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Grasses of the Serpentine Prairie

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Grasses of the Serpentine Prairie Grasses of the Serpentine Prairie Grasslands comprise approximately ¼ of vegetation cover in the state of California. Repeatable, and unique, stand of grasses are key signatures of deserts, coastal prairies, central valley salt flats, oak savannahs and nearly everywhere in between. Many of these grasslands have been directly and indirectly impacted by human activity, and thus may have compromised quality compared to the days John Muir walked through endless wildflower fields. Within many of these grasslands there is a great species diversity that is transient, reflective of annual precipitation, climate, temperature, grazing, fire, and other types of disturbance both natural and human‐induced. We believe that it is our responsibility to learn to identify and preserve the unique flora associated with grass‐dominated ecosystems. The following key attempts to make grass identification accessible to all who have had some basic training (say 6‐8 hour course) by a professional. The attached key is specifically designed for the Serpentine Prairie located in East Bay Regional Park District's Redwood Regional Park, Oakland, California. Grasses of the Serpentine Prairie, Redwood Regional Park – Survey Results from 1979-82, 1990-1, 2007-15 SURVEY NOTES: 82: X = reported on serpentine prairie 1979-1982 in 1982's A Flora of Redwood Regional Park by K. Culligan b90: X = reported on serpentine prairie in 1990 CNPS survey 91: X = reported on serpentine prairie in 1991 CNPS survey 2007-15: Creekside Science biologists, Lech Naumovich, Christal Niederer, James Quenelle. Scientific Name: According to The Jepson Manual 2, Higher Plants of California. 2012. Bold = native, non-bold = introduced Common Name: According to various local references Scientific Name Common Names Notes Agrostis pallens Dune Bent Grass Aira caryophyllea Silver European Hair Grass Avena barbata Slender Wild Oat Bromus carinatus var. carinatus California Brome Bromus diandrus Ripgut Brome Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome Bromus madritensis ssp. madritensis Spanish Brome Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens Red Foxtail Brome Cortaderia selloana Smooth pampas grass Cynosurus echinatus Hedgehog Dogtail grass Danthonia californica var. californica California Oat Grass Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus Blue Wild Rye Elymus multisetus Big Squirreltail Elymus triticoides Creeping Wild Rye Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue Festuca bromoides Brome Fescue Festuca idahoensis Idaho Fescue Festuca microstachys Pacific Fescue Festuca myuros Rattail Fescue Festuca perennis Perennial Rye Grass Festuca rubra Red Fescue Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow barley Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Mediterranean Barley Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum Foxtail Koeleria macrantha June Grass Melica californica California Melic Grass Melica torreyana Torrey’s Melic Poa secunda ssp. secunda One-sided bluegrass Polypogon monspeliensis Rabbit’s foot grass Stipa lepida Foothill needlegrass Stipa pulchra Purple needlegrass June 1, 2015 Serpentine Prairie Plant List - Survey Results from 1979-82, 1990 and 1991, 2007-2015 Page 1 of 1 1 Key to grasses of the Serpentine Prairie, Redwood 2 Regional Park 3 By Lech Naumovich – June 2015 Version1.3 4 DIRECTIONS: The following dichotomous key is intended for use for grasses found at Redwood Regional 5 Park’s Serpentine Prairie, but can be used elsewhere in the Berkeley Hills in similar open grassland habitats. 6 This key asks questions in pairs (or couplets) which are labeled #A & #B. Select the most fitting answer (e.g. 7 either 1A or 1B) using all the clues and then proceed to the next couplet directly beneath your answer. 8 Continue until a final species identification is noted in italic and bold (e.g. 2A). Ruler and grass anatomy 9 drawings are provided on the last page. Please send questions and corrections to [email protected] 10 Key adapted in part from Toni Corelli’s Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve: 2nd Edition (2004). 11 1A. Grass inflorescence a panicle or raceme (1B is on page 3) 12 2A. Plant with inflorescence as large plume, stem dense, clumped, plant to 3m, 13 leaves sharply serrated … Cortaderia selloana Pampas grass 14 2B. Plant with inflorescence not as in 2A 15 3A. Awns present and obvious (> 1mm) on flowering parts 16 4A. Both glumes and lemmas with awns (lemmas may be minutely so), awns 17 obviously bent with maturity 18 5A. Grass of open grasslands, lemma awn 3.8-11 cm in length, >0.2 mm thick … Stipa pulchra purple 19 needlegrass [Although not surveyed S. cernua may be present, identified by have hairs on fruits (achenes) 20 that are only present on seed ridges – vs. S. pulchra with hairs generally completely around achene] 21 5B. Grass of understory of other plants, former woodland/scrub habitat, lemma awn 1.2-5.5 cm, about 0.1 22 mm thick … Stipa lepida foothill needlegrass 23 4B. Only lemmas awned (not glumes), awns not bent regularly 24 6A. Lemma awns >1.5 cm 25 7A. One or both glumes > floret, encloses at least the lowest floret, inflorescence 26 very open/airy, tall annual grass (usu. 1-2 m) with tall inflorescence (>10 cm), stem 27 glabrous … Avena barbata slender wild oats [A. fatua wild oats may also be present 28 with lemma tip that’s ragged or forked with none or very short awns (<1.5 mm), 9-11 lemma 29 veins vs. A. barbata with obvious, longer forked lemma awn 2-6 mm, 5-9 lemma veins] 30 7B. Florets visibly longer than glumes, not fully enclosed, lower sheaths hairy 31 8A. Straight lemma awns very obvious from a distance (3-7 cm) … Bromus 32 diandrus ripgut brome 33 8B. Lemma awns < 3 cm, inflorescence dense … Bromus madritensis [B. m. ssp. rubens red brome has a shorter 34 rounder inflorescence with florets overlapping at maturity while B. m. ssp. madritensis foxtail chess has a more oval 35 overall inflorescence shape with more space between florets so as they are generally not overlapping at maturity.] 36 6B. Lemma awns <1.5 cm 37 9A. Annual 38 10A. Lemma awn minute (< 0.2 mm), grass usu. 15cm in height, airy, open panicle with small round seeds at 39 ends of inflorescence branches … Aira caryophyllea silver hair grass 40 10B. Lemma awn longer than 0.2 mm, inflorescence spreading or packed densely on inflorescence stem, 41 not airy. 42 11A. Stem, leaves generally glabrous, or sparsely hairy … Festuca microstachys (formerly Vulpia 43 microstachys) Pacific fescue 44 11B. Stem, leaves densely hairy, pubescent … Bromus hordaeceus soft chess 45 9B. Perennial 46 12A. Glumes >= florets, enclosing them, dense clumping perennial with inflorescences nodding if not 47 touching the ground, lemma awn curved, typical of open cooler areas, coastal prairie … Danthonia 48 californica California oat grass 49 12B. Glumes only = to lower florets, otherwise smaller than floret, perennials with mostly upright inflorescences 50 13A. Lower leaf sheaths pubescent or hairy (scabrous), inflorescence may be nodding in anthesis, lemmas 51 awn > 7mm … Bromus carinatus California brome 52 13B. Upper leaf sheaths glabrous or very sparcely hairy, large perennial bunchgrass, lemma awn usually < 5 53 mm 54 14A. Leaf blade with prominent clasping basal auricles, leaf blade flat, awn may be absent … Festuca 55 arundinacea tall fescue 56 14B. Auricles not obvious, leaf blade rolled and often needle-like, lemma awn typically ½ length of lemma 57 15A. Leaves generally red at base, can be slightly rhizotomous, hairs 58 downward pointing, leaf sheath closed … Festuca rubra red fescue 59 15B. Leaves generally not red at base, leaf sheath open at least ½ of its length, 60 not rhizotomous, hairs not pointing downward (if present) … Festuca 61 idahoensis Idaho fescue 62 3B. Awns absent 63 16A.Annual, small diminutive grass (< 8 cm) … Poa annua annual bluegrass 64 16B. Perennial 65 17A. Spreading rhizotomous plant, flowering late (July), spreading over large 66 area in cooler areas and in shade, lower glume with one vein … Agrostis pallens dune bentgrass [A. halli Hall’s 67 bent grass may also be present, which is difficult to discern – A. hallii has a larger ligule (> 4mm) and obvious lemma hairs 68 to about ½ length of the lemma visible once the lemma is extracted from spikelet (A. pallens lemma hairs are minute, 69 sparce or 0) 70 17B. Not as in 17A, obvious bunchgrass, or weaky rhizotomous plant 71 18A. Dense inflorescence with many spikelets overlapping each other in early flowering, with caryopsis 72 (seed) maturity inflorescence branches tend to (may reflex with age to one side) lemma base may be 73 cobwebby/hairy … Poa secunda ssp. secunda one-sided bluegrass 74 18B. Inflorescence often appressed to stem (inflorescence axis) and inflorescence may look like a spike at 75 quick glance, inflorescence with open space between spikelets, glumes pappery and translucent, lemma 76 base glabrous 77 19A. Spikelet usually > 10 mm, large plant of open areas with weak clumping, lowest internodes +/- swollen, 78 base of plant may look bulbuous … Melica californica California melic 79 19B. Spikelet 3-7 mm, plant in shade or around rock outcrops in open areas, lemma back and margin hairy 80 … Melica torreyana Torrey’s melic 81 1B. Grass inflorescence a spike with spikelets attaching directly 82 20A. Spikelets (in general) with awns 83 21A. Both glumes and lemmas awned 84 22A. Annual 85 23A. Glumes narrow and acute like awns 86 24A. Glumes with hairs, auricles of upper leaves well developed … 87 Hordeum murinum foxtail 88 24B. Glumes not with obvious hairs, auricles of upper leaves not obvious 89 … Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Mediterranean barley 90 23B. Glumes are not awn-like 91 25A. Inflorescence with dense obvious awns and soft hair, often in wet 92 locations … Polypogon monspeliensis rabbit’s foot grass 93 25B. Inflorescence not as in 24A, one-sided seedhead … Cynosurus echinatus hedgehog dogtail 94 22B. Perennial 95 26A. Glumes awn-like, plant typically < 0.7 m 96 27A. Lemma awn <3 cm … Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 97 27B.
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