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Bioarchaeological Investigations of the Red House Archaeological Site, Port of Spain, Trinidad: a Pre-Columbian, Mid- Late Ceramic Age Caribbean Population

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Bioarchaeological Investigations of the Red House Archaeological Site, Port of Spain, Trinidad: a Pre-Columbian, Mid- Late Ceramic Age Caribbean Population University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2016 Bioarchaeological Investigations of The Red House Archaeological Site, Port of Spain, Trinidad: A Pre-Columbian, Mid- Late Ceramic Age Caribbean Population. Patrisha Meyers University of Central Florida Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Meyers, Patrisha, "Bioarchaeological Investigations of The Red House Archaeological Site, Port of Spain, Trinidad: A Pre-Columbian, Mid-Late Ceramic Age Caribbean Population." (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4979. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4979 BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RED HOUSE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE, PORT OF SPAIN, TRINIDAD: A PRE-COLUMBIAN MID-LATE CERAMIC AGE CARIBBEAN POPULATION by PATRISHA L. MEYERS BA Anthropology University of Central Florida, 2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2016 Major Professor: John J. Schultz © 2016 Patrisha L. Meyers ii ABSTRACT In 2013 structural assessments associated with ongoing renovations of the Red House, Trinidad and Tobago’s Parliament building, revealed human remains buried beneath the foundation. Excavations and radiocarbon dating indicate the remains are pre-Columbian with 14C dates ranging between approximately AD 125 and AD 1395. Due to the small overall sample size and the inability to attribute all individuals to a specific Amerindian period, the skeletal sample was considered as an aggregate. A bioarchaeological assessment of excavated graves and associated human skeletal material was conducted to determine the demographic profile and the pathological conditions exhibited by the collective skeletal ‘population.’ Osteological analyses included determining the minimum number of individuals (MNI), assessing the biological profile (e.g. sex, age, ancestry and stature), evaluating pathological conditions, antemortem and perimortem trauma and describing the overall taphonomic modifications. In addition, dental wear patterns, artificial cranial modifications and musculoskeletal stress markers were noted. Finally, the mortuary treatment and context was compared to the limited information published on contemporary skeletal samples from islands in the Lesser Antilles and nearby coastal regions of South America. The sample consisted of an MNI of 60 individuals including 47 adults and 13 juveniles. The skeletal completeness of these individuals ranged from a single skeletal element to more than 90% complete. Sex assessment was possible for 23 individuals with 11 females (23%) and 17 males (35%). Multiple antemortem conditions indicate a total of 35 individuals (58%) who exhibited one or more pathological condition including dental pathology (e.g. LEHs, carious lesions, antemortem tooth loss, dental wear, abscesses and a possible apical cyst), healed antemortem trauma, non-specific generalized infections, osteoarthritis, spinal osteophystosis and Schmorl’s nodes. Additional antemortem conditions include examples of artificial cranial iii modification in both sexes, and activity related humeral bilateral asymmetry. While not a representative population, the reconstruction of health, lifestyle and disease for these ancient peoples makes a significant contribution to the limited osteological research published on the Caribbean’s pre-contact period. iv To my family: James, Kristy, Kevin and Billy. For the lets-just-hang-out time you’ve given up, the Saturdays that have slipped by and the holidays that were pulled together at the last minute. Thank you for understanding. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank the Parliament of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago for funding this research and to thank Dr. Basil Reid for inviting me to join the Red House Archaeological team in their investigations into this amazing site and for agreeing to sit on my thesis committee. I would also like to acknowledge the gracious assistance I received from the members of the Red House Archaeological team both while conducting my research on- site and after returning home to complete my analysis. Particular thanks go out to Archaeological Illustrator, Joel Reyes and Site Manager, Zara Ali. Joel went out of his way, long after the project closed, to provide much needed information regarding burial locations. No matter how busy she was, Zara was always patient with my many on-site requests and has continued to support my research in the year and a half since I returned from Trinidad. Zara has become not only a respected colleague, but also a friend. I would also like to thank Mr. Neil Jaggassar from the Office of the Parliament for his many kindnesses, not the least of which were acquainting me with the island by providing a lovely tour on my first day there, and bringing me delicious avocados to eat! Thanks are also extended to Brendon Boucaud from the Parliamentary transportation department for always making sure I had wonderful Trinidadian options for dinner and for taking Dr. Schultz and myself to see Fort George and Maracas, and for introducing us to Bake and Shark, the most delicious fish sandwich I have ever had (and this is high praise from a Florida girl). The friends I made while working at the Red House site are too numerous to list, but I do want to thank both Avi and Wayne for staying in touch and letting me know how they are doing. Seeing your posts makes me miss your beautiful island even more. I hope to return one day and see the Red House once all the renovations are complete. I have truly fallen in love with the building and its history. vi I would also like to thank my thesis committee, particularly my thesis chair, Dr. John Schultz. Opportunities like this are rare at the master’s level, and I am truly honored that he had the faith in me to allow me to conduct this research. I owe my osteological abilities to the solid foundation he provided both at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Thanks are also extended to committee members Dr. J. Marla Toyne for her guidance in researching artificial cranial modification and to Dr. Lana Williams for helping a forensic student see through bioarchaeological eyes. I could not have conducted this research without the generous investment of time provided by Drs. Tosha Dupras and Sandra Wheeler. Their juvenile osteology independent study class was instrumental in allowing me to recognize fragmentary juvenile remains. Thanks also to my classmates Katie Whitmore and Katherine Page, who were far more advanced at juvenile osteology than I was and gave freely of their time to help me see what they saw in these tiny bones. Dr. Wheeler’s advanced osteology class reinforced the skills I acquired in her independent study class and truly prepared me for my research at the Red House site. My thanks would not be complete without acknowledging the training I received at Mercyhurst University. From the first short course I took as an undergraduate to the year I spent there completing a graduate certificate, Drs. Dennis Dirkmaat, Steve Symes, Heather Garvin and Stephen Ousley supported all of my efforts and provided amazing opportunities to improve my osteological skills. I do not know how to express my thanks to the two people who have proof read incalculable pages and kept me sane both at work and at home, Katherine Page and Kevin Gidusko. Katherine became not only my classmate, but also my co-worker and friend. I don’t know what I would have done without you holding down the fort at the museum while I took time off to work on my thesis. Thank you! Kevin is the most amazing partner anyone could ask vii for, both professionally and personally. He is my sounding board, editor and keeper of the hearth. You have not only made sure that Kristy and I stayed fed (even if it was rotisserie chicken), you have shown me what true love is. I cannot thank you enough. Finally, thank you to all my friends and extended family for understanding and supporting me though everything. I couldn’t have done it without you! viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... XIII LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... XVII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Methodological Approach and Limitations ................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER TWO: ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................ 9 Geographical Description ..........................................................................................................
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