Grasslands and Prairies Grassland

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Grasslands and Prairies Grassland Grasslands and Prairies Grassland Dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and grass-like plants (sedges, rushes) 30 – 40 % of world land surface Climate composed of moderate precipitation (10 - 50 inches/yr) and periodic drought Other environmental factors Fire Grazing Major Global Grasslands Temperate Grasslands North America Prairie, Great Plains Grasslands Eurasia Steppe South America Pampas Subtropical to Tropical Grasslands South America Cerrado, Llanos Africa Savanna, Veldt Australia Mitchell Grasslands Prairie From the historic French word for a tree-less meadow or pasture co-dominated by perennial grasses and forbs. Generally used by North American ecologists to describe a tree-less vegetation of grasses, dicotyledonous herbs, and small shrubs. Steppe From the Russian word “степ” for an extensive, flat grassland. Sometimes used by North American ecologists to describe a grassland composed of short statured, perennial grasses or bunch grasses. Temperate Grasslands Cold season alternating with Warm to Hot season 10 – 35 inches of annual precipitation alternating with drought Deep, porous soils (e.g., loess) Subtropical to Tropical Grasslands Cool to Warm seasons alternating with Warm to Hot seasons 20 – 50 inches of annual precipitation alternating with drought Soils vary from deep to thin, porous to clay pampas prairie steppe savannah Adaptations perennial, cespitose habit thin, narrow leaves that grow from the base deep, compact root systems G G G G G G G G G Fire “Grazing” Grazing: feeding primarily on grasses and grass-like plants Browsing: feeding primarily on forbs (dicotyledonous herbs) and shrubs Mixed Browsing and Grazing Grazers American Bison diet 90 – 95 % grasses 4 – 6 % forbs and shrubs Mule Deer diet 4 – 15 % grasses 15 – 30 % forbs 75 – 90 % shrubs Pronghorn diet 5 – 45 % grasses 25 – 50 % forbs 10 – 60 % shrubs Elk diet 45 – 60 % grasses 11 – 40 % forbs 25 – 30 % shrubs Grazing and Fire Remove Biomass Grazing Fire reduce competition enhance seed germination return nutrients to the soil remove or kill shrub and tree seedlings Coastal Prairie northern coastal California north to southern Oregon highest plant species diversity among California “grasslands”, composed of a mixture of grasses, sedges, and forbs deep, porous, sandy soils of low-lying valleys historically promoted by Native American burning practices and grazing by elk Danthonia californica Deschampsia cespitosa Festuca californica California oatgrass hair grass California fescue Carex tumulicola Ranunculus californicus Iris douglasiana foothill sedge California buttercup Douglas iris California Grasslands Frederick Clements’ (1934) “Bunchgrass-Grazing” hypothesis. Bunchgrasses once dominated the Great Central Valley and adjacent foothills but were eliminated by excessive livestock grazing and too frequent fires. Needle grass (Stipa, Nassella) Bunchgrass Steppe Clements based his hypothesis on "relict" stands of native bunchgrasses he found along railways and outside of fenced pastures. He assumed that the original vegetation was like that of central North America, i.e. composed of perennial grasses. Fire Clements emphasized the role of over-grazing, but ignored that fire promotes the establishment and persistence of needle-grass. Proponents of the bunchgrass-grazing hypothesis tended to ignore historical observations and the significance of alien Mediterranean invasive species. 18th Century Expeditions and Observations Gaspar de Portolá Expeditions, 1769-1770, 1772 Fr. Juan Crespí, Miguel Costansó, Pedro Fages Juan Bautista de Anza Expeditions, 1774, 1776 ● observed burning by Native Americans, which enhanced open habitats and barren areas or areas dominated by grasses ● described open areas using words (pasto, yerbas, zacate) that often referred to forage or dry herbaceous vegetation ● observed herbivores that are now known to be deer, pronghorn, and elk 19th Century Expeditions and Observations Gabriel Moraga, 1806 (Fr. Pedro Muňoz) Thomas Coulter, 1832 - 1834 Pacific Exploring (Wilkes) Expedition, 1838 – 1842 John C. Fremont, 1844, 1848 Edwin Bryant, 1848 William P. Blake, Pacific Railroad Survey, 1853-1854 William H. Brewer, California Geological Survey, 1860 – 1864 John Muir, 1870+ 19th Century, Coast and Coast Ranges Spring months: grasses and many wildflowers; forage Summer months: few grasses, few wildflowers; forage sometimes sparse or completely absent 19th Century, Interior Valleys (San Joaquin) Spring months: vast wildflower displays; grasses and forage rarely mentioned, except along rivers. Summer months: herbaceous vegetation dried, no forage, landscape often described as barren or destitute California in 1850 California Grasslands California Valley Grassland Annual Grassland western San Joaquin Valley Hungry Valley Considered by ecologists as a unique grassland, because it is dominated almost entirely by invasive, alien species from European Mediterranean. Annual Grasslands Dominated almost exclusively by alien, Mediterranean annuals Brassica nigra black mustard Avena fatua wild oat Avena sativa culitvated oat Medicago polymorpha burr clover Hordeum murinum wall barley Malva parviflora cheeseweed Erodium cicutarium Bromus diandrus redstem filaree ripgut brome Bromus hordeaceus smooth brome Mediterranean Invasive Annuals Arrived in California during the late 18th and 19th centuries Pre-adapted to California’s climate but differing from the native California flora by their advantage in having rapid seed dispersal recruitment from seeds at high densities rapid early season growth rate Most invasive annuals, however, have relatively low seed longevity as compared to native annuals Carrizo Plain Carrizo Plain National Monument, a “remnant of the Central Valley’s former vast grassland” Carrizo Plain - Carrisa Plains 1850. First settlement by sheepherders (Saucito Ranch) 1853. US Railroad Survey names “Llano Estero” and “Carrizo Ranch” 1876+ Sheep and cattle grazing; potato, wheat, and barley farming. 1940s Farms and ranches begin to fail 1980+ Federal land acquisitions 2001. Carrizo Plain National Monument established Saucito Ranch, Soda Lake, Temblor Range Carrizo Plain Completely enclosed basin with alkaline clay or clay loam soils Vegetation a complex mosaic of: Atriplex polycarpa (allscale saltbush) shrubland, and annual Mediterranean grassland Scattered Stipa (Nassella) and Poa secunda bunch grass mixed with Juniper-Ephedra shrubland occurs on adjacent slopes and hills. Great Valley Grasslands State Park wetlands, sloughs, and floodplain of the San Joaquin River east of Gustine, Merced County California’s Grasslands Original grasslands are not as extensive as previously thought. Pre-European vegetation of the Great Central Valley, especially the San Joaquin Valley with clay soils, probably was not dominated by grasses. Coastal grasslands and prairies may have been significantly influenced by Native American burning practices. In the absence of fire, such grasslands are subject to invasion by shrublands and forest trees. California’s Grasslands Some landscapes previously thought to be grasslands actually may have been composed of dicotyledonous annuals (forbs). The most common, widespread grasslands in California are effectively dominated by alien, Mediterranean grasses and forbs. prairies ? wildflower prairies ? wildflower meadows ? forblands ? .
Recommended publications
  • Key Points for Sustainable Management of Northern Great Plains Grasslands
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Natural Resource Management Faculty Publications Department of Natural Resource Management 2019 Looking to the Future: Key Points for Sustainable Management of Northern Great Plains Grasslands Lora B. Perkins Marissa Ahlering Diane L. Larson Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/nrm_pubs Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons REVIEW ARTICLE Looking to the future: key points for sustainable management of northern Great Plains grasslands Lora B. Perkins1,2 , Marissa Ahlering3, Diane L. Larson4 The grasslands of the northern Great Plains (NGP) region of North America are considered endangered ecosystems and priority conservation areas yet have great ecological and economic importance. Grasslands in the NGP are no longer self-regulating adaptive systems. The challenges to these grasslands are widespread and serious (e.g. climate change, invasive species, fragmentation, altered disturbance regimes, and anthropogenic chemical loads). Because the challenges facing the region are dynamic, complex, and persistent, a paradigm shift in how we approach restoration and management of the grasslands in the NGP is imperative. The goal of this article is to highlight four key points for land managers and restoration practitioners to consider when planning management or restoration actions. First, we discuss the appropriateness of using historical fidelity as a restoration or management target because of changing climate, widespread pervasiveness of invasive species, the high level of fragmentation, and altered disturbance regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • Grassland Resources and Development of Grassland Agriculture in Temperate China
    124 Rangelands 10(3), June 1988 Grassland Resources and Development of Grassland Agriculture in Temperate China Zhu Tinachen Natural temperate grasslands occupy 2.4 million km2 or one-quarter ofthe area of China. They form a broad beltfrom the plains of the northeast to the Tibetan Plateau of the southwest (Fig. 1). The nature and distribution of thegrassland is determined in large part by the influence of the monsoon. In the north- east where the monsoon is well developed, the grassland owes its existenceto dry conditions in the spring. Westward and southwestward wherethe monsooninfluence is weaker, the grasslandsoccupy higherelevations (to as high as 5,000 m) in response to the semiarid and arid regional climate. Similarly, temperate grasslands occur at high elevations in mountains of the desert region in northwestern China, far beyond the continuous grassland belt. Some 4,000 species offlowering plants comprise thevegetation ofthese temper- ate grasslands.About 200 are important forage species. The livestock population in China is about 130 million Fig. I Steppe zone of China cattle units. Most of the livestock are dependent on these 1.Meadow steppe, 2.Typical steppe. 3.Desert steppe. 4. Shrub steppe. 5. Alpine steppe. natural temperategrasslands. GrasslandTypes responding to climate and distributed in the form of a belt. Meadows are not zonal; they are controlled by local envi- Based on the concept of zonal vegetation, the natural ronments.About 80 ofthe area of is occu- of China can be divided into two percent grassland temperategrasslands major pied by zone steppetypes and about 20 percent by meadow types: steppe and meadow.
    [Show full text]
  • Stuart, Trees & Shrubs
    Excerpted from ©2001 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. May not be copied or reused without express written permission of the publisher. click here to BUY THIS BOOK INTRODUCTION HOW THE BOOK IS ORGANIZED Conifers and broadleaved trees and shrubs are treated separately in this book. Each group has its own set of keys to genera and species, as well as plant descriptions. Plant descriptions are or- ganized alphabetically by genus and then by species. In a few cases, we have included separate subspecies or varieties. Gen- era in which we include more than one species have short generic descriptions and species keys. Detailed species descrip- tions follow the generic descriptions. A species description in- cludes growth habit, distinctive characteristics, habitat, range (including a map), and remarks. Most species descriptions have an illustration showing leaves and either cones, flowers, or fruits. Illustrations were drawn from fresh specimens with the intent of showing diagnostic characteristics. Plant rarity is based on rankings derived from the California Native Plant Society and federal and state lists (Skinner and Pavlik 1994). Two lists are presented in the appendixes. The first is a list of species grouped by distinctive morphological features. The second is a checklist of trees and shrubs indexed alphabetically by family, genus, species, and common name. CLASSIFICATION To classify is a natural human trait. It is our nature to place ob- jects into similar groups and to place those groups into a hier- 1 TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION HIERARCHY OF A CONIFER AND A BROADLEAVED TREE Taxonomic rank Conifer Broadleaved tree Kingdom Plantae Plantae Division Pinophyta Magnoliophyta Class Pinopsida Magnoliopsida Order Pinales Sapindales Family Pinaceae Aceraceae Genus Abies Acer Species epithet magnifica glabrum Variety shastensis torreyi Common name Shasta red fir mountain maple archy.
    [Show full text]
  • THE KAZAKH STEPPE Conserving the World's Largest Dry
    THE KAZAKH STEPPE Conserving the world’s largest dry steppe region Photo: Chris Magin, IUCN Saryarka is an internationally significant mosaic of steppe and wetlands The Dry Steppe Region The steppe grasslands of Eurasia were once among the most extensive in the world, stretching from eastern Romania, Moldova and Ukraine in eastern Europe (often referred to as the Pontic steppe) east through Kazakhstan and western Russia). Together, the Pontic and Kazakh steppes, often collectively referred to as the Pontian steppe, comprise about 24% of the world’s temperate grasslands. They eventually link to the vast grasslands of eastern Asia extending to Mongolia, China and Siberian Russia, together creating the largest complex of temperate grasslands on earth. The remaining extent and ecological condition of these grasslands varies considerably by region. Today in eastern Europe, for example, only 3–5 % remain in a natural or near natural state, with only 0.2% protected. In contrast, the eastward extension of these steppes into Kazakhstan reveals lower levels of disturbance, where as much as 36% remain in a semi-natural or natural state. Although current levels of protection in this region are also very low, the steppes of Kazakhstan have the potential to offer significant opportunities for increased conservation and protection. The Kazakh steppe, also known as the Kirghiz steppe, is itself one of the largest dry steppe regions on the planet, covering approximately 804,500 square kilometres and extending more than 2,200 kilometres from north of the Caspian Sea east to the Altai Mountains. These grasslands lie at the southern end of the Ural Mountains, the traditional dividing line between Europe and Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Temperate Grasslandsgrasslands Temperate Grasslands
    TemperateTemperate GrasslandsGrasslands Temperate Grasslands § One of the most extensive of the biomes § North America: prairies 350 million ha running from eastern deciduous forest border to western cordilleras Konza Prairie, Kansas Temperate Grasslands § One of the most extensive of the biomes § Eurasia: steppes 250 million ha running from Hungary to Manchuria Mongolian steppe Russian Steppe Temperate Grasslands § One of the most extensive of the biomes § Argentina, Uruguay: pampas Temperate Grasslands § One of the most extensive of the biomes § Argentina, Uruguay: pampas Cortaderia - pampas grass Temperate Grasslands § One of the most extensive of the biomes § South Africa: grassveldt Temperate Grasslands § Temperate grasslands are adapted to recurring drought (50 - 120 cm rain) § Temperate grasslands appear homogenous but important structural and floristic differences have developed in response to regional and local conditions (e.g. in prairie province) § increasing latitude & east to west: warm to cold and moist to dry Temperate Grasslands § American prairie gradients: west to east Curtis Prairie - tall grass, Wisconsin Shortgrass prairie, Nebraska Konza Prairie - mixed grass, Kansas Temperate Grasslands § American prairie gradients: forest - grassland Curtis Prairie - tall grass, Wisconsin Prairie-oak savanna Temperate Grasslands § soils are rich 'chernozens' or 'udolls’ § thick organic layer of very dark humus; active earthworm and soil fauna activity making this soil one of the most productive of terrestrial systems § light rainfall
    [Show full text]
  • Native Or Suitable Plants City of Mccall
    Native or Suitable Plants City of McCall The following list of plants is presented to assist the developer, business owner, or homeowner in selecting plants for landscaping. The list is by no means complete, but is a recommended selection of plants which are either native or have been successfully introduced to our area. Successful landscaping, however, requires much more than just the selection of plants. Unless you have some experience, it is suggested than you employ the services of a trained or otherwise experienced landscaper, arborist, or forester. For best results it is recommended that careful consideration be made in purchasing the plants from the local nurseries (i.e. Cascade, McCall, and New Meadows). Plants brought in from the Treasure Valley may not survive our local weather conditions, microsites, and higher elevations. Timing can also be a serious consideration as the plants may have already broken dormancy and can be damaged by our late frosts. Appendix B SELECTED IDAHO NATIVE PLANTS SUITABLE FOR VALLEY COUNTY GROWING CONDITIONS Trees & Shrubs Acer circinatum (Vine Maple). Shrub or small tree 15-20' tall, Pacific Northwest native. Bright scarlet-orange fall foliage. Excellent ornamental. Alnus incana (Mountain Alder). A large shrub, useful for mid to high elevation riparian plantings. Good plant for stream bank shelter and stabilization. Nitrogen fixing root system. Alnus sinuata (Sitka Alder). A shrub, 6-1 5' tall. Grows well on moist slopes or stream banks. Excellent shrub for erosion control and riparian restoration. Nitrogen fixing root system. Amelanchier alnifolia (Serviceberry). One of the earlier shrubs to blossom out in the spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctostaphylos Hispidula, Gasquet Manzanita
    Conservation Assessment for Gasquet Manzanita (Arctostaphylos hispidula) Within the State of Oregon Photo by Clint Emerson March 2010 U.S.D.A. Forest Service Region 6 and U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management Interagency Special Status and Sensitive Species Program Author CLINT EMERSON is a botanist, USDA Forest Service, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Gold Beach and Powers Ranger District, Gold Beach, OR 97465 TABLE OF CONTENTS Disclaimer 3 Executive Summary 3 List of Tables and Figures 5 I. Introduction 6 A. Goal 6 B. Scope 6 C. Management Status 7 II. Classification and Description 8 A. Nomenclature and Taxonomy 8 B. Species Description 9 C. Regional Differences 9 D. Similar Species 10 III. Biology and Ecology 14 A. Life History and Reproductive Biology 14 B. Range, Distribution, and Abundance 16 C. Population Trends and Demography 19 D. Habitat 21 E. Ecological Considerations 25 IV. Conservation 26 A. Conservation Threats 26 B. Conservation Status 28 C. Known Management Approaches 32 D. Management Considerations 33 V. Research, Inventory, and Monitoring Opportunities 35 Definitions of Terms Used (Glossary) 39 Acknowledgements 41 References 42 Appendix A. Table of Known Sites in Oregon 45 2 Disclaimer This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile existing published and unpublished information for the rare vascular plant Gasquet manzanita (Arctostaphylos hispidula) as well as include observational field data gathered during the 2008 field season. This Assessment does not represent a management decision by the U.S. Forest Service (Region 6) or Oregon/Washington BLM. Although the best scientific information available was used and subject experts were consulted in preparation of this document, it is expected that new information will arise.
    [Show full text]
  • Area Requirements and Landscape-Level Factors Influencing
    The Journal of Wildlife Management 81(7):1298–1307; 2017; DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21286 Research Article Area Requirements and Landscape-Level Factors Influencing Shrubland Birds H. PATRICK ROBERTS,1 Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 204 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003, USA DAVID I. KING, U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station, University of Massachusetts, 201 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003, USA ABSTRACT Declines in populations of birds that breed in disturbance-dependent early-successional forest have largely been ascribed to habitat loss. Clearcutting is an efficient and effective means for creating early- successional vegetation; however, negative public perceptions of clearcutting and the small parcel size typical of private forested land in much of the eastern United States make this practice impractical in many situations. Group selection harvests, where groups of adjacent trees are removed from a mature forest matrix, may be more acceptable to the public and could provide habitat for shrubland birds. Although some shrubland bird species that occupy clearcuts are scarce or absent from smaller patches created by group selection, some of these smaller patches support shrubland species of conservation concern. The specific factors affecting shrubland bird occupancy of these smaller patches, such as habitat structure, patch area, and landscape context, are poorly understood. We sampled birds in forest openings ranging 0.02–1.29 ha to identify species-specific minimum-area habitat requirements and other factors affecting shrubland birds. We modeled bird occurrence in relation to microhabitat-, patch-, and landscape-level variables using occupancy models. The minimum-area requirements for black-and-white warblers (Mniotilta varia), common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas), chestnut-sided warblers (Setophaga pensylvanica), eastern towhees (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), and gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis)were0.23 ha, whereas indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) and prairie warblers (S.
    [Show full text]
  • 7. Shrubland and Young Forest Habitat Management
    7. SHRUBLAND AND YOUNG FOREST HABITAT MANAGEMENT hrublands” and “Young Forest” are terms that apply to areas Shrubland habitat and that are transitioning to mature forest and are dominated by young forest differ in “Sseedlings, saplings, and shrubs with interspersed grasses and forbs (herbaceous plants). While some sites such as wetlands, sandy sites vegetation types and and ledge areas can support a relatively stable shrub cover, most shrub communities in the northeast are successional and change rapidly to food and cover they mature forest if left unmanaged. Shrub and young forest habitats in Vermont provide important habitat provide, as well as functions for a variety of wildlife including shrubland birds, butterflies and bees, black bear, deer, moose, snowshoe hare, bobcat, as well as a where and how they variety of reptiles and amphibians. Many shrubland species are in decline due to loss of habitat. Shrubland bird species in Vermont include common are maintained on the species such as chestnut-sided warbler, white-throated sparrow, ruffed grouse, Eastern towhee, American woodcock, brown thrasher, Nashville landscape. warbler, and rarer species such as prairie warbler and golden-winged warbler. These habitat types are used by 29 Vermont Species of Greatest Conservation Need. While small areas of shrub and young forest habitat can be important to some wildlife, managing large patches of 5 acres or more provides much greater benefit to the wildlife that rely on the associated habitat conditions to meet their life requirements. Birds such as the chestnut- sided warbler will use smaller areas of young forest, but less common species such as golden-winged warbler require areas of 25 acres or more.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of the Ecoregions of the United States
    (iii) ~ Agrl~:::~~;~":,c ullur. Description of the ~:::;. Ecoregions of the ==-'Number 1391 United States •• .~ • /..';;\:?;;.. \ United State. (;lAn) Department of Description of the .~ Agriculture Forest Ecoregions of the Service October United States 1980 Compiled by Robert G. Bailey Formerly Regional geographer, Intermountain Region; currently geographer, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and originally published as an unnumbered publication by the Intermountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Ogden, Utah In April 1979, the Agency leaders of the Bureau of Land Manage­ ment, Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey, and Soil Conservation Service endorsed the concept of a national classification system developed by the Resources Evaluation Tech­ niques Program at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, to be used for renewable resources evaluation. The classifica­ tion system consists of four components (vegetation, soil, landform, and water), a proposed procedure for integrating the components into ecological response units, and a programmed procedure for integrating the ecological response units into ecosystem associations. The classification system described here is the result of literature synthesis and limited field testing and evaluation. It presents one procedure for defining, describing, and displaying ecosystems with respect to geographical distribution. The system and others are undergoing rigorous evaluation to determine the most appropriate procedure for defining and describing ecosystem associations. Bailey, Robert G. 1980. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication No. 1391, 77 pp. This publication briefly describes and illustrates the Nation's ecosystem regions as shown in the 1976 map, "Ecoregions of the United States." A copy of this map, described in the Introduction, can be found between the last page and the back cover of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT OAEC NATIVE PLANT LIST FERNS and FERN ALLIES
    DRAFT OAEC NATIVE PLANT LIST FERNS and FERN ALLIES: Blechnaceae: Deer Fern Family Giant Chain Fern Woodwardia fimbriata Dennstaedtiaceae: Bracken Fern Bracken Pteridium aquilinum Dryopteridaceae: Wood Fern Family Lady Fern Athyrium filix-femina Wood Fern Dryopteris argutanitum Western Sword Fern Polystichum muitum Polypodiaceae: Polypody Family California Polypody Polypodium californicum Pteridaceae: Brake Family California Maiden-Hair Adiantum jordanii Coffee Fern Pellaea andromedifolia Goldback Fern Pentagramma triangularis Isotaceae: Quillwort Family Isoetes sp? Nuttallii? Selaginellaceae: Spike-Moss Family Selaginella bigelovii GYMNOPSPERMS Pinaceae: Pine Family Douglas-Fir Psuedotsuga menziesii Taxodiaceae: Bald Cypress Family Redwood Sequoia sempervirens ANGIOSPERMS: DICOTS Aceraceae: Maple Family Big-Leaf Maple Acer macrophyllum Box Elder Acer negundo Anacardiaceae: Sumac Family Western Poison Oak Toxicodendron diversilobum Apiaceae: Carrot Family Lomatium( utriculatum) or (carulifolium)? Pepper Grass Perideridia kelloggii Yampah Perideridia gairdneri Sanicula sp? Sweet Cicely Osmorhiza chilensis Unidentified in forest at barn/deer fence gate Angelica Angelica tomentosa Apocynaceae: Dogbane or Indian Hemp Family Apocynum cannabinum Aristolochiaceae Dutchman’s Pipe, Pipevine Aristolochia californica Wild Ginger Asarum caudatum Asteraceae: Sunflower Family Grand Mountain Dandelion Agoseris grandiflora Broad-leaved Aster Aster radulinus Coyote Brush Baccharis pilularis Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea Woodland Tarweed Madia
    [Show full text]
  • A Prairie Ecosystem the Kansas Grassland Biome Is Divided Into Tallgrass, Mixed-Grass, and Shortgrass Prairies
    A Prairie Ecosystem The Kansas grassland biome is divided into tallgrass, mixed-grass, and shortgrass prairies. ​ ​Emporia, KS is located in the Tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Before settlement, the tallgrass prairie occupied a north-south strip which encompassed the eastern third of Kansas. The tallgrass prairie exists today since much the land is not farmable due to terrain (slope, rock layers, soil depth, etc.). The grasses can grow in excess of six feet tall during moist years if they reside in deep soils. The annual precipitation, or rainfall, in this region exceeds 30 inches. The original tallgrass prairie spanned almost 250 million acres. Today, about four percent remains with the largest areas being the Flint Hills of Kansas and the Osage Hills of Oklahoma. Examples of grasses found in tallgrass prairies include big bluestem, indian grass, switchgrass, and eastern gamagrass. The sun is the main source of energy for every living thing on earth. An organism that makes its own food from the sun is called a ​producer​. Examples of producers in the prairie are grasses and wildflowers because they use the sun to make their own food through a process called photosynthesis. An organism that depends on others for food is called a ​consumer​. Examples of consumers in the prairie include coyotes, snakes, mice and prairie chickens because they hunt or scavenge for their food. An organism that breaks down materials in dead organisms is called a decomposer​. Examples of decomposers in the prairie are worms. Recycling happens in the prairie through decomposition. Recycling means to reuse something once it has died or has been thrown away.
    [Show full text]