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CHAPTER 4 Landing Strategy Decision Support System Copyright Undertaking This thesis is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. By reading and using the thesis, the reader understands and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader will abide by the rules and legal ordinances governing copyright regarding the use of the thesis. 2. The reader will use the thesis for the purpose of research or private study only and not for distribution or further reproduction or any other purpose. 3. The reader agrees to indemnify and hold the University harmless from and against any loss, damage, cost, liability or expenses arising from copyright infringement or unauthorized usage. IMPORTANT If you have reasons to believe that any materials in this thesis are deemed not suitable to be distributed in this form, or a copyright owner having difficulty with the material being included in our database, please contact [email protected] providing details. The Library will look into your claim and consider taking remedial action upon receipt of the written requests. Pao Yue-kong Library, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong http://www.lib.polyu.edu.hk THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY 香港理工大學 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering SYSTEM STUDY AND DESIGN OF A MULTI-PROBE MISSION FOR PLANETARY IN-SITU ANALYSIS PETER SIMON WEISS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2009 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it reproduces no material previously published or written, nor material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. __________________________, Hong Kong, 20th July 2009 Peter Weiss II ABSTRACT Planetology has gained an overall picture of most surfaces of solar system bodies through observation satellites and robotic landers. However a novel method for the exploration of extraterrestrial surfaces is needed to complete remote observations with a global network of in-situ measurements. Miniaturized surface penetrators are a promising concept to fill the gap between remote observations and in-situ measurements. This work investigates the feasibility of the deployment of a large number of geochemical measurement instruments, integrated into high-velocity penetrators. The objective was to develop a mission strategy and architecture for a multi-microprobe planetary exploration system. To determine the quantity of probes needed, a landing site decision support system was developed in ArcGIS. The system uses a method to calculate the uncertainty in geochemical datasets in order to identify locations with high measurement uncertainty. This methodology was applied on data of the lunar surface: The identification of ISRU elements in the lunar soil is one of the highest objectives in the future attempts to return to the Moon. Thirty-one locations on the Moon are identified that can be used to perform ground control checks of the abundance of these elements. The ultimate goal of such a mission would be to develop a model of the surface abundances of elements that span the overall lunar surface. Based on this quantity as base specification, a miniaturized high-velocity penetrator concept is developed. Different carrier structures were analyzed through empirical formula and hydrocode simulations in LS-DYNA. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the ruggedness of the carrier shell, evaluate the penetration depth and its impact behavior. A soil model of the lunar soil had to be developed to perform the numerical analysis. The result of this work was a modified penetrator design which is better suited to geochemical surface analysis. Several works identify the sampling mechanism for soil analysis as weak element in the development of high-velocity penetrators. Different sampling strategies are reviewed and novel methods suggested. Based on a technological analysis a sampling system that works like a vibrating conveyor was designed further. The efficiency of the system is evaluated analytically. The work concludes with a design of a high-velocity penetrator for geochemical analysis that can be deployed in large numbers on the surface of extraterrestrial surfaces. III RESUMÉ Aujourd’hui la planétologie a acquis, grâce aux sondes robotiques, une image relativement complète des surfaces planétaires de notre système solaire. Cependant une nouvelle méthode d’exploration des surfaces extraterrestres est nécessaire, afin de compléter les observations en orbite par des mesures in-situ. Dans ce contexte, les pénétrateurs miniaturisés sont un outil prometteur pour réduire le fossé entre ces télé-observations et les mesures in-situ. L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier la faisabilité du largage d’un grand nombre d’instruments géochimiques grâce aux pénétrateurs de haute vitesse. Il s’agit d’une part de développer une stratégie de missions et d’autre part de mettre en place l’architecture d’un tel système d’exploration planétaire par des microsondes. Un système informatique décisionnel (Decision Support System, DSS) a été développé sous ArcGIS. Ce système utilise une nouvelle méthode pour calculer les incertitudes des données géochimiques, afin d’identifier les endroits ou mesures supplémentaires (in-situ) seront nécessaires. Cette méthode a été appliquée aux données de la surface lunaire : A ce titre, l’identification des éléments ISRU est un des objectifs principaux pour permettre l’exploration de la lune par des hommes dans l’avenir. Trente-et-une positions sur la surface de la lune ont été identifiées comme intéressantes pour prendre des mesures. L’objectif ultime d’une telle mission est de développer un modèle des caractéristiques de ces éléments, sur une envergure totale de la surface lunaire. Sur cette base, un nouveau concept de pénétrateurs haute-vitesse miniaturisé est développé. Différentes structures mécaniques correspondant a un tel système ont été analysées par des formules empiriques et des simulations en hydrocode par LS-DYNA. Le but de cette investigation est d’évaluer d’une part la rugosité des différentes architectures, d’autre part la profondeur de la pénétration dans le sol, et enfin le comportement d’impact en général. Un modèle du sol lunaire a du être développé pour effectuer les analyses numériques. Le résultat de ce travail a mené à une forme modifiée de la conception des pénétrateurs ; forme qui sera mieux adaptée pour des analyses géochimiques. Plusieurs publications ont déjà identifie le système d’échantillonnage comme l’élément faible dans le développement des pénétrateurs de haute vitesse. Au cours de cette thèse, différentes stratégies d’échantillonnage sont revues, et de nouvelles méthodes sont proposées. Sur la base de cette analyse technologique, un système d’échantillonnage fonctionnant comme un convoyeur vibrant a été développé avec plus de détails. L’efficacité de ce système a également été analysée. Ce travail s’achève sur la conception d’un pénétrateur de haute vitesse pour l’analyse géochimique, pénétrateurs qui pourraient être largués en grand nombre sur des surfaces extraterrestres. IV ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die letzten Roboter Missionen zu den Planeten und Monden unseres Sonnensystems haben der Wissenschaft ein gutes allgemeines Bild der Oberflächen dieser Himmelskörper geliefert. Neue Methoden werden jedoch in der Zukunft benötigt, um diese Fernmessungen mit einem oberflächenübergreifenden Netzwerk von in-situ Daten zu vervollständigen. Miniaturisierte Hochgeschwindigkeitspenetratoren sind ein vielversprechendes Konzept, um eine grosse Anzahl von Analyseinstrumenten an verschiedenen Oberflächenpositionen zu platzieren. In der folgenden Arbeit wird die Machbarkeit eines solchen Systems unter verschieden Aspekten studiert. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist die Entwicklung einer Missionsstrategie und Systemarchitektur für solche Hochgeschwindingkeitspeneratoren. Ein Landing Site Decision Support System wurde in ArcGIS entwickelt. Eine Methode um die Genauigkeit in geochemischen Datensätzen zu berechnen wird vorgestellt. Die Methode erlaubt es, Orte auf einer Planetenoberfläche zu identifizieren, deren Messungen Inkonsitenzen aufweisen. Die Methode wurde auf Datensätze der Mondoberfläche angewendet: Die Identifizierung von sogenannten ISRU Elementen im Mondregolith stellt eine hohe Priorität für die zukünftige Rückkehr des Menschen auf dem Mond dar. 31 Positionen auf der Mondoberfläche wurden auf diese Weise ermittelt, welche sich für Oberflächenmessungen anbieten. Das Ziel einer solchen Mission wäre es letztendlich ein genaues Model der Elementvorkommen der Oberfläche des Mondes zu erstellen. Ein miniaturisiertes Hochgeschwindigkeitspenetratorensystem wurde entwickelt, basierend auf dieser Anzahl an Proben als Basisspezifikation. Verschiedene Projektilformen wurden mittels empirischer Formeln und in Hydrocode-Simulationen in LS- DYNA analysiert. Das Ziel dieser Forschung ist die Robustheit verschiedener Architekturen zu ermitteln, die Eindringtiefe in die Mondoberfläche zu errechnen, und das Aufschlagverhalten den Proben zu studieren. Ein Model der Mondoberfläche musste für die numerische Analyse entwickelt werden. Das Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist ein modifiziertes Penetratoren, dessen Design für geochemische Untersuchung der Oberflächen optimiert wurde. Verschiedene andere Arbeiten stellten fest, dass das Probenentnahmesystem ein Schwachpunkt in der Entwicklung von Hohgeschwingdikeitspenetratoren
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