acre generated an estimated $316 billion in Source: Kentucky Department of Agriculture. direct state and local taxes in 2007. Between 1950 and 1980, farm income Given the slump in the global economy, showed signs of slow but steady export growth may not just falter, it may improvement. Starting in the early go into an extreme decline. Since the 1980s, it became more erratic, and majority of Kentucky’s exports are despite a time of stability during the concentrated in one sector— early 1990s, farm income continues to manufacturing (97%)—a depression in be inconsistent. Nevertheless, average the automotive and aviation industries net farm income has been generally could prove disastrous for the state’s higher in recent years. Although the economy. number of farms has fallen considerably over the last half century, the average farm income reached an all-time high of

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$26,000 in 2004 before slightly of key historic preservation provisions dropping. that promote protection and preservation of rural heritage. The law Over the last two decades, there has contains significant historic preservation been a dramatic transformation in language that makes land with historic Kentucky’s agricultural profile. Tobacco, and archaeological resources eligible for once Kentucky’s signature commodity, additional conservation programs; no longer ranks as one of the state’s extends tax incentives for another two main crops. Other crops—corn, years for conservation easement soybeans, hay, and wheat—have shown donations; and reauthorizes the Historic considerable improvement, but the most Barn Preservation Program. Certain dramatic growth has been in horses and federal rural development grants are mules, which is now the state’s top now available for historic preservation agricultural commodity, along with projects. Hopefully, this will encourage broilers [chickens raised for food]. rural Kentucky communities to initiate historic preservation-based sustainable Considering the dramatic swings in projects, which encourage economic production from year to year, there is a development and responsible necessity for agricultural diversity to conservation activities. maintain farm incomes and prevent reliance on a single commodity. Kentucky Banks Kentucky farm families, political leaders, and agricultural organizations confront Despite the recent failure of large banks the question of how to best make the in the United States, the Kentucky adjustment away from tobacco Department of Financial Institutions production in a way that allows farmers (DFI) announced in June 2009 that to capture the value of their assets, Kentucky banks are ranked eighth in the while adjusting to a sustainable, nation in terms of return on average alternative asset base. assets (ROAA), which is a major measure of profitability. ROAA is a key Many farmers have made a successful indicator of how profitable a bank is effort to replace lost tobacco income by relative to its total assets. ROAA shows exploring new opportunities in how effectively management uses production and marketing of agricultural assets to generate earnings. products. The development of raw Historically, a ROAA of approximately materials into more refined, downstream 1.0 percent is considered the products may maximize value of assets benchmark goal for most banks. The and promise greater returns. For first quarter banking profile issued for example, producing and selling salsa 2009 by the Federal Deposit Insurance may be more effective than selling Corporation (FDIC) showed the tomatoes. annualized ROAA for the 199 financial institutions headquartered in Kentucky The Farm Bill to be 0.9 percent. State-chartered banks slightly outperformed national The Farm Bill became a federal law in banks operating in Kentucky, but 2009. This new law includes a number generally, both are currently doing well.

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Economic Trends - • Considering the current economic climate, community leaders should Implications for Historic seriously consider initiating Preservation preservation projects. Historic preservation stimulates investment.

It attracts substantial private • The nation is currently in a deep investment to historic cores of cities recession. This fiscal downturn is a and Main Street towns. double-edged sword for Rehabilitation of existing buildings preservationists. First, the number outperforms new construction as an of development plans being agent for stimulus. For example, if a submitted to local community community is considering either planning offices for review has spending $1 million in new diminished. This gives Kentucky construction or $1 million on a communities more time to plan for historic rehabilitation project, the and adopt local land use protection rehabilitation would have several measures, which could contribute to advantages: the preservation of cultural resources. On the other hand, the o $120,000 more dollars would poor economy has the potential to initially stay in the community; influence community leaders when o Five to nine more construction deciding to fund preservation jobs would be created; programs, like Main Street and Certified Local Government o 4.7 more new jobs would be programs. created; • The preservation of historic buildings o Household incomes in the in a slower economy is a smart community would increase on investment. Reusing buildings is not average by $107—more than only about the responsible they would under the new stewardship of our heritage, it also construction project; recognizes the economic value of o Retail sales in the community, these buildings and the quality including lending institutions, construction methods and materials personal service vendors, and used to build them. Their durability eating and drinking gives them almost unlimited establishments, would renewable opportunities. Over the increase by $142,000 as a past ten years, rehabilitation of result of the $1 million historic properties has resulted in the rehabilitation expenditure-- reuse of over 217 million square feet $34,000 more than under the of commercial and residential space new construction project. nationwide through the use of the (Rypkema, 1998:14) federal Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit.4 • Historic preservation is a proven tool for job creation and economic recovery. It is 20 to 40% more labor

4 intensive than new construction, and Information provided by the National Trust for it continually generates more than a Historic Preservation

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dollar return on each dollar invested. Government Trends As a powerful engine that drives real,

sustainable economic growth, preservation can be a key strategy Federal Government for economic recovery. Preservation jobs also require a higher level of President Obama is at the helm of a skill and offer more pay, which is nation facing serious economic and mostly spent locally. environmental challenges that will be slow to overcome. The present • One occupational category that is economic situation is the result of many expected to grow rapidly in Kentucky years of public and private is carpentry. This presents an irresponsibility. New federal programs opportunity to teach practical and have been created and implemented, Standards-appropriate historic but resolving the issues will take time. preservation skills. The biggest challenge facing economic • Of all the Kentucky companies that recovery will continue to be an inability produce exports, 77% are small and to sustain aggregate demand. World medium-sized enterprises with fewer economies do not seem to be ready to than 500 employees. Local lead the United States out of recession economic development offices could by an export boom. Therefore, promote the rehabilitation of domestic consumption will have to pick abandoned historic properties, such up. However, the American consumer as warehouses, as an investment is not ready to assume this task. Job option for smaller and medium-sized losses continue to mount, and the companies, as opposed to financial condition of most companies is investment in new construction. poor, mostly due to depreciating assets • As pressures to reduce dependency but also because consumers are on tobacco heightens, Kentucky drawing down reserves to remain farmers are being forced to look to financially solvent until the economy new and expanded production of improves. crops and livestock or sell off land. From a preservation perspective, this When the American Recovery and further emphasizes the need to Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was enacted establish and enhance programs that in 2009, $787 billion in stimulus funding support purchase or donation of began to trickle into the states to create conservation easement programs to jobs and tackle “shovel ready” projects. help reduce the pressures to sell The federal stimulus package is farmland for development. essentially a massive investment in our states and local communities. It is • Kentucky banks are now in a good focused on repairing our aging position to consider investment in infrastructure (roads, bridges, transit historic tax credit projects. systems, etc.), but funding has also been designated for neighborhood stabilization, energy upgrades, weatherization of buildings, and school modernization projects.

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The ARRA contained over $80 billion Transportation to fund dollars for “clean energy” projects. This transportation projects of regional included: $11 billion for a better and or national significance; smarter network to move renewable • $8 billion to physically connect energy from rural places to cities; $5 regions and jumpstart high-speed billion for low-income home rail service; and weatherization projects and training • $4.7 billion to supply broadband programs that prepare workers for the access to underserved areas. growing field of “green building”; $4.5 billion to “green” federal buildings in an The Omnibus Public Lands attempt to cut the nation’s energy bill; Management Act $6.3 billion for state and local renewable energy and energy efficiency efforts; The Omnibus Public Lands and $600 million in green job training Management Act of 2009 (OPLMA) was programs. signed into law in March 2009. This act created the first major system of U.S. The American Recovery and public lands in nearly half a century. It Reinvestment Act included funds to includes over 160 bills related to public support urban communities. ARRA is lands, national parks, historic sites providing: (including battlefields), conservation and • $1 billion in increased funding for wilderness designation, national the Community Development heritage areas and corridors, and Block Grant (CDBG) Program; historic trails. Receiving bipartisan • $4 billion in increased public support in both the U.S. House and housing capital funds; Senate, this landmark legislation will • $2 billion in payments to owners protect 26 million acres of natural of project-based rental assistance resources and American heritage. properties to maintain Officially called the National Landscape affordability; Conservation System, it is comprised of • $2 billion in Neighborhood land, waterways, and cultural resources Stabilization Funds to purchase managed by the Bureau of Land and rehabilitate foreclosed Management. The law includes the text homes; of the Preserve America and Save • $1.5 billion in Homelessness America’s Treasures Act, formerly H.R. Prevention Funds to keep people 3981/S.2262 in the previous 110th in their homes; Congress, which permanently • $13 billion in Title I funds to go to authorizes both programs. The Act also K-12 education in disadvantaged extends other existing federal school systems to expand preservation programs, like American educational opportunities for low- Battlefields Protection Program, which income students; was established in 1996. The OPLMA • $3.95 billion in increased extended the ABPP until September 30, workforce investment training 2013. dollars; • $1.5 billion in discretionary funding to the Department of

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Note: the Preserve America Grant ago. As the House and Senate work on Program & Save America’s Treasures their respective budget bills, Grant Program preservationists across the country are lobbying hard to continue funding for The Fiscal Year 2009 omnibus these crucial programs. appropriations (P.L. 111-8), passed in February 2009, did not include funding Responsibilities Under Federal for the Preserve America Grant Historic Preservation Law Program, pending completion of a report on the effectiveness of the grants. The The federal government provides critical American Council on Historic funding and stewardship for a number of Preservation submitted the report to historic preservation programs. Federal Congress on June 2. In July 2009, agencies also hold the enormous Congress took important action to move responsibility of being stewards of forward federal historic preservation cultural resources on federal lands. funding for FY 2010. The U.S. House of Vital directives, such as Sections 106 Representatives provided $6.175 million and 110 of the National Historic for the Preserve America Grant Preservation Act, ensure that the federal program, but the Senate took a more government retains its responsibilities to restrictive approach to all historic preserve and protect cultural resources preservation funding, endorsing the and provides the means to strengthen President's $3.175 million and maintain historic preservation recommendation for the grants. (The programs throughout the United States. $3.175 million would cover the projects recommended for funding in FY 2009 & Section 106 of the National Historic FY 2010. The additional $3 million in Preservation Act the House version was to provide additional grant funding for fiscal year Section 106 outlines a process that 2011.) requires federal agencies and their agents to "take into account" the effects In early February 2010, President of their projects on historic properties Obama released the FY 2011 budget and necessitates project review with request. It calls for the elimination of states, native tribes, and local funding for Save America's Treasures governments. The goal is not to save and Preserve America grants, and cuts every historic place, but to make certain funding for National Heritage Areas by that they are considered and their value 50%. Funding is critical to the function is weighed against other public needs. of these important historic preservation The law also helps prevent federal programs. Not only do they protect our agencies from overlooking the rights national heritage, but they also serve as and concerns of private property economic development engines and job owners, local governments, tribal creators in thousands of American governments, and citizens to protect the communities. For example, Save places that are most valued by people America's Treasures alone has been and communities. responsible for more than 16,000 jobs since it was established only ten years

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Unfortunately, in practice, Section 106 is The National Historic Preservation Act often an afterthought and historic established the HPF in 1966 to help resources are not considered until well fund the operations of state historic into project planning. By this time, a preservation offices (SHPOs). considerable investment has been made Unfortunately, the HPF has never been by the federal agency or their agent, adequately funded. In fact, funding making it difficult to change course. levels were stagnant for many years and This results in projects becoming have even declined for many states. controversial and overly politicized. Adequate funding is imperative to Consideration of historic properties at provide responsible stewardship for the earliest stages of project planning historic properties at the state level. In could result in plans that both meet the Fiscal Year 2008, state and territorial objective of the agency and fulfill their historic preservation offices received mandatory review requirement. $39.4 million – a fraction of what is necessary for SHPOs to efficiently carry Section 110 of the National Historic out their federally-mandated Preservation Act responsibilities.

Section 110 directs federal agencies to A cut in Historic Preservation Fund inventory and evaluate existing (HPF) allocations is particularly archeological and architectural troubling, as these funds are the primary resources that are federally owned and source in Kentucky for reviewing and managed. The fragile legacy of these processing survey forms, tax credit resources is at risk due to many applications, and National Register reasons, including a lack of funding or nominations. In order for the Kentucky political will. Several federal agencies Heritage Council to maintain existing do not develop plans to identify, protect, tools, like the GIS-based inventory and manage their significant resources. databases, and complete important In order to provide the best protection over-due tasks, such as digitizing survey for resources under federal forms, the agency can no longer rely on management, they must be inventoried. HPF funds. The improvement of technological tools, such as GIS and the recent digitization State Government of National Register nominations, photographs, and maps, provide faster Due to the national economic quagmire, access to historic property data, governments at all levels are finding it facilitating review of projects. difficult to gather the financial means to do much now except “tread water” for Historic Preservation Fund the unforeseeable future. Half of the state governments were expected to The Historic Preservation Fund is experience budget shortfalls in 2009. administered under the Department of Interior and managed by the National State revenues are most closely aligned Park Service. It is one of the nation's with employment and personal income. oldest and most extensive sources of Since unemployment is now high and public funding for historic preservation. personal income is generally low, many

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states face weakened tax revenues. In areas. The individual income and sales response to this situation, state and & use taxes declined by $167.8 million local governments are cutting funding, and $20.1 million, respectively, from the eliminating programs, freezing positions, previous fiscal year.5 and, in some instances, furloughing or firing employees. Education, often the The Kentucky General Assembly largest item in a state’s budget, is a passed laws in 1990 that positively frequent target for budget cuts. affect sales tax receipts, but the negative impact of the recession more Distribution of Kentucky’s General Fund Appropriations, than offsets the revenue enhancements. 2008-2010 Biennium Cigarette taxes increased significantly Source: 2008-2010 Kentucky Executive Branch Budget due to the provisions of HB144, which doubled the tax rate on cigarettes from All Other, 12% 30 cents to 60 cents per pack. In addition, HB144 included an inventory Criminal Justice System, 11% tax that buoyed receipts by $16.3 million Education, 43% during the last quarter. Coal severance tax increased due to higher coal prices.

Medicaid, 14% General Fund Projections

Kentucky General Fund revenues are anticipated to be around $6.1 billion for Postsecondary Human Education, 13% Services, 7% the first three quarters of FY2010, a projected decline of 1.8%. Continued job losses and declines in wages and Kentucky’s General Fund salaries are expected to depress receipts in areas that usually produce Kentucky is now confronting the the most revenue. challenge of budget constraints. The global recession has started to take a Since the sales tax is vulnerable to definite toll on tax receipts, the state’s reductions in wages and employment, major source of revenue. General Fund the sales and use tax receipts are receipts for FY09 (July 1, 2008 – June expected to fall, despite a sizeable 30, 2009) totaled $8.426 billion amount of new sales tax attributable to compared to $8.664 from FY08 (July 1, collections from package alcohol sales. 2007 – June 30, 2008). This was $55.7 It is also predicted that individual income million less than the revised official tax receipts will fall. Over 90% of total estimate. During the last quarter of the collections in the individual tax category 2009 fiscal year, receipts fell 9.7% for a

quarterly collection of $2.2 billion, 5 The sales tax is imposed upon all retailers for continuing the recent trend of decline. the privilege of making retail sales in Kentucky. The retailer must pass the tax along to the Seventy-five percent of General Fund consumer as a separate charge. The use tax is revenues generally come from individual imposed on the storage, use, or other income tax and sales tax; however, the consumption of tangible personal property in Kentucky. largest shortfalls occurred in these two

Page 29 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan come from state taxes withheld from In September, Governor Beshear payrolls. High unemployment rates, low announced that joint applications have inflation, and weak demand will combine been submitted by the Kentucky to keep withholding collections low. Transportation Cabinet and the Indiana Also, strong growth in coal severance Department of Transportation for a tax revenue is expected to end in combined $120 million from the federal FY2010 as coal prices subside from stimulus programs known as TIGER historic highs. Property tax receipts are (Transportation Investment Generating expected to grow very slowly. Economic Recovery). This money would be utilized to fund two major Kentucky’s Road Fund bridge projects on the Ohio River. $95 million will be used to replace the The future economic growth and critically important Milton-Madison prosperity of Kentucky—both in rural Bridge, a historic resource that connects and urban areas—depends on our road Milton, Kentucky and Madison, Indiana. system. To ensure personal safety of $25 million will repair and renovate the the populace, attract new business to Big Four Bridge, an inactive historic the state, and draw tourists, Kentucky’s railroad bridge that is to become a roads and bridges must be well- bicycle and pedestrian connection maintained and in some cases, between Louisville and Jeffersonville, improved. Kentucky’s Road Fund Indiana. receives receipts from motor vehicle usage, vehicle and boat registration, Many other Kentucky transportation motor vehicle operator’s licenses, motor projects will be funded with ARRA fuels tax, tolls, and interest that are funds, such as $28.7 million in dedicated solely for road maintenance, improvements to Interstate 65, the construction, operations, engineering, construction of the Owensboro Bypass planning, and research. Road fund extension, and the completion of a 2.4- revenues in FY2009 totaled $1.192 mile section of US 27 in Campbell billion, a decrease from $1.263 billion in County. FY08. Kentucky At Work The Road Fund is expected to decline about 2.2% during the first three Kentucky At Work is Kentucky’s quarters of FY2010 due to weakness in implementation of the American motor vehicles usage and weight Recovery and Reinvestment Act distance tax revenues. Motor fuel tax (ARRA). An estimated $3 billion in receipts are projected to slowly grow stimulus funding is to be allocated to the due to increased consumption. state and invested in vital areas, such as education, health care, economic In July 2009, Governor Beshear development, public safety, affordable announced that 20% of a fund ordinarily housing, water and sewer line spend on rural secondary roads (about improvements, and transportation $21 million) is being set aside for use on projects, as well as new energy local routes that counties have identified programs and health initiatives. About as priorities. 80% of ARRA funding will be used to

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“preserve the state’s commitments”, and organization, promotion, design, and 20% will be utilized to “grow the economic restructuring. The cumulative economy.” success of the Main Street Program has earned a reputation as one of the most How will Kentucky's ARRA funds be powerful economic development tools in spent? the nation. Since the program’s inception, a total investment of more Medicaid $990 million 33% than $2 billion has been reinvested in Education $924 million 31% Kentucky’s downtowns. In 2006, the Roads & Bridges $421 million 14% average total reinvestment in Health & Welfare $272 million 9% participating Kentucky Main Street KY General Fund $120 million 4% Water & Sewer communities was $292 million in private Lines $71 million 2% investment, $70 million in public Job Training & improvements (streetscape, etc.), and Public Safety $66 million 2% almost $95 million in new construction. Energy Projects $63 million 2% The average reinvestment ratio of Transit $50 million 2% dollars generated in each community for Community every dollar used to operate the local Development $12 million 1% Main Street program is $25 to $1.

Preservation Grants in Kentucky Downtown Revitalization Funding for essential preservation grant Protecting and preserving buildings programs has been severely curtailed within Kentucky’s historic downtowns with the state and federal budget crises. and neighborhoods is not about The state historic preservation grant nostalgia for the days of yesteryear. It’s program, a grant that was utilized by about reinvesting in our communities. individuals and organizations across By preserving, rehabilitating, and the state, was funded through federal reusing historic buildings, quality of life Historic Preservation Fund (HPF) is enhanced. This provides viable and money and administered by the practical alternatives to sprawl, creates Kentucky Heritage Council. It has affordable housing, generates jobs, not been active in over eight years. supports independent businesses, 168 out of 381 public survey responses encourages civic participation, and indicated that historic preservation strengthens a community’s sense of grants are desperately needed in place. communities across the Commonwealth. This emphasizes the Two statewide programs, Kentucky importance of reinstating a basic historic Main Street and Renaissance on Main, preservation statewide grant program offer technical assistance for downtown and building upon other state grant revitalization efforts. The Main Street programs, such as the Renaissance on Program, which was created by the Main Program Grant or the Local National Trust for Historic Preservation Government Economic Development and initiated in Kentucky in 1979, is a Fund (LGEDF) Grant. historic preservation-based program rooted in four main points—

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Kentucky Preservation Fund Grant Unfortunately, historic courthouses and other historic buildings within The Kentucky Preservation Fund Grant downtowns are being demolished to was established in 2004 by a generous make room for the judicial centers private donation. It is a cooperative without due consideration of the long- venture between the Kentucky Heritage term effects on the communities. No Council, the Southern Regional Office of federal money is utilized for these the National Trust for Historic projects; therefore, no review is required Preservation, and Preservation through the state historic preservation Kentucky, Inc. Matching grants, which office. usually range from $500 to $5,000, are available annually to public agencies or In some cases, adaptation of interior nonprofit organizations engaged in space or construction of compatible historic preservation projects. The additions onto historic courthouses is grants are usually awarded for not possible, and a new court facility is preservation planning projects (e.g. local necessary. However, there are other cultural resource management plans, feasible and more-economical options to survey of resources, feasibility studies demolition of existing buildings. For for endangered resources, National example, previously disturbed land with Register nominations, etc.), non-historic, abandoned shopping malls development of historic preservation or strip malls could be reutilized for the education programs, and sponsorship of new judicial centers, while historic workshops and conferences. courthouses and other downtown buildings remain standing to be reused Kentucky Renaissance on Main Grant for various municipal purposes.

Unfortunately, the Kentucky Community Planning in Kentucky Renaissance on Main grant, officially administered by the Kentucky The basis for comprehensive planning is Department of Local Government derived from a government’s (DLG), was cut from the state biennial responsibility to protect the health and budget (2008-2010). This was the only welfare of its citizens. Because the grant specifically set aside for Main federal government has no Street communities. To augment this constitutionally-provided right to engage loss, the Kentucky Heritage Council has in comprehensive planning, state requested the creation of a 3.5 million governments have taken the lead in this Main Street Grant Program for the 2010 area. The power for local governments legislative session. to plan generally comes from state planning enabling legislation; however, New Judicial Centers in Kentucky local governments in most states are not required by law to engage in Since 1998, the Kentucky Court of comprehensive planning. State statutes Justice has authorized 70 new judicial usually provide the legal framework centers within the Commonwealth that necessary for those communities are now under various stages of choosing to participate, while allowing development throughout the state. others to disengage themselves from

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the planning process. Chapter 100 of Out of Kentucky’s 120 counties, there the Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS are currently 45 counties with Chapter 100)6 authorizes the creation of independent city planning units; 26 joint independent city or county, joint city/county planning units; 22 joint city/county, and regional community city/county planning units with no zoning planning units and dictates the regulations countywide; and 27 counties requirements for each planning unit. with no planning units at all.

Each Kentucky planning unit is required The lack of comprehensive planning to establish a planning commission and efforts in several areas of the state is a prepare a comprehensive plan. When long-standing problem in Kentucky. If all required elements of a the leaders of a community choose not comprehensive plan have been adopted to establish a central planning office with in accordance with the state code, then professional planning staff, current a legislative body and fiscal court within issues are not officially identified, a planning unit may enact permanent projected conditions are not determined, land use regulations, including zoning priorities and goals are not established, and other kinds of growth management and a community comprehensive plan is regulations to promote public health, not created. There is no official public safety, morals, and general welfare of a policy for determining the best use of community, to facilitate orderly and land and the most resourceful and harmonious development and the visual efficient options for community utilities, or historical character of an area, and to housing, and recreation. regulate the density of population and intensity of land use. In addition, land use and zoning regulations may be employed to prevent the overcrowding of land, blight, danger, and congestion in the circulation of people and commodities, and the loss of life, health, or property from fire, flood, or other dangers. Land use and zoning regulations may also be employed to protect public grounds, historic districts, central business districts, prime agricultural land, natural resources, public facilities, schools, among other community amenities.

6 See the following links for KRS Chapter 100: http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/KRS/100- 00/CHAPTER.HTM http://www.grantcounty.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/2D4 FAE7C-3A71-460B-87AE- 72D676E0ED61/0/krs_100.pdf

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Government Trends - • It is imperative that state and local decision makers become well-versed Implications for Historic in statutory procedures that are Preservation required with the use of federal funds, especially Section 106 of the

National Historic Preservation Act, • ARRA has the power to alleviate Section 4(f) of the National some of the issues that contributed Transportation Act, and Section 102 to the current state of the economy of the National Environmental Policy and environment. Funds are now Act (NEPA). being distributed. This creates

unprecedented opportunities to • Kentucky’s Road Fund provides revitalize and/or rehabilitate historic funding for many transportation resources. However, stimulus projects that involve historic bridge funding is having an unexpected side repair or the removal of historic effect as state agencies and bridges that can no longer support localities are attempting to “fast- current vehicle use. An anachronism track” projects to utilize the money within current state law prohibits quickly. local bridge owners from combining

incentive grants with transportation Historic preservation and enhancement (TE) funds, thus environmental compliance reviews assuring that many historic bridges— are required by federal law, but in icons of our transportation and some cases, these reviews are being engineering past—will unnecessarily weakened or wrongly repealed in an disappear from our landscape. effort to accelerate project timelines.

This mandatory compliance review • With decision-making moving process could also be severely increasingly to the state and local hindered with limited or strained arenas, preservationists need the staffing in state historic preservation tools, such as the overall statistics or environmental offices. At this that show the positive influence critical time, it is imperative that the preservation has on local economies effectiveness of the state historic and the links between existing preservation office, certified local buildings, sustainability, and energy governments, and other preservation performance, to be able to influence professionals working for municipal elected officials through coordinated or county governments are not and sustained advocacy efforts in curtailed. As federal stimulus dollars the state. continue to arrive in states and local

communities, preservation programs • Given that many grant programs will be invaluable in helping to review have been reduced over the last projects and implementing funds. several years and the need for these Some projects completed with ARRA programs always exceeds available funds will need more time for funds, it is now necessary to look for concentrated review, especially new ways to fund preservation certain transportation projects. efforts. As preservationists, we

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should learn to become more underutilized historic buildings that sophisticated and aggressive in our no longer serve their original approach—to systematically plan for purpose, such as warehouses, and address preservation needs, to factories, and department stores, publicize success stories and hard- can be successfully adapted for new fought losses, to promote advocacy uses. Many of these historic within the larger framework of buildings are located near existing planning, and to take a critical look at transportation hubs, schools, and preservation issues and neighborhood-serving retail where it opportunities within each community. makes sense to prioritize development and utilize the • Due to the condition of the state’s infrastructure already in place. economy, Kentucky Main Street and Renaissance on Main programs, • There is a lack of comprehensive local planning and economic planning efforts in several areas of development offices, and the state. Without a local planning preservation non-profit groups are office and adopted land-use policy, experiencing deep funding cuts and there is no concentrated effort to uncertain futures. plan for cultural resources and determine appropriate land-use for • While several community decision surrounding properties. makers encourage Main Street programs as engines for economic • Election Day is not just for choosing renewal, many communities are mayors, governors, senators, and slashing budgets that support these the President. Preservationists programs. Main Street communities should consider how many local and are having difficulty providing state ballot measures have services to their members and implications for historic preservation. communities. Since 1980, the Main From propositions that ensure Street Program has created more construction of a new municipal than 67,000 new businesses and building (which may mean a historic 300,000 new jobs nationwide in building or buildings will be more than 1,800 urban and rural demolished or left abandoned) to communities.7 initiatives that impose a local sales tax, one vote may directly or • Local governments should direct indirectly affect the mission to protect efforts on eliminating incentives that historic places. foster sprawl and disincentives for rehabilitation of historic properties. There should be a focus on creating programs, such as local grants or tax moratoriums that encourage recycling smaller Main Street and rural buildings. Vacant and

7 Information provided by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

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Environmental Trends Environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of natural

resources and the stewardship of those Environmentalism or the “green resources through changes in public movement,” as it’s referred to today, has policy and individual behavior. Since evolved considerably. Many correlate many land use decisions involve the beginning of this movement with the conservation and preservation of space publication of Rachel Carson’s book, and resources, advocacy measures Silent Spring, and the legislative fervor taken by environmentalists and historic of the 1970s. However, preservationists frequently interconnect. environmentalism is actually rooted in the intellectual thought of the 1830s and Environmental Truths: 1840s. It can be attributed to an idea that was originally developed by the 1. The average home size in the Transcendentalists. It was Henry David United States increased 105% Thoreau who first demanded respect for between 1950 and 1999. nature and the federal preservation of virgin forests in his book Maine Woods. 2. According to the U.S. Green By the late 1800s, the federal Building Council, buildings government had taken some action to consume 70% of the electricity in preserve land, but it was Teddy the United States. Roosevelt and John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club, who publicized and 3. 40% of raw materials are used for popularized the term conservation. So, building construction. In terms of environmentalism isn’t a fad or a current waste, construction of an average frenzy. Environmentalism or the “green 2,000 square foot home movement” was entrenched in the generates 3,000 pounds of wood, American psyche many decades ago. 2,000 pounds of drywall, and 600

pounds of cardboard. Catastrophic weather, visible climate Additionally, the construction of change, oil shortages, astronomical an average single-family home gasoline prices, and scientific studies generates four pounds of waste have justified environmental concerns per square foot, and only about during the 21st century. Al Gore’s film, 20-30% of that waste is recycled An Inconvenient Truth, brought the or reused. It takes additional issue of drastic climate change to a energy to extract, manufacture, broader audience. Suddenly, and transport those raw materials environmental problems were oblivious for new construction. and everywhere—chemically treated and genetically altered food; 4. The United States is responsible contaminated water; depleted for 22% of the world’s resources; and wasteful habits leading greenhouse gas emissions, to overflowing landfills. These are only although we only have 5% of the a few key issues that have spurred world’s population. Approximately millions of Americans to “go green.” 32% of carbon emissions come

from the transportation sector,

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but according to the Pew Center embodied energy lost in on Climate Change, 43% of demolishing an existing building. carbon emissions are attributable to buildings and their operations. • A 2004 Brookings Institution When we take into consideration report projects that Americans the carbon emissions associated will demolish and replace 82 with manufacturing building billion square feet of the current materials and products, the U.S. building stock by 2030. It impact to the environment is even takes as much energy to more significant. demolish and reconstruct 82 billion square feet of space as it “Sustainable Building” takes to power the entire state of California for one year. If one According to the Environmental was to rehabilitate just 10% of Protection Agency, sustainable or green that same 82 billion square feet building is an outcome of a design of space, enough energy would philosophy that focuses on increasing be saved to power the state of the efficiency of resource use (energy, New York for well over a year. water, and materials) while reducing impacts on human health and the • Demolishing 82 billion square environment during the building’s feet of space will create enough lifecycle through better siting, design, debris to fill 2,500 NFL stadiums. construction, operation, maintenance, and removal [of building materials]. New green buildings have their Green building is interpreted in many advantages. They are designed to be ways, but the collective view is that more energy efficient, encourage the buildings should reduce the overall use of recycled materials, and integrate impact on health and the environment other green technologies. But far less by: efficiently using energy, water, and attention is given to the fundamental other resources; protecting occupant role that existing buildings have in health and improving employee helping to conserve energy and natural productivity; and reducing waste, resources. For example, the most pollution, and environmental obvious inherent energy-saving feature degradation. in a historic house is the use of operable windows to provide natural ventilation Preserving Historic Buildings – and light. By using operable windows, “That’s As Green As It Gets” shutters, awnings and vents as originally intended, one can control the interior Consider this: environment and maximize air • According to the Building and circulation. Social Housing Foundation and Empty Homes Agency in Preserving historic buildings is England, it takes about 50 to 65 inherently sustainable development years for a new, energy efficient because it focuses on the efficient building to save the amount of utilization or reutilization of materials and energy and the elimination of

Page 37 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan adverse impacts to the environment. Building Rating System to provide Reusing existing buildings is as green universally-accepted methods and as it gets. performance criteria that encourage and accelerate public acceptance of Every existing building contains what is sustainable building and construction referred to as embodied energy, which practices. is defined as the available energy used to create a product and utilized during Added tax incentives and other financial that product’s lifecycle.8 Embodied inducements have increased the energy includes: raw material extraction number of LEED certified projects. As (e.g. cutting down trees to make lumber, of May 1, 2008, over 10,000 projects quarrying stone, etc.), transport of throughout the country were registered materials, manufacture, assembly, for LEED certification. There are installation, repair, alteration of features, several rating systems, including New and deconstruction. Every step in the Construction & Major Renovations, building construction process requires Existing Buildings (which is for energy from fossil fuels, human maintenance and operations, not rehabs effort/craftsmanship, and/or the use of of historic buildings), Commercial machines. Conserving and reusing Interiors, Neighborhood Development, buildings preserves embodied energy Schools, Retail, and Healthcare. The and reduces the need for new materials most frequently used LEED system is or demolition. When existing buildings New Construction & Major Renovations. are demolished, energy is wasted and building materials are discarded in our There are four levels of LEED landfills. recognition: certified, silver, gold, and platinum. Each level is achieved LEED (Leadership in Energy and through using a point system with score Environmental Design) cards. Scores are totaled for different efficiency and design features in six Since buildings are the largest categories: sustainable sites, water contributor to greenhouse gas efficiency, energy & atmosphere, emissions, making buildings more materials & resources, indoor energy efficient has become an environmental quality, and innovation & immediate concern. The benefits of design process. “green buildings” are well documented— 35% carbon savings, 30% energy Recent studies show that projects savings, 30-50% water savings, and 50- involving historic buildings have 90% waste cost savings. The U.S. achieved the highest LEED ratings. Green Building Council developed the However, the rating system could be Leadership in Energy and improved because current versions of Environmental Design (LEED) Green LEED: • Overlook project impact on

8 cultural value (e.g. awarding To calculate embodied energy for an existing points for architectural, cultural, building, see http://www.thegreenestbuilding.org for the May T. Watts Appreciation Society and social significance or sponsored Embodied Energy Calculator.

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optimizing the site of a building to they frequently or occasionally make utilize existing infrastructure, etc.) purchases at farmers’ markets.10 • Do not effectively consider the performance, longer service life, Kentucky Proud, administered by the or embodied energy of historic Kentucky Department of Agriculture, is materials and original the state’s official farm marketing construction program. It offers free advertising and • Are overly focused on current or promotion to Kentucky farmers, future technologies, neglecting providing that an agricultural product is the advantages of many grown, raised, or processed in traditional building practices. Kentucky. More than 1,500 producers, Revisions to LEED are expected in processors, retailers, restaurants, 2010. farmers’ markets and Kentucky state parks are members of Kentucky Proud. The “Slow Food” Movement It is designed to instill in Kentucky consumers’ minds the value of “buy The slow food movement is slowly local” when shopping for food and fiber growing momentum nationwide. This products. Non-food items also qualify movement emphasizes the importance for Kentucky Proud. The bourbon- of purchasing locally-grown, seasonal, barrel-cured cigars produced by the and organic foods. It provides a Kentucky Gentlemen Cigar Company of financial boost to small farms in a time Lawrenceburg were the first non-food of industrialized agriculture and helps items to bear the Kentucky Proud label. the environment. Food transportation is among the biggest and fastest-growing Protection of Natural Resources sources of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. A "transcontinental" head of Groups, like The Nature Conservancy, lettuce, grown in California and shipped use a variety of techniques, including across the country requires about 36 acquisition of land and purchase of times as much fossil fuel energy in conservation easements, in their efforts transport as it provides in food energy to identify, protect, and maintain when it arrives. The average food item significant natural resources, in America now travels at least 1,491 ecosystems, and endangered species. miles from farm to plate.9 The Nature Conservancy works with Kentuckians are embracing the slow other private and public partners to food movement, which has given rise to protect 10 large conservation areas and an increasing number of farmers’ 23 nature preserves in Kentucky. markets throughout the state. In fact, Because the bottom line for both natural the number of farmers’ markets and cultural resources is the same— increased from 85 in 2003 to 120 in preservation of the land—conservation 2008. More than 2,000 vendors easements have also been utilized in participated in farmers’ markets in 2007, Kentucky to protect cultural resources, reporting sales that exceeded $6 million. including archaeological sites. Over 75% of Kentuckians stated that

10 Source: Kentucky Long-Term Policy 9 Source: Worldwatch Institute Research Center.

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protect his or her site, which leads to voluntary stewardship of the site. Several participating property owners have chosen to legally ensure long-term preservation of these sites by establishing easements or outright selling sites to the Archaeological Conservancy.

Preserving the Agricultural Landscape

Because the future of the family farm, a

Mantle Rock, the centerpiece of a 367-acre symbol of Kentucky’s history and nature preserve in Livingston County, is a 30-foot identity, is uncertain, the Kentucky high natural sandstone bridge spanning 188 feet. General Assembly established the Numerous bluffs, shelters, & honeycomb Kentucky Purchase of Agricultural formations embellish this area, which is also known Conservation Easement (PACE) for its rare populations of June grass and Buckley's goldenrod. In addition to the preserve’s Program. This program was created to biological diversity, Mantle Rock also has authorize the state to purchase archaeological significance as a part of the Trail agricultural conservation easements in of Tears. The Mantle Rock Archaeological District order to ensure that lands currently in was listed in the National Register of Historic agricultural use will continue to remain Places in 2004. available for agricultural purposes. The The Nature Conservancy works with several PACE Program enables landowners to groups, including the National Park Service, the Trail of Tears Association, University of Kentucky, realize a portion of the equity of their Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife, land without having to sell it. Proceeds Livingston County Government, and the Boy Scouts from the sale of an easement can be of America, as well as local private landowners to used for any purpose, although studies protect the resources within the Mantle Rock indicate that significant amounts of Nature Preserve. proceeds are routinely reinvested back into farm operations. Since its The Kentucky Archaeological Registry inception, the PACE Corporation has purchased agricultural easements on 89 Most archaeological sites in Kentucky Kentucky farms, totaling 21,450.87 are located on private property. To acres for $18,187,811 (as of October recognize private landowners who 2008). respect the importance of these sites and wish to protect them, the Kentucky In 2008, Congress approved a two-year Heritage Council created the Kentucky expanded federal tax incentive for Archaeology Registry. Since the conservation easement donations. program’s inception in 1987, 20 sites Farmers can offset up to 100% of their have been listed on the Registry, adjusted federal gross income for including significant prehistoric burial easement donation, potentially zeroing mounds and village sites. The goal is to out their tax liability for the next 15 encourage the landowner to make a years. conscious, voluntary commitment to

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Environmental Trends - movement and the purchase of produce and other goods at farmers’ Implications for Historic markets in Kentucky. Usually, these Preservation markets are located in historic downtowns. They promote revitalization of local communities. • Most Americans are inclined to think that our buildings are disposable • A number of easement programs, rather than renewable resources. some administered by state But in fact, preserving historic agencies, that were created to buildings is, by its nature, preserve natural resources can also sustainable development. Historic be utilized to protect cultural preservation fosters environmental resources. responsibility and promotes a culture • About 54% of Kentucky’s total land of reuse. acreage is farmland, but that • Historic preservation is inherently percentage is shrinking. energy saving because it reduces Partnerships with land conservation demand for new resources, reduces groups should be fostered. PACE waste from demolition and new and other easement programs, as construction, and preserves well as purchase of development embodied energy. rights programs, are strong catalysts that address not only the retention • Further development of the LEED and continuing use of farm land but Building Rating Systems is needed also the preservation and protection to better recognize the energy of cultural landscapes that include efficiency of historic rehabilitation historic buildings, structures, objects, projects. and archaeological sites. • Original construction and design features, such as original windows, work well to make historic buildings comfortable and energy efficient in any season. Hasty changes or upgrades with new technology or efficiency products, such as “energy- efficient replacement windows,” that have not been time-tested can sometimes do serious damage to historic buildings over time. Some new energy-efficient products on the market cause long-term damage and deterioration to historic buildings, and will actually require more energy for future treatment.

• Efforts should be made to continue encouraging the slow food

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Travel & Tourism are still traveling. They’re taking shorter trips closer to home, but travel hasn’t Industry Trends stopped.

Tourism is an important component to Other factors to consider: any statewide economic development • The average traveler now has strategy. In Kentucky, it generates less discretionary funds when approximately $10.7 billion dollars taking a trip. annually and is the second largest • He/she is searching for employer. It includes a broad range of destinations that are seen as a visitor activities and attractions “value.” involving: state and national parks, • Authenticity is now highly extreme sports and other outdoor desired. pastimes, the arts, music, horse racing, • The average traveler is looking distinctive Kentucky foods and for vacation package deals, beverages, festivals, farms, and especially those that include both heritage sites. lodging and attraction tickets. One new strategy in the travel The recession and continuing and tourism industry is to create unemployment have affected personalized or customized travel consumers’ habits and leisure pursuits, packages for travelers. and tourism analysts suggest that these factors will severely affect the Kentucky Although occupancy, a chief indicator to tourism industry. During the first six consider when analyzing tourism trends, months of 2009, hotel occupancy rates is slightly down throughout the nationwide dropped 10.9%. Smith Commonwealth, Kentucky is not Travel Research stated that “the first experiencing the double digit drops that half of 2009 was, without question, the are now occurring in other states. From most challenging the U.S. lodging January 1, 2009 through June 30, 2009, industry has experienced.”11 Many occupancy was only down by 2.1% industry analysts project that tourism statewide. Some areas, specifically in recovery will not begin until the second the Western Lakes & Rivers Region, half of 2010. Some predict that it may experienced increases in both take three to five more years for occupancy and revenue. Although average daily occupancy rates to reach some of this growth can be attributed to the level produced in January 2008. the demand for lodging during the severe ice storm, strong occupancy Although predictions seem dire, 63% of percentages continued through June. adults in the United States expressed In 2008, the Kentucky tourism and travel their intension to make at least one industry expenditures totaled leisure trip before the end of 2009, and $11,041,699,483. Direct expenditures, adults now rate travel second to dining which represent visitor spending on out as the one leisure activity they are goods and services during trips (e.g. trying to afford. In summation, people lodging, transportation, meals, entertainment, & retail shopping), 11 Source: Kentucky Trend Tracker, Issue 2, totaled $7,023,981,857. Indirect September 2009.

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expenditures, which result from goods Fewer than 4 in 10 stayed in an area and services purchased as a result of hotel or motel. visitor spending (e.g. groceries, utilities, etc.), totaled $4,017,717,626. The top Out of the nine travel regions in ten counties that generated the most Kentucky—Western Waterlands; direct travel expenditures were: Bluegrass, Blues & BBQ; Caves, Lakes, Jefferson, Fayette, Boone, Kenton, & Corvettes; Kentucky Derby, Southern Warren, McCracken, Daviess, Hardin, Lakes, Daniel Boone, Bluegrass, Boyd, and Laurel. Northern Kentucky, and the Kentucky Appalachians—the Kentucky Derby In 2009, the Kentucky Department of region generated the most direct travel Tourism produced a report describing expenditures (2.1 billion) during 2008. the profile of Kentucky’s overnight The Northern Kentucky and Bluegrass domestic leisure visitors. Visitor regions produced the second highest composition was: 54% families, 33% expenditures, both at 1.57 billion. couples, 7% single adults, and 6% Although visitors attend festivals in multiple adults (tour buses, etc.). The every region, a 2007 survey indicated time of year when travelers visited that the highest number of festivals Kentucky the most was summer attended is in the Northern Kentucky (35.6%), followed by the holidays and Caves Regions. The state parks in (18.5%), winter (16.8%), fall (14.9%), the Kentucky Appalachian, Caves, and and finally, spring (14.2%). Travelers Daniel Boone Regions are visited the visit Kentucky to: see a friend or relative most. (46.2%), experience a weekend get-a- way (16%), travel for special events KENTUCKY TRAVEL REGIONS (14.2%), take vacations (13%), and other personal reasons (10.6%). 71% of parents surveyed indicated that they looked for opportunities to experience more “quality time” with their children and to connect as a family.

More than half of Kentucky’s leisure visitors travel from within 300 miles of the state. Kentucky’s top markets include: Cincinnati, Chicago, Nashville, Detroit, Indianapolis, Cleveland, Charleston and Huntington, Map produced by the Kentucky Department of Travel West Virginia, and Evansville, Indiana. Most domestic leisure visitors stayed Heritage Tourism either one night (40%) or 2-3 nights (40%). 17% stayed 4-7 nights, and 3% Heritage tourists are interested in stayed more than 8 nights. Nearly half planning vacations around exploring (45%) of overnight leisure travelers historic sites. Studies indicate that they stayed with a friend or relative in a usually spend more than other types of tourists, stay longer, and are more private home. willing to visit places off the beaten path.

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The success of Kentucky’s tourism trails, the Kentucky Artisan Heritage industry is partially due to the wealth of Trail, the Bourbon Trail, the Lincoln unique historic resources available to Heritage Trail, and Kentucky Crafted: visitors. Heritage sites (e.g. historic the Market. Now in its 27th year, neighborhoods and downtowns, house Kentucky Crafted was created to and living history museums, bourbon support professional visual and craft distilleries, historic farms, battlefields, artists and promote a diverse selection historic trails, archaeological sites, of high-quality traditional and historic race tracks, etc.) are vital contemporary Kentucky art. It has done tourism attractions that help to stimulate much to build and market the arts as an local economies in nearly every county industry in the state. in the state. 75% of American adult travelers attended a cultural activity, Kentucky was also the first state to join festival, or event while on a trip during the Civil War Heritage Trail, a program the past year.12 developed by the Civil War Preservation Trust. This national trail initiative links There a total of 430 museums and more than 500 individual sites in 28 historical organizations across the state. states. There are currently 51 Kentucky 81% of these facilities are owned by a sites listed on the Civil War Heritage non-profit; 17.5% are government Trail. operated; and 1.5% are private companies. These places are Agritourism custodians to over 3.7 million artifacts and museum objects. Over two-thirds of Rural tourism has been growing rapidly Kentucky’s museums operate on a over the last two decades. Many budget of $100,000 or less annually, factors have contributed to this trend. while still managing to provide quality Generally, people are taking shorter educational services for the state’s trips, traveling mostly by car, looking for visitors and school groups. Kentucky new, diversified or “authentic” has only begun to embrace the experiences, and traveling as families. economic potential of these resources. Agritourism is "the act of visiting a The Kentucky Heritage Council, working farm or any agricultural, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky horticultural, or agribusiness operations Arts Council, Kentucky Humanities for the purpose of enjoyment, Council, Kentucky Department of Travel, education, or active involvement in the Kentucky Folklife Program, and the activities of the farm or operation." It Kentucky Transportation Cabinet all offers an opportunity to build work with local governments and non- relationships between the agricultural profit organizations to promote several community and the local tourism arts programs and heritage tourism industry. Not only does agritourism trails, including: the Kentucky Cultural provide a means for farmers to earn and Heritage Driving Trails Signage supplemental income, it also offers Program, many local Kentucky quilt opportunity for economic development in rural areas. 12 Information provided by the Kentucky Department of Travel.

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More than 300 Kentucky farms water rafting, rock climbing, bungee participate in the state’s agritourism jumping, zip-lining, and driving ATVs or program. According to the most recent “ATVing.” Census of Agriculture, agritourism generated $3.2 million in income for The proposed Cross Kentucky Trail Kentucky farms in 2007. project is central to the success of adventure tourism in the Horse Racing Commonwealth. This state initiative would result in a trail system that would Horse racing is known in Kentucky as a cover all regions of Kentucky—rural and world-class industry renowned for its urban—from the Eastern Coal Fields to breeding facilities and legendary race the Western Coal Fields. If all goes as tracks. 20% of the horses in Kentucky planned, portions of this multi-use trail are involved in racing, but the other 80% system will be utilized by those are involved in show competitions, trail attending the 2010 Equestrian Games. riding, and other pursuits, such as One purpose of the trail is to positively equine therapy, farm work, and breeding affect the financial well-being of local of non-thoroughbreds. economies. This is what tourism is meant to do. However, certain extreme In 2010, Churchill Downs in Louisville sports, such as “ATVing,” can will once again host the Breeders’ Cup inadvertently disturb or even destroy World Championships for the seventh archaeological sites. This activity has time. Also, the Alltech FEI World already irreparably damaged some of Equestrian Games, the “Olympics for Kentucky’s significant heritage sites. the Horse” will be held in the Lexington The Kentucky Heritage Council can area in 2010. This is the first time since provide information regarding how the event’s inception in the 1970s that it impact to cultural resources can be will be held outside of Europe. Half a avoided or advise how heritage million spectators are anticipated to education can be incorporated into the provide an economic impact of more Cross Kentucky Trail project. than $150 million to the state. Experiential Tourism Adventure Tourism Consumer demands and expectations According to Adventure Travel Trade for interactive experiences have never Association, adventure tourism can be been higher. Paper brochures, dry any tourist activity that includes two of websites, and one-dimensional the three following components: informational tours, can leave travelers physical activity, engagement with feeling disconnected from the nature, and a cultural exchange or experience. Today, these antiquated interaction. Because it usually involves methods simply do not meet most some degree of risk and/or physical consumers’ needs. Tourism venues are danger, it should not be confused with now exploring ways of taking an existing nature tourism or ecotourism. product or site and making it more- Adventure tourism can include such interactive. activities as mountain biking, white

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Tourism Trends - promotion strategies on local markets. Implications for Historic Preservation • Heritage tourism destinations, historic lodging facilities, and

businesses within historic • Historic preservation encourages downtowns should consider tourism. “Among cities with no partnerships with each other or particular appeal,” writes travel neighboring non-historic authority Arthur Frommer, “those attractions to create packages for that have substantially preserved prospective visitors. There their past continue to enjoy should be a focus on creating tourism. Those that haven’t, ready-made travel itineraries and receive no tourism at all.” tours or “customer-created” travel Tourists want to travel to places packages. Travelers also expect with a unique sense of place and more-convenient or simplified community character. Historic booking processes. places offer this.

• Heritage tourism and agritourism • Heritage tourism destinations, sites and events have been historic lodging facilities, and utilized to provide communities local economic development that do not have central offices should continue to provide community planning offices a and market “authentic” means to present community experiences that are tailor-made planning and economic for families, providing activities in development initiatives, like which parents and children can walking and driving trails, interact together. heritage festivals, and farmers’

markets. • Since family travel increased

from 26% to 36% between 2000 • Some adventure tourism sports, and 2008, and 71% of parents such as ATVing, have adverse surveyed want more “quality impacts to archaeological sites. family time” while on vacation, The Kentucky Heritage Council educational destinations or supports the state’s adventure destinations offering interactive tourism initiative, the Cross educational opportunities should Kentucky Trail Project, and be provided more often. development of tourist Educational opportunities are destinations that capitalize on our especially suitable for heritage state’s unique natural resources. and agritourism sites and events. However, careful consideration

should be given and protective • Since visitors are taking trips measures made to ensure that closer to home, heritage tourism this activity does not destroy destinations, Main Street important cultural resources. programs, and local economic

development offices should focus

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Technological Trends electronic material and information. Between 2005 and 2007, this

expenditure doubled. Public libraries Technology creates a better business also train patrons how to use these environment, generates more effective resources. economic development strategies,

improves healthcare, enhances Today, Kentucky is leading the way in education, and is the foundation for a providing Broadband Internet access, more-efficient government. In other which allows Kentucky companies to be words, technology is good for Kentucky competitive on an international level.13 and its residents. When the race for Over $860 million in private capital has technology expansion began, Kentucky been invested in Kentucky’s lagged behind. It was one of the lowest telecommunications since 2002, and ranked states in use and availability of now, approximately 1.3 million Kentucky technology, especially broadband residents have Broadband access. This Internet. Since 2002, the state has created over 19,000 high-tech jobs embarked on a campaign to accelerate and $1.06 billion in annual direct wages technology growth. from jobs created or saved in

Kentucky.14 Computers have become lightning fast and now have the capacity to store Travel and the Internet more information than ever imagined.

Having access to a computer not only The U.S. Travel Association first gives one access to the Internet, a surveyed Americans about their global system of communication and acceptance and use of the Internet and commerce, it also creates skills that are other technologies for travel planning useful at home, work, and in the and booking in 1993. Sixteen years classroom. Computer ownership in later, the Internet has become the Kentucky has risen slightly since 2002, primary vehicle for learning information but computer access seems to have about travel destinations and purchasing stayed about the same. 85% of adults leisure travel. Today, 85% of Americans in Kentucky now have computer access. age 18 or older who use the Internet Internet access grew rapidly in Kentucky indicate that they are travelers, meaning during the 1990s. It has since slowed, that they have taken at least one trip 50 but it still grows gradually every year. miles or more away from home during New, wireless tools, such as various the past year (not including daily types of cell phones, personal digital commuting). This translates to a market assistants (PDAs), and Blackberrys, of more than 96 million online travelers. now offer Kentuckians mobile access to the Internet. 13 Broadband is a high speed Internet access, For those who do not have access to which is typically contrasted with dial-up service. It provides information faster, more than double computers or Internet service, libraries the rate of dial-up service, without disrupting provide an invaluable resource. telephone use. According to the Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives, public libraries 14 Source: Setting the Pace: Accelerating continue to increase investment in Broadband Expansion. 2008 progress report, ConnectKentucky.

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Social Networking during the early 1980s. By the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, the While it could be argued that e-mail and increasing use of GIS on Unix websites provide the information needed workstations and personal computers to efficiently network electronically with spurred industry growth, and users were others, the emerging “social networking” beginning to develop the concept of industry has encouraged even more viewing GIS data over the Internet. new ways to communicate and share More recently, a growing number of information. A social network service free, open source GIS packages that focuses on building online communities run on a range of operating systems of people who share interests and/or have become available. activities or who are interested in exploring interests and activities. Most Today, GIS technology is used for social network services are web based resource management, environmental and provide a variety of ways for users impact assessment, community to interact, such as e-mail and instant planning, archaeological investigations messaging services. Social networking and historic architectural survey, websites, like Facebook, MySpace, criminology, marketing, economic Twitter, Flickr, and LinkedIn, are now development, and other purposes. For being used by millions of people example, GIS might be utilized by urban worldwide. planners to identify community resources and residential and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) commercial development patterns or used by a company to discover a new, A geographic information system (GIS) under-served business location. is basically any system that captures, stores, evaluates, manages, and displays geographic information. In simplest terms, GIS is merging cartography and database technology. A GIS is technically a tool that allows users to create interactive searches, analyze spatial information, edit mapping data, and present the results of these activities. Consumer users are more likely to be familiar with applications that involve obtaining driving directions, like GPS (Global Positioning System) programs and devises.

The first true operational GIS was developed in 1962 by the Canadian Department of Forestry and Rural Development. The first commercial vendors of GIS software emerged

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Technological Trends - Database and Kentucky Historic Architectural Inventory Database. Implications for Historic GIS is utilized by other state and Preservation federal agencies and local governments. Local planning

departments utilize GIS to “tag” • The Internet is an invaluable tool significant cultural and natural for Main Street communities, resources within their local and state governments, communities and determine the preservation organizations, best land use for the areas house museums and other surrounding these resources. heritage destinations. Websites Historic maps can be provide customers and “georeferenced” over current prospective visitors with quick aerial maps to identify unknown and easy ways to discover cultural resources. information, find directions, and

plan and book travel.

• Broadband access strengthens

Main Street businesses.

• Social networking is not just the

wave of the future. It’s a tool that

is now needed to distribute

information successfully. State departments, like the Kentucky Heritage Council and the Kentucky Department of Travel, local governments, Kentucky Main Street programs and businesses, and preservation organizations, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, all currently utilize forms of social networking. Many future heritage education or business opportunities may be stifled by unwillingness to utilize social networking.

• Geographic information systems are now utilized for archaeological and architectural survey. In fact, the Kentucky Heritage Council uses GIS to support the Kentucky Archaeological Site Inventory

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CHAPTER 3: A SUMMARY OF KENTUCKY’S HISTORY, PROVIDING A CONTEXT FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES

Historic Contexts

Available information about historic properties must be divided into manageable units before it can be useful for planning purposes. These units are called historic contexts. A historic context describes broad patterns of history or historic events that have shaped the physical development and character of the cultural landscape. A context is usually based on one or more themes, a specific geographical area, and a defined chronological period. Historic contexts also identify associated Map produced by Phil Mink historic property types and establish criteria for property significance. Two cultural landscape studies, the A historic context provides direction for Pennyrile Cultural Landscape Study and evaluating and protecting significant Bluegrass Cultural Landscape Study, resources. It is a tool used to discern were produced in the 1980s. They are which historic properties are significant housed at the Kentucky Heritage and the best candidates for National Council (KHC). Smaller scale historic Register listing, and which treatments contexts are found in various are most appropriate for historically- documents, like National Register significant properties. nominations, Cultural Historic Survey Reports, and Archaeological Survey Historic contexts in Kentucky have been Reports. Each context offers an based in the past on one or more of the opportunity to build upon previous work, five primary geographical/cultural thus saving time and strengthening the landscapes—the Bluegrass, Pennyrile, persuasiveness of the findings. These Eastern Mountains, Jackson Purchase, sources are utilized to compare similar and Northern Cities. Each cultural kinds of cultural resources in different landscape is defined by the consistency areas of the state. of its topography, natural resources, and cultural activities. General state contexts for prehistory and historic archaeology are provided within the Kentucky state archaeology comprehensive plan, The Archaeology of Kentucky: An Update, which is

Page 50 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan available on the Kentucky Heritage Council website at KENTUCKY’S IMPORTANT PAST http://heritage.ky.gov/envreview/archofky.htm.

The following historic contexts are Since the early presence of Native currently available on the Kentucky American people, through the Heritage Council website: explorations of Thomas Walker and Daniel Boone, and over 200 subsequent years of settlement, expansion, and 1. House in a Box: Prefabricated Housing in the Jackson Purchase development, Kentucky’s cultural Cultural Landscape Region 1900- landscape has undergone change, 1960 depending on the needs, hardships, challenges, and fortunes of the people. The attempts of earlier generations to 2. Roadside Architecture of Kentucky’s Dixie Highways: A form and re-form their built environment Tour Down Routes 31E and 31W are evident in the dwellings, farms, churches, schools, stores, burial sites, rock fences, battlefields, neighborhoods, 3. Kentucky Historic Schools Survey: An Examination of the hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, History and Condition of among other important cultural and Kentucky’s Older School historic resources. To preserve these Buildings places, we must first understand their characteristics and the social environment in which they were created. 4. The New Deal Builds: A Historic Context of the New Deal in East Kentucky 1933 to 1943

5. Agricultural and Domestic Outbuildings in Central and Western Kentucky, 1800-1865 While the following section can not be considered a complete historic context, it presents an account of key historic 6. The Pioneer Log House in Kentucky events that have significantly altered the cultural landscape. It focuses on crucial episodes that resulted in dramatic 7. From Log House to Cabin: Building in Log in Kentucky outcomes or had consequences on the state’s natural features, population, economy, and culture. 8. Survey of Marion and Washington Counties, 2009

9. Rosenwald Schools in Kentucky

1917-1932

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“Stand at the Cumberland Gap and groups who are thought to have arrived watch the procession of civilization.” in Kentucky at the end of the last ice -Frederick Jackson Turner age, at least 12,000 years ago. The climate was somewhat colder and The origin of the word Kentucky wetter than it is today, but a warming (historically spelled Cane-tuck-ee, trend had begun. During this time Cantucky, Kain-tuck-ee, and Kentuckee) period, coniferous forests, grasslands, has never been conclusively identified, or areas of “mosaic” vegetation were but its etymology most likely derives being replaced with mixed deciduous from an Iroquoian word for "meadow" or hardwood forests.16 The people lived a "prairie" (c.f. Mohawk kenhtà:ke, Seneca subsistence lifestyle. Settlement këhta'keh). Other possible derivations depended greatly on adaptation to include: a Shawnee term possibly changing environmental conditions. referring to the head of a river, a Wyandot name meaning "land of The Paleoindian tool kit consisted of tomorrow,” or an Algonquian word for well-crafted fluted spear points. The size river bottom.15 of these spear points reflect an extensive knowledge of how to work and Kentucky has an extensive and complex shape stone. In addition to projectile history. It is a land of diverse physical points, flint knappers were made for environments and abundant natural scraping hides and wood. It seems resources, which are closely connected likely that Paleoindians also made tools with cultural activity. Human from wood and animal bones, but occupation, expansion, and evidence for this has not survived. Little development were (and still are) shaped is known about the ritual or ceremonial by Kentucky’s geographical attributes— life of these early people. the eastern mountains, rolling hills of the “Great Meadow” (central region), rivers Archaic Period and streams, swamps and forests, coal (8,000-1,000 B.C.) fields, caves, and the fertile bottomlands of the far west. Among the state’s many By the beginning of the Archaic Period, geographic/cultural features is the Red the climate had become more like it is River Gorge, within which exists some today. Climatic changes led to the of the earliest and best-preserved extinction of large animals, such as the evidence of prehistoric plant cultivation mastodon and giant bison. With the in the Eastern Woodlands. extinction of these animals, Archaic hunters turned their attention to smaller Paleoindian Period game such as deer, turkey, and rabbit. (ca. 9,500-8,000 B.C.) They also collected wild plants for food and medicine. This time period is The land that became Kentucky was characterized by the development of first occupied and settled by Paleoindian regional projectile point styles, more- specialized tools, and new food processing techniques. Archaic groups 15 John E. Kleber (ed.), ed (1992). "Place Names". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 16 Pollack, David, The Archaeology of Kentucky: An Update, Vol 1. p.4. 2008.

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made baskets for collecting, watertight. Surplus food could be transporting, and storing their food. protected. The use of baskets, gourds, and other containers continued. During the Archaic period, people tended to live in one place for longer During the Early Woodland Period, the intervals than they had during the presence of large earthen enclosures Paleoindian Period. However, they and burial mounds in eastern and continued to have a mobile lifestyle, central Kentucky—the construction of never staying in one place for more than which reached its height by the Middle a few months. These camps were Woodland Period—indicates increased located in areas where they could social complexity. Some burial mounds exploit a variety of resources. Smaller were constructed over several decades. seasonal camps were also located in Copper bracelets and mica crescents rock shelters. placed with some individuals reflect status within Woodland society. This Archaic hunters tipped their spears with also indicates that Woodland peoples notched and stemmed, not fluted, stone participated in long-distance exchange spearpoints. They used spearthrowers networks. By the Middle Archaic Period, (atlatls) to improve the accuracy of their at least two distinct cultural adaptations throwing. Sandstone nutting stones (Adena and Crab Orchard), were found at their camps imply that, as time present in Kentucky.17 passed, they came to rely more on plants for food. By 1,000 B.C., some During the Late Woodland Period, there Archaic peoples had begun to was a shift to a more sedentary lifestyle. experiment with growing their own food. Some groups established circular donut- They let squash and small-seeded shaped settlements. More time was plants, like goosefoot, grow on trash devoted to gardening, and cultivated heaps near their base camps. Soon plants became an important component after, Archaic women were planting of the diet. Plants, such as squash, seeds in areas cleared especially for sunflower, goosefoot, maygrass, and that purpose. Archaeological evidence corn were grown. Woodland peoples indicates that the later Archaic Period also hunted a variety of animals and was a time of increased social intricacy, collected wild plants. which is evident in the nonlocal raw materials discovered at some burial Late in the Woodland Period, the bow sites. and arrow was utilized. Small arrowheads replaced spear points, Woodland Period although spears continued to be utilized. (1,000 B.C.-A.D. 1000) The use of groundstone tools continued and was especially important in the The Woodland Period is marked by the processing of corn. Stone celts were an introduction of pottery. Early pottery improvement on the grooved axe. was anything but portable. It was thick, heavy and fragile. However, pottery had definite advantages. It could be used for cooking and could be made 17 Pollack, David. The Archaeology of Kentucky: An Update, Vol 1, p. 5.

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Mississippi and Fort Ancient Periods the falls at the present site of (A.D. 900-1000 – 1700-1750) Louisville.18

By the Late Prehistoric Period, village By the mid-eighteenth century, trade in life revolved around the planting, the Ohio Valley was controlled by growing, and harvesting of corn and France. Traders visited several native beans. These plants supplied the villages in the area, including Lower Mississippian people of western Shawneetown (present-day Chillicothe, Kentucky and Fort Ancient people of Ohio) and possibly Eskippakithiki, a eastern Kentucky with as much as 60% large Shawnee village located near of their diet. Late Prehistoric people present-day Winchester, Kentucky in added the hoe to their tool kit to work Clark County.19 Eskippakithiki was at agricultural fields. the center of at least 3,500 acres of agricultural fields that supported 800 to A hierarchical settlement system, which 1,000 residents. It was a market and consisted of sites ranging from neutral meeting place for the northern farmsteads to administrative centers and southern native tribes.20 with plazas, was established. New pottery vessel forms were developed In 1750, the Loyal Land Company during this period. They included jars, sponsored an expedition, led by bowls, plates, bottles, and colanders. Thomas Walker of Virginia, to survey Handles were added to jars and human land suitable for English settlement. and animal effigies were attached to This group identified the Cumberland some bowls and bottles. Gap and explored the valley beyond. By 1775, Kentucky (then known as European-American Exploration Fincastle County, Virginia) had been explored, surveyed, and commercially By the time European and American hunted by others, most notably explorers began to investigate the area, Christopher Gist, Thomas Bullitt, Simon Native American tribes, such as the Kenton, James Herrod, and Daniel Shawnee, Chickasaw, and Cherokee, Boone. These explorers, surveyors, led a complex lifestyle, complete with and “long hunters” established direction intricate religious ceremonies, dynamic for prospective migration. Frontiersmen social organizations, and diversified usually only stayed long enough in the agricultural economies. territory to hunt or trap, select their own land, mark it, build an improvement A number of Spanish, French, and cabin, and plant a small corn crop English explorers and traders infiltrated before returning east.21 the North American interior during the late seventeenth century. Possibly, the 18 Eslinger, Ellen. Running Mad for Kentucky, p most well-known expedition was 1. directed in 1669 by Rene-Robert 19 McBride, Kim A. & Stephen. “Historic Period” Cavalier Sieur de la Salle, who in The Archaeology of Kentucky: An Update, vol established French sovereignty from the 2. p. 907. 20 Harrison and Klotter. A New History of headwaters of the Ohio River down to Kentucky. p. 9. 21 O’Malley, Nancy. “Frontier Defenses” in The Buzzel About Kentucky, p 66.

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Settlement and Initial Development resulted in the abandonment of several (1775-1820) frontier stations.

The spring of 1775 witnessed the There was a great variation in station founding of the first two permanent types that ranged from a single fortified settlements in the territory. Herrodsburg cabin or blockhouse to a kind of fortified was founded by James Herrod at the village with multiple cabins and head of Dick’s River in present-day stockade usually occupied by more than Mercer County, and Boonesborough one family. By 1785, farmsteads were was established along the Kentucky being established away from the River as the headquarters of the stations, and some stations were Transylvania Company, a land growing into towns, like Georgetown, speculation company organized by Danville, Stanford, and Lexington. Richard Henderson. Although Henderson never gained legal title of the After the end of the American land (Virginia dismissed his claims), his Revolution (marked in Kentucky by the efforts resulted in an event that greatly defeat of the settlers at the Battle of influenced settlement pattern Blue Licks in August 1782), an development—the blazing of Boone’s extensive number of settlers journeyed Trace (later to be known as the from Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Wilderness Road) across the Allegheny and North Carolina. Most were born in Mountains and through the Cumberland the American Colonies, although many Gap. were immigrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Wales, The second major migration route France, Holland, and Sweden. They directed emigrants down the Ohio River, brought with them their traditions— starting at Pittsburgh or Redstone Old building construction techniques, Fort on the Monongahela River. farming practices, music, religion, Travelers disembarked at Limestone language and place names, beliefs, and (modern Maysville, Kentucky) and stories. African Americans who came to continued overland approximately 65 Kentucky were mostly enslaved and miles south into central Kentucky, which forced to journey to the new territory to was referred to as the “Great Meadow” work for their white owners. (Tax (later known as the Bluegrass Region). records indicate that approximately one Generally, settlement continued out quarter of early settlers owned slaves.) from this region in concentric circles. A small number of African Americans came to Kentucky as free persons, The early settlers chose an unfortunate although their numbers were few. time to begin settlement. The Revolutionary War was beginning, and Some early settlers left established the Ohio Valley native tribes, particularly communities in search of greater the Shawnee, were generally allied with religious autonomy. Lewis Craig, along the British. EuroAmerican-Indian with his Baptist congregation, migrated warfare in the Bluegrass region was from Spotslyvania County, Virginia to violent, especially during 1777, which Gilbert’s Creek in present-day Garrard County, Kentucky where they

Page 55 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan established one of the first Kentucky the Falls of the Ohio River and on the Baptist churches in 1781. Presbyterians Kentucky River, but others soon from North Carolina founded the Cane followed. Inspection stations for other Ridge Meeting House in Bourbon products, including hemp, were also County in 1791, which was the site of a opened. Inspection stations and large religious camp meeting in 1801. tobacco warehouses tended to prompt The Cane Ridge Camp Meeting drew the construction of other buildings, such thousands of people and had a lasting as inns, taverns, and stores. influence as one the landmark events of the Second Great Religious Awakening Although there were ten political (1790-1850), a movement that conventions held between 1784 and encouraged growth of Methodism and 1792 to promote statehood, the the Baptist Church in Kentucky. Of note Commonwealth of Kentucky did not is the founding of a religious communal enter the newly-formed United States as community called Pleasant Hill in the fifteenth state until June 1, 1792. By present-day Mercer County. It was this time, only one-third of white males established in 1806 by the United owned land. During the 1780s, Society of Believers in Christ’s Second wealthier merchants and planters began Appearing—also known as the Shakers. to arrive, and the state’s social hierarchy became more defined. Members of the Early industries in Kentucky consisted of gentry planter class established large grist mills, potteries, small salt works, agricultural plantations within the and blacksmith shops. Production in the Bluegrass region and later in the home, including weaving, tanning, Pennyrile that incorporated slave sewing, and whiskey distilling, was also labor.23 They used their connections prevalent during the initial settlement with social and political networks in the period.22 East to establish contacts with distant economic markets. The earliest principal crop was corn, but tobacco, flax, hemp, and wheat were Although the end of Kentucky’s also grown. Corn was one of the most settlement period is ambiguous because important crops grown in Kentucky. It all areas of the state were not settled at could be consumed by both humans the same time (due in part to the diverse and livestock; it was easy to cultivate environmental and soil conditions within and store; and it grew in a variety of soil each region), most historians agree that types. Tobacco was chosen mostly the initial settlement period ended in because there was an advantageous 1795 with the signing of the Greenville correlation between bulk and value, and Treaty following the Battle of Fallen it also had a low rate of spoilage. Timbers.24 The Jackson Purchase

Tobacco surplus rose to such a degree 23 For the purposes of this section of the Plan, a during the 1780s that quality control plantation is defined as a large agricultural unit became necessary. Early tobacco (about 500 acres or more) that focused on the inspection stations were established at production of one or two cash crops and used a slave labor force.

22 McBride, Kim C. & Stephen. p. 912. 24 O’Malley, Nancy. “Frontier Defenses” in The Buzzel About Kentucky, p 71.

Page 56 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan region, located between the Tennessee livestock. Farmers and planters and Mississippi Rivers, is generally prospered, and more elaborate and considered the last section to be opened expensive houses were constructed. By for settlement. It was acquired from the the War of 1812, Kentucky dominated Chickasaw in 1818. the new nation in hemp cultivation, salt and saltpeter production, and the Between 1790 and 1800, the number of manufacture of bagging and rope, which emigrants soared. In 1790, Kentucky was stimulated by the expansion of the had a population of 73,677, including cotton culture in the Deep South. The 61,133 Euro-Americans, 12,430 slaves, iron industry also grew at this time, and 114 free blacks. In the 1800 resulting in the construction of iron census, 220,955 Kentuckians were furnaces in the Bluegrass region and the counted, including over 41,000 slaves western and northern edges of the who made up almost 19% of the total mountains. population.25 Other Kentucky businesses that The development of the state was prospered during the early nineteenth accelerated when Spain officially century include nail factories, potteries, granted navigation rights on the cotton mills, woolen mills, saw mills, and Mississippi River in 1795, although the large whiskey distilleries.26 reliability of New Orleans as a port was not secured until the ratification of the Antebellum Regionalism (1821-1860) Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Despite economic fluctuations, the By the end of the eighteenth century, 41 period between 1820 and 1860 has counties had been established. The been acknowledged as a time of general largest towns were usually county seats, prosperity. The steamboat dramatically which were generally established with a improved trade and made the early similar layout—a courthouse square in phase of the Antebellum Era the age of the center of town surrounded by a the Kentucky river town. By 1830, commercial area, which was bounded Louisville’s population (10,000) far by residences. In 1800, Lexington was exceeded that of Lexington (6,087); by far the largest community in the Maysville and Newport had grown from state. At this time, the city had two landings to cities; and towns, like newspapers, a paper mill, a tobacco Henderson, Owensboro, Bowling Green, factory, a gunpowder mill, a pottery, a and the new town of Paducah, showed tannery, and a college, Transylvania signs of considerable growth. During Seminary. the Antebellum Period, Kentucky’s political leaders played a strong role in The economic boom of the 1810s led to establishing national policies. higher prices for agricultural products, including tobacco, hemp, flour, and State government and municipalities funded a variety of transportation

25 Eslinger, Ellen. Running Mad for Kentucky: 26 McBride, Kim & Stephen. p. 919. It should be Frontier Travel Accounts, p. 37. noted that much of the labor force for the early industries was provided by slaves.

Page 57 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan projects to facilitate trade—roads were and in the western section of the improved, river channels were Jackson Purchase. deepened, and canals, locks, and dams were constructed. Many major roads The major crops grown and livestock transitioned from being state controlled raised remained the same as during the to privately owned, allowing Late Settlement and Initial Development thoroughfares to become turnpikes or Periods. However, during the toll roads. Stagecoach service Antebellum Era, more variation between intensified, which resulted in more travel regions occurred. For example, due to and the construction of additional the expansion of cotton production in taverns, inns, and other way-stations. the Deep South, most Bluegrass Due mostly to the precipitous planters turned to hemp as a cash crop, topography, the Appalachian Mountain and the Pennyrile became the major region did not benefit from improved tobacco producing region in Kentucky. transportation projects, and as a result, The counties with the highest level of remained relatively isolated. A distinct tobacco production generally had the Appalachian subculture began to largest plantations with the most slaves. evolve. Livestock and grains were also important in the Pennyrile, and cotton Trade opportunities also greatly was produced in the plains section of expanded with the construction of the this region. In the Jackson Purchase railways. The first railroad line in region, tobacco was the major cash Kentucky, the Lexington and Ohio, was crop, although the eastern counties in chartered in 1830. This 25-mile track, the Purchase tended to have poorer which connected Lexington and soil, so farms in this area relied mostly Frankfort, opened in 1834. It wasn’t on subsistence farming. The farms in extended to Louisville until 1852. The the Eastern Mountain region were still steam engine was designed by two mostly subsistence, but livestock was a Lexington natives, Thomas Barlow and commercial product (particularly hogs Joseph Bruen in 1834, and in 1835, the and cattle), and timber was regularly first steam locomotive train traveled harvested. Kentucky’s agricultural from Lexington to Frankfort in 2 hours landscape underwent a transformation and 22 minutes. The Louisville and during this period—the amount of farm Nashville Railroad, over which freight dependencies increased, building was shipped to the South, opened in construction methods changed, and the 1839, and the Lexington and Big Sandy number of acres utilized as permanent Railroad was established in 1853. pastures multiplied.

Improved transportation provided better Industry within the cities of Louisville, shipping options for farmers, which led Covington, and Newport was mostly to increased commercial production of related to the processing of agricultural agricultural goods. Plantation-oriented products, but other industries, such as agriculture and the number of glass making, were growing in commercial farms greatly expanded in importance. Iron foundries were also the Bluegrass, areas of the Pennyrile, common. By 1860, Louisville was the twelfth largest manufacturing center in

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the nation and the largest in the South.27 (The slave population was over 225,000 Manufacturing expanded throughout the on the eve of the Civil War.) Although state, particularly the extraction and slavery was an integral part of the processing of iron, salt, and coal. state's economy, strong antislavery sentiment was also present. When the Although coal was shipped from Civil War began in 1861, Kentucky was Kentucky as early as the late eighteenth in a strange position. It was a slave century, the first commercial coal mine, state, but it did not support succession, known as the McLean drift bank, and it was divided on whether to support opened near the Green River in military action against states that had Muhlenberg County in 1820. Other succeeded from the Union. Initially, commercial mines in the western coal Kentucky’s political leaders proclaimed fields of the Pennyrile were soon to the state “neutral” but eventually chose follow. By 1840, coal mines were to remain in the Union. Kentucky located in the Mountain region. The first citizens were deeply divided over the large-scale coal company and its issues that led to war and the war company town, Peach Orchard, were itself—a division symbolized by the fact established in eastern Kentucky in 1845. that both U.S. and Confederate Many other coal company towns were presidents, Abraham Lincoln and created throughout the nineteenth Jefferson Davis, were native century and early twentieth century. Kentuckians. The coal industry had an immense impact on Kentucky’s cultural landscape Early in the war, both Confederate and and the development of the state. Union bases of operation were present, Industries in towns and hamlets also but by June 1862, most Confederate grew. Businesses were usually forces had left the state. Although agriculturally-related and included flour there were several minor military and grist mills, tobacco factories, hemp engagements, eleven principle battles factories, leather shops, woolen mills, were fought in Kentucky, including the and bourbon distilleries. Battle of Mill Springs, Battle of Richmond, Battle of Munfordville, and Throughout the 1800s, Kentucky Battle of Perryville. After Perryville in continued to receive waves of October 1862, most engagements immigrants. During the 1830s and consisted of raids and guerrilla activities. 1840s, floods of Irish and German immigrants arrived. By 1860, The most famous Confederate raids Kentucky’s population had doubled to were undoubtedly those of John Hunt more than a million people. Morgan, Nathan Bedford Forrest, Quantrill, and "Sue" Mundy. Morgan Civil War (1861-1865) entered Kentucky on four separate occasions to inflict substantial damage Despite the progress made in the early to railroads and Union-controlled depots decades of the nineteenth century, there and to collect supplies for Confederate were still social and economic problems. troops. Kentucky also experienced a The most crucial issue was slavery. period of lawlessness in 1864, when "bushwhackers,” small bands of unruly 27 McBride, Kim & Stephen. p 926.

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soldiers from both sides, looted small The Postbellum Period was a time of towns and farms and destroyed urbanization throughout most of the property. Bushwhacking was especially United States. Although many freed prevalent in the eastern mountains. blacks left Kentucky after the war, the initial migration of African Americans to In June 1863, Camp Nelson was the cities influenced urban growth. constructed in Jessamine County as a Urbanization slowed during the 1870s Union defense against the raids and as due to the Panic of 1873, but later, the a commissary depot. The camp promise of manufacturing jobs for all included 4,000 acres of fortifications and eventually led to the growth of more than 300 buildings with a residential suburbs and satellite cities remarkable water storage and around large urban areas. By 1880, the distribution system, which was built with three largest manufacturing centers thousands of feet of piping. Camp were Louisville with 17,484 hands, Nelson was the largest recruiting, Covington (2,925 hands), and Newport mustering, and training center for (1,748 hands).28 African American troops in the Commonwealth. Kentucky’s economy slowly recovered during the late nineteenth century, aided About 100,000 Kentucky men, including by increased railroad construction that more than 23,700 black men, joined the reoriented trade patterns, the Union Army, while about 25,000-40,000 exploitation of timber and coal Kentucky men fought for the resources, industrial expansion, and to a Confederacy. lesser degree, farming modifications.

Postbellum Industrialism (1866-1914) Despite the turmoil and instability, agriculture in Kentucky recovered During the period following the war, relatively quickly after the war. The Kentucky was in turmoil. As a former demand for hemp declined, and slave-holding state, Kentucky faced farmers, especially those in the many of the same troubles as those Bluegrass Region, turned to growing a confronted by former Confederate new type of tobacco called white burley, states. The state’s economy was in which was milder than dark-fired chaos. The largest single factor in its tobacco and more suited in making plug deterioration was probably the loss of tobacco. Between 1870 and 1900, the labor force, both free and slave. tobacco production in Kentucky rose The civil courts and legal system in more than 70%, mainly in the Bluegrass Kentucky were seriously degraded or and sections of the Pennyrile and nonexistent. The war caused lingering Jackson Purchase. Wheat also became bitterness between Kentuckians who an important commercial crop in areas supported opposing sides. Years of of the Pennyrile region. Less fertile violence followed. Ongoing blood feuds areas of the state, like the Eastern between communities and clans in the Mountain region, eastern section of the mountains originated from Civil War Pennyrile, and eastern hills of the hostilities. 28 McBride, Kim & Stephen. p 947.

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Jackson Purchase, mostly remained tied preferred thoroughbred trait, replacing to subsistence crops, especially corn, the trait of “stamina-and-speed-over- and livestock. A concentration in corn long-distances.” This preference and sorghum marked the less changed the nature of horse racing that commercially oriented farm during this in turn fundamentally changed the period. Because tobacco farming Kentucky horse industry, which would generated high labor demands and soon assume social and economic farmers could no longer rely on a slave aspects that were inconceivable in labor force, farm tenancy was utilized earlier decades. more frequently. Share-renting and share cropping grew during this period. Coal mines in the Western Coalfield Section of the Pennyrile and those In contrast to other areas of the South, within the Appalachian Mountains unique rural hamlets were constructed continued to produce coal. The in Kentucky to house former slaves on introduction of railroads in the many farms. These isolated mountains during the 1880s, prompted communities were usually built in a investors, who were mostly from the series of contiguous lots that were north, to purchase large tracts of coal generally sold but sometimes lands in the mountains. Coal was occasionally given to African Americans almost exclusively extracted for export, by a landowner/employer.29 Other types largely by northern firms. Much of the of rural African American communities wealth produced by coal mining was were also established, including Coe sent out of state due to lack of local Ridge, a town located in Cumberland governmental control and low taxes on County. mining operations.31 The Postbellum Period is marked by the creation of Although there is evidence of several additional mining and timber commercial horse breeding in Central towns, which greatly transformed Kentucky as early as 1788, it wasn’t existing communities. Areas that had until the Postbellum Era that the once been sparsely populated became Bluegrass Region became renowned for regional centers. Immigrants, largely thoroughbred horse breeding and from Germany, Italy, Hungary and other racing. The need for horses after the eastern European countries, were war and the growing popularity of the recruited by coal company “sport of kings” began to attract more representatives and transported directly and more of America’s prominent from a port city, like New York, to the capitalists and equine enthusiasts to the Kentucky mountain coal mining camps. Bluegrass Region to establish country homes and stud farms.30 Around 1890, After the Civil War, the tobacco “speed-over-a-short-distance” became a marketing system consisted mostly of agents buying directly from farmers. But 29 McBride, Kim & Stephen. p 941. in 1890, J. B. Duke formed an

30 international buyers trust under the Peckler, Danae. Draft Narrative of Kentucky American Tobacco Company. By 1902, Agricultural Context, “From New South to Great Depression: The Rise of Burley Tobacco Culture this company had assumed (1870s-1930s),” p. 27. 31 McBride, Kim & Stephen. p 961.

Page 61 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan monopolistic control over more than 250 Kentucky in 1899) prompted better tobacco manufacturers. Farm prices communication and transportation became increasingly intertwined with systems. Mule and horse-drawn street corporate interests, driving farmers to cars on iron rails were being utilized by organize politically against the tobacco the 1870s and 1880s. Electric street trusts. cars (invented during the 1880s) provided transportation to and from Among the western Kentucky tobacco newly-constructed suburbs. The farmers, there was widespread invention of electricity encouraged the discontent regarding the control of the growth of interurban lines between tobacco processors. This led to the communities, such as Lexington and Black Patch War of 1906-1909, named Georgetown in 1901, the first interurban after the type of dark-leaf tobacco grown in the state. The interurban promoted in the region. The farmers attempted to rural-urban interaction and centralized dissolve the monopoly of the processors retail trade. by selling their tobacco through cooperatives. Those growers who Although the first Kentucky Derby was refused to join their fellow farmers were held in May 1875, it wasn’t until 1903 intimidated by “night raiders” whose when businessman, horse racing actions led authorities to summon the enthusiast, and master promoter Matt state militia in 1908. Winn, along with other prominent Louisville citizens, purchased Churchill National organizations, such as the Downs, and made the Derby the National Grange, the Farmers' Alliance, tradition that is today. and the Populist Party, which sought regulation of industries, gained the Industrial and Commercial Consolidation support of Kentuckians during this (1915-1945) period. Kentucky’s population increased at a Mass production and a growing desire slower rate during this period. Several for consumer goods stimulated retail Kentuckians living in rural areas trade and the growth of most Kentucky migrated to the cities, but many left the towns and cities. During the late state to find employment, such as the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, automotive factories in Michigan. there was greater access to the latest Urbanization of Kentucky cities technological innovations, modern continued, and suburbs and satellite styles, and new merchandise. The communities expanded. During this equal availability of goods became more period, many cities attempted to provide extensive with the establishment of mail modern sewage and sanitation systems. order companies, like Sears and In 1917, Lexington installed a new Montgomery Ward. sanitation system, and Louisville had water mains to all sections of the city by New inventions, such as the telephone the mid-1920s. (first established in Louisville in 1879 and in Lexington in 1882) and the When mass-produced automobiles were automobile (first introduced in Harlan, introduced in 1908, average-income

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Kentuckians had the means to purchase marked by some mechanization of cars, a mode of transportation that agricultural practices, such as the use of forever changed road construction and tractors, it is also known for the use. Highways were first established in beginning of a general decline in Kentucky with the Federal Highway farming as a way of living. Toward the Modernization Program in 1916 and end of this period, a greater percentage 1920. of Kentucky farmers began to work part- time for wages. World War I brought prosperity to farmers and generated a coal mining During Prohibition, 1920-1933, the boom in eastern Kentucky. Blended closing of bourbon distilleries created cigarettes were introduced just prior to widespread unemployment. In the war and gained widespread Louisville, there was a loss of 6,000- popularity. This pushed tobacco prices 8,000 distillery jobs. Whiskey making higher, which encouraged more farmers did not completely stop—home distilling to plant tobacco, especially white burley. actually increased. The Great By 1920, the tobacco boom had crashed Depression of the 1930s generated due to over production and bad weather additional unemployment. In the conditions. mountains, the conditions created by the Depression, along with the poor state of Studies conducted by the Kentucky agriculture, led to farmers’ dependence Geological Survey in the 1920s on whiskey making for subsistence. At suggested that farming efficiency in this time, conditions of near anarchy Kentucky had reached its peak around prevailed in the coalfields, especially in the turn of the twentieth century. Many Harlan and Perry Counties, as mine areas of the state were feeling the owners resisted the organization of effects of depleted land. Some farmers unions. chose to farm less fertile areas that had not been farmed in the past or created The Works Progress Administration agricultural fields by draining swamps (WPA), an action undertaken by and other low areas, especially in the Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1935, was Jackson Purchase Region. There was a established under the authority of the decline in average farm size from 85.6 Emergency Relief Appropriation Act to acres in 1910 to 70.8 acres in 1923. In provide national economic relief. By the early 1930s, an extensive 1937, more than 5,500 Kentucky men agricultural study classified Kentucky were working for the Civilian farms according to specialization. About Conservation Corps (CCC), a WPA 29% of Kentucky farms were then program created to put unemployed considered subsistence; 26.6% were young men to work in construction and classified as tobacco; and 19.1% were conservation jobs.33 Many Kentucky general farms or farms with some roads, bridges, dams, public buildings, commercial orientation.32 In the 1920s, as well as state park picnic shelters, a prolonged agricultural depression ensued. While this time period is 33 U.S. Forest Service History webpage, http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publication 32 McBride, Kim & Stephen. p. 970. s/region/8/history/chap4.aspx, accessed 16 June, 2009.

Page 63 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan tourist cabins, and trails were Economic recovery came with World constructed by CCC workers. The War II, as manufacturers increased intervention of additional federal production to meet war efforts. programs dealt with such issues as rural Industrial expansion intensified electrification, soil conservation, and urbanization. Although some credit lending and insurance, which Kentuckians migrated from rural stimulated stable prices for farm goods. counties to larger industrial centers, like Louisville, Lexington, and Ashland, to The first federal farm income and find employment, most lived in rural commodity price support legislation was areas. the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. Various problems with this and Modern Era (1946-present) subsequent legislation ultimately led to adoption of the Agricultural Adjustment After World War II, marginal farming Act of 1938. This law established a operations on poor land were often mandatory supply control and price consolidated or abandoned. support program for several major Consequently, the acreage of cropland crops, including tobacco. It operated across Kentucky declined from 10.4 through a combination of mandatory million acres in 1945 to 8.9 million acres marketing quotas and nonrecourse in 1992.34 The number of farms loans. The marketing quotas limited the dropped from 238,501 to 90,281. amount of tobacco each farmer could sell, which indirectly raised market In 2004, Congress enacted the Fair and prices. This system ultimately changed Equitable Tobacco Reform Act, which the way Kentucky tobacco farmers grew ended the Depression-era tobacco and sold their crop, but for the most quota system. This act also established part, it served to expand profit for the Tobacco Transition Payment tobacco production. Although there Program, also called the “tobacco buy- were minor changes, this program out,” which was created by the USDA to remained active until 2004. help tobacco farmers and quota holders to transition to the free market. This law During the 1930s, one prevailing idea has greatly impacted the state’s thought to jump-start the economy was economy and the cultural landscape and the promotion of automobile usage and has dramatically altered a way of life the construction of new service and held by Kentucky farmers for decades. recreational facilities accessible solely by car. The effect of these policies, Kentucky is still one of the three top coal which guide decision making even producing states in the nation. The coal today, was far-reaching. Commercial now produced in western Kentucky is highways, such as the Dixie Highway, mined from large surface mines, were established at this time. Because whereas the coalfields of eastern federal policies allowed for easy loans to Kentucky are mined through build new commercial strips, the mountaintop removal or through the use landscape changed dramatically.

34 Ulack, Richard and Raitz, Karl. Atlas of Kentucky. 1998. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 159.

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of large augers. Most coal currently Outdoor tourism is also important to the mined in the state is extracted from state. Since Kentucky is home to the large, modern efficient underground highest number per capita of deer and mines, which have become increasingly turkey in the United States and the mechanized—thereby reducing the largest free ranging elk herd east of number of miners employed. The Montana, the sale of hunting licenses is Surface Mining Reclamation and high. Kentucky also has the world's Enforcement Act was enacted in 1977. longest cave system (Mammoth Cave To avoid the expense of reclamation, National Park), the greatest length of coal companies have abandoned over navigable waterways in the lower 48 100,000 acres of surface mines in states, and the two largest man-made Kentucky. lakes east of the Mississippi River.

Today, the state’s economy is Cultural traditions, such as bluegrass increasingly service-oriented, although music, whiskey distilling, and quilting an expanding automobile manufacturing have become the focus of popular enterprise places Kentucky third in cultural tourism initiatives. The United States automotive production. Kentucky Bourbon Trail, a tourism Although Kentucky began to urbanize in program initiated in 1999, showcases the late nineteenth century, the state eight historic distilleries located within has remained largely rural. Farming is the Bluegrass and Pennyrile Regions. still a leading industry, but Kentucky’s Kentucky Quilt Trails is another popular agricultural profile has changed heritage tourism program. Presently, dramatically. Tobacco, once the state’s barns in over 50 Kentucky counties signature commodity, no longer ranks display quilt murals, and about 16 high in principal agricultural products. counties have tourism “quilt trails.” This Now, other crops have become more program engenders awareness and important to the economy, such as appreciation for historic architecture and horses and mules (currently ranked #1), the regional tradition of quilt making. cattle, broilers [chickens raised for food], corn, and soybeans. This agricultural and economic transformation has led to the introduction of non-traditional and innovative farming practices (e.g. wineries, bison & alpaca farms, beekeeping, etc.) and the creation of agritourism programs, the fastest growing tourism segment in a state where the tourism industry as a whole ranks third in highest-revenue producing industries. Currently, there are approximately 250 agritourism destinations in Kentucky, but that number is quickly rising.

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CHAPTER 4: KENTUCKY’S CULTURAL RESOURCES

Resource Types object is associated with a specific setting or environment. Examples

include sculpture, monuments, The National Park Service defines six boundary markers, statuary, and types of cultural resources: buildings, fountains. sites, structures, objects, districts, and

cultural landscapes. District – a significant concentration,

linkage, or continuity of sites, structures, Building – a construction created or objects united historically or principally to shelter any form of human aesthetically by plan or physical activity, such as a house, church, hotel, development. Examples include: central stable, garage, school, library or similar business or residential areas, canal construction. A building may also be systems, a series of farms or estates, used to refer to a historically and transportation networks, or a series of functionally related unit, like a fortifications associated with the same courthouse, jail, or city hall. historic event.

Site – a location of a significant event, Cultural Landscape - a geographic prehistoric or historic occupation or area (including both cultural and natural activity, or a building or structure resources and the wildlife or domestic (standing, ruined, or vanished) where animals therein), associated with a the location itself possesses historic, historic event, activity, or person or cultural, or archaeological value, exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic regardless of the value of any existing values. There are four general types of structure. A site may be archaeological cultural landscapes: historic sites, or architectural. Examples of sites historic designed landscapes, historic include: prehistoric camp sites or vernacular landscapes, and habitations, petroglyphs, gardens, ethnographic landscapes. parks, battlefields, farmsteads,

cemeteries, and natural features with

cultural significance.

Structure – a functional construction

made usually for purposes other than

human shelter. Some examples

include: bridges, tunnels, railroad

trestles, firetowers, canals, dams,

corncribs, silos, windmills, and iron

furnaces.

Object – a construction that is primarily

artistic in nature or relatively small in

scale and simply built. Although it may

be, by nature or design, movable, an The Lincoln Statue (ca. 1909) located on the town square in Hodgenville is classified as a historic object. Page 66 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Archaeological Site Classification in Kentucky Prehistoric Resources

Archaeological site types are used to Prehistory is a term used to describe the summarize site inventory data and period before written record. Prehistoric distributional trends. Nineteen sites in Kentucky represent the remains prehistoric and historic archaeological of human activities that predate the site types have been identified in establishment of European American Kentucky. They include: stations and forts. They can date from sometime around 9,500 B.C. through Open Habitation Without Mound(s) the Protohistoric Period or period of Isolated Find indirect contact between Native Rockshelter Americans and European explorers Cave (A.D. 1550-1775). Quarry Stone Mound Prehistoric sites reflect changes in Earth Mound Native American lifestyles, subsistence Mound Complex and settlement patterns, and treatment Petroglyphs and Pictographs of the dead. These sites are found Workshop throughout the state and occur in all Nonmound Earthwork physiographic regions. Prehistoric sites Isolated Burial include hunting camps, villages, burials Cemetery mounds, earthworks, caves, Specialized Activity Area rockshelters, and petroglyphs, among Open Habitation With Mound(s) other resources. In the examples Historic Farm provided below, some expected Industrial Site artifacts, features, and/or architecture Military Site usually discovered at these sites are Other included. These items are not exhaustive lists of the possible To learn more about archaeological site discoveries at each site type. type definition, frequency, distribution patterns, and archaeological contexts, Open Habitation With Mounds & see the state archaeology plan, The Open Habitation Without Mounds Archaeology of Kentucky: An Update, published in two volumes in December These sites vary considerably in size 2008 at and intensity of occupation. Sites http://heritage.ky.gov/envreview/arch assigned to this type include small ofky.htm. habitations (usually less than 2 acres in size), such as hunting and fishing The most-frequently identified camps and sites of extractive activity; archaeological site types in Kentucky and large habitations (usually over 2 are described in subsequent sections of acres in size), such as seasonal base this chapter. camps and villages. The remains of houses as well as trash and storage pits, hearths, and human burials may be

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present at small and large habitation recorded archaeological sites are sites. Substantial midden (trash) mounds or mound complexes. deposits are often present at large sites. Burial mounds as well as platform Rockshelters mounds, where village leaders resided, are associated with some large A rockshelter is any utilized natural rock habitation sites. overhang. These sites were usually More than 50 percent of recorded habitation areas and often contain thick archaeological sites are open trash deposits, some more than three habitations with or without mounds. feet deep, human burials, and a wide variety of cultural materials. Dry Earth Mounds and Mound environmental conditions at many of Complexes these sites sometimes resulted in the preservation of perishable items, such as baskets, moccasins, and wooden tools. Occupation of these sites varied from short-term hunting and plant- processing localities to long-term seasonal or year-round occupation. Many were used periodically for

Adena earth mounds (ca. 800 BC - 800 AD), City of Ashland, Central Park. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

An earth mound is a single earthen mound not associated with a recognized habitation area. Earth mounds vary in size and configuration. They functioned as burial places and/or house platforms. They were either constructed at one time or in phases over time. If more than one mound is present, it is classified as a mound complex, consists of two or more earth and/or stone mounds that are not associated with any

recognized habitation. Mound

complexes have been utilized for Military Wall Rockshelter in Red River Gorge, Daniel religious or ceremonial purposes and/or Boone National Forest. For nearly 12,000 years, human burial. About 4 percent of people have lived in Red River Gorge. The sandstone rockshelters in the Gorge are very fragile archaeological sites that reflect this occupation. They include such artifacts as prehistoric seeds, nutshells, wood, leather, and textiles. They also include remnants of historic industries, like saltpeter mining.Page 68Photo courtesy of Kentucky Archaeological Survey (KAS).

2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan thousands of years and later for turtles, and raptorial birds. Others are specialized activities, such as nitre abstract designs that have yet to be mining and whiskey distilling, rock interpreted, but obviously were shelters can also be considered historic significant to the prehistoric people who sites. Almost 15 percent of recorded created them. Sites with designs drawn archeological sites are rockshelters. on natural rock formations are classified as pictographs. These site types may or Caves may not be associated with other types of sites (i.e. rockshelters). Less than 1 Caves, natural solution cavities formed percent of recorded archeological sites primarily in limestone, are distinguished are petroglyphs or pictographs. from rockshelters by the presence of a zone that is not exposed to sunlight. Archaeological remains have been found not only at cave entrances, but also deep within cave systems themselves. Domestic debris is primarily found at cave entrances, while cave interiors were often explored and their natural resources sometimes exploited by prehistoric miners. The interiors of caves sometimes served as burial sites.

Caves can also be classified as historic Tar Springs Petroglyphs, Breckinridge County. This archaeological site was listed in the National Register of resources. For example, Mammoth Historic Places in 1989. Survey photo. Cave, a national park located in

Edmonson County, is both a prehistoric and historic site. Prehistoric burials Historic Resources were discovered there, and there is evidence that indicates people of the Historic resources in Kentucky generally Archaic and Early Woodland Periods date from the period of European gathered minerals from the cave. The exploration and settlement, the time for cave was also mined during the early which written records are usually nineteenth century, and it has been available. Kentucky’s historic resources considered one of the earliest tourist reflect history from the late 18th century attractions in the United States. Less through the post WWII era. Generally, a than 1 percent of recorded archeological historic resource must be at least fifty sites are caves. years old, but a resource constructed later my be considered significant, Petroglyphs & Pictographs depending on its historic or cultural importance, among other exceptions. Sites with prehistoric designs, usually pecked on natural rock formations, are Geographically, these resources exist in classified as petroglyphs. Among the all corners of the state, composing a motifs identified are animal tracks diverse landscape. Houses, stores, (turkey feet), human hands and feet, factories, battlefields, iron furnaces,

Page 69 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan monuments, motels, barns, train depots, houses in the survey database, bridges, parks, churches, landscapes, approximately 6 percent, is reported as signs, distilleries, and airplanes are but being built of “other” materials. a few examples of the many kinds of historic resources that enrich our Kentucky’s earliest historic houses35 understanding and appreciation of appear similar to those in regions from Kentucky’s history. Associated which settlers migrated, mainly Virginia, arc90haeological features and deposits Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas. For are also found at these sites, including instance, on an early farm in the Central remnants of buildings, privy pits, Bluegrass, there might be a logged 1 ½ cemeteries, trash pits, etc. Some of story double pen house with exterior Kentucky’s historic resources are only end chimneys, a house type commonly represented by archaeological remains, found in the Tidewater and Piedmont like 18th century forts and Civil War Regions of Virginia. By the early battlefields. nineteenth century, there was more of a consensus in construction methods and Kentucky’s historic resources comprise techniques, but the landscape was far a physical record of over 200 years of from homogenous. Log was probably history. Reflecting the time and place the most common building material, within which they developed, these followed by wood frame, brick, and historic resources are a tangible link stone. Log construction continued with Kentucky’s past. The following throughout the 1800s and early 1900s; highlights historic resources found in however, by the mid nineteenth century, Kentucky. This list is not exhaustive, logged exterior walls were frequently but rather forms a basis for discussion covered in weatherboard. Frame of Kentucky’s rich past. construction began during the early nineteenth century, but it became more Houses, Residential Districts, & common after the Civil War. Over time, House Sites local building trends followed popular national trends, but regional variations Because of their importance as the were still evident well into the twentieth center of private life, houses provide a century. strong source of cultural history. That is, houses tell us more about our culture Although there are many standard and our values than perhaps any other house types, including the single or resource. Houses and residential double pen house, dogtrot house, hall historic districts are by far the largest and parlor house, five bay I-house with categories of architectural resources an added rear service ell, shotgun surveyed in Kentucky, comprising over house, two-door “Cumberland” house, 43,500 properties or 52 percent of the foursquare house, and the bungalow, total architectural resources surveyed. field survey continues to reveal wide More than half of the surveyed houses variation and diversity. A building type are wood frame. About one quarter are can vary from region to region in the constructed of brick. Another 12 details of its construction, material, plan, percent are log, and only 1.4 percent and ornamentation. For instance, are built of stone. The remainder of 35 Early refers to houses built prior to 1800.

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Southcentral Kentucky displays regional Popular early twentieth century house building characteristics associated with types include the foursquare (1900- the Upland South (e.g. the Cumberland 1930) and bungalow (1920-1950) where House), while far Western Kentucky the visitor entered directly into the reflects its connection with the family’s living space rather than into a Mississippi Valley (e.g. the Creole formal hall. Throughout the twentieth Cottage). century, new materials, revival styles, and innovative construction processes flourished. The ranch house and many prefabricated houses, like Lustron and Gunnison houses, provided less formal living space for post-1945 families. These houses were typically located in new suburbs.

Houses are represented in the archaeological record by remnants of the main house, associated

George W. Stone House (a Creole cottage), Carlisle outbuildings, cellars, and other features County. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in that represent areas of activity. House 1994. Photo by Bill Macintire, KHC Survey Coordinator. remnants range from fieldstone footers to dressed limestone foundations. In There is also great variety when the absence of a foundation, the former comparing resources in different urban presence of a house may be reflected centers. In Louisville, there are by a high concentration of nails and neighborhoods of ubiquitous shotgun window glass. Features associated with houses, while in Newport, there are houses include remnants of privies, root equally characteristic side-entry cellars, smokehouses, wells, cisterns, townhouses. The Appalachian Region springhouses, and trash pits. The and some parts of Western Kentucky remains of slave cabins are associated retained log construction longer than with many rural nineteenth century other areas of the state. houses. Most of the artifacts recovered from house sites reflect their domestic By the early twentieth century, lumber nature and include ceramics, glass could easily be sent by rail, and houses bottles, sewing paraphernalia, buttons, were frequently ordered from mail order coins, and animal bones. companies, like Alladin Homes, Montgomery Ward, or Sears. Thus, Commercial Buildings, Kentucky houses began to look like Commercial Districts, & other houses across the United States. Commercial Sites Plumbing, electrification, and other amenities were then adopted by builders Over 3,700 commercial properties, at an increasing pace. Even so, many comprising approximately 4 percent of houses with modern amenities still the total state architectural inventory, followed traditional forms.

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have been surveyed.36 This includes constructed during the late nineteenth about 145 historic commercial districts. century and early twentieth century have three distinct sections that gave the During the eighteenth century, facade an overall unified appearance: a commercial enterprises in Kentucky storefront with long display windows, were usually established along upper floor(s), and cornice. Traditionally, transportation routes. They included the ground floor was used for retail, and taverns, inns, mills, stores, and upper-story spaces were utilized for blacksmith shops, to name a few. housing, storage, offices, or additional Although many eighteenth century retail space. Typically, a commercial commercial buildings still exist, most are building of this era was oriented to the now represented archaeologically. street and was positioned on the lot line Early nineteenth century downtown with little or no setback from the public commercial buildings often resembled sidewalk or roadway. houses and were frequently built of log or wood frame. Stores were usually Most late nineteenth century storefronts clustered around courthouse squares had a limited palette of materials with the main architectural emphasis consisting primarily of wood, glass, placed on their facades. brick, stone, and/or cast iron. For example the West Main Street Historic Technological advances made during District is a four-block section of the 1900s, such as the invention of the Louisville’s riverfront that has a high rolled glass plate process, transformed concentration of commercial buildings the form of commercial buildings. with cast-iron storefronts, most of which Usually commercial buildings were constructed 1870-1890. Storefronts of this era were usually embellished more elaborately with decorative window hoods, sills, and other features, such as brackets, transom windows, or turrets. Generally, less decorative and more functional designs were employed during the early twentieth century, but new materials, such as bronze, monel metal, chrome, and tinted glass panels, like Carrara glass and Vitrolite, were then available and used to construct storefronts.

As the popularity of the automobile spread during the twentieth century, Main Strasse, a commercial historic district located in Kenton County. The Main Strasse Historic District was listed commerce began dispersing from the in the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Photo urban centers. Stores, restaurants, by author. motels, and other commercial establishments, as well as signage for

36 This number does not include some structures these enterprises, took on new forms to that may be considered commercial, such as attract the motoring public, rather than industrial buildings or hospitals

Page 72 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan pedestrian traffic. In downtowns, many life, public buildings play a large part in commercial establishments followed defining the image of federal, state, and suit, radically altering the design of their local government. About 526 public facades and the layout of the interiors. buildings, less than 1% of the total, are In fact, the “Modernize Main Street” recorded in the architectural database. campaign of the 1940s-1960s, which was a movement to bring business back Public buildings might best be described to downtowns, provided funds for the as architecturally-designed monumental numerous false fronts that currently buildings that are frequently the site of cover some of Kentucky’s commercial grand public art. This depiction is buildings. particularly true of public buildings from the middle of the nineteenth century to As with houses, commercial buildings the middle of the twentieth century. are represented in the archaeological Before that time, communities across record by the remains of foundations the state may have had a log or and associated outbuildings. Since masonry courthouse. The replacement many early businesses also functioned of these smaller buildings typically as the domestic residence of the signaled the desire of the community to proprietor, similar types of artifacts are symbolize its importance architecturally. found at house and commercial sites. Archaeologically, commercial sites are The New Deal Era programs of distinguished from domestic sites by President Roosevelt, like the Civilian higher concentrations of certain artifacts Conservation Corps (CCC) of the Works (e.g. a blacksmith shop would have Progress Administration, allowed for more metal artifacts, while a tavern many communities to construct needed would have more remnants of serving public infrastructure. Communities in dishes or eating utensils). At the Higbee Kentucky benefited from new Tavern site (15Fa222), an early courthouses, jails, schools, post offices, nineteenth century tavern located in southern Fayette County, extensive archaeological work identified the main tavern building, several outbuildings, and artifacts, including a large number of smoking pipes, drinking vessels, and the bones of hogs and wild game, which represents the type of fare served.

Public Buildings & Sites

From the courthouses that distinguish the center of most county seats and the State Capitols in Frankfort to the post offices, schools, banks, libraries, jails, armories, airports, fire stations, and Blue Licks State Park Pioneer Museum, Nicholas County. Blue Licks State Park (now Blue Licks Battlefield State Resort water treatment facilities that are so Park) was established in 1927 to commemorate the important to the management of civic Revolutionary War Battle of Blue Licks. The museum was constructed in 1935 by CCC workers. Photo by author.

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roads, bridges, as well as park facilities, Kentucky has many fine examples of such as picnic pavilions and recreational churches built in particular building cabins, through the skills of CCC styles, such as Mother of God Roman workers and local laborers. Catholic Church (ca. 1871) in Covington or Christ Church Cathedral in Louisville Only a few public building sites in (original section completed 1824 with Kentucky have been investigated by subsequent alterations constructed archaeologists. Among those studied through 1894). Examples of significant was the Franklin County Public Square historic African American churches site (15Fr140), which resulted in the include the Freedom Baptist Church, a discovery of a late-eighteenth century— log building in Monroe County, and mid nineteenth century jail, later Greater Liberty Baptist Church in converted to a privy. Over 34,000 Fayette County. artifacts were identified, including a large number of spittoons as well as Shaker Village at Pleasant Hill was an political campaign buttons. Public important rural religious communal building sites are often larger than community located in Mercer County. domestic sites and contain more substantial foundations.

Religious Buildings & Sites

Kentucky’s religious history37 is overwhelmingly tied to the Christian faith, although the Jewish faith and other religious sects have a significant presence. In spite of what appears to be a hegemony of belief, there was great diversity in beliefs even among Christians, and thus, diverse types of buildings were constructed. Over 2,300 religious buildings in Kentucky, about 2 percent of the total architectural resources surveyed, have been recorded.

Religious buildings share many commonalities with public buildings, as they tend to be among the most Pleasant Hill was the third largest Shaker prominent buildings within a given community in the United States. The population community. Some are very unassuming peaked at almost 500 during the 1820s. It officially closed in 1923. Now, the Shakertown and do not include much ornamentation; at Pleasant Hill Historic District, a National however, this may mask their historic Historic Landmark and a living history museum, significance. is the largest restored Shaker community in the United States with 34 historic buildings and 37 This refers to religious beliefs of post- 3,000 acres of preserved farmland. The European settlement village also contains more than 25 miles of historic rock fences, the most extensive collection remaining in Kentucky today. Photo courtesyPage of 74 Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill. 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

This settlement, along with South Union Shaker Village in Logan County, represent the Shaker presence in Kentucky. The Pleasant Hill village, founded in 1805, included more than 260 buildings, although only 34 remain. Buildings were constructed to house distinct activities and separate species of farm animals. The Shakers also owned property adjacent to the village, a total of about 4,500 acres, which

included agricultural fields and orchards. Whether plain or elaborate, religious Fitchburg Furnace archaeological site, Estill County. buildings and sites are heavily symbolic, Completed in 1869 as the Red River Iron Furnace. and thus carry great depth of meaning. Designed by Fred Fitch and built by masons from Like houses, they are important Ravenna, Italy. Photo contributed by Estill County. indicators of culture. Bridges Among the religious sites that have been investigated by archaeologists are Bridges connect us across rivers, St. Thomas, the Cathedral of the culverts, ravines, and other depressions Assumption, and the outdoor worship or obstacles. They are also significant area called Holy Sinai’s Plain in the landmarks due to their design, Shaker Village at Pleasant Hill. Among engineering, and important community the artifacts recovered from St. Thomas function—think of the singing bridge in and the Cathedral of the Assumption Frankfort or the Roebling Bridge in were prayer glass and crucifixes. Holy Covington, the precursor to the Brooklyn Sinai’s Plain was represented by a Bridge and a National Historic central area devoid of artifacts that was Landmark. 536 bridges have been encircled by a wooden enclosure. surveyed and recorded in the architectural database. Industrial Buildings & Sites Kentucky has many different types and Historic industrial buildings and sizes of bridges for pedestrians, archaeological sites are related to the automobiles, and trains, from swinging processing of materials or the footbridges to the various types of truss production, repair, storage, or and suspension bridges. Covered transportation of materials, goods, or bridges are also significant historic equipment. Examples include: mill resources. Kentucky has only 13 sites, potteries, wheat threshing sites, oil surviving covered bridges—four of vats, pump houses, tar and lye leaching which are now open to automobile sites, quarries, coal mine shafts, and traffic. mining communities. Approximately 760 industrial buildings have been surveyed There are three basic types of bridge and recorded in the architectural construction: truss, arch, and database. suspension. Hundreds of varieties of these three types exist, but basically,

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truss and arch bridges depend on the against corrosion, appropriate surface forces of compression to stay up, while treatment for each bridge will be suspension bridges rely on tension. different. Truss bridges are the most common in Kentucky, ranging from small pony Automobile usage and the need to trusses on narrow country roads to the widen, repair, or modernize roads has elegant cantilevered trusses spanning increased pressure to replace the Ohio River. Arch and suspension Kentucky’s historic bridges. Smaller bridges are less common in the state truss bridges are sometimes moved and but include many impressive examples reused, but many others have been lost. of engineering. Since bridges are frequently determined not up to current transportation standards, they often present a preservation challenge. It is important, then, to continue to concentrate efforts to document and nominate significant historic bridges in Kentucky. Archaeological resources associated with bridges include bridge abutments, culverts, and other remains of historic bridges. Less than 1 percent of the survey databases are listed as bridges or bridge-related resources.

Singing Bridge, Frankfort. Used daily by both motorists and pedestrians, this historic truss bridge opened to vehicular traffic in 1894. The current “singing” open-grate floor was installed in 1938. Photo by author.

Early building materials for bridges in Kentucky include stone and timber. The

Industrial Revolution brought iron and steel, and eventually, reinforced and Restoring the Johnson Creek Covered Bridge, a Smith Type IV prestressed concrete. These materials, truss bridge with auxiliary laminated arch, located in along with new engineering techniques, Robertson County along SR1029. The iron truss is stabilizing the bridge during restoration work, which was completed by allowed for bridges to span wider Arnold M. Graton & Associates in 2009 with federal funds expanses. Since each building material from the National Historic Covered Bridge Preservation has different qualities of strength, Program. Photo courtesy of Patrick Kennedy, KHC Restoration workability, durability, and resistance Project Manager.

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African American Resources Archaeologically, African American sites are represented by the remains of slave It is not an easy task to characterize the houses, such as those identified at richly diverse historic resources Locust Grove and Riverside; post-Civil associated with Kentucky’s African War urban neighborhoods, like American history in a few short Kincaidtown in Lexington; and rural paragraphs. They range in date from communities, like Cadentown in Fayette the beginnings of the historic period to County. the present and vary in size from small outbuildings to entire neighborhoods or It is difficult to estimate how many towns. They also differ in character African American resources are from sites associated with negative recorded in the architectural database aspects of our history to the celebratory because the information that codes and uplifting. The former include the African American history as a theme site of slave auctions at Cheapside in was not always included on the historic Lexington, and the numerous slave resource survey form. Although the final houses at antebellum farms. Examples count of African American resources of the latter include sites associated with can not be easily determined, we can the activities of the Underground say with certainty that there is a need for Railroad, the antebellum homes built by additional survey. free blacks, rock fences, battlefields, schools, and sites that served the African American community in the age of segregation, such as the Metropolitan Hotel in Paducah where many historically significant people stayed, including performers such as Duke Ellington and Ella Fitzgerald.

Many resources that at first glance appear to be unrelated to African American history are, in fact, closely intertwined. The stately mansions of antebellum gentleman farmers were built by slave labor. An unpretentious barn may have been a part of a tobacco Hotel Metropolitan, Paducah. Constructed in 1909 farm owned by an African American. by Maggie Steed, the Hotel Metropolitan was one Schools, train stations, stores, churches, of only two hotels in the city that provided lodging hotels, and whole towns were planned to African American patrons during segregation. and constructed around the idea of race Well-known performers and professional athletes, such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Cab segregation, and the struggle for civil Calloway, members of the Negro Baseball League, rights was staged in the streets, lunch B.B. King, Little Richard, and Ike and Tina Turner, counters, and courthouses across the were guests. The property was listed in the National state. Register of Historic Places in 2002 and was a recipient of a Save America’s Treasures grant. Photo by Patrick Kennedy.

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Native American Resources Cultural Landscapes

Prehistoric resources associated with As previously defined, a cultural native cultures have been described in landscape is a geographic area previous sections of this chapter. They associated with a historic event, activity, include earthen mounds, caves, or person or geographic area exhibiting petroglyphs, rockshelters, and other cultural or aesthetic values. physiographic/cultural features. Several Cultural landscapes can range from historic resources are also associated thousands of acres of rural tracts, such with native people, including early as the Bluegrass Cultural Landscape, to fortifications and stations; Yahoo Falls, a small, urban lot with a front pocket the undocumented site of a native lawn of less than one acre. Character- massacre; the Cherokee Trail of Tear defining features or distinctive Commemorative Park in Hopkinsville, characteristics of cultural landscapes and Choctaw Indian Academy, a include buildings, trees, plants, and National Register-listed historic school other vegetation; land use patterns or site located in Scott County.38 It is spatial patterns between features; important to remember that the Native decorative details, such as statuary, American presence in Kentucky did not unique grave markers, or ornamental disappear during the eighteenth century. benches; and utilitarian features, like It continues to thrive and prosper. sidewalks or street lights.

Undoubtedly, historic houses, farms and Like other historic properties, Kentucky’s businesses were owned by people of cultural landscapes are subject to loss native descent, but there is no record of and change through inappropriate uses, this, possibly due to the fact that it was insensitive development, vandalism, and illegal for Native Americans to own real natural acts, such as flooding. For more property. It is probable that, historically, information regarding planning for and some legally “passed” for white. protecting cultural landscapes, see Preservation Brief 36, Protecting It is difficult to estimate the number of Cultural Landscapes: Planning, historic resources recorded in the Treatment and Management of Historic survey inventory that are affiliated with Landscapes at Native American culture for the same http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tp reason that it’s difficult to determine this s/briefs/brief36.htm. for African American resources. A stronger effort should be made to Four distinct types of cultural determine ethnic affiliation of Kentucky’s landscapes have been identified. They cultural resources during the survey include: process. 1. Vernacular Landscape - a landscape that evolved through use by the people whose 38 Choctaw Academy (1818-1831) served to activities or occupancy shaped educate hundreds of Choctaw and other native that landscape. Through social or people in liberal arts and the trades in an cultural attitudes of an individual, attempt to assimilate them into white culture.

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family or a community, the that associated people define as landscape reflects the physical, heritage resources. Examples biological, and cultural character are religious sacred sites and of those everyday lives. Function massive geological features that plays a significant role in have cultural significance. Small vernacular landscapes. They can plant communities, animals, be a single property such as a subsistence and ceremonial farm or a collection of properties grounds are often components. such as a district of historic farms Mantle Rock in Livingston County along a river valley. Examples would be one example of an include villages, industrial ethnographic landscape. complexes, agricultural landscapes, and post WWII Cultural landscapes can evolve over commercial corridors. time. For example, a town may retain no standing features of its first 2. Designed Landscape - a settlement period, but the original street landscape that was consciously layout is still perceptible, and the designed or laid out by a courthouse stands at its original landscape architect, master location. A battlefield often has gardener, architect, or softened contours and hills, which were horticulturist according to design once trenches and rifle pits. Roses and principles, or an amateur daffodils may bloom in the woods where gardener working in a recognized a historic house once stood. Careful style or tradition. The landscape attention paid to the landscape often may be associated with a reveals significant details. significant person(s), trend, or event in landscape architecture; Only a small percentage of surveyed or illustrate an important sites are listed in the state architectural development in the theory and inventory as cultural landscapes— practice of landscape primarily battlefields, parks, cemeteries, architecture. Aesthetic values and rural heritage districts—but other play a significant role in designed documented historic resources, such as landscapes. Examples include farms, are often evaluated as cultural designed parks & cemeteries, landscapes. Expanding the definition of school campuses, and estates. cultural landscape and generating more- thorough documentation of cultural 3. Historic Site - a landscape landscapes are current challenges significant for its association with facing the state. a historic event, activity, or person. Examples include Farms battlefields and the Kentucky state house property. Kentucky was settled by individuals who were eager to divide the land into usable 4. Ethnographic Landscape - a plots for farming. Thus, farms became a landscape containing a variety of substantial component of the cultural natural and cultural resources landscape. Important features that may

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characterize farms include historic database. Military sites make up 0.2% buildings, like houses, barns, stables, of the archaeology database. workhouses, springhouses, chicken coops, detached kitchens, smokehouses, and sheds; fences of wood, wire, or stone; roads; bridges; gardens, orchards, and agricultural fields; woodlots; and natural features, such as ravines, caves, and streams. Landscape features are arranged in specific patterns that reflect the region and environmental conditions, the type of agriculture practiced, the farm family’s culture and ideals, and the time period during which the farm evolved. 1,324 sites have been recorded as farms or

farm landscapes in the architectural database, representing 2 percent of the Perryville Battlefield, Boyle County. The Battle of Perryville entire architectural database,39 and farm (October 8, 1862) is considered Kentucky’s largest Civil War sites comprise about 14.3% of the battle. The on-going preservation of this important resource occurs due to the involvement of several public-private archaeological database. partnerships and funding contributions made by federal, state, and private sources. Photo by author. Military Sites Located across the state, from The Commonwealth’s military heritage Columbus in western Kentucky to extends over two hundred years. The Prestonsburg in the east, are a founding of the state was rooted in profusion of unique cultural landscapes hostility and antagonism, as the that bear witness to and serve as colonists struggled to become reminders of the unique role that independent from Britain, and the Kentucky has played in the development settlers fought to wrest the Kentucky of the nation’s military history. The territory from native tribes. From Lord struggle to establish fortified log Dinwiddie‘s War (French and Indian settlements, such as Boonesborough, War), the frontier battles and Harrodsburg and Bryan’s Station, massacres, Revolutionary War, War of insured that westward expansion would 1812, and Civil War, through the continue, while battles and skirmishes Spanish-American War, World War I, fought during both the Revolutionary World War II, Korean War, and Iraq and Civil Wars raged over thousands of Wars, Kentucky has a long military acres of Kentucky farmland. heritage. About 279 sites are recorded as military resources in the architectural During the early twentieth-century, Kentucky would play a pivotal role in the development of a federal law that established a system of national 39 Surveyed sites coded as farms are included in this number. Surveyed sites with just farmhouse standards and centers for training and residences or agricultural outbuildings are not mobilization of federal soldiers. This included in this count.

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system enabled the creation of sites Parks such as Camp Zachary Taylor, in Louisville for the purpose of training Historic parks are usually professionally troops for World War I. By the winter of designed landscapes, including such 1942 new training and supply elements as trees, plants and other complexes were established as Camp vegetation, paths, walks, walls, bridges, Campbell, Camp Knox, and Camp fountains, buildings, and sports facilities. Breckinridge, where a prison compound They may be as small as one city lot housed as many as 3,000 German with minimal landscaping or as large as prisoners of war during World War II. several city parks connected by a Numerous smaller facilities, such as the network of pathways, such as the Bluegrass Army Depot, and Kentucky Louisville City Parks, most of which factories that produced munitions and were designed by the Olmsted brothers. other war provisions also play an Places like cemeteries and university important role in the defense of the campuses were often designed and nation. utilized as parks. Other parks are comprised of land set aside to serve as Archeological sites, such as places natural areas or tourist destinations, where Indian treaties occurred; such as Mammoth Cave National battlefields, like Perrysville Battlefield in Historic Park or the Daniel Boone Boyle County; earthen fortifications; National Forest. The creation of parks, arsenal buildings and armories; their use, design, and continued commemorative monuments; military maintenance are an important element cemeteries; bridges; markers and of Kentucky’s history and quality of life. plaques; and archaeological artifacts, 49 cultural landscapes have been such as bullets, uniform buttons, and surveyed and recorded in the buckles, serve as testimonials to our architectural database. military heritage.

In 2008, the American Battlefields Protection Program (ABPP), a the division of the Heritage Preservation Services of the National Park Service, produced a report that presented an analysis of the condition and preservation activities of Civil War battlefields in Kentucky. ABPP conducted on-site survey and assessment, additional historical research, site mapping, and an examination of impending threats to Cherokee Park (ca. 1891), a designed cultural landscape in features on all eleven battlefields. The Louisville. One of the original parks in the city designed by Kentucky Civil War Sites Advisory Frederick Law Olmsted, Cherokee Park emphasizes the rolling Report can be obtained through the hills, open meadows and woodlands of the Beargrass Creek ABPP website at valley. Photo courtesy of the City of Louisville. http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/CW SII/CWSACReportKentuckyUpdate.pdf

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Many historic resources are located Along with surveying and clearing land within Kentucky’s state parks, such as and building improvement cabins, the Waveland, a nineteenth century estate construction of roads was one of the first with a Greek Revival house (ca. 1847), enterprises assumed by Kentucky slave quarters, icehouse, smoke house, settlers. Most early traces were and barn; and the William Whitley originally scored into the earth by wildlife House (1787-1794), a two-story, or water, but settlers quickly expanded Georgian style house known as the and extended these existing trails. The oldest brick house west of the Allegheny Wilderness Trail, which led thousands of Mountains. Other lesser-known historic people through the Cumberland Gap, resources in our state parks include the has been identified as the state’s first stone pavilion at General Butler State official road. Resort Park and guest cabins. Repair and maintenance for these historic To date, Kentucky has 34 designated resources requires special attention and scenic byways. A scenic byway is a careful planning. road that has viewsheds with scenic, natural, cultural, historic, archaeological, Many parks contain significant and/or recreational value worthy of archaeological sites. Both Carter Caves preservation, restoration, and protection. and Mammoth Cave National Park Scenic byways are roads of lower traffic contain the remains of saltpeter mines. volume and slower travel speeds than Other examples include Columbus- scenic highways. Scenic highways, on Belmont Park, which has a Civil War the other hand, are roads that meet the fortification; Fort Boonesborough State American Association of State Highway Park that has remains of the 18th and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) century fort and a 500 year old Native guidelines for highways and are state American Fort Ancient village; and Big maintained as part of the Kentucky Bone Lick State Park with over 20 State Primary Road System. After a archaeological sites, reflecting more route has been designated as a state than 10,000 years of Native American byway or highway, a sponsor may apply use. Over 400 archaeological sites to the federal government for National within the Daniel Boone National Forest Byway Designation, which can provide are listed in the National Register of project funding. In October 2009, three Historic Places. Kentucky scenic byways were elevated to National Scenic Byway status by the Roads Federal Highway Administration—the Lincoln Heritage Highway, Kentucky Roads are often overlooked cultural Great River Road, and Woodlands resources, but they are perhaps the Trace. most significant of all human-made landscape features because they The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet substantially impact events that follow. has oversight of the Kentucky Scenic To date, 54 road corridors have been Byways and Highways Program. surveyed and recorded in the Although the designation of a road as a architectural database. scenic byway or highway places some restrictions on signage, such as

Page 82 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan billboards, there are no restrictions on Rural Heritage Districts development along the corridor. More powerful tools for the preservation of As defined by the National Park Service, historic roads include preservation a rural historic landscape is defined as a easements and local ordinances. geographical area that historically has been used by people, or shaped or Segments of old road beds that are no modified by human activity, occupancy, longer in use have been documented as or intervention, and that possesses a archaeological resources. In addition, significant concentration, linkage, or an archaeological evaluation of the continuity of areas of land use, remains of the Portland Wharf vegetation, buildings and structures, neighborhood in Louisville documented roads and waterways, and natural several different types of roadbed features. (See National Register construction. Bulletin 30, Guidelines for Evaluating & Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes Isolated Burials & Cemeteries at http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/publica 772 cemeteries have been recorded in tions/bulletins/nrb30/) the architectural database. Several have been documented as components A handful of rural historic landscapes in of surrounding sites or cultural Kentucky have been listed in the landscapes. National Register as rural heritage districts. Examples include the Cemeteries are non-mound human Cooper’s Run Rural Historic District and interment places. They may include a the Stoner Creek Rural Historic District single circumscribed area of burials (e.g. in Bourbon County. a small family cemetery) or a general area that encompasses multiple, small clusters of burials (a church cemetery or large community burial ground, such as Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville). A single human burial not associated with a cemetery that may contain one or more individuals is considered an isolated burial.

Some cemeteries are significant mainly as memorials, while others take on additional significance for unique funerary art or landscape elements. Cemeteries are one of Kentucky’s most endangered cultural resources due to lack of identification and survey.

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CHAPTER 5: PRESERVATION PROGRAMS

Programs are an essential element of The following section includes any strong state historic preservation descriptions of preservation program. They provide funding and programs utilized by partners across support to get preservation projects the state. In some cases, current done. program challenges and future priorities are discussed. Kentucky state departments, federal agencies, non-profit organizations, Main Significant accomplishments and Street programs, Certified Local exceptional collaborative projects Governments, planning offices, city and completed over the last five years are county governments, historic featured. preservation university programs, and every-day citizens work together to take advantage of federal and state STATEWIDE SURVEY PROGRAMS programs. If programs provide funding and needed information, partnerships Identification and survey of historic and between these entities provide the cultural resources provide an essential elbow grease. basis for decision and policy making. Although survey is time intensive, it is Continued success of preservation necessary. The demand for information, programming and partnerships relies changing trends, and public awareness heavily on both strengthening make the need for identification, survey, relationships with traditional and condition assessment an ongoing preservation constituencies and building concern, not a one-time product. Two a broader base of support by partnering statewide survey programs record with new audiences that could infuse cultural resource information in energy into the preservation movement. Kentucky—the Kentucky Historic This requires aligning with previously Resource Inventory and the Kentucky untapped organizations that have similar Archaeological Inventory. Both goals, looking at partnerships in creative programs serve as a permanent written ways, and reaching out to those who and photographic record of all known lack a basic understanding of historic buildings, structures, sites, preservation principles and the potential objects, and districts in the state. benefits they offer. Also, partnering efforts will lead to establishing a strong Survey information is utilized to assess preservation culture as well as a National Register eligibility, evaluate cohesive mechanism for relaying a effects of federal projects on cultural unified message. resources, develop local preservation plans, complete historic contexts, and determine preservation project eligibility for grants and tax credits.

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Kentucky Historic Resources Kentucky Archaeological Inventory Inventory Archaeological sites were first The Kentucky Historic Resources documented in Kentucky in 1932. By Inventory currently consists of over 1987, almost 12,000 archaeological 83,000 surveyed historic resources. sites had been professionally identified It is constantly expanding as new and surveyed. Currently, the number historic places are identified and of surveyed archaeological sites has surveyed. The survey form allows the risen to approximately 24,000, but surveyor to record such information as only around three percent of the state construction date, architectural type has been subjected to archaeological and/or style, floor plan, construction study. Undoubtedly, there are material, character-defining architectural thousands of archaeological sites that features and elements, property have yet to be identified. condition, function, cultural affiliation, setting, change over time, and other As a result of ongoing archaeological important details. Current photographs investigations, about 580 new sites are are taken, as they provide specific documented every year. Information on information about the resource on a these sites is maintained in the given date. Research notes (property Kentucky Office of State Archaeology chain of ownership, oral histories, Site Inventory. Archaeological survey historic photographs, etc.) may also be information is stored in vertical files and included. Survey information is stored maintained in the Kentucky in vertical files at the Kentucky Heritage Archaeological Inventory database, Council office and maintained in the which is linked to a Geographical Kentucky Historic Resources Inventory Information System (GIS). The Database, which is linked to a archaeological database is updated and Geographic Information System (GIS). maintained by the Office of State Archaeology at the University of The benefits of the Kentucky Historic Kentucky. Resources Inventory are far-reaching. For Heritage Council staff, consultants, Kentucky Landmarks Program planners, and other professionals, the inventory provides essential data when Resources listed in the Kentucky making decisions about historic Historic Resource Survey are eligible for resources. If, for example, a widening Kentucky Landmark status. Eligible project is planned for a road corridor sites are awarded a certificate signed by using federal funds, the project’s impact the Governor that deems the site on historic resources is considered. The “worthy of preservation.” No restrictions Kentucky Historic Resources Inventory are placed on the property—it is purely is consulted to identify historic places an honorary designation. Still, the that have been previously documented Kentucky Landmarks Program is a within the area of potential effect. valuable tool in helping to foster pride in the ownership of historic resources and has been known to persuade owners to

Page 85 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan save a historic building rather than NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC demolish it. PLACES PROGRAM

Survey Challenges The National Register of Historic Places is the nation's official list of cultural There are two major challenges to the resources worthy of preservation. survey programs—the first concerns the Authorized under the National Historic collection of data; the second is defining Preservation Act, the National Register a better way to store and disseminate is part of a national program to the data that is collected. coordinate and support public and private efforts to identify, evaluate, and The number of resources 50 years old protect our historic and archeological grows exponentially each year. The resources. Properties listed in the challenge is how to structure the survey National Register are significant to process to better document and American history, architecture, evaluate these large numbers of archaeology, engineering, and culture. resources. There are also still many Simply stated—the National Register is areas of Kentucky that have not been a list, but when used to its greatest adequately surveyed, especially in the capacity, the National Register is a eastern part of the state. planning tool.

The Kentucky Heritage Council is a To be considered eligible, a property repository of an invaluable assemblage must meet the National Register Criteria of survey forms, maps, and photographs for Evaluation. This involves evaluating that are contained within the archival a property’s age, integrity, and collection of the Kentucky Historic significance. Resources Inventory. This paper • Age and Integrity. Is the property old collection of survey files must be enough to be considered historic digitized to protect the archive and to (generally at least 50 years old), and make the information more accessible to does it still retain much of its the public. Survey and reporting integrity?40 standards should also be brought further • Significance. Is the property into the digital realm in tandem with the associated with events, activities, or digitization of the files. developments that were important in the past? Or with the lives of people The lack of funding for updating and who were important in the past? Or maintaining the survey databases and with significant architectural history, linking them to GIS is a constant issue. The databases are expensive to 40 The National Register recognizes a property's maintain, but they are basic, vital tools integrity through seven aspects or qualities: that are indispensible. Many, including location, setting, materials, workmanship, KHC staff, personnel from other state design, feeling, and association. For more offices, consultants, local governments, information about the aspects of integrity, see and members of the general public, rely National Register Bulletin 15, How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation at daily on this important information. http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/publications/b ulletins/nrb15/

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landscape history, or engineering receives special benefits from National achievements? Does it have the Register listing, such as taking potential to yield information about advantage of federal or state tax credits our past through archaeological or grants. National Register listing does investigation? not lead to public acquisition or require public access. A resource will not be National Register Benefits listed if the owner objects (for individual properties), or a majority of property In addition to formally recognizing a owners object (for districts). property’s historical, architectural, or archaeological significance, listing also Kentucky currently has the fourth provides the following: highest number of National Register • Opportunities for preservation listings in the nation. From January incentives, such as: 2005 through December 2009, 105 o Historic preservation Kentucky resources were listed in the grants for planning and National Register of Historic Places. rehabilitation o Federal Historic As of December 31, 2009, the total Rehabilitation Tax Credits number National Register listings for o Kentucky State Historic Kentucky was 3,380. To date, 690 Preservation Tax Credits Kentucky archaeological sites have o Preservation easements to been listed in the National Register of nonprofit organizations Historic Places, the majority of which • Planning data for federal, state, (450 sites) are components of one and local projects. listing, the Red River Gorge District. • Becoming part of the National Register Archives, a public, Certified Local Governments are now searchable database that utilizing CLG grant funds more provides a wealth of research frequently for completing National information. Register nominations and conducting survey. This, along with the National Register listing places no establishment of the state historic tax obligations on private property owners. credit program, has stimulated the There are no restrictions on the use, number of National Register treatment, transfer, or disposition of nominations submitted to the Kentucky private property. The Register is meant Heritage Council. to recognize properties of historic importance and should not be confused with local historic designations, which can include restrictive measures. On certain occasions, a private property owner of a National Register-listed property will be obligated to follow federal preservation standards. This occurs only if federal funding or permits are involved or if the owner seeks and

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National Register Listings 2005-2009 Gover-Hardin House Pulaski Hood-Tucker House Clark RESOURCE COUNTY John Weber Farm Campbell 2005 Paint Lick Elementary School Garrard Brass Finishing Building Jefferson The Olympic Jefferson Raised Spirits Rock Shelter Powell Trimble House Ballard Bullock Site Woodford Union Bus Station Madison St. Columbia Catholic Campus Jefferson Hindman Ben Franklin Knott Cote Brilliante Historic District Campbell Mockingbird Valley Historic District Jefferson Central KY Blue Grass Seed Co. Fayette Smiths Grove Historic District (boundary Warren Carrie & Attila Cox Jr. House Jefferson increase II & additional documentation Buildings at 900-906 East Main Street Jefferson Von Allmen Dairy Farm Jefferson Joseph McCoun/ D.S. Sharp House Mercer Walter House Campbell Edward & Julia Satterfield House Allen Weehawken Franklin Code House Boone West Millersburg Rural Historic District Bourbon J.Q.A. Stephens House Boone 2008 W.F. & Florence McKim House Boone Ashborne Farms Oldham Frank S. Milburn Machine Shop Boone Ashland Tuberculosis Hospital Boyd Dr. Gladys Rouse Office & Residence Boone Beattyville Grade School Lee John & Ann Catherine Mayhugh House Boone Business Women’s Club Building Jefferson Nicholas & Gertrude Blau House Boone Campbellsville Historic District Taylor John G. Tomlin House Boone Dr. Edwards House Garrard Dinsmore Homestead (bound increase) Boone Elijah Creel House Green Henry & Agnes Rolsen House Boone Fairchild House Wayne Handy Farm Harrison Hamilton Brothers Warehouse Jefferson Pearce/Wheeler Farm Hart Hatchett Tobacco Barn Washington Simeon Lewis Rural Historic District Jefferson Hollywood Terrace Historic District Fayette Ford Motor Plant Jefferson Johnson’s Inn Bourbon Fifth District School Kenton Lewis Y. Martin House Jessamine St. Augustine Church Complex Kenton Liberty Downtown Historic District Casey Pogue House Mason M.B. Green Site Boone Bradshaw Duncan House Oldham Mary Alice Hadley House Jefferson 2006 Dundee Masonic Lodge No. 733 Ohio Portland Proper Jefferson New Zion Historic District Fayette/Scott Tate Building Madison Rhea Stadium Logan Whitesburg Historic District Letcher Ross-Hollenbach Farm Oldham Wooldridge/Rose House Oldham Stoddard Johnston Elementary School Jefferson Wildwood Farm Oldham Woodbourne House Jefferson Russell Theater Mason Woodford-Fishback-Venable Farm Clark Stephen Foster Elementary School Jefferson Wurtland Union Church Greenup James Baker House Cumberland Feltman Mound Kenton Cadentown School Fayette Fort Thomas Commercial District Campbell Russell School Fayette Park Hills Historic District Kenton Martin County Courthouse Martin South Park Neighborhood Clark Battle of Tebbs Bend (bound increase) Taylor 2009 Modern Automotive District Warren Mill Springs Battlefield (boundary Pulaski & Pete Lyles House Graves increase) Wayne Martin Jeff Bannon House Jefferson Brooks House Bell Wildcat Mountain Battlefield (boundary Laurel Buffalo School LaRue increase) Central Frankfort Historic District Franklin 2007 Cherokee State Park Marshall Baker Vineyard & Cellar (boundary Bracken Coe House Cumberland increase) Hinton-Scearce House Shelby Bolen Building Knott James E. Pepper Distillery Fayette Campbellsville School, Stadium, & Field Taylor J. Whitesell Farm (boundary increase) Fulton Carson-Annis Ferry Farm (boundary & Butler Jonathan Hills House Hardin name change) Kenmil Place Paducah Cleveland House Woodford Upper Reaches of Boone Creek Rural Clark & Corinth CME Church Clark Historic District Fayette

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National Historic Landmarks Program HISTORIC TAX CREDIT PROGRAMS

National Historic Landmarks are Two of the most successful and cost- nationally-significant historic places effective community revitalization designated by the Secretary of the programs in the state are the Federal Interior because they possess Historic Tax Credit Program and the exceptional value or quality in illustrating Kentucky State Historic Preservation the heritage of the United States. Less Tax Credit Program. They reward than 2,500 historic places located private investment in the rehabilitation of across the country bear this singular historic properties. In many Kentucky distinction. communities, new life has been restored to abandoned or under-utilized historic Thirty historic and prehistoric places retail stores, houses, offices, schools, across Kentucky have been designated warehouses, factories, churches, as National Historic Landmarks, apartments, theaters, and hotels in a including 5 archaeological sites and 1 manner that retains their historic archaeological district. Kentucky character. The rehabilitation tax credit Heritage Council staff members are programs generate jobs and have responsible for monitoring these helped to create moderate and low- nationally-significant resources on income housing. behalf of the National Park Service. Federal Historic Tax Credit Program

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 provides a 20% federal tax credit for the rehabilitation of certified historic properties. In order to receive this tax credit, the property must be income- producing and the rehabilitation work must be certified by the National Park Service as being in conformance with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation.41 Typically, the federal preservation tax credit is used in tandem with other incentive programs to make the project more lucrative for developers. John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge, Covington. This important structure was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975. At the time of its completion in This program is administered by the 1867, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world. National Park Service and the Internal Revenue Service in partnership with the state historic preservation offices. The

41 For more information about the Federal Historic Tax Credit and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, see http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/tax.

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role of the Kentucky Heritage Council is Park Service's responsibility to certify or to advise applicants, review the deny applications for federal tax significance of the properties, and benefits. Most successful projects are evaluate rehabilitation work. When the those that are planned well enough in proposed work does not appear to meet advance to allow review and preliminary the Standards, Kentucky Heritage certification of rehabilitation work prior to Council staff will advise the applicant on the initiation of construction. how the project may be revised to receive credits. Upon completion of the In 2006, the federal historic state-level review, staff will make a rehabilitation tax credit alone produced recommendation and forward the a total of over 15,000 units of housing in application to the National Park Service the United States. About 40% of those in Washington, D.C. It is the National units qualified as affordable housing. Between 2005 and 2009, over 400 low- income housing units were created in Kentucky using this preservation incentive.42 These units were primarily rehabilitated for senior citizen housing.

Between 2004 and June 2009, Kentucky Heritage Council staff reviewed and approved 124 Federal Historic Tax Credit projects with a total of $4,162,688,274 of certified expenditures.

The Henry Clay (ca 1924), a federal and state historic Kentucky State Historic Preservation tax credit rehabilitation project located in downtown Louisville, was completed in 2006 by CITY Properties Tax Credit Program Group LLC. This former Elks Lodge, hotel, and YWCA is now a multi-use center that houses residential units, event space, shops, a catering business, and even a theater.

On March 18, 2005, Governor Ernie Fletcher signed into law HB 272, the Jobs for Kentucky Tax Modernization Plan. This legislation included a state tax credit for the rehabilitation of certified historic structures in Kentucky.

The Kentucky Historic Preservation Tax Credit Program is administered by the Kentucky Heritage Council. It provides a 30% state tax credit for owner-

Restoration of a capital at the Henry Clay. Photo 42 courtesy of CITY Properties Group. Information provided by the National Park Service.

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owned by governments and non-profit organizations, etc.), requiring a minimum investment of $20,000 or the adjusted basis, whichever is greater. The federal and state historic tax credit programs are available for properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places or properties that are contributing elements of historic districts listed in the National Register.

To date, a total of 201 historic rehabilitation projects have been BEFORE completed since the program’s inception (110 - 30% credit, 91 - 20% credit). Several others are in various stages of completion. The completed rehab projects represent a private investment of $137,896,690 in historic rehabilitation costs. Applying economist Donovan Rypkema’s estimate that 42.3 jobs are created for every $1 million invested in historic rehabilitation, this equals more than 5,795 jobs created for Kentucky.

The 2005 state legislation permitted a total of $3 million dollars to be spent on state historic tax credit projects each calendar year. During most years, the amount of approved projects exceeded

AFTER $3 million, and as a result, an apportionment formula had to be applied W.E. Pullen Building (ca. 1880), the Georgetown to determine the amount of credit Main Street Commercial Historic District, Scott County. This historic commercial building was awarded per project. Consequently, rehabilitated in 2008 by Lewis and Lynne Wolfe. final credit awarded to each approved The project utilized both federal and state historic project was less than the entire tax credits. It won the Ida Lee Willis Preservation percentage. Project Award in 2009. On July 14, 2009, Governor Steve occupied residential properties. A Beshear signed HB 3, which raised the minimum investment of $20,000 is cap of the state tax credit from $3 million required with the total credit not to to $5 million per year and allowed the exceed $60,000. This program also tax credits to be redeemed through a offers a 20% state tax credit for all other refund from the state or by transferring types of historic properties (e.g. the credits to a financial institution. commercial and industrial buildings, These constructive changes will allow income-producing properties, properties

Page 91 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan more property owners to take advantage 3. Preservation planning includes of the state tax credit. public participation. Public involvement is most meaningful Tax Credit Program Challenges when used to define historic preservation issues at the One of the major challenges is the beginning of the planning “oversubscription” of our state tax credit process. program. During the last four years, applicants received only 21% to 87% of Community Planning in Kentucky the actual value of the credit. It is difficult to inform prospective applicants Urban growth is simply the geographic about the credit when a credit amount expansion of urban areas. In and of cannot be guaranteed. The other itself, it is a harmless concept. challenge is that many of our applicants However, increased traffic problems, the wait until the deadline to submit presence of cloned strip malls and large, applications so there is a limited amount isolated subdivisions, the need for of time to review and condition the additional community infrastructure, like projects. water and sewer lines, schools, and more public transportation, all seem to HISTORIC PRESERVATION dull the enthusiasm for unchecked PLANNING growth.43

Preservation planning is based on the Land use is almost always the exclusive following principles: preserve of local governments All Kentucky communities—cities, towns, 1. Important historic properties are remote villages, and rural areas—are irreplaceable if destroyed. now wrestling with the same questions: Preservation planning provides Is growth good or bad for our for conservative use of these community? Should we try to manage properties and permits growth? If so, what is the best course of drastic modification or destruction action? of historic properties only after all other alternatives are exhausted. The most well-known and most-often utilized options for managing growth 2. If planning for the preservation of include: historic properties is to be • zoning, which involves effective, it must begin before the partitioning land uses within a identification of all significant community to buffer dissimilar properties has been completed. land uses from one another; To make responsible decisions • setting growth limits or about resources, existing delineating an urban growth or information must be used to the

maximum extent and new 43 Garkovich, Lorraine, University of Kentucky. information must be acquired “Land Use at the Edge: the Challenges of Urban regularly. Growth for the South.” Article published by the Southern Rural Development Center, August 2000. p.1.

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service boundary within which utilized “mixed-use” zones (a mixture of urban services are provided; zones) that maintain traditional use • open space zoning or clustered patterns within historic downtowns or developments where urban uses neighborhoods (e.g. residences are permitted on only certain adjacent to stores or residences and portions of land, while other commercial endeavors in the same areas are dedicated to building). Less than half of conservation or preservation Kentucky’s 120 counties have zoning easements; and ordinances. The lack of support for • purchase of development rights zoning in Kentucky is mostly due to an (PDR) programs, a tool for aversion for implementing government- preserving open space in managed land use parameters. communities with zoning that encourages land owners to sell In 2008, the Pendleton County Fiscal their development rights to Court adopted a zoning ordinance in another property owner in a anticipation and preparation of the different area of the community. extension of development from adjacent counties. What factors contributed to their success? An attorney who had experience with resolving questions of land use was hired; the Planning Commission communicated regularly with the Fiscal Court, the main governing body; the ordinance was kept relatively simple with three zones (agricultural, residential, and commercial/industrial); and ample community support was maintained

throughout the process. The Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government adopted a PDR ordinance in 2000. As of 12/31/09, the Incorporating Historic Preservation program permanently protects 211 farms, totaling more than 23,900 acres. It was the first agricultural Planning into Other Community conservation easement program implemented by a local Planning Efforts government in Kentucky. Scott County has also developed a PDR program. Photo courtesy of Lexington-Fayette The danger of historic preservation Urban County Government. planning is that it can become marginal and separated from the planning

mainstream. In these instances, First adopted in the United States in preservation often becomes an activity 1916, zoning involves the regulation of only for a preservation audience. The the use and development of real estate most productive historic preservation within the borders of a municipality. plan is adopted as an element of an Municipalities with zoning ordinances overall comprehensive plan. often restrict business and industry to Preservation planning driven by survey particular designated areas of a alone or concerned with isolated community, while other areas are zoned landmarks or districts without being agricultural or residential. Some have

Page 93 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan connected to overall community Register, allows for review of proposed decisions about economic development, changes, additions, and new public investment, and urban form, is construction to historic places. Local not effective. When incorporated into legislation is one of the best ways to broader issues of land use and protect the historic character of community growth, historic preservation buildings, streetscapes, neighborhoods, planning minimizes potential negative and special landmarks from impacts that unchecked growth may inappropriate alterations or new have on the landscape. construction, as well as outright demolition. Historic preservation planning measures take many forms, such as: Kentucky State and National • Maintaining a city or county-wide Planning Organizations & Programs cultural resource inventory; • Instituting local historic There are organizations in Kentucky that preservation ordinances; assist the public in community planning • Establishing a city or county endeavors. The Kentucky Chapter of historic preservation planner the American Planning Association position or preservation planning (KAPA) provides current information on team; community planning issues and • Educating city/county park or practices and offers educational facilities management personnel opportunities for professional planners, on proper treatments for publicly- students, elected officials, and citizen owned historic properties; planners. They network with other • Establishing conservation organizations in an effort to foster easements; support for community and regional • Creating cultural resource planning and development. management plans for specific historic sites; The Kentucky Area Development • Creating effective heritage Districts also help community tourism initiatives; development efforts. The Area • Designating your town/city/county Development Districts (ADDs) originated as a Certified Local Government; in Kentucky during the early 1960s with or the establishment of Area Development • ALL OF THE ABOVE. Councils that became the model for district authorization in landmark federal Although they vary from locality to laws, such as the Appalachian Regional locality, historic preservation laws, which Development Act and the Public Works are usually adopted as a part of a and Economic Development Act of zoning ordinance, can establish 1965. The fifteen Area Development guidelines for new development on or Districts were formed during the period around historic properties. Preservation that followed (1966 to 1972). ordinances are instrumental in The mission of the ADDs is to bring generating local historic districts. local civic and government leaders Designation as a local historic district or together to accomplish major objectives landmark, unlike listing in the National and take advantage of opportunities that

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The Kentucky Area Development Districts 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

The Rural Heritage Development Initiative Pilot Program (RHDI) 2006-2009

Two areas in the country were chosen for the Rural Heritage Development Initiative Program—the Arkansas Delta and the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. Map courtesy of the Kentucky Council for Area Development Districts It was initiated by the National Trust as a three-year preservation pilot program cannot be achieved or realized by those funded by a grant from the W.K. Kellogg governments acting alone. Further, the Foundation with financial match from ADDs are designed to be the focal point private donors and local governments. of a federal-state-local partnership for The goal of the program was to create a improvement of the quality of life in regional approach to implementing Kentucky. Contained in that effort is the historic preservation and economic use of a professional ADD staff for development in five different areas: government units that individually cannot afford a staff. The Area • local business development, Development Districts are responsible • heritage tourism, for a wide variety of programs that fall • farmland preservation, under a range of arenas, such as • community image development, community and economic development imaging, and branding, and (including heritage tourism initiatives), • preservation education health and human services, public management and administration, and In Kentucky, the program was technology support, which are served coordinated by Preservation Kentucky, through contractual agreements with Inc. in collaboration with the National localities. Trust and the Kentucky Heritage Council, to help develop preservation- Heritage Based Rural Development based rural economic development strategies within an eight-county region National organizations, like the National of Central Kentucky (Boyle, Green, Trust for Historic Preservation, also offer 44 LaRue, Marion, Mercer, Nelson, Taylor community planning assistance. In and Washington Counties). fact, the Trust supported a heritage- based rural development program called The key elements of the program were the Rural Heritage Development addressed in several ways, including Initiative (RHDI). maintaining agricultural land use, adaptive reuse of farm buildings, finding new markets for local produce and crafts, education in preservation economics, and the development of 44 See the National Trust’s website at http://www.preservationnation.org/issues/rur additional regional preservation al-heritage/resources-rural-heritage.html for partners. more information about heritage-based rural community development.

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Preservation Kentucky supported a information can be utilized by local regional field representative, Amy Potts, governments and residents to better who worked with the Southern Office of understand, protect, and market the the National Trust, the National Trust historic resources of this region. The Statewide and Local Partners Office, final survey report is now available and the Kentucky Heritage Council to on the KHC website at implement several successful and http://heritage.ky.gov/natreg/histbl exciting preservation projects, including: dgsurv/rhdireport.htm.

• The Survey of Historic Properties in Washington and Marion Counties. The cultural resource survey of Marion and Washington Counties was a far-reaching effort to create a comprehensive record of rural historic resources in a two- county region. In 2006, Kentucky Heritage Council staff applied for a Preserve America grant to initiate the

survey. Fieldwork began in A frame corn crib with side sheds (WS 85) in Washington September 2006 and continued County, early-mid twentieth century. One of 96 corn cribs through July 2007. The two person identified during the Washington and Marion County Survey. survey team drove over 12,800 miles • New Rural Design Guidelines. The over the course of their work. RHDI, in partnership with the City of Additional fieldwork was contributed Bardstown, received a $49,000 by Kentucky Heritage Council staff, Preserve America grant to complete students from St. Catharine's rural design guidelines. To complete College, and members of the Youth this project, RHDI worked Leadership of Washington County. collaboratively with the University of 875 survey forms for Marion Kentucky’s Department of County and 1343 forms Landscape Architecture who created for Washington County were the guidelines with a focus on new, completed. In all, 1,427 previously- compatible residential construction, unrecorded resources were reuse of existing buildings, barn and documented, and 77 previously- other outbuilding preservation, documented resources were development of land for community resurveyed. Landscape features, growth, and providing alternatives to including more than 3,000 cellars, fragmentation of rural cultural cemeteries, wells, garages, corn landscapes. cribs, detached kitchens, rock • Hosting the 2009 National Barn fences, silos, spring houses, stores, Alliance Conference. In May tenant houses, and barns, were 2009, the National Barn Alliance, identified and added to the survey in conjunction with the RHDI record. Data obtained during this Program, Preservation Kentucky, project will greatly benefit future and the Kentucky Heritage community planning efforts. Survey Council, held its annual

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conference at Shaker Village of status is anticipated to be Pleasant Hill. Barn preservation awarded in 2010. enthusiasts from across the country traveled to Central Although the Kentucky RHDI pilot Kentucky to tour historic barns project program officially ended in 2009, and learn about various Preservation Kentucky is continuing to preservation and rehab support the program within the original techniques. To better prepare for eight county region and is investigating this conference, the RHDI formed the possibility of eventually expanding the Statewide Barn Preservation the program to other counties. Advisory Committee to help continue and solidify barn The framework of this program can preservation efforts across the be adopted locally and utilized for state as well as plan for the grassroots planning efforts. To learn conference. more information about how the program was utilized locally, see • The Lincoln Heritage All http://www.preservationkentucky.org/ American Highway: The RHDI rhdi.asp received a grant from the Federal Highways Administration in 2007 Historic Preservation Planning to hire a consulting firm to Challenges complete a Corridor Management Plan and National Scenic Byway Many Kentucky cities and city/county application for the Lincoln partnerships have community planning Heritage Highway, which travels personnel who work with zoning through portions of the RHDI ordinances, subdivision regulations, and region and includes US 31E from questions of land use daily. They LaRue to Nelson County and US review community site development 150 from Nelson through plans and subdivision plats; oversee Washington and Boyle Counties. requests for zoning changes, variances, The Corridor Management Plan and conditional use permits; and is a requirement for National develop community comprehensive Scenic Byway status. The goal plans. In short, they are responsible for was to develop a plan that managing their community’s vision for represented the vision of the the future. communities along the byway and to tell the complete story of However, several communities in the byway corridor, including Kentucky currently have no central information concerning early planning office. As noted in Chapter 2, settlement of the area, Abraham 26 counties have joint (city/county) Lincoln's life, Civil War events, planning units with zoning regulations, bourbon heritage, religious 21 counties have joint planning units settlement history, and historic with no zoning regulations, 45 counties preservation activity, among have individual (city or town) planning other themes. National Scenic units with no organized planning effort Byway or All American Highway outside of the cities, and 27 counties

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have no planning units at all. Needless CERTIFIED LOCAL GOVERNMENT to say, Kentucky regrettably has a long PROGRAM way to go to achieve statewide, comprehensive community planning. Jointly administered by the State Historic Preservation Office and the Rural Kentucky, which currently includes National Park Service (NPS), over 1.8 million people and 87% of the Kentucky’s Certified Local Government state’s landscape, consists of a diverse Program (CLG) is a local, state, and range of cultural resources, from farms, federal partnership that promotes cemeteries, and rock fences to Main community preservation planning and Streets, stores, schools, churches, Civil protection of prehistoric and historic War battlefields and other resources, as well as heritage archaeological sites, bridges, scenic education. byways, and so much more. Major economic and demographic shifts are Requirements for Becoming a Certified bringing changes to rural communities— Local Government and not all of them are welcome. Shrinking agricultural, mining, and The National Historic Preservation Act manufacturing employment is leading to (NHPA) requires a local government population loss and neglect and seeking certification to meet five broad abandonment of historic buildings and 45 standards: sites. In high growth areas around 1. Enforce appropriate state or cities, unmanaged development is local legislation for the literally consuming the rural cultural designation and protection of landscape. historic properties. In Kentucky, a local government Land-use decisions are primarily the must adopt a local historic responsibility of local governments, but preservation ordinance that many of Kentucky’s rural governments meets state guidelines. don’t have the resources to develop 2. Establish an adequate and comprehensive land-use plans to guide qualified historic preservation growth and development. However, this review commission under does not preclude them from developing state and local legislation. community plans or attempting historic 3. Establish & maintain a system preservation planning programs. Some for the survey and inventory of community planning responsibility will historic properties. fall to the Area Development Districts. 4. Provide for adequate public participation in the local historic preservation program, 45 Statistics provided by the USDA Economic including the process of Research Service, 2008 estimate, and the recommending properties for Natural Resources Conservation Service, a nomination to the National division of the USDA. Rural landscape includes cropland, “CRP land,” pastureland, forest, “other Register of Historic Places. rural,” and water. About 7% of Kentucky’s 5. Satisfactorily perform other landscape was listed as “developed” and 5% CLG responsibilities listed as federal land. delegated under the National

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Historic Preservation Act [16 10% of the federal Historic U.S.C. 470a(c) - Certification Preservation Fund (HPF) of local governments]. allocation distributed to the Kentucky State Historic Goals of the Kentucky Certified Local Preservation Office is set aside Government Program annually for Certified Local Governments. In the past, CLG • Historic preservation issues are grants have been awarded for understood and addressed locally conducting cultural resource and are integrated into local survey, preparing National planning and decision-making Register nominations and historic processes at the earliest possible district design guidelines, opportunity. educational programming, and • Local interests and concerns are developing cultural resource integrated into the historic site management plans. “Bricks and identification, evaluation, mortar” projects are usually not nomination, and protection funded with CLG grant money. functions of the Kentucky • Have a formal role in the Heritage Council. nomination review process of • Information concerning local local sites proposed for listing historic preservation issues is in the National Register of provided to the Kentucky Historic Places. Heritage Council and to the • Participate in the establishment public. of regional and state historic • Local historic preservation preservation objectives. ordinances and historic • Receive technical and advisory preservation commissions are services from the Kentucky established in cities where they Heritage Council. do not yet exist and are updated, if necessary, where they already Certified Local Governments in exist. Kentucky • Information in the Kentucky archaeological inventory and Currently, there are twenty-five (25) historic buildings database is Certified Local Governments in made available to the local Kentucky. community to use in identifying and defining community and neighborhood development and conservation areas. Benefits of the Certified Local Government Program

Certified Local Governments: • Are eligible to compete for matching grants that fund approved preservation projects.

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KENTUCKY’S CERTIFIED LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AS OF 12/31/09

City of Anchorage City of Bardstown City of Bellevue Boone County City of Bowling Green City of Campbellsville City of Covington City of Danville

City of Dawson Springs In 2009, the Metro Louisville Historic Landmarks City of Frankfort Commission and Preservation Louisville, Inc. presented a City of Hanson series of three public preservation workshops with the City of Hopkinsville help of a CLG grant. Pictured above, the window City of Horse Cave restoration workshop, which took place in April 2009. City of La Grange Photo courtesy of Cynthia Johnson with the Louisville Metro Lexington-Fayette Urban County Planning & Design Services Department. Louisville Metro Government City of Maysville KENTUCKY MAIN STREET City of Middlesboro City of Middletown PROGRAM City of Newport City of Owensboro The Kentucky Main Street Program City of Paducah fosters a community driven, City of Perryville comprehensive approach to downtown City of Pikeville revitalization by advocating community City of Shelbyville self-reliance, local empowerment, personal service, local property Many local preservation planning ownership, and rebuilding traditional projects are completed with CLG grants commercial districts and retaining a every year. Most recently, the Newport sense of place through historic and Covington CLGs began working preservation. It is primarily a self-help towards enlarging a local historic district. program, locally administered and In 2008, the City of Bardstown and the funded, with technical and design Lexington Fayette Urban County assistance, on-site visits, and training Government revised historic district provided by the Kentucky Heritage design guidelines, and the City of Council. This program is comprised of Bowling Green worked toward surveying four components: Organization, previously undocumented historic Promotion, Design, and Economic properties. In 2009, Louisville conducted Restructuring. a public preservation lecture series that included hands-on building material Over the last 30 years, the Kentucky conservation, and the Frankfort CLG Main Street Program, in partnership with began the ambitious task of enlarging its the Kentucky Renaissance on Main downtown National Register district. Program, has generated more than $3.3

Page 100 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan billion of public-private investment in SAVE AMERICA’S TREASURES communities throughout the state. PROGRAM

Kentucky’s Main Street Communities Save America's Treasures (SAT) is a national public-private partnership There are currently 83 certified planned and implemented by the Kentucky Main Street Programs across National Park Service and the National the state. Kentucky Main Street Trust for Historic Preservation to protect communities vary from small, one block the country's threatened cultural communities to interconnected cities, treasures that document the history and such as the area in northern Kentucky culture of the United States. Since SAT where six Main Street communities was established in 1998, the program (Covington, Newport, Bellevue, Dayton, has designated over 1,600 official Ludlow, & Fort Thomas) have united to projects and awarded over $300 million present several programs, forming a in public and private grants to the regional economic revitalization effort. preservation of nationally-significant sites in every state. Challenges of the Main Street Program

On average, staff size for a statewide Main Street Program consists of 3 full- time employees and 1 part-time employee who serve approximately 30 local Main Street programs. The National Main Street Center recommends one staff person per every 5-10 Main Street programs. Currently, one Kentucky Heritage Council staff Pine Mountain Settlement School. Draper person is responsible for providing Building (ca. 1937), pictured above, was professional and technical assistance historically the boys’ industrial arts center. It is and certification training to all 83 local still used to teach woodworking, but now students Main Street communities. Additional also learn geology, biology, pottery, & weaving. Main Street personnel are needed to adequately staff the administration of the Kentucky Main Street Program and meet the minimal National Main Street Center statewide program requirements.

Usually, one Main Street Manager administers a local program through a volunteer board. Due in part to the current state of the economy and lack of local support, Main Street communities in Kentucky are in financial crisis. Pine Mountain Settlement School received a Save America’s Treasures grant in 2009 for a reroofing project (in progress) on the Draper Building. Photo courtesy of Patrick Kennedy. Page 101 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Save America’s Treasures Grants Awarded PRESERVE AMERICA PROGRAM to Kentucky Resources

Resource City Award Year Preserve America is a federal initiative Pine Mountain Bledsoe $138,575.00 2008 that supports community efforts to Settlement School preserve and enjoy our invaluable Complex cultural and natural heritage. Preserve Mount Sterling Mt. Sterling $246,322.00 2006 America recognizes and designates Methodist Church communities, including municipalities, Old Bank of Louisville / Louisville $147,793.00 2006 counties, neighborhoods in large cities, Actor's Theatre and tribal communities, that protect and Beringer-Crawford Covington $98,611.00 2005 celebrate their heritage, use their Museum Collections historic assets for economic Jefferson Community Louisville $98,611.00 2005 development and community and Technical College revitalization, and encourage people to Old Warren County Bowling $246,527.00 2005 experience and appreciate local historic Courthouse Green resources through education and Sunny Hill Pavilion, Louisville $197,535.00 2004 heritage tourism programs. Since the Iroquois Park program’s inception in 2003, nearly 800 Metropolitan Hotel Paducah $246,919.00 2004 communities have been designated as Old State Capitol Frankfort $74,076.00 2004 Preserve America Communities in all 50 Paintings states, the District of Columbia, and the United States Marine Louisville $375,000.00 2003 U.S. Virgin Islands. Currently, Kentucky Hospital has the most Preserve America Farnsley-Kauffman Louisville $199,000.00 2003 communities and neighborhoods, 73 to House date. The Preserve America West Main Street Louisville $240,000.00 2003 competitive matching-grant program, Brinton House Perryville $248,000.00 2003 which began in 2006, has funded 228 projects in 47 states, including 10 City Archives Paducah $250,000.00 2002 projects in Kentucky. McDowell House Danville $150,000.00 2002 Squire Earick House Louisville $150,000.00 2002 Kentucky Preservation Projects Appalshop Archive Whitesburg $135,000.00 2002 Funded with Preserve America Grants Belle of Louisville Louisville $499,000.00 2001 Hopewell Museum Paris $249,000.00 2001 Rural Heritage Development Initiative Survey Loudoun House Lexington $748,000.00 2001 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Office African American Louisville $1,000,000.00 2000 $60,000 Heritage Center, Grant funds will be used to conduct an Trolley Barn Complex architectural and cultural resource survey in River Heritage Paducah $300,000.00 2000 two Preserve America communities in the Museum state with the least amount of survey and National Register listings. The comprehensive survey will be used to identify a basis for preservation planning measures and a regional heritage tourism program.

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The Portland Neighborhood: Linking Our Hidden River Cave Trail, Horse Cave Main Heritage to Our Future, $150,000 Street Portland Neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky Horse Cave, Kentucky, , $21,000 Portland, currently a neighborhood of Funds were used to complete a unique Louisville located two miles northwest of tourism pathway that highlights the history of downtown, was recognized as a Preserve Hidden River Cave. The project involved the America community in 2006. Founded in purchase & installation of audio tour 1811, Portland once thrived as an equipment & signage, research, and creation autonomous shipping port at the western end of narratives in multiple languages. of the portage route around the Falls of the Ohio River. Portland Museum and Louisville's A Comprehensive Preservation Plan for Metro Parks Department are now working Gratz Park in Lexington, Kentucky together to develop Portland Wharf Park as an Lexington-Fayette County, Kentucky, $55,925 educational opportunity and cultural heritage Funds were used to prepare a comprehensive destination. The grant created a set of master preservation and improvements plan for the plans to interpret Portland Wharf Park and link Gratz Park neighborhood of Lexington. it with key neighborhood historic sites along three heritage trails that will result in a more Interpretation of Historic Bowling Green cohesive interpretive strategy that insures a Bowling Green, Kentucky, $62,000 strong, authentic visitor experience. The City of Bowling Green wrote, designed and fabricated interpretive signs and other materials as part of a heritage tourism marketing campaign to promote the city’s historic resources and enhance visitor experience.

Information & Wayfinding Signage and Kiosks for Burlington Historic District Burlington, Kentucky, $22,500 Plaques, wayfinding signs, and an informational kiosk describing historic buildings and sites were installed in an effort to create a greater awareness of the Burlington Historic District.

Discover Landmark Covington! Cultural Heritage Tourism Program Covington, Kentucky, $130,000 The goal of this project was to produce urban The Portland Neighborhood became a Preserve walking and driving tours that helped to America community in 2006. preserve, enhance, and promote the rich cultural assets of Covington. Shown here: Community volunteers assist professional archaeologists during an archaeological study at Rural Heritage Development Initiative Portland Wharf Park to better understand a former Preserve America Sub-Grant Program house lot located at 124 33rd Street, which includes Kentucky State Historic Preservation Office remnants of a 19th century shotgun house, shed, and $80,000 outhouse pits, as well as thousands of artifacts, like The State Historic Preservation Office window glass, nails, bottles, dish fragments, and subgranted funds to develop heritage tourism personal items, all providing clues to Portland’s past. educational materials and/or National Register Ongoing archaeological work is conducted in nominations based on current survey work of cooperation with the Portland Museum, the University three counties involved in the Rural Heritage of Kentucky, and Kentucky Archaeological Survey. Development Initiative.

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Renaissance Area Master Plan Paducah, Kentucky, $75,000 Building on the recent success of Paducah’s Artist Relocation Project in its Lowertown Historic District, the city is preparing a Renaissance Area Master Plan that will link and manage the further growth and development of its new art neighborhood, its downtown, and riverfront. The city eventually hopes to move cultural and natural heritage tourists seamlessly throughout all three historical and economical areas, having united their identities and visual characters.

Rural Heritage Development Initiative Design Guidelines Bardstown, Kentucky, $48,925 The City of Bardstown, along with eight other In 2007, the Northern Kentucky African American Preserve America Communities, will work with Heritage Task Force was awarded a Kentucky the University of Kentucky Research Preservation Fund Grant to complete a structural Foundation to develop design guidelines that assessment and stabilization plan for the Dry Ridge will help the region maintain the character of Consolidated Colored School (above), built in 1925 its rural landscapes and historic small in Crittenden County. In 2009, this property was communities. The resulting document will one of only 16 Rosenwald schools nationwide review regional design characteristics, case awarded a grant made possible by the National study examples, and prescriptive Trust & the Lowe’s Charitable and Educational recommendations. Foundation. These additional funds will be used to complete the second phase of the restoration. Kentucky Preservation Fund Grant

The Kentucky Preservation Fund Grant is a cooperative venture between the Kentucky Heritage Council, the Southern Regional Office of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and Preservation Kentucky, Inc. Matching grants, which usually range from $500 to $5,000, are available annually to public agencies or nonprofit organizations engaged in preservation planning projects (e.g. local cultural resource management plans, survey of resources, feasibility studies for endangered resources, National Register nominations, educational programming, and sponsorship of workshops and conferences). Since its Preservation Kentucky, Inc. was awarded a Kentucky Preservation Fund grant to complete a inception, the Fund has granted over study to determine the economic impact of $129,000 to 34 projects. preservation in the state (published in 2008). The study report is available at http://www.preservationkentucky.org/ Page 104 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

Kentucky Preservation Fund Grants Organization Project Amount Awarded To Date Structural assessment of historic properties 2008 Main Street damaged by Organization Project Amount Munfordville 2005 tornado $2,504 Camp Wildcat Stabilization of Battlefield, plan historic buildings Laurel Home for bridge Main Street damaged by Guard reconstruction $2,500 Munfordville 2005 tornado $2,850 Kentucky Condition Organization of Living Mayfield Main assessment of Professional Archaeology Street Court Square $5,000 Archaeologists Weekend $2,000 Caldwell documentary, Preservation RHDI Design County "Kentucky's Main Kentucky Guidelines $4,000 Historical Street: Unbridled Historic Building Society Spirit of Heritage" $5,000 Maintenance Structural Brennan House Workshop $2,000 assessment & Friends of stabilization plan Westport Westport School $2,000 for the 100 block City of Mud Brick House Nicholasville in downtown Greensburg stabilization $5,000 Now historic district $2,500 Structural Northern Structural assessment to Kentucky assessment & determine if 14 African stabilization plan historic buildings American for the Dry Ridge on Main Street in Heritage Task Rosenwald Lexington could Force School $3,000 be rehabilitated & A forum for Preserve incorporated into Preservation Lexington new development $3,000 Kentucky & Tennessee 2007 Preservation Preservation Bowling Green- Kentucky Trust staff $500 Warren County Kentucky Historic Historic "Me & My Old Preservation Preservation Preservation House" education Kentucky Impact Study $5,000 Board program $2,000 State Historic Report - Preservation economic Preservation Conference in Committee to potential of Kentucky Covington $5,000 Save the historic Strategic Plan for Handy House preservation $250 Shakertown Shaker Museum Committee to Master Plan - Revisited at South Union $4,000 Save the Handy Farm & Community Handy House Handy House $3,000 Awareness Dry Stone educational Shelbyville Project for Conservancy model $3,900 2000 Historic Feasibility study Foundation Shelbyville $5,000 Historic for historic YMCA Survey, Cultural Frankfort, Inc. building $3,000 Landscape & Lyon County CRM Plan for Gratz Park Arborist Historical historic property Neighborhood Assessment, & Society in Old Eddyville $5,000 Association Master Plan $5,000

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Organization Project Amount PRESERVATION EDUCATION "Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry There is a great need in Kentucky for Blue Grass Latrobe " preservation education and training. Trust Program $2,000 This education should be disseminated Stabilization of in a way that will interest young students Graves County Hickory and non-professionals and Board of Rosenwald Education School $5,000 accommodate craftsmen, consultants, Kentucky Project and other preservation professionals. Heritage Archaeology Council Conference $2,300 Educating the general public as well as Kentucky local and state decision makers about Heritage RHDI Oral protecting cultural resources is perhaps Council History Project $4,000 Frank the most proactive step that a Duveneck Arts community can take to revitalize a & Cultural A restoration historic downtown, preserve quality of Center plan, phase I $5,000 life, and utilize cultural resources as the Bowling Green- basis for a cultural heritage tourism Warren County North Bowling Historic Green program. Goal 2 of the 2010-2014 Plan Preservation Interpretive addresses this need, and, hopefully, Board Project $2,500 offers the strategies and actions that will Architectural & help advance the understanding and Clark Landscape Study awareness necessary to develop a County/Winche for the Clark ster Heritage County strong historic preservation ethic Commission Courthouse $5,000 throughout Kentucky that will support Historic effective preservation projects and Structures programs. City of Report, Campbellsville Merchants Hotel $5,000 PRESERVATION SKILLS TRAINING Structural assessment & James Harrod charette - Rocky Preservation of Kentucky’s significant Trust Point property $5,000 historic buildings requires craftsmen Perryville with knowledge of suitable building Battlefield Deed search of Association battlefield to 1862 $3,000 material treatments. This knowledge Organization can only be attained through Brennan House Assessment $5,000 educational efforts performed by skilled Jr Renaissance craftspeople who have knowledge of the Camp at Fort Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Fort Thomas Thomas Military the Treatment of Historic Properties and Renaissance Post $500 experience utilizing the Technical

Preservation Briefs.

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also emphasized. To quote one student, “you have taught me methods to work on my building but more importantly, you have given me the confidence that I can do the work”.

Preservation Rendezvous 2009

In July 2009, the Kentucky Heritage Council, in partnership with the Frankfort Department of Parks and the Frankfort- Franklin County Tourism Office, hosted a Preservation Rendezvous—a union of Preservation Trades Network and Timber Framers Guild members to demonstrate and teach traditional building skills. They, along with members of the National Slate Roof Contractors Association, built a 12' X 20' white oak timber frame shelter with a slate roof at River View Park in

Frankfort. The group camped at The Pine Mountain School for Practical nearby Cove Springs Park where they Historic Preservation celebrated its eighth year held Phase I of a two phase restoration in 2009. Exceptional instructors and the workshop on a ca. 1830 log smoke Heritage Council’s close partnership with the Settlement School have made this a very house. The Rendezvous brought successful program. Pictured above: a 2009 together many craftsmen who, through mortar & repointing workshop. demonstrations and workshops, taught traditional building skills to new Several preservation organizations, members, area contractors, and Certified Local Governments, and trades homeowners. Most importantly, the schools offer preservation skills training public was introduced to various in Kentucky. Since 2002, the Kentucky preservation trades. Heritage Council and the Pine Mountain Settlement School, a National Historic Landmark property located in Harlan County, have partnered to present an annual series of hands-on training workshops. This program, known as the Pine Mountain School for Practical Historic Preservation, offers, on average, three annual workshops for adults that are intense but fun hands-on sessions that focus on the skills needed to properly care for and repair historic buildings. Traditional construction Preservation Rendezvous 2009, Frankfort. methods are taught, but practicality is Pictured above: construction of the timber frame picnic shelter and cutting slate for the roof. Page 107 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

KENTUCKY STATE HISTORIC or a lifetime commitment to promoting PRESERVATION CONFERENCE historic preservation. The awards are named for the first Kentucky State Since 1986, the Kentucky Heritage Historic Preservation Officer and Council has coordinated a biennial Executive Director of the Kentucky statewide conference, along with Heritage Commission (now the Preservation Kentucky, Inc., the Kentucky Heritage Council). The award Kentucky Main Street and Renaissance ceremony takes place every May to communities, Certified Local celebrate National Historic Preservation Governments, and other partners, to Month. focus attention on historic preservation efforts throughout Kentucky and to STUDENT PHOTO ESSAY provide technical assistance and COMPETITION training to preservation commissions, elected officials, non-profits, and Since 1999, Preservation Kentucky, Inc. individuals. This conference has taken has partnered with the Kentucky place in various communities across Heritage Council to engage students in Kentucky. Historic places, some historic preservation through the annual successful rehabilitated properties, Student Preservation Photo-Essay have served as lecture, workshop, and Competition. Students are required to entertainment venues to highlight submit a short essay on a preservation preservation accomplishments and theme and specific cultural resource, issues. The 2006 Kentucky State along with a photograph of the resource. Historic Preservation Conference, The First, second, and third place essays are Art of Preservation, took place in chosen from three categories— Covington. The 2008 conference, Elementary (grades 1-5), Middle School Preserving the Spirit of Home, was held (grades 6-8), and Senior High (grades in Bardstown. 9-12). Students are also required to submit a copy of their essay to at least IDA LEE WILLIS AWARDS one local decision maker (a mayor, city council member or commissioner, The Ida Lee Willis Memorial county judge/executive, magistrate, Preservation Awards Program is etc.). For more information about the sponsored by the Ida Lee Willis competition and to read past essays, Foundation in partnership with the see Kentucky Heritage Council. This http://www.preservationkentucky.org/ph program consists of an annual statewide otoessay2009.html. preservation awards contest and presentation ceremony and reception. Excerpt from a student essay written by Mason Miller, The awards recognize those who have second place winner of the 2009 Student Essay Contest, Grades 1-5 category. Mason writes about the Harlan demonstrated an understanding of and County Courthouse. appreciation for the value of preserving and reusing Kentucky’s historic and “… the old courthouse continues its responsibility to prehistoric resources, whether through the people of Harlan. Its unique spirit is alive with the rehabilitation of a significant memories of all that have passed through its doors. resource, successful advocacy project, Its preservation will provide jobs and services to the

people of Harlan for generations to come.” Page 108 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan

STUDENT HISTORIC PRESERVATION teach students to recognize and EDUCATION appreciate the rich heritage that surrounds them. Perhaps what is most often heard within the preservation community is “start During the past five years, Kentucky educating early”—that is, teach children Historical Society, sometimes in and young adults about historic partnership with the Kentucky Heritage preservation and incorporate Council, has presented summer preservation education into the professional development workshops for classroom. It is the students of today Kentucky educators. The agency has who will be the preservationists of also worked with the Letcher County tomorrow. Just as environmentalists School Board to establish the started teaching nature conservation 30 Documenting American Democracy years ago, preservationists are now project, a professional development focusing on conveying a strong program for teachers in southeast preservation ethic to young people. Kentucky, which was funded by a Teaching American History Grant. In the past, preservationists have worked with educators to incorporate There must be a more-dedicated Kentucky’s historic places into the concentration on historic preservation classroom as teaching resources. education for young people during the Tangible historic places located in a next five years. The Student Photo student’s own community often make a Essay Contest should be updated and stronger connection to history for advertised more extensively. For students than other far-away historic example, students could be given the places mentioned in text books. option to submit essays in a different Utilizing historic resources within the media, such as video. Historic state often motivates students to learn preservation lesson plans that involve more about their own communities. architectural resources must be These places inspire investigations that produced and made available to enable students to develop a variety of educators. Kentucky Archaeological higher-order thinking skills. They learn Survey currently provides exceptional to observe and scrutinize their archaeological lesson plans and hands- surroundings, gather facts, compare and on learning opportunities for students. contrast, synthesize and analyze, This instruction is very important and evaluate sources of evidence, develop desperately needed. However, and test hypotheses, and draw additional lessons should be written that conclusions. Because places can be concern other preservation-related utilized to teach hands-on skills topics, such as the identification of (observation, survey, etc.) as well as historic architectural types common to informational content, they are well- Kentucky, survey of historic properties, suited to help teachers meet both state preservation law, preservation and and national curriculum standards in community planning, etc. The use of social studies, history, geography, the Teaching with Historic Places civics, art, and other subjects. Lessons Program, a tool launched in 1991 by the that incorporate historic preservation National Park Service, should be encouraged. More partnerships with

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Kentucky schools are necessary. New Kentucky that offer training in preservation lesson plans and other architectural and archaeological field preservation information should be study, research, theory, law, advocacy, disseminated at teachers’ conferences hands-on preservation training, and and workshops, and additional summer urban planning. The many programs teacher training opportunities should be offered include: the University of offered. Kentucky’s Historic Preservation Program & Anthropology Program, Since funding for educational Western Kentucky University’s Folklife programming is almost nonexistent, Program, University of Louisville’s preservationists can rely more heavily Urban Planning Graduate Program, on partnerships and solid working Morehead State University’s Public relationships with elementary, middle, History undergraduate program, and the and high schools throughout the state, Center for Excellence in the Study of non-profit organizations, Kentucky Kentucky African Americans (CESKAA) Certified Local Governments, Main at Kentucky State University. Northern Street programs, state agencies, such Kentucky University also offers as the Kentucky Heritage Council, archaeology and historic preservation Kentucky State Parks, Department for classes. Local Government, Transportation Cabinet, and the Kentucky Historical KENTUCKY ARCHAEOLOGICAL Society. The Kentucky Community SURVEY Scholars Program is offered by the Folklife Program, a division of the The Kentucky Kentucky Historical Society. This Archaeological Survey twelve-week training program is (KAS) was formed as a designed for individuals interested in partnership between the documenting and promoting community Kentucky Heritage Council culture, folklife, and traditional arts. and the Department of Anthropology at Through coursework and training the University of Kentucky. The sessions, adult participants become objective was to reduce costs and meet familiar with folklife documentation the service and educational techniques, research methods, requirements of both entities. As part of presentation of cultural resources, grant this formal agreement, the Kentucky writing, and project development. The Heritage Council provides partial Kentucky Heritage Council plans to funding for three permanent staff pursue a partnership with the Folklife members who are employed by the Program to integrate a possible University of Kentucky. The University resource identification, survey, and/or of Kentucky, Department of historic preservation planning Anthropology, provides laboratory, component in this program. storage, and office space as well as administrative assistance. Additional partnerships with institutions of higher learning should also be Kentucky Archaeological Survey established. There are undergraduate undertakes archaeological and graduate level programs in investigations in advance of state

Page 110 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan construction projects and conducts other The event, which began in 1989, is held studies to identify sites on state-owned annually in September at Gladie Creek and other municipal lands. KAS also in the Red River Gorge, a part of Daniel works with local governments, non-profit Boone National Forest. Visitors are organizations, and private organizations given opportunities to interact closely on a variety of projects, including hands- with demonstrators and to participate in on educational archaeology programs hands-on activities (e.g. atlatl/spear that involve grade school children. Over throwing, blow guns, native cooking, the last five years, more than 20,000 native fire building, basket making and students have participated in these weaving, hide tanning, flint knapping, programs. In rare instances, KAS has and pottery making). It is designed to donated staff time and travel to conduct promote an understanding of the archaeological investigations for private technologies that Native Americans property owners who do not have the used in the Red River Gorge, and to means to pay for services. encourage appreciation and protection of Kentucky's fragile archaeological Kentucky Archaeological Survey public sites. In 2008, this celebrated education efforts include a series of educational program won a educational booklets that describe the Southeastern Archaeological results of prehistoric and historic Conference Public Outreach Grant. archaeological research in a nontechnical format and a video series that includes four documentaries produced by Voyageur Media. These programs blend interviews, rare archival images, and artifacts to highlight archaeological investigations conducted throughout Kentucky.

SIGNIFICANT KAS PROJECTS (2005-2009)

Living Archaeology Weekend

Living Archaeology Weekend is a two- day public outreach event that is co- organized by the Kentucky Archaeological Survey, Kentucky Organization of Professional

Archaeologists, Kentucky Heritage Council, and the U.S. Forest Service. It In 2009, Living Archaeology Weekend offers school children, teachers, and the celebrated its 20th year. This important educational program serves 2,000-3,000 general public a variety of educational participants annually and offers presentations activities targeting American Indian delivered by 15-20 demonstrators. lifeways, archaeological interpretation, and archaeological site preservation.

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Archaeological Educational Booklets Old Frankfort Cemetery

The Prehistoric Farmers of Boone In 2002, the Kentucky Transportation County, Kentucky (published in 2006) Cabinet (KYTC) began construction on presents what we currently understand a new central administration building in about how the Fort Ancient people lived Frankfort. At the beginning of this and how their way of life endured and project, it was not known that a large changed over more than 700 years. cemetery with unmarked graves was The booklet was funded, in part, by a located on the property to be grant from the National Park Service developed. Construction around the and by funds provided by the Federal cemetery area, starting in the 1870s and Highway Administration through the continuing into the 20th century, had Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. It effectively removed the cemetery from was designed to be used along with a public memory. Once the graves were series of lessons for high school rediscovered, KAS was asked to teachers. conduct what has become one of the largest historic cemetery studies ever Adena: Woodland Period completed in the state. Moundbuilders of the Bluegrass (published in 2007) presents Based on the artifacts recovered, such archaeologists' current ideas as coffin hardware and personal items, about Adena lifeways, ritual sites, and the 242 individuals interred in the Old burial practices. The Adena were Frankfort Cemetery died sometime groups of prehistoric hunter-gatherer- between ca. 1815 and 1860. Almost gardeners, who lived in central and two-thirds of the individuals were of eastern Kentucky from 500 B.C. to A.D. African-American heritage, with the 200. No other prehistoric groups who remaining third being of European or lived in Kentucky's Bluegrass Region mixed heritage. Although there was not ever matched the Adena peoples' burial a great deal of archival information practices for complexity or their tombs about the Old Frankfort Cemetery, for intricacy. Funding was provided by a analysis of the skeletal remains and grant from the Institute of Museum and associated artifacts indicate that it was Library Services and by the Federal an integrated cemetery primarily used Highway Administration. This booklet by poor and lower middle class African- was designed to be used along with Americans (both enslaved and free) and lessons developed for intermediate and Euro-Americans. Fieldwork took place middle school social studies teachers. in 2002 with the remains being reinterred in Frankfort in 2006. For more information regarding these booklets and other KAS archaeological As a component of the archaeological publications and educational videos, see documentation, KAS commissioned a http://heritage.ky.gov/kas/pubsvids/ forensic artist to create 3-D facial reconstructions of three individuals—an adult male, an adult female, and a female child. The “faces” will become part of a public museum exhibit, which

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will be installed at the Capital City study at Raven Run Nature Sanctuary, a Museum in Frankfort. The 734-acre nature preserve owned by the archaeological report for the project and LFUCG Division of Parks. The purpose an educational booklet are scheduled to of KAS’s investigation was to determine be published in December 2009. if unmarked slave burials were situated near the Prather House, an early 19th- A facial century farm site owned by Baruch reconstruction of Prather, a Revolutionary War veteran. skeletal remains KAS archaeologists utilized ground- discovered in penetrating radar (GPR) to search for Burial 192C at the Old Frankfort grave shafts. Their investigations did Cemetery, those not identify an unmarked slave cemetery of a woman of in the vicinity of the house, but western African additional burials marked with field heritage. At the stones and below-ground features time of her death, she was 5’3”, (possible additions to the house and 125 lbs. and in remains of outbuildings) were identified. her early 30s. An examination of The Prather farm site is comprised of a her remains indicated that she stone house foundation (ca. 1800), the suffered from remains of outbuildings, and two arthritis in her cemeteries—the Prather Family back, reflecting a Cemetery and King Family Cemetery. lifetime of heavy Since available historic sources do not labor. provide much information about the people who once lived and worked on A video segment concerning the the Prather Farm, LFUCG Division of cemetery study has been produced as Parks initiated a cooperative project with part of a longer film about historic KAS in 2009 to conduct additional archaeology in the state. Volume III of archaeological research at this site and the Kentucky Archaeology Video Series, to develop a public education program, Historic Archaeology: Beneath Hidden Histories: Digging Into the Past Kentucky’s Fields and Streets, will be at Raven Run Nature Sanctuary. available for public viewing in January Kentucky teachers and their students 2010. See participated in the archaeological study; http://heritage.ky.gov/kas/pubsvids/V a one-day teacher workshop was held; olumeThree.htm for more information and the general public was invited to about this important film. participate in site research

Archaeology at Ashland The Prather Farmstead Site at Raven Run Nature Sanctuary In the Summer of 2000, KAS initiated a long-term research and education In 2005, the Kentucky Archaeological program aimed at better understanding Survey received a request from the the layout of Ashland, the Henry Clay Lexington Fayette Urban County Estate in Lexington, and to learn more Government (LFUCG) to conduct a

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about what life was like at this urban the footprint of a shotgun house built plantation. To date, KAS has collected during the late 1800s, as well as the information on the locations of barns, remains of a small shed and several slave quarters, and privies. outhouse pits. Evidence of a building The research especially targeted the constructed in 1856 and demolished in lives of the slaves at Ashland and how the late 1880s was uncovered at the their experience compared to slaves commercial lot. who lived on more rural plantations. The research has been supported, in Many people from the Louisville area, part, by Federal Highway Administration including Portland neighborhood (FHWA) Transportation Enhancement residents and University of Louisville (TE) funds. This research also will be students, volunteered in the field and highlighted in Historic Archaeology: the laboratory. Through archaeology, Beneath Kentucky’s Fields and Streets. neighborhood residents were given the opportunity to participate first-hand in Over 500 students assisted annually in the process of discovering Portland’s this research. Students learned about history. As with the Old Frankfort the process of archaeology and how to Cemetery and Ashland, this research use artifacts to interpret the past. They will be highlighted in Historic also learned about the history of the Archaeology: Beneath Kentucky’s Fields Ashland Estate. KAS developed a set and Streets. of classroom activities for teachers based on the archaeological work at The Kentucky Archaeological Survey Ashland. Past experience has shown webpages were updated in January that students who have completed these 2010. A comprehensive overview of activities have a far better learning archaeology in Kentucky is available, as experience than those who have not. well as descriptions of other KAS For instance, they have greater projects and educational material for interaction with the archaeologists and a teachers. View them at better understanding of archaeological http://heritage.ky.gov/kas/kyarchynew/ concepts.

Portland Wharf Archaeology and KAS CHALLENGES Education Project Over the last five years, the Kentucky Louisville Metro Parks entered into an Archaeological Survey has increased its agreement with the Kentucky educational programming, continued to Archaeological Survey to conduct serve state agencies and local archaeological investigations at Portland governments, and made significant Wharf Park, a 56-acre natural oasis contributions to our understanding of within Louisville’s urban landscape. Kentucky’s past. During this period, They focused their research in two salaries and other expenses have areas: a house lot located at 124 33rd increased, but there has been a decline Street and a commercial lot located at in state funding. This decline has the corner of 34th Street and Florida resulted in the necessity of generating Alley. At the house lot, they uncovered larger portions of staff salaries with

Page 114 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan project-specific funds, which in turn, has American descent). The Commission greatly restricted staffs’ ability to also includes representatives from respond to requests from communities institutions of higher learning, the field of and the public. As staff is forced to archaeology, and the Native American spend more time generating funds to arts. pay their salaries, it will no longer be possible to develop cooperative NAHC’s mission: All Kentuckians will programs with educators throughout the recognize, appreciate and understand state. KAS may also be forced to cut the significant contributions Native back or cancel existing educational Americans have made to Kentucky’s programming. Finally, as interest in rich cultural heritage. Through Kentucky archaeology and preserving education and increased awareness, the the archaeological record continues to people of Kentucky will understand the grow, without additional state funding it histories, cultures and matters of will become increasingly difficult for KAS concern to Native American peoples. to respond to this interest in a timely manner. The educational initiatives and sponsored activities developed by the PUBLIC COMMISSIONS Native American Heritage Commission include: Native American Heritage

Month activities, planning for a Kentucky The mission of the Kentucky Heritage Native American Arts and Cultural Council is to partner with Kentuckians to Center, proposing new Native American strengthen preservation networks so state legislation, and Living Archaeology that our historic places are valued, Weekend at Red River Gorge. protected, and used to enhance the quality and economy of our Significant Accomplishments, Native communities. To that end, the agency American Heritage Commission supports and administers three state (2005-2009) commissions—the Native American

Heritage Commission, the African 2005 American Heritage Commission, and the • Worked in conjunction with the Military Heritage Commission. Kentucky Chapter of the Trail of

Tears Association to list Mantle Native American Heritage Rock in the National Register for Commission Historic Places.

The Kentucky Native American Heritage • Produced a KNAHC informational Commission (NAHC) was established in brochure. 1996 (KRS 171.820-171.822) to recognize and promote Native American 2007-2008 contributions to Kentucky’s history and • Indian Head Rock culture. The commission has 17 (Archaeological site originally members (the Tourism, Arts and located in the Ohio River) Heritage Cabinet Secretary or designee, ¾ Voted on November 1, plus 16 appointed by the Governor, 2007 for a resolution eight of whom are to be of Native condemning the removal

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of Indian Head Rock, a the federal Archaeological violation of the Resources Protection Act. Archaeological Resources Protection Act, and The Native American Heritage insisted on its return to its Commission collaborated with Western original location. Kentucky University, the South Carolina ¾ Participated in a multi- Commission for Minority Affairs, the agency discussion and Louisiana Governor’s Office of Indian press conference on May Affairs, and the American Indian 28, 2008 in the Capitol Mothers of North Carolina to present the Rotunda with first two-day Southeastern Native archaeologists and legal American Education Summit in agencies discussing November 2009. Plans for the Kentucky Kentucky's stance on the Center for Native American Arts and illegal removal of Indian Culture are also on-going. Head Rock from the Ohio River. ¾ The criminal case was African American Heritage dismissed in 2009, but the Commission KNAHC continues to support the civil case The African American Heritage against those who Commission (AAHC) was also removed the site. established through state law (KRS. • Native American Heritage Day 171.800) to identify and promote Celebrations at the State Capitol awareness of significant African • Conducted a survey of American influences on the history and commission members and the culture of Kentucky and to support and public concerning the encourage the preservation of Kentucky commission, its duties and the African American heritage and historic concerns of Indian people sites. The AAHC has 19 members who • Provided Native American are appointed by the governor, including educational programming at representatives from universities, state schools & events for various civic agencies, community preservation organizations organizations, and interested citizens. • Conducted a contest for designing a Kentucky Native Significant Accomplishments, African American License Plate American Heritage Commission • Provided a small grant for Living (2005-2009) Archaeology Weekend – 2008 From 2005 - 2009 there have been 2009 project grants to 14 organizations, • Drafted a resolution to state totaling $71,763. Grant projects legislators to request revision of included restoration work on privately- the Kentucky Antiquities Act to owned African American sites, research, make it more comparable with and educational programming.

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2004 1 grant - total of $10,763 material and grant opportunities for 2005 NO GRANTS AWARDED preservation projects 2006 9 grants - total of $41,000 2007 4 grants - total of $20,000 The workload for the KNAHC has 2008-2009 NO GRANTS AWARDED always been heavy, but with the added In 2008, the KAAHC received a $60,000 push to create new educational material grant from the Kentucky Abraham and provide those materials to teachers, Lincoln Bicentennial Commission for it has increasingly become more difficult Abraham Lincoln-associated events. to manage. The KAAHC workload has decreased due to the lack of funds for Challenges for the Native American grants; therefore, less time and effort Heritage Commission and are used to oversee those projects. African American Heritage Commission During recent years, many of the regularly-scheduled African American Both the Kentucky Native American Heritage Commission meetings have Heritage Commission (KNAHC) and resulted in not having enough African American Heritage Commission commissioners in attendance to make (KAAHC) are in need of funding. The quorum. Therefore, no business has KAAHC’s annual budget is $4,000, and been accomplished. the KNAHC’s budget is $3,600. With commissioners traveling from all areas Another challenge is simply that many of the state, the majority of each budget state and local agencies and individuals is spent on travel reimbursement, do not know of the existence of either sometimes as much as $1,200 for one commission or understand what they do. meeting. Some members of the Each commission should be recognized KNAHC have decided not to request as the “go to” organization that deals reimbursement for travel in an effort to with preservation and protection of lessen the strain on the budget. With so African American and Native American much of the funding needed for travel, cultural resources and provides very little remains for printing educational material, direction, and educational material, brochures, etc., advice for the care and treatment of and the Kentucky Heritage Council can cultural resources. offer little support for projects except time and professional expertise. The Military Heritage Commission KNAHC has formed partnerships with a variety of public and private In 2002, the Kentucky Military Heritage organizations in order to accomplish Commission was created as an goals. An increase in funding would independent state agency through KRS mean that the KNAHC could produce 171.782. This group is administered additional lesson plans and other and supported by the Kentucky Heritage educational material for schools and the Council. The commission consists of general public, as well as provide the Adjutant General, the State Historic workshops and/or training for state and Preservation Officer, the Director of the local government workers. Additional Kentucky Historical Society, the Director funds for the KAAHC would allow the of the Commission on Military Affairs, commission to provide educational

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and the Commissioner of the The Lincoln Heritage Trail is a scenic Department of Veteran's Affairs. route highlighting historic places throughout central Kentucky that were As a means of protecting military important in the life of Abraham Lincoln. heritage sites throughout the state, the The initiation of the Trail program was commission is charged with maintaining supported by a $250,000 Transportation a registry of sites and objects significant Enhancement grant, the application for to the military history of the which was written by Heritage Council Commonwealth. The commission staff. Several projects have developed accepts requests from the public for from the Trail program, including the designation of military heritage sites and Kentucky Lincoln Heritage Trail objects – including buildings, Passport Program, a heritage tourism monuments and other community initiative designed to encourage travel resources – that represent all eras of along the Trail. Kentucky’s military history. Most sites registered by the commission are In 2007-2009, the Kentucky Heritage military monuments and memorials, but Council was authorized to allocate the legislation gives the commission grants funded through the Kentucky some latitude as to what may be Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial considered for recognition. Once Commission. The largest grant was accepted to the registry, these sites and awarded for the acquisition of the objects cannot be damaged, destroyed, Joseph Holt House in Breckinridge removed, or significantly altered without County. the written consent of the commission. Failure to do so is a Class A misdemeanor for the first offense and a Class D felony for each subsequent offense.

KENTUCKY LINCOLN HERITAGE TRAIL (2008-2010)

One of the most visible projects presented during the last five years has been the development of the Kentucky Lincoln Heritage Trail, a partnership between the Kentucky Heritage Council, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky Judge Joseph Holt House (ca. 1870), Breckinridge County. On August 15, 2009, Breckinridge County sponsored a public open Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial house and community celebration at the Holt House. More than Commission, Kentucky Department of 1,500 visitors toured the house and grounds. Judge Holt (1807- Tourism, the Kentucky Transportation 1894) served as Secretary of War under President James Cabinet, and the Abraham Lincoln Buchanan and was appointed the nation’s first Judge Advocate Birthplace National Historical Park, as General by President Lincoln. In this role, he presided over the trial of the Lincoln assignation conspirators. Photo courtesy of the well as Main Street communities and Kentucky Heritage Council. local municipalities.

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Kentucky Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial character of the property subject to an Historic Preservation Grants easement.

Judge Joseph Holt House, $158,000 Breckinridge County What is an easement? Mary Todd Lincoln House, $18,441 Lexington An easement is a private legal right Oldham County (Gatewood $12,030 given by a property owner to a qualified Plantation-Henry Bibb Oldham Co. nonprofit organization or governmental History Center, archaeological entity for the purpose of protecting a survey) property’s conservation and Washington County $75,000 preservation values. Easements are (repair/restoration of historic Washington County Courthouse) used to protect land that has outdoor Lincoln Museum, Hodgenville (3 $2,538 recreational value, natural historic highway markers) environmental value, open space Historic Russellville, Inc., Logan $5,000 (including farmland, forest land, and County (General Burbridge land with scenic value), or land that has slave/soldier exhibit) historic, architectural, or archaeological Shelby County Historical Society $5,000 significance. (identify & preserve burial site of the “Simpsonville Slaughter”, prep for National Register nomination) An easement is considered a “partial Camp Nelson Civil War Historical $2,000 interest” in real property—the property Park (National Historic Landmark owner continues to own the property but nomination) transfers the specific set of rights RHDI (Washington & Marion $15,000 represented by the easement to the Counties survey), matching funds easement-holding organization. for Preserve America Grant Typically, a preservation easement RHDI pilot program, matching $22,500 protects against changes to a property funds for W.K. Kellogg Foundation grant through the National Trust that would be inconsistent with the Farmington, Historic Homes $8,912 preservation of the property, such as Foundation, Louisville inappropriate use or alterations, demolition of historic buildings or natural resources, or subdivision of land. The EASEMENTS easement may also protect against deterioration by imposing maintenance Owners of historic properties devote obligations. considerable time, effort, and expense to maintaining the architectural details Property owners who donate easements and historic character of their properties. may be eligible for a charitable For property owners looking to contribution deduction from their federal permanently protect their historic income taxes for the value of the historic properties, one of the most effective preservation easement, provided that legal tools available is the preservation the contribution meets the standards of easement. Once established, an the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). easement binds both the current owner and future owners to protect the historic

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Preservation’s Rules and Regulations for the Protection of Historic Properties (36 CFR, Part 800), federal agencies are required to consider the effects of their activities on properties listed in or determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. An activity or “undertaking” consists of any project utilizing federal funds, permits, or licenses. This includes projects that involve federal preservation grants, like Preserve America or Save America’s

Treasures, or a permit issued by the Camp Nelson, a Civil War site in Jessamine County. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In many original camp covered 4,000 acres with some 300 buildings and fortifications. All of the buildings, save an instances, the federal agency delegates officers' quarters (pictured above), were dismantled and responsibilities to the applicant (e.g., the sold following the closure of the base. The Kentucky state agency, city, utility, or developer Heritage Council holds an easement on this property, as who is receiving the federal funds or well as 45 other historic places in the state. Photo courtesy applying for the permit). of Peggy Guier.

The Section 106 Review Process PRESERVATION LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW The Section 106 review process PROCESS requires that the Kentucky State Historic Preservation Office (Kentucky Heritage The laws and regulations that govern Council) review undertakings. The Site the protection of our cultural heritage Protection Division of the SHPO, which slowly developed over the course of the is comprised of a team of qualified 20th century, beginning with the archaeologists, architectural historians, protection of cultural sites located on and historians, determines potential federal lands. Today, several of these effects on historic properties and laws are broadly applicable, such as the archaeological sites in Kentucky. Antiquities Act, the National Historic During the review process, SHPO staff Preservation Act (NHPA), the National work in partnership with other state and Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and federal agencies, the Advisory Council Section 4(f) of the National on Historic Preservation, and consulting Transportation Act, while others apply to parties, such as federally-recognized specific lands or resource types. For Native American tribes, local detailed information regarding these and governments, owners of significant other federal preservation laws, see properties that may be adversely http://www.nps.gov/history/laws.htm#tran. affected by the undertaking, and other interested parties. The National Historic Preservation Act Although the law does not guarantee As outlined in Section 106 of the historic properties will not be impacted, National Historic Preservation Act and it does provide the opportunity to the Advisory Council on Historic

Page 120 2010-2014 Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan consider potential adverse effects and consulting parties to develop evaluate alternatives to avoid or a Memorandum of Agreement minimize them. It should be noted that (MOA) that outlines how adverse the consultation process is one of effects will be addressed. compromise. The three main goals of the Section 106 review process are: Far-reaching Mitigation Efforts (2005-2009) 1. To identify historic properties listed in or eligible for listing in the Federal Communications Commission National Register of Historic In 2004, the construction of a Places that may be adversely telecommunications tower in Taylor affected by a project. This is County, which required a license from accomplished by a review of site the Federal Communications inventories and undertaking Commission (FCC), led to an adverse archaeological and historic effect to historic resources within a ½ structure surveys; mile radius of the proposed tower site. The cell tower company agreed to 2. To identify the effect an contribute funds to complete a National undertaking will have on historic Register nomination for the properties located within an Area Campbellsville Residential Historic of Potential Effect. The project District, which was listed in the National could have: Register in 2007.

No historic properties affected: Federal Highways Administration the undertaking will not affect Between 1996 and 1997, Wilbur Smith historic properties; Associates conducted a Phase III archaeological study on a late 18th No adverse effect: the century to early 19th century farmstead undertaking will affect one or in Logan County named the John Arnold more significant historic Farmstead (Site 15Lo168). The study properties, but the effect will not was done as mitigation for a direct be harmful; adverse effect caused by the proposed relocation of US Route 431. Adverse effect: the undertaking will harm one or more significant More than 60 cultural features were historic properties. identified, including four chimney bases associated with two houses that were 3. To find ways to avoid or minimize constructed by Arnold when he first adverse effects on significant settled the 400 acre farm during the historic properties. If this cannot 1790s. Through careful evaluation of be accomplished through the contents of cultural features, consultation with all involved combined with archival records and the parties, Kentucky Heritage history of the Arnold family and “family” Council staff works with the of slaves who Arnold owned, new agency, applicant, and other information regarding the social and

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economic activities of early pioneers the slave pen was eligible to be included was discovered. The Arnold family in the National Register of Historic owned and operated the farm until 1838. Places and the building was being The short term nature of the Arnold removed from its original context, occupation offers a snapshot of life thereby diminishing the historic integrity during Kentucky’s transition from frontier of the resource, there was an adverse to settlement and complements the effect to the site. The Kentucky relatively limited records from this era. Heritage Council worked in tandem with The study report was published in the NURFC, the Department of 2004.46 Education, and consulting parties to mitigate the effects of the project. A In 2005-2006, the construction of a state Memorandum of Agreement was signed transportation project resulted in the in 2002. The Department of Education demolition of a Sears house, a agreed to hire a consultant to create and contributing feature of a historic property implement a mitigation plan for the located in western Kentucky that was documentation of the site, which determined eligible for National Register included archaeological investigation, as listing. The Federal Highways well as architectural survey, provisions Administration and the Kentucky for dismantling the building, building Transportation Cabinet agreed to material storage requirements, and contribute funds to develop a historic careful reconstruction and partial context focused on prefabricated restoration of the building at the housing in the Jackson Purchase museum. A video documentary of the Region. The subsequent study and Mason County Slave Pen Project was context report, House in a Box: produced and presented as a part of the Prefabricated Housing in the Jackson exhibit. The archaeological report, Purchase Cultural Landscape Region, “Among Your Friends and 1900 to 1960, was produced in 2006. Acquaintances:” the Anderson Slave Pen and the Business of Slavery, was U.S. Department of Education finalized in 2004. The slave holding pen In 1999, the National Underground was successfully reconstructed, and the Railroad Freedom Center (NURFC) exhibit was ready for public viewing proposed to use a grant from the when the Freedom Center opened in Department of Education to August 2004. Since that time, nearly disassemble, move, and reassemble a 900,000 people from all 50 states and historic early 19th century log building dozens of nations around the world purported to be a former slave holding have visited the NURFC and toured the pen. The NURFC planned to use the museum exhibits. building, which was located in Mason County, as an interpretive exhibit. Since Natural Resources Conservation Services The ice storm and flooding of 2009 46 See The Necessary, Durable, Useful, and caused substantial damage to the Ornamental…”: Archaeology of a Transitional remaining 1 ½ mile portion of the Frontier Farmstead, Site 15Lo168 for more original alignment of the Old Salt River information about the John Arnold farmstead th archaeological study, which is housed at the Road, an excellent example of an 18 Kentucky Heritage Council.

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century transportation system in Boyle • Notification of Discovery of Human County. This section of road is listed in Remains: KRS 72.020 the National Register of Historic Places as a part of the Historic and For a more-detailed explanation of Architectural Resources of Boyle County specific state preservation laws, see Multiple Property Listing. For much of http://www.as.uky.edu/academics/depart its length, it is bordered with dry-laid ments_programs/Anthropology/Anthrop stone walls, and it is surrounded by the ology/ArchaelogyServiceUnits/OSA/Doc historic, agricultural landscape of rural, uments/KY-Laws.pdf north-central Boyle County. A section of stone wall collapsed and part of the road Environmental Review Challenges bed was in danger of being swept away by the rushing flood waters. The county As state agencies and local applied for emergency federal funds to communities are awarded federal help stabilize the road. The USDA stimulus dollars, more and more Natural Resources Conservation projects will be sent to the SHPO for Services (NRCS) responded. Since the review. Completing the sheer volume of Salt River Road is listed in the National projects for review has already posed a Register, NRCS consulted with the challenge. Projects that are more- Kentucky State Historic Preservation complicated or fall short of "shovel- Office. To maintain the scenic and ready" status require very careful historic integrity of the old road and evaluation. Reviewing routine projects surrounding landscape, Section 106 quickly with prompt responses is staff recommended that any repairs be essential. However, the current amount in keeping with the original roadway. of review requests far outweigh the NRCS, Boyle County, and the Kentucky usual heavy workload of staff, and it is Heritage Council have all worked difficult to complete reviews within the together in an effort to stabilize, repair, usual 30-day review period. and maintain the historic integrity of this very significant resource. In 2008, the Kentucky Heritage Council entered into an agreement with the Kentucky State Law Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) to establish two, new Section The following state statutes directly or 106 reviewer positions, one indirectly affect the protection and archaeologist and an architectural management of cultural resources in the historian. Both were funded by KYTC, Commonwealth of Kentucky. Office of Local Programs. This has expedited the review process • Kentucky Antiquities Act: KRS 164.705 considerably for transportation projects – KRS 164.735; KRS 164.990 and shortened review time. The • Kentucky Heritage Council: KRS agreement was renewed in 2009 with 171.3801 – 171.395 plans to add a third transportation • Kentucky Cave Protection Act: KRS project reviewer position. This 433.871 – 433.885 agreement has benefitted both state • Desecration of Venerated Objects: KRS 525.110 agencies considerably. • Violating Graves: KRS 525.115 • Abuse of a Corpse: KRS 525.120

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The Kentucky Historic Resources basic maintenance or stewardship Inventory Database and the Kentucky procedures, individuals, non-profit Archaeological Inventory Database were organizations, municipalities, staff from initially funded in the late 1990s through other state departments, federal Transportation Enhancement (TE) agencies, and others consult with the grants, but funding is regularly needed Kentucky Heritage Council throughout to maintain and update these very the development of preservation important, essential tools, which are projects. utilized daily by consultants, state agency staff, local governments, and the This small state agency is required to general public. Without the existence of provide specific programs and services the databases, several preservation in accordance with the National Historic programs, including National Register, Preservation Act. According to federal Survey, Environmental Review, and law, the Kentucky Heritage Council is Historic Tax Credits, would suffer. Fees required to perform the following: are charged for information site checks, but the money generated in this fashion 1. Designate a State Historic does not cover staff time to complete Preservation Officer who is this work. Discovering ways to fund the appointed by the Governor to upkeep of the databases is always a administer a state historic challenge. preservation program in accordance with the National Ignorance about federal and state Historic Preservation Act and preservation laws pose a challenge for provide for the employment of the review process. During the last five professionally-qualified staff as years, there seems to have been a may be necessary for such general rise in education about the purposes. National Historic Preservation Act and other regulatory processes set forth in 2. Direct a comprehensive law; however, more education is statewide survey of historic needed. properties and maintain an inventory of such properties in cooperation with federal and KENTUCKY HERITAGE COUNCIL state agencies, local governments, organizations, and As the primary historic preservation individuals. agency in the state and the Kentucky State Historic Preservation Office, the 3. Identify and nominate eligible Kentucky Heritage Council (KHC) is properties to the National often the first place partners go to obtain Register of Historic Places and crucial information regarding cultural otherwise administer applications resources and their care. for listing historic properties in the National Register, and provide for Whether identifying surveyed properties, a qualified state historic learning about federal or state tax preservation review board to incentive programs, or understanding

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review and approve National 10. Consult with the appropriate Register nominations. federal agencies in accordance with this Act on: 4. Prepare, implement, and • federal undertakings that periodically update a may affect historic comprehensive statewide historic properties (Section 106 preservation plan. review); • the content and sufficiency 5. Administer the state program of of any plans developed to federal assistance for historic protect, manage, or to preservation (Historic reduce or mitigate harm to Rehabilitation Tax Credit such properties; Program). • advise and assist in the evaluation of proposals for 6. Advise and assist, as rehabilitation projects that appropriate, federal and state may qualify for federal agencies and local governments assistance. in carrying out their historic preservation responsibilities.

7. Cooperate with the Secretary of the Interior, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and other federal and state agencies, local governments, and organizations and individuals to ensure that historic properties are taken into consideration at all levels of planning and development.

8. Provide public information, education, training, and technical assistance in historic preservation.

9. Cooperate with local governments in the development of local historic preservation programs and assist local governments in becoming certified (Certified Local Governments).

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CHAPTER 6: A FIVE-YEAR VISION FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN KENTUCKY

Historic preservation planning is most effective when we (1) gather public comments and recommendations, (2) closely examine current trends that have the power to positively or negatively influence historic preservation projects and help community leaders understand issues within a broader context (3) understand the nature and condition of our cultural and historic resources, and (4) scrutinize existing preservation programs, successful preservation partnerships and projects, and state and federal laws.

The preceding chapters attempt to supply this crucial information. With these factors in mind, we can turn our attention to forming a new vision for the future and devising a set of goals that will help address future needs of the state’s cultural resources and the practice of preservation. The vision statement solidifies a direction for the next five years and generates strategies and action items.

Vision Statement

Kentucky’s cultural places are irreplaceable resources essential to the economic, environmental, social, and cultural sustainability of our communities. The state’s unique heritage resources are integral to our identity and sense of place. State and federal agencies, neighborhoods, municipalities, non-profit organizations, Certified Local Governments, Main Street programs, and individuals will work in partnership to protect, preserve, and use our resources to build thriving local economies, provide jobs, create affordable housing, conserve natural resources, encourage tourism, and adopt a greater understanding and appreciation of our shared heritage. Kentuckians will be empowered with the knowledge, legal and financial tools, technical skills, and political will to support a balance between economic stability and appropriate development, as communities plan for inevitable change. Together, we will build a preservation culture that incorporates education and stewardship, as we plan for the future.

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2010-2014 HISTORIC PRESERVATION GOALS

Goal I: Funding & Legislation Page 131 Strengthen existing and create new state funding mechanisms and legislation to sufficiently meet historic preservation needs throughout the state.

Goal 2: Education Page 133 Increase understanding, awareness, and involvement in historic preservation through educational programming and technical training.

Goal 3: Identification & Assessment Page 137 Intensify efforts to locate and assess Kentucky’s significant historic and cultural places through identification, survey, research, evaluation, and registration.

Goal 4: Planning Page 139 Integrate historic preservation planning into comprehensive planning efforts for effective community growth and development.

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2010-2014 Goals, Strategies, and Action Items

Goal I: Strengthen existing or create new state funding mechanisms and legislation to sufficiently meet historic preservation needs throughout the state.

Strategy 1: Provide relative, up-to-date information regarding the economic benefits of historic preservation.

Action 1: Develop informational material that demonstrates the economic benefits of historic preservation in the state.

Action 2: Update information presented in Donovan Rypkema’s 1991 study, “Historic Preservation and the Economy of the Commonwealth: Kentucky’s Past at Work for Kentucky’s Future.”

Action 3: Publicize specific case studies of successful Kentucky historic preservation projects that demonstrate economic sustainability. Disseminate this information. a. Identify noteworthy “best practices” projects and develop well-designed fact sheets that highlight these projects. b. Identify individual rehabilitation projects as well as city and county-wide preservation efforts. c. Utilize Main Street Program & Kentucky Department of Travel statistics to note the benefits of preservation projects on job growth, tourism development, Main Street business profits, etc.

Action 4: Provide educational information regarding the long-term benefits of developing local financial incentives for private historic rehabilitation projects and general maintenance or repair of buildings in local historic districts (tax moratoriums, small grant programs, etc.).

Strategy 2: Expand the use of the federal and state historic preservation tax credit programs, alone or in conjunction with other federal incentive programs.

Action 1: Develop partnerships to complete historic tax credit projects.

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Action 2: Compile additional data that demonstrates the substantial impact of the state historic state credit on Kentucky’s economy.

Action 3: Develop state legislation that increases or completely removes the cap on the Kentucky State Historic Preservation Tax Credit to make this successful program even more effective.

Action 4: Develop educational programming that outlines the process of applying for the federal and state historic tax credits.

Strategy 3: Strengthen existing grant programs to carry out private and public preservation projects.

Action 1: Expand the use of federal grant opportunities [e.g. Transportation Enhancement (TE), Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program, Land and Water Conservation Fund, Recreation Trails Program, American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP), Preserve America, Save America’s Treasures, and Urban Park & Recreation Recovery] and state grant opportunities [Local Government Economic Development Fund, Local Government Economic Assistance Fund, and Cemetery Preservation Fund] for “bricks and mortar” preservation projects.

Action 2: Publicize the Preserve America Program.

Action 3: Market the Kentucky Preservation Fund Grant, which is available to public agencies and nonprofit organizations for historic preservation planning efforts, heritage education programs, or critical feasibility studies or structural assessments of endangered properties.

Strategy 4: Develop and implement an ongoing state grant program, funded annually, for the Kentucky Main Street/Renaissance on Main Programs.

Action 1: Allocate funds specifically to sustain a Main Street/Renaissance on Main Grant Program for historic downtown revitalization efforts.

Strategy 5: Revise existing state legislation or create new state legislation that would fund a Kentucky state matching historic preservation grant program, especially for “bricks and mortar” projects.

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Action 1: Examine the feasibility of creating a funding mechanism for private and public preservation and/or rehabilitation projects by taking a percentage of demolition permit application fees or a portion of real estate transfer fees and applying the funds to a state historic preservation grant program, which would be administered by the Kentucky Heritage Council.

Strategy 6: Develop closer relationships between the preservation community and local governments, neighborhood associations, private companies, and financial institutions to complete successful rehabilitation projects.

Action 1: Provide information regarding the economic benefits of preservation to private industry organizations that influence or conduct historic preservation projects (e.g. bankers associations, realtor’s boards, homebuilder’s associations, housing organizations, or neighborhood associations). a. Develop presentations with in-depth, statistical information regarding the economic impact of historic preservation. b. Partner with these organizations to give presentations at annual meetings and/or conferences.

Strategy 7: Revise existing state legislation or create new state legislation that addresses preservation of cultural resources.

Action 1: Revise the Kentucky Antiquities Act to better protect archaeological sites and make this state law more compatible with the federal Archaeological Resources Protection Act.

Action 2: Adopt new state legislation that would require an environmental review process for projects that are funded strictly with state funds.

Goal 2: Increase understanding, awareness, and involvement in historic preservation through educational programming and technical training.

Strategy 1: Provide vocational training in practical historic rehabilitation skills.

Action 1: Offer craftsman training workshops through the Pine Mountain Settlement School for Practical Historic Preservation Program.

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Action 2: Present the 14th annual International Preservation Trades Workshop in Frankfort in 2010.

Action 3: Provide “house doctor” workshops in communities across the state.

Action 4: Offer outreach training opportunities that explain and promote appropriate treatments for properties within historic districts.

Action 5: Develop an Annual Practical Preservation State Workshop in partnership with the Kentucky Heritage Council, Kentucky State Parks and other state agencies, local governments, and non-profit organizations that own and maintain sensitive cultural, recreational resources.

Action 6: Develop and disseminate educational material concerning energy efficiency, the integration of new energy efficient products into historic buildings, and the inherent energy efficiency of historic buildings.

Strategy 2: Provide educational programs concerning archaeology and the preservation of archaeological sites.

Action 1: Present Living Archaeology Weekend every year.

Action 2: Develop, publish, and promote archaeology lesson plans, booklets, videos, other educational material, and public hands-on learning opportunities.

Action 3: Initiate a statewide Kentucky Archaeology Week, sponsored by the Kentucky Heritage Council, in partnership with Kentucky Archaeological Survey, Kentucky universities, and other professional archaeologists.

Strategy 3: Present the biennial Kentucky State Historic Preservation Conference.

Action 1: Plan, organize, sponsor, and present the Kentucky State Historic Preservation Conference as a partnership among Kentucky preservation organizations, Main Street communities, Certified Local Governments, individuals, and the Kentucky Heritage Council.

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Action 2: Market the conference earlier. Target groups not traditionally within the state preservation network (teachers, realtors, planners, local decision makers).

Action 3: Include Student Photo-Essay Contest winners to promote the Student-Essay Contest.

Action 4: Design a conference session specifically for teachers that concerns integrating historic preservation into the classroom and utilizing hp and archaeology lesson plans.

Strategy 4: Present the annual Kentucky State Archaeology Conference.

Action 1: Plan, organize, sponsor, and present the Kentucky State Archaeology Conference as a partnership among archaeological organizations, the Office of State Archaeology, universities, professional archaeologists, and Kentucky Archaeology Survey.

Strategy 5: Integrate historic preservation into the classroom.

Action 1: Develop historic preservation lesson plans according to Kentucky educational learning standards [Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA) standards] and Kentucky’s learning goals and academic expectations.

Action 2: Develop an architectural survey unit for students. Promote the unit to Kentucky educators.

Action 3: Expand the use of the Teaching with Historic Places Program.

Strategy 6: Provide historic preservation public outreach opportunities through partnerships among state agencies, local governments, agricultural extension offices, Girl and Boy Scout regional offices, Area Development Districts, and community planning and economic development offices.

Action 1: Offer a summer teachers’ historic preservation workshop.

Action 2: Add new preservation components to existing heritage programs, such as the Kentucky Historical Society’s Community Scholars Program or Junior Historians Program.

Action 3: Develop a historic preservation Scout badge or a preservation 4-H program.

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Action 4: Integrate historic preservation, archaeology, and architectural history into the Kentucky Governor’s Scholars Program and the Governor’s School for the Arts. Action 5: Develop an online course through e-Learning Kentucky to instruct teachers how to incorporate historic preservation into different subjects OR offer annual teacher workshops for teacher PD (professional development) credit.

Strategy 7: Present events during National Historic Preservation Month.

Action 1: Plan, organize, and present local preservation activities.

Action 2: Plan, organize, and present the annual Ida Lee Willis Award Contest and Ceremony.

Action 3: Plan, organize, and present the annual Student Photo/Essay Contest. A more-concerted effort will be made to promote this program earlier by contacting schools and presenting the information via teacher listserves and/or blogs. Expand the submission requirements to accept essays produced in different media.

Strategy 8: Offer Section 106 training opportunities for consultants, state and local government agency staff, and other interested individuals.

Goal 3: Intensify efforts to locate and assess Kentucky’s significant historic and cultural places through identification, survey, research, evaluation, and registration.

Strategy 1: Maintain and update the Kentucky Historic Resource Inventory, Kentucky Archaeological Inventory, survey files, and survey reports.

Action 1: Digitize the archival collection of paper survey forms, files, and reports housed at the Kentucky Heritage Council and the Office of State Archaeology.

Action 2: Develop a new reporting process that incorporates digital survey forms.

Action 3: Establish an ongoing, stable funding mechanism to maintain and regularly update the Kentucky Historic Resource Inventory database and the Kentucky Archaeological Inventory database.

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Action 4: Define priority survey areas and resource types by producing and publicizing an annual summary of architectural resources surveyed to date and surveyed during each calendar year.

Action 5: Establish partnerships among state agencies, local historical societies and other organizations to encourage survey efforts in counties and regions that remain undocumented or need updated survey.

Action 6: Provide opportunities for university and college students to complete survey work and expand historic site inventories.

Strategy 2: Increase National Register nomination efforts.

Action 1: Establish partnerships among state agencies, Main Street communities, Certified Local Governments, teachers, local historical societies and other organizations to encourage National Register nomination efforts.

Action 2: Promote the value of the process of identification, research, and National Register nomination as a community planning tool.

Action 3: Provide technical expertise and grant-writing assistance, if grants are available, to communities interested in completing National Register nominations.

Action 4: Update the state National Register database.

Action 5: Digitize the remaining National Register files, photographs, and maps.

Action 6: Evaluate African American cultural resources listed in the survey database for National Register eligibility.

Action 7: Identify National Register listed properties that are no longer extant and begin the process of delisting these properties.

Action 8: Present training sessions or a tool kit addressing how to develop a sound Statement of Significance for those who complete National Register work.

Strategy 3: Develop additional historic contexts, which could involve such themes as agriculture, historic Kentucky industries, or transportation.

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Action 1: Finalize the Agricultural Historic Context in collaboration with the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet and the University of Kentucky, Department of Historic Preservation.

Action 2: Develop historic contexts of the remaining three cultural landscapes—the Eastern Mountains, Jackson Purchase, and Northern Cities.

Strategy 4: Evaluate and protect historic properties utilizing processes outlined in state and federal environmental laws.

Action 1: Improve communication between state and federal agencies throughout the Section 106 review process.

Action 2: Produce a basic environmental review toolkit or PowerPoint presentation that explains the Section 106 process.

Goal 4: Integrate historic preservation planning into comprehensive planning efforts for effective community growth and development.

Strategy 1: Incorporate best-practice preservation standards and procedures into other state agency plans.

Action 1: Clearly identify the projects that most adversely impact cultural resources and attempt to address them through research, publications, and inter-agency meetings.

Strategy 2: Develop and periodically update local historic preservation plans that are incorporated into comprehensive planning efforts or local government office procedures.

Action 1: Identify Kentucky communities that have produced and adopted historic preservation and/or cultural resource management plans.

Action 2: Protect and preserve cultural resources through a combination of preservation planning tools that are specific to local needs, such as establishing local historic preservation ordinances or resolutions, conducting survey of cultural resources, maintaining cultural resource inventories, using mixed use zoning and demolition moratoria, and establishing Main Street programs, local economic incentives for rehabilitation, and heritage tourism initiatives.

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Action 3: Familiarize local community planners with historic preservation planning and highlight its benefits by giving presentations at meetings and conferences held by the Kentucky Chapter of the American Planning Association (KAPA), Area Development Districts, the Kentucky Long- Term Research Policy Center (KLTRPC), Northern Kentucky Area Planning Commission, Kentucky League of Cities, and the Kentucky Association of Counties (KACO).

Strategy 3: Expand the Kentucky Certified Local Government Program.

Action 1: Promote awareness of this important program, its benefits, and preservation planning objectives. Informational material describing the Certified Local Government Program and CLG grant opportunity must be produced and distributed at planning conferences, educational training sessions, and other public events.

Action 2: Secure adequate staff support for the Kentucky CLG Program.

Action 3: Establish Kentucky state certification credentials for local preservation commission members similar to those required for Main Street certification.

Action 4: Provide additional training that is specifically geared to issues and difficult decisions faced by local preservation commissions.

Action 5: Host additional sessions of CAMP (Commission Assistance Mentoring Program, a workshop presented by the National Alliance of Preservation Commissions.

Action 6: Emphasize the use of CLG funding on survey and resurvey of historic properties, National Register nominations, the development or update of local historic preservation plans, and educational opportunities.

Action 7: Establish new locally-designated historic districts and expand existing districts.

Strategy 4: Maintain and strengthen the Kentucky Main Street Program.

Action 1: Secure an adequate number of staff to manage this program. The ideal Main Street team would include a Main Street Coordinator, along with four additional staff people,

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each focusing on one of the four main points of the program (Organization, Design, Promotion, & Economic Restructuring).

Action 2: Establish an ongoing funding source for the Kentucky Main Street/Renaissance on Main Grant Program.

Action 3: Revise the Main Street Program certification criteria.

Action 4: Revise the process for annually collecting data from the Main Street managers to provide a more accurate picture of the program’s economic impact on Kentucky.

Strategy 5: Concentrate efforts to protect and preserve cultural resources in rural areas and rural cultural landscapes in Kentucky.

Action 1: Reutilize the organizational framework [marketing, local business development, agritourism, and heritage education] established by the Rural Heritage Development Initiative by incorporating it into other rural communities throughout the state.

Action 2: Offer professional guidance to Kentucky communities to establish scenic byways and promote the National Heritage Area Program.

Action 3: Establish and monitor historic preservation easements in Kentucky.

Action 4: Create a preservation easement toolkit for property owners. Demonstrate the effectiveness of Kentucky easement programs, such as the PACE (Purchase of Agricultural Conservation Easements) Program, the Kentucky Trust for Historic Preservation Easement Program, and the Nature Conservancy Easement Program.

Action 5: Establish purchase or transfer of development rights programs to protect historic properties.

Strategy 6: Strengthen relationships with the Area Development Districts (ADDs), extension agents, and regional and local planning offices to promote historic preservation planning efforts.

Action 1: Advocate for a historic preservation planner within each ADD and local planning office.

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Action 2: Offer historic preservation planning presentations at ADD and planning meetings and conferences.

Action 3: Develop a historic preservation planning online course through the through the Kentucky Virtual Campus (KYVC) designed by the Kentucky Council on Postsecondary Education (CPE).

Action 4: Provide preservation planning presentations through the district and county extension offices.

Strategy 6: Strengthen coordination among state and federal government agencies and public policy makers to ensure that preservation is a concerted priority.

Action 1: Develop a state environmental review process that is similar to the Section 106 review process, which would allow the Kentucky Heritage Council to make recommendations on state undertakings.

Action 2: Incorporate preservation Standards and Guidelines in new state facility planning.

Action 3: Strengthen the capabilities of state agencies to be effective stewards of state-owned historic and prehistoric properties.

Action 4: Ensure protection of cultural resources is a central focus in heritage tourism initiatives.

Strategy 7: Update the Kentucky State Historic Preservation Plan.

Action 1: Initiate the update of the 2015-2019 State Plan no later than October 2013, and submit the final draft of to the National Park Service no later than November 15, 2014.

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Conclusion

Like other limited resources, our historic places are vulnerable to society’s complex pressures and demands. Frequently, the preservation of cultural resources is seen as conflicting with a community’s immediate needs, like economic revitalization, new jobs, affordable housing, and education. However, historic preservation actually combats the challenges that confront community planners and decision makers by stimulating private investment, drawing residents and businesses back to historic downtowns, attracting tourists, stabilizing or increasing property values, and providing employment opportunities. Historic preservation has the power to help a community maintain and regenerate growth and prosperity.

Inadequate land use planning, in many cases, has contributed to the adverse environmental, economic, and social impacts associated with growth. Conserving our heritage helps build more sustainable local economies and maintains a rich quality of life for all Kentuckians.

“…the only possible guarantee of the future is responsible behavior in the present.” Wendell Berry, The Unsettling of America, 1977

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