DOCSLIB.ORG

Triad Society in Hong Kong: the Hierarchical Approach and Criminal’S Collaborations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Copyright Warning Use of this thesis/dissertation/project is for the purpose of private study or scholarly research only. Users must comply with the Copyright Ordinance. Anyone who consults this thesis/dissertation/project is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no part of it may be reproduced without the author’s prior written consent. CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG 香港城市大學 Triad Society in Hong Kong: The Hierarchical Approach and Criminal’s Collaborations 香港黑社會: 架構階層與犯罪合作的關係 Submitted to College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 人文社會科學院 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 哲學博士學位 by Sharon Ingrid Kwok 郭綺雯 January 2017 二零一七年一月 Abstract The present study adopted hierarchical approach to examine the structure and operation of triad societies; and how structural features of triad societies facilitate their members in accessing criminal resources and establishing criminal collaborations within triad community. Different from conventional triad research method, the present study adopted in-depth interviews and ethnography to study two triad associates and 28 triads ranging from Sze Kau members to Lo Shuk Fu and former Cho Kun, and covered eight different triad societies in Hong Kong, including the three major triad societies, namely Sun Yee On, Wo Shing Wo, and 14K. The present study not only provides empirical contribution to triad research, but also a new dimension in studying organised crime - the “structural-social capital” approach in an attempt to link up “Organized Crime” (organized crime committed by criminal organization) and “organized crime” (crime that is organized) as defined by Finckenauer (2005) and Hagan (2006). The triad community is a gateway to the network hub of the underworld in Hong Kong. The triad structure turns the individual resources and power into aggregate resources for individual purposes. The established triad networks provide an exclusive social platform for criminal collaborations. This study found that the genuine value of triad societies is the triad identity and status that offer an opportunity to establish social capital and to access the resources in the criminal underworld through the structural hierarchical network in the triad societies. II The present study reveals that triad societies are decentralised but not disorganized. Triad societies are made up by factions, which constitutes of the spider-web structure that links up numerous generations of triads through the Dai Lo–Lang Chai relationship. The hierarchy of triad society is determined by seniority and financial power. The triad structure and hierarchical positions significantly influence the access to triad resources, and hence the chance of successful criminal collaborations. In addition to structural factors, Dor (reputation) and face are important asset and credentials for establishing trust and hence facilitate criminal collaboration and the establishment of social capital. The establishment, advertisement and verification of Dor are crucial to criminal collaboration. Triad societies provide a breeding ground for young criminals to establish criminal networks in the triad community, which provides a hierarchical ladder for triads to accumulate power, resources and Dor. Triad territories provide a networking platform for triads to circulate criminal information, promote themselves, verify Dor, and obtain information about potential collaborators. III CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG Qualifying Panel and Examination Panel Surname: KWOK First Name: Sharon Ingrid Degree: Doctor of Philosophy College/Department: Department of Applied Social Sciences The Qualifying Panel of the above student is composed of: Supervisor(s) Prof. LO Tit Wing Department of Applied Social Sciences City University of Hong Kong Co-Supervisor(s) Dr. HUI Na Na Anna Department of Applied Social Sciences City University of Hong Kong Qualifying Panel Member(s) Dr. ZHONG Yueying Lena Department of Applied Social Sciences City University of Hong Kong This thesis has been examined and approved by the following examiners: Dr. LAU Kwok Yu Department of Public Policy City University of Hong Kong Prof. CHUI Wing Hong Department of Applied Social Sciences City University of Hong Kong Prof. LO Tit Wing Department of Applied Social Sciences City University of Hong Kong Prof. CHIN Ko Lin Center for Law and Justice Rutgers School of Criminal Justice IV Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the help of my supervisor, Professor T Wing Lo, to whom I owe my deepest gratitude. I gained valuable research and publication experiences through his patient guidance. I would like to thank him for giving me a lot of precious opportunities, such as presenting papers in international conferences and public lectures, being involved in triad society research projects and interviewed by international journalists and media. Through this means, I have established good relationships with experts in my field. He also advised me how to conduct scientific research, especially when I was drowning in loads of empirical data and literature. In particular, he taught me how to use naming, specifying and tagging techniques to categorize information, facilitate data analysis and develop academic concepts. These experiences helped me reach a new horizon in the academic field. Moreover, I would like to thank my co-supervisor, Dr. Anna Hui, for her innumerable support when I was under stress. I appreciate her kind help and prayers when I was feeling lost and depressed. Much appreciation is owed to my pastors and brothers in my Church, and those who work in TeenGuard Valley of the Society of Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention for their support. Special thanks are due to Pastor Mok and Pastor Lee of my Church, as well as my brothers in church for their trust and unfailing support in my research. Without their V assistance, I would never have the opportunity to enter the triad community and conduct my fieldwork. My sincere thanks also go to all the interviewees of the study. I really appreciate their trust and willingness to share their valuable triad experiences and knowledge with me. The information they provided during the course of study helped me tremendously to uncover the operations of triad societies in Hong Kong. I hope this study properly represents their views without bias. To my beloved sons, Smelly B and Woodidi. I have kept my promise. I did not give up my studies and finally get my thesis done. Finally, and most importantly, thank God for His endless love and support. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 TRIAD SOCIETY IN HONG KONG ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Definition .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Triads in Hong Kong ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Triad Structure: From Ancient to Modern ................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Disorganization of Triads in Hong Kong ............................................................................................... 16 1.5 Triad Subculture .................................................................................................................................... 20 1.6 Triad Business and Activities ................................................................................................................ 22 1.7 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 2 DIFFERENT THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ORGANIZED CRIME ........... 28 2.1 Definition of Organized Crime ............................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Hierarchical Approach ........................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Hierarchical structure ................................................................................................................. 29 2.2.2 Restricted membership ............................................................................................................... 30 2.3 Patron-client Relationship: Organised Crime as a Power Structure, and Network as Utilitarian Relations…………. ...................................................................................................................................... 32 2.4 Entrepreneur Approach – Organised Crime as Business ....................................................................... 33 2.4.1 Monopoly ................................................................................................................................... 35 2.4.2 Criminal collaboration and importance of reputation .................................................................. 37 2.5 Social Network Approach – OC as Networks ....................................................................................... 40 2.6 Social Capital Approach ........................................................................................................................ 45 2.7 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................................. 49
Recommended publications
  • The Guangzhou-Hongkong Strike, 1925-1926

    The Guangzhou-Hongkong Strike, 1925-1926

    The Guangzhou-Hongkong Strike, 1925-1926 Hongkong Workers in an Anti-Imperialist Movement Robert JamesHorrocks Submitted in accordancewith the requirementsfor the degreeof PhD The University of Leeds Departmentof East Asian Studies October 1994 The candidateconfirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where referencehas been made to the work of others. 11 Abstract In this thesis, I study the Guangzhou-Hongkong strike of 1925-1926. My analysis differs from past studies' suggestions that the strike was a libertarian eruption of mass protest against British imperialism and the Hongkong Government, which, according to these studies, exploited and oppressed Chinese in Guangdong and Hongkong. I argue that a political party, the CCP, led, organised, and nurtured the strike. It centralised political power in its hands and tried to impose its revolutionary visions on those under its control. First, I describe how foreign trade enriched many people outside the state. I go on to describe how Chinese-run institutions governed Hongkong's increasingly settled non-elite Chinese population. I reject ideas that Hongkong's mixed-class unions exploited workers and suggest that revolutionaries failed to transform Hongkong society either before or during the strike. My thesis shows that the strike bureaucracy was an authoritarian power structure; the strike's unprecedented political demands reflected the CCP's revolutionary political platform, which was sometimes incompatible with the interests of Hongkong's unions. I suggestthat the revolutionary elite's goals were not identical to those of the unions it claimed to represent: Hongkong unions preserved their autonomy in the face of revolutionaries' attempts to control Hongkong workers.
  • 31 August 2020 at 10.01 Am

    31 August 2020 at 10.01 Am

    INDEPENDENT LIQUOR AND GAMING AUTHORITY OF NSW INQUIRY UNDER SECTION 143 OF THE CASINO CONTROL ACT 1992 (NSW) THE HONOURABLE PA BERGIN SC COMMISSIONER PUBLIC HEARING SYDNEY MONDAY, 31 AUGUST 2020 AT 10.01 AM Continued from 24.8.20 DAY 19 Any person who publishes any part of this transcript in any way and to any person contrary to an Inquiry direction against publication commits an offence against section 143B of the Casino Control Act 1992 (NSW) .NSW CASINO INQUIRY 31.8.20 P-1612 MS N. SHARP SC appears as counsel assisting the Inquiry MR N. YOUNG QC appears with MS R. ORR QC and MR H.C. WHITWELL for Crown Resorts Limited & Crown Sydney Gaming Proprietary Limited MS R. HIGGINS SC and MR D. BARNETT appears for CPH Crown Holdings 5 Pty Ltd MS N. CASE appears for Melco Resorts & Entertainment Limited COMMISSIONER: Yes, thank you. Yes, Ms Sharp. 10 MS SHARP: Good morning, Commissioner. We have Mr Vickers beaming in from Hong Kong. COMMISSIONER: Yes, thank you. 15 MS SHARP: Just before we do that, I see a number of counsel are also present. COMMISSIONER: Excellent. I think it’s the same representation. Mr Young, Mr Barnett, Ms Case. Is that correct? 20 MR N. YOUNG QC: Commissioner, I appear with MS ORR and MR WHITWELL today. COMMISSIONER: Thank you. 25 MR YOUNG: There are some preliminary matters we wish to raise before we go to any evidence. COMMISSIONER: Yes, I will come back to you shortly. Yes, Ms Sharp. 30 MS SHARP: I was going to tender the new lists.
  • Mexican Raza!

    Mexican Raza!

    Valuable Coupons Inside! Gratis! www.laprensatoledo.com Ohio & Michigan’s Oldest & Largest Latino Weekly «Tinta con sabor» • Proudly Serving Our Readers since 1989 • Check out our Classifieds! ¡Checa los Anuncios Clasificados! La Prensa’s Quinceañera Year August/agosto 18, 2004 Spanglish Weekly/Semanal 20 Páginas Vol. 35, No. 23 Taquería El Nacimiento Olympics: Puerto Rico defeats EEUU, page 15 Mexican DENTRO: EEUU permitirá más Restaurant largas para visitantes mexicanos........................3 Welcome! Horoscopes.....................5 Hours: Carry-Out Mon-Thur: 9AM-12AM Phone: 313.554.1790 Carla’s Krazy Fri & Sat: 9AM-3AM 7400 W. Vernor Hwy. Korner............................6 Sun: 9AM-12AM Detroit MI 48209 Grito de “HoOoOtT DoOoOgGs”..................6 • Jugos/Tepache • Carne a la Parrilla • Tacos • Burritos Deportes..........................7 • Aguas • Pollo Dorado • Mojarra Frita • Licuados Lottery Results.............7 • Tortas • Quesadillas Olympian Devin • Tostadas • Pozole Vargas.............................8 • Caldos • Carne de Puerco en salsa verde •Mariscos • Breakfast Super Burro Calendar of Events............................12 ¡Bienvenidos I-75 August 14: Gustavo (Gus) Hoyas de Nationwide, Ohio Insurance Director Ann Classifieds.............15-18 Raza! Womer Benjamin, and Angel Guzman, CEO of the Hispanic Business Association. Livernois Athens 2004..........14-15 W. Vernor Springwells Nationwide celebra apertura de nueva oficina en Cleveland Salon Unisex Breves: por Teodosio Feliciano, reportero y fotógrafo de La Prensa Latinoamérica es escenario Janet García se supone que Gibson (Bill) inmediatamente Janet no solo coordinó del 75% de los secuestros solamente iba organizar la vio que esta energética joven la gran apertura pero es en el mundo apertura de la oficina Cleve- latina tenia el talento, la agente asociada y ancla para Por NIKO PRICE land Community Insurance personalidad y actitud para la oficina para Nationwide de la agencia Gibson Insur- sobresalir en el negocio de Insurance y Financial Ser MEXICO (AP): Con una ance.
  • Israel Convicts Eichmann of Crimes Against Jews

    Israel Convicts Eichmann of Crimes Against Jews

    • I \ \ I • • ■ Stores Open 9.o*Ciock for Christmas mg Avitniffe Daily Net Prees Run For the Week Ended The Weather / December t, 1961 Forecast of D. S. Weather Bnreee Moderatdy cold tonight snow 13,518 or rain beatamlnc tomsrd day­ Member of the Audit break. Low 26 to 82. Tiieeday rain Burenu of OlreuUtlon Or snow changtor to rain. Hlah 85 to 40. ( ■ Manchester~^A City of Village Charm VOL. LXXXI, NO. 60 (EIGHTEEN PAGES) MANCHESI'ER, CONN., MONDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1961 (Classified AdvertlslnK on Page 16) PRICE FIVE CENTS Fire Lab Will Test State News How, Why Hospital R oundup Israel Convicts Eichmann Violent Death Fire Spread Rapidly Takes Five in Hartford, Dec. 11 (A*)— 6ame spread of the State Weekend m aterial. Of Crimes Against Jews Deputy State Fire Marshal "If It develops that this flame By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Carroll E. Shaw will fly to spread is too high for reasonable Fire and highway accident.^ Chicago Wednesday to super­ safety, then we would ask tjie hos­ vise tests designed to deter­ pital to take immediate action to took five live.s in Connecticut mine how and why the Hart­ remove all materls’s of this kind over the weekend. 10 Changes still In use. We would also order Two persons. Including a 2-ycar- ford Hospital fire spread as the removal of this t>pe of material old boy. were killed in Area and Sentencing of Nazi rapidly as it did. from all other Connecticut hospi­ three tiled as a result of trafBc ac­ He will take with him Sgt.
  • The Unknown History of New York City's Chinatown: a Story of Crime During the Years of American Prohibition Kathryn Christense

    The Unknown History of New York City's Chinatown: a Story of Crime During the Years of American Prohibition Kathryn Christense

    The Unknown History of New York City’s Chinatown: A Story of Crime During the Years of American Prohibition Kathryn Christensen: Undergraduate of History and Asian Studies at SUNY New Paltz Popular interpretations of immigrants in New York City during the era of Prohibition have looked at it through the lens of European immigrants. Groups such as the Italian Mafia, and Irish gangs in New York City are a well-rehearsed story within the history of Prohibition. However, Europeans were not the only immigrants that began to flood into the ports of New York City during the early 20th century. Within New York City’s Chinatown there was the emergence of a vast network of organized criminal activity, along with various raids revealing rice wine moonshine and other violations of the 18th amendment, just like their European counterparts. Though largely overlooked in the historiography, this paper argues that Chinatown,and the Chinese in New York City played an integral role in the Prohibition era United States. In order to understand the Chinese population that lived in the United States during the early 1900s, it is important to lay the framework for why they first came to the United States. Like many other immigrant groups that immigrated during this time, many Chinese came over to escape a difficult political and economic climate. In China, the Opium war left the Chinese defeated by the British Empire leaving its reputation as the protectorate and superpower of the East shattered. This was accompanied by famines and floods across the nation resulting in economic catastrophe which further resulted in civil war and several uprisings, most notably the Taiping Rebellion.1 The unstable environment in China caused several Chinese to flee the country.
  • Law Enforcement Officials Perspectives on Gangs

    Law Enforcement Officials Perspectives on Gangs

    LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS PERSPECTIVES ON GANGS A Project Presented to the faculty of the Division of Social Work California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK by Arturo Velasco SPRING 2018 © 2018 Arturo Velasco ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS PERSPECTIVES ON GANGS A Project by Arturo Velasco Approved by: , Committee Chair Jennifer Price-Wolf, PhD, MSW Date iii Student: Arturo Velasco I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. , Graduate Program Director Serge C. Lee, PhD Date Division of Social Work iv Abstract of LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS PERSPECTIVES ON GANGS by Arturo Velasco The researcher performed face-to-face interviews with six selected law enforcement officials from different social service agencies in the City of Sacramento. There was found to be a measure of lack of understanding by law enforcement and gangs. The study was aimed to investigate the perceptions of community needs and awareness from both sides of the spectrum; and examine the relationship between the level of awareness of law enforcement and gangs. The author found four main themes within this research of law enforcement officials’ perspectives on gangs, these included lack of collaboration, negative influence at gangs’ homes, lack of positive exposure and lack of accountability. These findings suggest that law enforcement officials are not approaching youth gang members with a strength-based approach. Greater collaboration between law enforcement and social work could lead to better outcomes for gang-affiliated youth.
  • Business Risk of Crime in China

    Business Risk of Crime in China

    Business and the Ris k of Crime in China Business and the Ris k of Crime in China Roderic Broadhurst John Bacon-Shone Brigitte Bouhours Thierry Bouhours assisted by Lee Kingwa ASIAN STUDIES SERIES MONOGRAPH 3 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E PRESS E PRESS Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/ National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Business and the risk of crime in China : the 2005-2006 China international crime against business survey / Roderic Broadhurst ... [et al.]. ISBN: 9781921862533 (pbk.) 9781921862540 (ebook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Crime--China--21st century--Costs. Commercial crimes--China--21st century--Costs. Other Authors/Contributors: Broadhurst, Roderic G. Dewey Number: 345.510268 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: The gods of wealth enter the home from everywhere, wealth, treasures and peace beckon; designer unknown, 1993; (Landsberger Collection) International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2011 ANU E Press Contents Foreword . vii Lu Jianping Preface . ix Acronyms . xv Introduction . 1 1 . Background . 25 2 . Crime and its Control in China . 43 3 . ICBS Instrument, Methodology and Sample . 79 4 . Common Crimes against Business . 95 5 . Fraud, Bribery, Extortion and Other Crimes against Business .
  • Organised Crime Around the World

    Organised Crime Around the World

    European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI) P.O.Box 161, FIN-00131 Helsinki Finland Publication Series No. 31 ORGANISED CRIME AROUND THE WORLD Sabrina Adamoli Andrea Di Nicola Ernesto U. Savona and Paola Zoffi Helsinki 1998 Copiescanbepurchasedfrom: AcademicBookstore CriminalJusticePress P.O.Box128 P.O.Box249 FIN-00101 Helsinki Monsey,NewYork10952 Finland USA ISBN951-53-1746-0 ISSN 1237-4741 Pagelayout:DTPageOy,Helsinki,Finland PrintedbyTammer-PainoOy,Tampere,Finland,1998 Foreword The spread of organized crime around the world has stimulated considerable national and international action. Much of this action has emerged only over the last few years. The tools to be used in responding to the challenges posed by organized crime are still being tested. One of the difficulties in designing effective countermeasures has been a lack of information on what organized crime actually is, and on what measures have proven effective elsewhere. Furthermore, international dis- cussion is often hampered by the murkiness of the definition of organized crime; while some may be speaking about drug trafficking, others are talking about trafficking in migrants, and still others about racketeering or corrup- tion. This report describes recent trends in organized crime and in national and international countermeasures around the world. In doing so, it provides the necessary basis for a rational discussion of the many manifestations of organized crime, and of what action should be undertaken. The report is based on numerous studies, official reports and news reports. Given the broad topic and the rapidly changing nature of organized crime, the report does not seek to be exhaustive.
  • Wong Tai Sin District(Open in New Window)

    Wong Tai Sin District(Open in New Window)

    District : Wong Tai Sin Recommended District Council Constituency Areas +/- % of Population Estimated Quota Code Recommended Name Boundary Description Major Estates/Areas Population (17,194) H01 Lung Tsui 15,391 -10.49% N Lung Cheung Road 1. LOWER WONG TAI SIN (II) ESTATE (PART) : NE Po Kong Village Road Lung Chi House E Po Kong Village Road Lung Fai House SE Choi Hung Road Lung Gut House Lung Hing House S Shatin Pass Road, Tung Tau Tsuen Road Lung Kwong House SW Ching Tak Street Lung Lok House Lung On House W Ching Tak Street Lung Shing House NW Ching Tak Street, Lung Cheung Road Lung Wai House 2. WONG TAI SIN DISCIPLINED SERVICES QUARTERS H02 Lung Kai 18,003 +4.71% N Tung Tau Tsuen Road 1. KAI TAK GARDEN 2. LOWER WONG TAI SIN (I) ESTATE NE Shatin Pass Road E Choi Hung Road, Shatin Pass Road SE Choi Hung Road S Choi Hung Road, Tai Shing Street SW Tai Shing Street W Tung Tau Tsuen Road NW Tung Tau Tsuen Road H1 District : Wong Tai Sin Recommended District Council Constituency Areas +/- % of Population Estimated Quota Code Recommended Name Boundary Description Major Estates/Areas Population (17,194) H03 Lung Sheung 20,918 +21.66% N Ngan Chuk Lane 1. LOWER WONG TAI SIN (II) ESTATE (PART) : NE Nga Chuk Street, Wong Tai Sin Road Lung Cheung House E Shatin Pass Road, Ying Fung Lane Lung Fook House SE Ching Tak Street, Lung Cheung Road Lung Hei House Lung Moon House S Fung Mo Street, Tung Tau Tsuen Road Lung Tai House SW Fung Mo Street Lung Wo House 2.
  • OFFICIAL RECORD of PROCEEDINGS Wednesday, 11

    OFFICIAL RECORD of PROCEEDINGS Wednesday, 11

    LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ─ 11 February 2015 6007 OFFICIAL RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS Wednesday, 11 February 2015 The Council met at Eleven o'clock MEMBERS PRESENT: THE PRESIDENT THE HONOURABLE JASPER TSANG YOK-SING, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE ALBERT HO CHUN-YAN THE HONOURABLE LEE CHEUK-YAN THE HONOURABLE JAMES TO KUN-SUN THE HONOURABLE CHAN KAM-LAM, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE LEUNG YIU-CHUNG DR THE HONOURABLE LAU WONG-FAT, G.B.M., G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE EMILY LAU WAI-HING, J.P. THE HONOURABLE TAM YIU-CHUNG, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE ABRAHAM SHEK LAI-HIM, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE TOMMY CHEUNG YU-YAN, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE FREDERICK FUNG KIN-KEE, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE VINCENT FANG KANG, S.B.S., J.P. 6008 LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ─ 11 February 2015 THE HONOURABLE WONG KWOK-HING, B.B.S., M.H. PROF THE HONOURABLE JOSEPH LEE KOK-LONG, S.B.S., J.P., Ph.D., R.N. THE HONOURABLE JEFFREY LAM KIN-FUNG, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE ANDREW LEUNG KWAN-YUEN, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE WONG TING-KWONG, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE RONNY TONG KA-WAH, S.C. THE HONOURABLE CYD HO SAU-LAN, J.P. THE HONOURABLE STARRY LEE WAI-KING, J.P. DR THE HONOURABLE LAM TAI-FAI, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE CHAN HAK-KAN, J.P. THE HONOURABLE CHAN KIN-POR, B.B.S., J.P. DR THE HONOURABLE PRISCILLA LEUNG MEI-FUN, S.B.S., J.P.
  • The History and Politics of Taiwan's February 28

    The History and Politics of Taiwan's February 28

    The History and Politics of Taiwan’s February 28 Incident, 1947- 2008 by Yen-Kuang Kuo BA, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taiwan, 1991 BA, University of Victoria, 2007 MA, University of Victoria, 2009 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History © Yen-Kuang Kuo, 2020 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee The History and Politics of Taiwan’s February 28 Incident, 1947- 2008 by Yen-Kuang Kuo BA, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taiwan, 1991 BA, University of Victoria, 2007 MA, University of Victoria, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Zhongping Chen, Supervisor Department of History Dr. Gregory Blue, Departmental Member Department of History Dr. John Price, Departmental Member Department of History Dr. Andrew Marton, Outside Member Department of Pacific and Asian Studies iii Abstract Taiwan’s February 28 Incident happened in 1947 as a set of popular protests against the postwar policies of the Nationalist Party, and it then sparked militant actions and political struggles of Taiwanese but ended with military suppression and political persecution by the Nanjing government. The Nationalist Party first defined the Incident as a rebellion by pro-Japanese forces and communist saboteurs. As the enemy of the Nationalist Party in China’s Civil War (1946-1949), the Chinese Communist Party initially interpreted the Incident as a Taiwanese fight for political autonomy in the party’s wartime propaganda, and then reinterpreted the event as an anti-Nationalist uprising under its own leadership.
  • Community and Politics in Antebellum New York City Irish Gang Subculture James

    Community and Politics in Antebellum New York City Irish Gang Subculture James

    The Communal Legitimacy of Collective Violence: Community and Politics in Antebellum New York City Irish Gang Subculture by James Peter Phelan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Department of History and Classics University of Alberta ©James Phelan, 2014 ii Abstract This thesis examines the influences that New York City‘s Irish-Americans had on the violence, politics, and underground subcultures of the antebellum era. During the Great Famine era of the Irish Diaspora, Irish-Americans in Five Points, New York City, formed strong community bonds, traditions, and a spirit of resistance as an amalgamation of rural Irish and urban American influences. By the middle of the nineteenth century, Irish immigrants and their descendants combined community traditions with concepts of American individualism and upward mobility to become an important part of the antebellum era‘s ―Shirtless Democracy‖ movement. The proto-gang political clubs formed during this era became so powerful that by the late 1850s, clashes with Know Nothing and Republican forces, particularly over New York‘s Police force, resulted in extreme outbursts of violence in June and July, 1857. By tracking the Five Points Irish from famine to riot, this thesis as whole illuminates how communal violence and the riots of 1857 may be understood, moralised, and even legitimised given the community and culture unique to Five Points in the antebellum era. iii Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................