What Is Called Ecoterrorism
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Radical Environmentalism: the New Civil Disobedience?
Seattle Journal for Social Justice Volume 6 Issue 1 Fall/Winter 2007 Article 35 November 2007 Radical Environmentalism: The New Civil Disobedience? Cesar Cuauhtemoc Garcia Hernandez Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj Recommended Citation Hernandez, Cesar Cuauhtemoc Garcia (2007) "Radical Environmentalism: The New Civil Disobedience?," Seattle Journal for Social Justice: Vol. 6 : Iss. 1 , Article 35. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj/vol6/iss1/35 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Publications and Programs at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Seattle Journal for Social Justice by an authorized editor of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 289 Radical Environmentalism: The New Civil Disobedience? César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández1 God said, “I have given you every seed-bearing plant which is on the face of all the earth, and every tree that bears fruit with seed. It will be for your food. To every wild animal, to every bird of the sky, to everything that creeps along the ground, to everything that has the breath of life, I give every green plant for food.” So it was. God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. Book of Genesis2 We know that the white man does not understand our ways. One portion of land is the same to him as the next, for he is a stranger who comes in the night and takes from the land whatever he needs. -
Disaggregating the Scare from the Greens
DISAGGREGATING THE SCARE FROM THE GREENS Lee Hall*† INTRODUCTION When the Vermont Law Review graciously asked me to contribute to this Symposium focusing on the tension between national security and fundamental values, specifically for a segment on ecological and animal- related activism as “the threat of unpopular ideas,” it seemed apt to ask a basic question about the title: Why should we come to think of reverence for life or serious concern for the Earth that sustains us as “unpopular ideas”? What we really appear to be saying is that the methods used, condoned, or promoted by certain people are unpopular. So before we proceed further, intimidation should be disaggregated from respect for the environment and its living inhabitants. Two recent and high-profile law-enforcement initiatives have viewed environmental and animal-advocacy groups as threats in the United States. These initiatives are the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) prosecution and Operation Backfire. The former prosecution targeted SHAC—a campaign to close one animal-testing firm—and referred also to the underground Animal Liberation Front (ALF).1 The latter prosecution *. Legal director of Friends of Animals, an international animal-rights organization founded in 1957. †. Lee Hall, who can be reached at [email protected], thanks Lydia Fiedler, the Vermont Law School, and Friends of Animals for making it possible to participate in the 2008 Symposium and prepare this Article for publication. 1. See Indictment at 14–16, United States v. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA, Inc., No. 3:04-cr-00373-AET-2 (D.N.J. May 27, 2004), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/press/files/ pdffiles/shacind.pdf (last visited Apr. -
A Rhetorical Study of Edward Abbey's Picaresque Novel the Fool's Progress
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 2001 A rhetorical study of Edward Abbey's picaresque novel The fool's progress Kent Murray Rogers Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Rhetoric Commons Recommended Citation Rogers, Kent Murray, "A rhetorical study of Edward Abbey's picaresque novel The fool's progress" (2001). Theses Digitization Project. 2079. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2079 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A RHETORICAL STUDY OF EDWARD ABBEY'S PICARESQUE NOVEL THE FOOL'S PROGRESS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in English Composition by Kent Murray Rogers June 2001 A RHETORICAL STUDY OF EDWARD ABBEY'S PICARESQUE NOVEL THE FOOL,'S PROGRESS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Kent Murray Rogers June 2001 Approved by: Elinore Partridge, Chair, English Peter Schroeder ABSTRACT The rhetoric of Edward Paul Abbey has long created controversy. Many readers have embraced his works while many others have reacted with dislike or even hostility. Some readers have expressed a mixture of reactions, often citing one book, essay or passage in a positive manner while excusing or completely .ignoring another that is deemed offensive. -
The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act and Ecoterrorism Thomas J
Fordham University Masthead Logo DigitalResearch@Fordham Student Theses 2015-Present Environmental Studies Spring 5-15-2016 Controlling What Is Wild: The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act and Ecoterrorism Thomas J. Levendosky Fordham University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fordham.bepress.com/environ_2015 Recommended Citation Levendosky, Thomas J., "Controlling What Is Wild: The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act and Ecoterrorism" (2016). Student Theses 2015-Present. 33. https://fordham.bepress.com/environ_2015/33 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Studies at DigitalResearch@Fordham. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses 2015-Present by an authorized administrator of DigitalResearch@Fordham. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Controlling What Is Wild The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act and Ecoterrorism Thomas Levendosky Environmental Studies 4000: Senior Thesis May 15, 2016 1 Abstract This thesis examines the extremist side of the environmental activism commonly known as ecoterrorism, and the subsequent implications of categorizing criminal activism as terrorism. Groups such as Earth First!, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), and the Environmental Liberation Front (ELF) strive to protect the natural world from the detrimental impacts of industrialization. Activists affiliated with these groups endorse direct action against environmentally harmful enterprises. Extremists are motivated by the belief that they are on the frontline defending the defenseless. They hope to dissuade corporations and government agencies from exploiting the natural world by exposing unethical practices and causing economic damage. The strategy of direct action can involve sabotaging of industrial equipment (monkeywrenching), arson, and tree spiking. Direct action also promotes nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to obstruct industrial development. -
The Eco-Terrorist Wave (1970-2016)
THE ECO-TERRORIST WAVE (1970-2016) By João Raphael da Silva Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations Supervisor: Professor Matthijs Bogaards Word Count: Budapest, Hungary 2017 CEU eTD Collection 1 ABSTRACT The present research aims to shed light on the geographical and temporal spread of the ecological typology of terrorism – hereinafter referred as “Eco-Terrorism” – through the lens of the David C. Rapoport’s Wave and Tom Parker and Nick Sitter’s Strain Theories. This typology that has posed high levels of threats to the United States and the European Union member States remains uncovered by these two theoretical frameworks. My arguments are that, first, like many other typologies previously covered by the above-mentioned theories, Eco-Terrorism spread. Second, “Wave”, “Strain” or “Wavy Strain” should be able to explain the pattern followed by Eco-Terrorism. Making use of the “Contagion Effect” as an analytical tool, the present research found that, like in other typologies, as an indirect way of contagion, literary production has played a crucial role in the spread of Eco-Terrorism, with a slight difference on who was writing them. Eventually, they became leaders or members of an organization, but in most of the cases were philosophers and fiction authors. In addition, it was found that the system of organization of the ALF and the ELF contributes to the spread. As a direct way of contagion, aside from training like in other typologies, the spread occurs when members of a certain organization disaffiliate from an organization and found a new one, and sometimes when two organizations act in cooperation. -
DEEP ECOLOGY Shortly After Founding Earth First!, Foreman and His Comrades Also Immediately Seized on and Adopted Deep Ecology As Earth First!’S Natural Philosophy
The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature Bron Taylor, Editor in Chief Continuum International, 2005 Earth First! and the Earth Liberation Front Radical Environmentalism comprises a cluster of environmental movements and ideologies that share an overall worldview that includes a perception of the sacredness of nature. The religious and ideological beliefs of these movements, and the criticisms to which they are typically subjected, are described in detail in RADICAL ENVIRONMENTALISM. Their basic orientation can be, however, briefly characterized: Radical environmental movements trace environmental degradation to anthropocentric and hierarchical western philosophies and religions. They prescribe in response lifestyle simplification, political resistance to the destructive forces, and a spiritual “reconnection” with nature. These responses, they believe, depend on a “resacralization” of human attitudes and perceptions of the natural world. By the early twenty-first century Earth First! and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) had become the best known of the radical environmental groups in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, and they had established beachheads in scores of countries on every continent but Antarctica. Earth First! Earth First!, with its slogan “no compromise in defense of mother earth,” was founded in 1980. It rapidly became known for its dramatic civil disobedience campaigns and the occasional use of sabotage in its efforts to thwart commercial incursions into biologically sensitive lands. In its first two decades it focused especially upon North America’s remaining old-growth forests, evocatively labeled “ancient” or “cathedral” forests to reinforce their special importance. Dave Foreman, who left the WILDERNESS SOCIETY after he became disenchanted with the efforts of such mainstream environmental groups to arrest environmental decline, was the most charismatic leader among Earth First!’s co-founders (variously numbered at 4 or 5, depending on differing movement origin myths). -
The Monkey Wrench Gang Pdf
The monkey wrench gang pdf Continue Abbey, Edward. Monkey's wrench gang. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1975. The Monkey Key Gang is concerned with the use of sabotage to protest environmentally harmful activities in the American Southwest. The abbey's most famous artwork is the story of four environmental warriors liberating parts of Utah and Arizona from evil road workers, miners and redheads. The book fueled a new generation of angry young environmentalists (such as Earth First!) who practice agonizing monkey or sabotage for the sake of protecting wildlife. The book was so influential that the term monkeywrench began to mean, in addition to sabotage and damage to machines, any sabotage, activity, law- learning, or violation of the law for the preservation of wildlife, wildlife and ecosystems. (Text adapted from Wikipedia, free encyclopedia and Abbeyweb.net.) Monkey Wrengues Gang Edward Abbey (1975) French name: Le gang de la Cle Molette. Translation: Juak Maiphos. This book, though fictional in form, is based solely on historical fact. Everything in it is real or actually happened. And it all started a year later. Edward Abbey. Wolf Hole, Arizona. This mysterious edward abbey quote is the first thing you read when you discover the Monkey Key Gang. Abbey (1927-1989) was an American writer and environmentalist. He recounted his experience as a seasonal park ranger in Arches National Park in the 1960s in an autobiographical book, Pasert Solitaire. Monkey key gang is set in desert areas of the American Southwest. Think Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. It was published in 1975 and remember that the city of Page was founded in 1957, the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River was opened in 1964, and that Lake Powell was the result of this dam. -
Greenpeace, Earth First! and the Earth Liberation Front: the Rp Ogression of the Radical Environmental Movement in America" (2008)
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Senior Honors Projects Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island 2008 Greenpeace, Earth First! and The aE rth Liberation Front: The rP ogression of the Radical Environmental Movement in America Christopher J. Covill University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Covill, Christopher J., "Greenpeace, Earth First! and The Earth Liberation Front: The rP ogression of the Radical Environmental Movement in America" (2008). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 93. http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/93http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/93 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Greenpeace, Earth First! and The Earth Liberation Front: The Progression of the Radical Environmental Movement in America Christopher John Covill Faculty Sponsor: Professor Timothy Hennessey, Political Science Causes of worldwide environmental destruction created a form of activism, Ecotage with an incredible success rate. Ecotage uses direct action, or monkey wrenching, to prevent environmental destruction. Mainstream conservation efforts were viewed by many environmentalists as having failed from compromise inspiring the birth of radicalized groups. This eventually transformed conservationists into radicals. Green Peace inspired radical environmentalism by civil disobedience, media campaigns and direct action tactics, but remained mainstream. Earth First’s! philosophy is based on a no compromise approach. -
Environmental Law Section Newsletter
LAW SECTION Susan Richardson, Editor Kilpatrick Stockton LLP Spring 2002 Protecting Against Environmental Terrorism by Robert D. Schmitter Senior Scientist and Head of Environmental Management and Technology Branch In This Issue: Georgia Tech Research Institute1 Protecting Against Introduction Environmental Protection of the environment is a major concern of both the public and private sectors, but it is now seen in a new light since the September 11 attacks exposed the vulnerabil- Terrorism . pg. 1 ity of certain segments of the country’s infrastructure to terrorist acts. Most environ- mental protection efforts have been directed at operations with the potential to cause From the Chair’s environmental damage as a result of accidental spills or releases of toxic materials. Desk . pg. 2 Attention has now turned to addressing issues of environmental terrorism, which can include the intentional release of hazardous materials via terrorist activities at facilities The Enviromental or operations, with a resultant tremendous adverse impact on the environment and the Litigator’s Procedual public. Primer on the Office of State Administra- What is Environmental Terrorism? tive Hearings . .pg. 3 The FBI defines terrorism as “the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment An Overview of the thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.”2 Terrorism takes on many Small Business forms, including assassinations, homicide/suicide bombings, chemical or biological Liability Relief and attacks, and concerns about attacks on the environment and the associated impact on the public. Environmental terrorism has been defined as “the unlawful use of force Brownfields Revital- against in situ environmental resources as to deprive populations of their benefits and/ ization Act . -
The Strategy of Radical Environmentalism
Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Summer 2008, Vol. 10, Issue 4. THROWING A WRENCH INTO THINGS: THE STRATEGY OF RADICAL ENVIRONMENTALISM Teale Phelps Bondaroff, University of Calgary Introduction: The current focus on Islamic terrorism has resulted in a lack of awareness of other forms of terrorism. Similarly, the focus on external non-conventional threats to security has meant that domestic threats are being overlooked. One such instance is that of the threat posed by radical environmentalist organizations, such as Earth First! (EF!)1, the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), and the Sea Shepherds Society. These organizations, which premise themselves upon the assertion of “No compromise in the Defense of Mother Earth!” have declared themselves Mother Nature’s armies and navies and represent the militarization of the environmental movement.2 The operations in which they engage, of which there have been more than 600 in the United States and Canada since 1996, have been responsible for an estimated $100 million in damages.3 Though the impact of these operations pale in comparison to those of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and Pentagon in 2001, they represent a growing trend in environmental organizations, and a growing non-conventional societal threat. The threat is especially real in Canada where many groups find their origins in Canadian-born organizations such as Greenpeace. 1 The name of the ‘Earth First!’ includes the exclamation mark, which places emphasis on their commitment to action. 2 Jonathan I. Lange, “Refusal to Compromise: The Case of Earth First!” Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54 (Fall 1990), p. -
U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington
U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, D.C. 20535-0001 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE NATIONAL PRESS OFFICE November 19, 2008 (202) 324-3691 www.fbi.gov REWARD INCREASED FOR OPERATION BACKFIRE FUGITIVES Washington, D.C. – Today, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives announced an increased reward for information about fugitives being sought for their role in a domestic terrorism cell. Specifically, the FBI is offering a reward of up to $50,000 for information leading to the arrest of Josephine Sunshine Overaker, Joseph Mahmoud Dibee, Justin Franchi Solondz, and Rebecca Rubin. These individuals were members of the domestic terrorism cell, referred to as “The Family,” whose criminal actions included vandalism, animal releases, arsons and attempted arsons across Oregon, Washington, California, Wyoming and Colorado. “We appreciate the assistance of our domestic and international law enforcement partners in this ongoing fugitive search,” said Executive Assistant Director Arthur M. Cummings, II, FBI National Security Branch. “These individuals are terrorists –regardless of their political or social message – their actions were criminal and in violation of federal law. The FBI has remained vigilant in the search for these individuals and will make every effort to apprehend these fugitives and bring them to justice.” From 1996 to 2001, these individuals conducted a range of criminal actions throughout the United States in the name of the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front. They were responsible for at least 25 domestic terrorism criminal actions totaling over $80 million in damages, including the largest eco-related arson in history, a $12 million dollar arson at the Vail Ski Resort in Vail, Colorado. -
Assessing Security Threats to Canada's Energy Infrastructure
Assessing Security Threats to Canada’s Energy Infrastructure: The Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline By Jenny Benoit B.A., University of Guelph, 2011 Research Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the School of Criminology Faculty of Arts and Social Science Jenny Benoit 2014 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2014 Approval Name: Jenny Benoit Degree: Master of Arts (Criminology) Title of Thesis: Assessing Security Threats to Canada’s Energy Infrastructure: The Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline Examining Committee: Chair: William Glackman Associate Professor J. Bryan Kinney Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Garth Davies Supervisor Associate Professor Andrea Curman External Examiner Research Analyst, Police Services Division, Road Safety Unit BC Government, Ministry of Justice Date Defended/Approved: July 29, 2014 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract Safe and secure critical infrastructure is essential for the functioning of Canada's society. A robust system of infrastructure allows Canada to be a leader on the world stage but also presents potential security risks. Using open source data, this paper identifies why energy infrastructure is the ideal target for malicious attack and includes a focus on the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway pipeline. Using the Harmonized Threat and Risk Assessment Methodology, to perform a risk based analysis; the likelihood of an attack on the Northern Gateway was assessed. A risk rating of low to medium was found, with a variety of vulnerabilities and possible threat actors identified. Keywords: Energy infrastructure, risk assessment, Northern Gateway pipeline iv Dedication To R.A. – Thank you. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr.