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116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS’ PAPERS TRIADS Peter Yam Tat-wing * I. INTRODUCTION This paper will draw heavily on the experience gained by law enforcement Triad societies are criminal bodies in the HKSAR in tackling the triad organisations and are unlawful under the problem. Emphasis will be placed on anti- Laws of Hong Kong. Triads have become a triad law and Police enforcement tactics. matter of concern not only in Hong Kong, Background knowledge on the structure, but also in other places where there is a beliefs and rituals practised by the triads sizable Chinese community. Triads are is important in order to gain an often described as organized secret understanding of the spread of triads and societies or Chinese Mafia, but these are how triads promote illegal activities by simplistic and inaccurate descriptions. resorting to triad myth. With this in mind Nowadays, triads can more accurately be the paper will examine the following issues: described as criminal gangs who resort to triad myth to promote illegal activities. • History and Development of Triads • Triad Hierarchy and Structure For more than one hundred years triad • Characteristics of Triads activities have been noted in the official law • Differences between Triads, Mafia and police reports of Hong Kong. We have and Yakuza a long history of special Ordinances and • Common Crimes Committed by related legislation to deal with the problem. Triads The first anti-triad legislation was enacted • Current Triad Situation in Hong in 1845. The Hong Kong Special Kong Administrative Region (HKSAR) has, by • Anti-triad Laws in Hong Kong far, the longest history, amongst other • Police Enforcement Strategy jurisdictions, in tackling the problem of • International Cooperation triads and is the only jurisdiction in the world where specific anti-triad law exists. II. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It must be pointed out that legal OF TRIADS enactments alone cannot solve the problem. This has to be supplemented by effective The term “Triad” is a relatively modern police enforcement action, proper education English word describing the sacred symbol and publicity campaigns to remind people of the secret societies, a triangle enclosing of the undesirable consequences of a secret sign derived from the Chinese associating with triads and the importance character HUNG (洪) depicting a union of of coming forward to report triad-related heaven, earth and man. The origin of crimes and more importantly to testify in triads is unclear, being a mixture of facts courts. and myth. It is generally believed that in the mid-17th century, when the Manchurians from the northern part of China conquered the whole of China, overthrowing the Ming Dynasty and * Assistant Commissioner (Crime), Hong Kong Police establishing the Ching Dynasty, some Force Headquarters, Hong Kong 27 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58 supporters of the former Ming Dynasty each triad society is generally presided over formed politically motivated secret by the Chairman and Treasurer who are societies with a declared goal to overthrow often elected for a fixed term, normally two the ruling Manchurians who were years, by a group of senior members and/ considered as “foreigners” by the Han or area leaders of that triad society. people. One of these societies was the Usually, the most influential area boss, who HUNG League (洪門), which is now has the largest group of followers or the regarded as the original triad society, from most wealth, is elected. In some triad which today’s triad societies have societies, the same person holds both posts. originated. It must however be emphasized that these days the Chairman and Treasurer are Over the years the original society has honorary positions without actual power. fragmented into numerous separate Appendix C shows the present day societies. With the political developments structure of a typical triad society in Hong in China, the original political objectives Kong. have long been lost and these once “patriotic” secret societies have IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIADS degenerated into present day criminal Contrary to what the movies may gangs. Nowadays, triad societies exist only portray, triad societies are in fact a for the pursuit of criminal activity for collection of loose-knit groups or gangs who monetary gain. A common modern term - operate independently. They are mainly “Dark Society” or “Dark Association” ( 社 local area gangs, each active in certain ) is used to describe all triads, and 會 areas and activities. Their disputes represents the public feeling that triads are sometimes result in fighting and it is not sinister and evil rather than a mystic uncommon that gangs within the same brotherhood. triad society often fight with each other over a disputed interest or territory. III. TRIAD HIERARCHY AND STRUCTURE Despite the fact that today’s triad The traditional triad societies adopted members do not belong to one organization, a military style and had a well-organized some of them continue to use triad jargon, rank structure, not dissimilar to present rank structure etc. This is to convince a day guerrilla organizations. They had a new recruit that he has indeed joined an rigid rank structure of members and elite and is used to instil fear into members officials, called “office bearers”. Each rank of the public. Cooperation between triad had specific responsibilities. Many of the groups in criminal activities is normally traditional rank terms are still used today. based on personal acquaintance and As well as a title, an office bearer would mutual interest. The chairpersons do not have an auspicious number. The usually direct gang members’ criminal traditional rank structure of a triad society activities but are only ‘ceremonial heads’ can be seen at Appendix A. and ‘mediators’ of disputes. To enhance efficiency, increase flexibility There is a recognized Chinese triad and to avoid police detection, the present presence in a number of countries. These day triad societies in Hong Kong have overseas groups may bear the same triad adopted a flattened organizational names as those in Hong Kong but apart structure. Apart from a few exceptions, from that, they have no connection and 28 116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS’ PAPERS little in common. Although there have been examples of organized crimes. However, occasions when overseas triad members triad membership is not a prerequisite for perpetrated crimes together with triads in joining a drug syndicate. It is experience, Hong Kong, the triad membership was expertise, contacts or money that count. merely incidental. When an opportunity Whilst it may be true that many drug arises to make a profit, criminals will traffickers have triad connections, triad establish a joint venture. membership does not enhance one’s position in a drug organization. The same Triad identity is not a pre-requisite to applies to other organized crime groups, establish a criminal joint venture except which specialise in such activities as illegal to serve as a reference to the criminal gambling, prostitution, loan sharking and background of that person. It is thus a fraud. It is not uncommon to find major gross simplification to associate organized organized crime syndicates with members crimes in Hong Kong with triad societies. from several different triad societies Drug trafficking and smuggling are typical working together. V. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRIADS, MAFIA AND YAKUZA The table below depicts the major differences between Triads, the Mafia and Japanese Yakuza. Triads Mafia / Japanese Yakuza • Loose-knit group (gangs) • Monolithic criminal organization • Independent power base • Power diffused from a central core • Horizontal organization • Rigid chain of command • Chairperson - limited influence, • Chairperson - the ‘Godfather’ post honorary post • Full autonomy • Central leadership • Profit belongs to individual gangs • Profit goes to organization • Disputes settled through negotiations • Disputes adjudicated by core and fights leadership • Made up of criminal fraternities • A criminal enterprise VI. COMMON CRIMES COMMITTED BY TRIADS Triad gang activities are mainly • Other opportunistic crimes, such as territorial and fall into one or more of the selling of pirated and contraband following categories: goods, smuggling, dealing in counterfeit currency and credit cards. • Extortion and protection racketeering; Experience in Hong Kong, however has • Monopoly of certain business and shown that triads are extremely adaptive services; and versatile. They will make use of every • Street-level drug trafficking; opportunity to make money, whether legal • Illegal gambling activities; or illegal. In tackling current and future • Prostitution and pornography; triad activities, there is a need to be vigilant • Loan sharking and debt collection; of emerging trends. and, 29 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58 Over the years, some of the criminal number of reported triad-related crimes groups have established legitimate fronts and the percentage of triad-related crimes so as to cover their criminal activities. in total reported crimes between 1990 and More sophisticated triad members, referred 1999. to as second or third generation triads, have received the best education paid for At present there are around 50 known by money generated through illegal means. triad societies in Hong Kong, of which Many of them are trained as professionals about 15 regularly come to Police attention such as lawyers and accountants. They are through overt
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