Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline Common Name Version

Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline

Common Name Version

A Photographic Guide

Sorted by Form, Color and Family with Habitat Descriptions and Identification Notes

Photographs and text by Wilde Legard District Botanist, East Bay Regional Park District

New Revised and Expanded Edition - Includes the latest scientific names, habitat descriptions and identification notes Decimal Inches

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 .5 2 .5 3 .5 4 .5 5 .5 6 .5 7 .5 8 .5 9

1/8 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3 1/2 4 1/2 5 1/2 6 1/2 7 1/2 8 1/2 9 English Inches

Notes:

A Photographic Guide to the Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline

More than 2,000 species of native and naturalized plants grow wild in the San Francisco Bay Area. Most are very difficult to identify without the help of good illustrations. This is designed to be a simple, color photo guide to help you identify some of these plants. This guide is published electronically in Adobe Acrobat® format so that it can easily be updated as additional photographs become available. You have permission to freely download, distribute and print this guide for individual use. Photographs are © 2014 Wilde Legard, all rights reserved.

In this guide, the included plants are sorted first by form (Ferns & Fern-like, Grasses & Grass-like, Herbaceous, Woody), then by most common flower color, and finally by similar looking flowers (grouped by genus within each family). Each photograph has the following information, separated by '-':

COMMON NAME According to The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, Second Edition (JM2) and other references (not standardized). (Scientific Name) According to JM2 and eFlora (ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html). Origin & Longevity Native, Naturalized, or Waif (not reproducing without human care). Annual, Biennial, Perennial, or a combination. Family Name Common family name according to JM2, (Bloom date range) Period during the year when the plant blooms, according to JM2 and other sources. '-' if plant does not bloom (ie. Ferns). Habitat Habitat description according to JM2 and other sources. ID Characteristics Plant description with identification characteristics and other notes, based on multiple sources including: Annotated Checklist of the East Bay Flora, Second Edition (2013), JM2, Plants of the San Francisco Bay Region (Revised Edition), and Weeds of California and Other Western States. Additional notes Occasionally, an additional note may appear (ie. NOXIOUS weed, INVASIVE weed, Fed & Calif. ENDANGERED, etc.).

Revision: 3/2/2014 Grass-like - Green/Brown Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 1

NARROW-LEAVED CATTAIL (Typha BROAD-LEAVED CATTAIL (Typha latifolia) GIANT REED (Arundo donax) Naturalized SLENDER WILD OAT (Avena barbata) angustifolia) Native Perennial - Cattail Family - Native Perennial - Cattail Family - (Jun–Jul) - Perennial - Grass Family - (Mar–Sep) - Moist Naturalized Annual - Grass Family - (Mar–Jun) - (May–Aug) - Nutrient-rich freshwater to brackish Unpolluted to nutrient-rich freshwater (brackish) places, seeps, ditchbanks - Stem 6-33' tall, Disturbed sites - Plants gen 24-32". Spikelets marshes, wet disturbed places - Plant 4.9-9.8' marshes - Plant 4.9-9.8' tall. Widest leaves matures woody. Leaves evenly spaced on stem. 0.8-1.2" long. Awns 0.8-1.8" long. Lemma tip tall. Leaves gen < 0.4" wide. Flower cluster gap > 0.4-1.1" wide. Flower cluster with no gap Flower cluster 8-28" tall, up to 5" wide. Spikelet bristles >= 0.1" long. Seeds EDIBLE whole or 0.4". between flower types. ~0.5" long. NOXIOUS weed. ground for flour. INVASIVE weed. Revision: 3/2/2014 Grass-like - Green/Brown Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 2

WILD OAT (Avena fatua) Naturalized Annual - RESCUE GRASS (Bromus catharticus var. RIPGUT GRASS (Bromus diandrus) Naturalized SOFT CHESS (Bromus hordeaceus) Naturalized Grass Family - (Apr–Jun) - Disturbed sites - catharticus) Naturalized Annual-Perennial - Grass Annual - Grass Family - (Apr–Jul) - Open, gen Annual - Grass Family - (Apr–Jul) - Fields, Plants 1-5' tall. Spikelets 0.7-1.3" long. Low awn Family - (Apr–Nov) - Open, disturbed places - disturbed areas - Plant 6-40" tall. Spikelet 1-2.8" disturbed areas - Plant 4-26” tall. Leaf hairy. 1-1.6" long. Lemma tip bristles < 0.04" long. Plant 8-48” tall. Flower cluster 3-12” long, ~ open. long. Lemma body 0.8-1.2" long, awn > 1.2" long. Flower cluster 1-5” long, dense, some stalks > Seeds EDIBLE whole or ground for flour. Spikelet flattened, 0.6-1.2” long. Lemma 0.4-0.7” Barbed seeds can stick in flesh of animals. spikelet. Spikelet 0.5-0.9”. Lemma 0.26-0.4”, awn INVASIVE weed. long, awn < 0.2” long. INVASIVE weed. 0.16-0.4”. INVASIVE weed.

HAIRY PAMPAS GRASS (Cortaderia jubata) SMOOTH PAMPAS GRASS (Cortaderia SALT GRASS (Distichlis spicata) Native BARNYARD GRASS (Echinochloa crus-galli) Naturalized Perennial - Grass Family - (Sep–Feb) selloana) Naturalized Perennial - Grass Family - Perennial - Grass Family - (Apr–Sep) - Salt Naturalized Annual - Grass Family - (Jun–Oct) - - Disturbed sites, many habitats, esp coastal - (Sep–Mar) - Disturbed sites - Plant 6-13' tall. Leaf marshes, coastal dunes, moist, alkaline areas - Gen wet, disturbed sites, fields, roadsides - Stem Plant 6-23' tall. Leaf blades 0.1-0.5" wide, blades 0.1-0.5" wide, sheathes smooth. Cultivar, Stem 4-20” long. Leaves 0.8-4” long, flat, stiff. 12-39" long. Leaf blades to 25" long, 0.2-1.2" sheathes hairy. NOXIOUS weed. rarely escaped. INVASIVE weed. Flower cluster 0.8-3” long, narrow. Spikelets wide. Spikelet 0.1-0.16" long, floret ~0.14" long, 1 straw-colored to purple, 2-20/group, 0.24-0.8” per node. Awns 0-2” long on same plant. long. Revision: 3/2/2014 Grass-like - Green/Brown Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 3

BEARDLESS WILD RYE (Elymus triticoides) RYE GRASS (Festuca perennis) Naturalized MEDITERRANEAN BARLEY (Hordeum marinum WALL BARLEY (Hordeum murinum subsp. Native Perennial - Grass Family - ( Jun–Jul) - Dry Perennial - Grass Family - (May–Sep) - Dry to subsp. gussoneanum) Naturalized Annual - murinum) Naturalized Annual - Grass Family - to moist, often saline, meadows - Plant 18-50” moist disturbed sites, abandoned fields - Stem Grass Family - (Apr–Jun) - Dry to moist, (Feb–May) - Moist, gen disturbed sites - Stem tall, from rhizomes. Flower cluster 2-8” long. 20-40" tall. Spikelet 0.2-0.9" long, > glume, disturbed sites - Stem 4-20". Leaf blades to 32" 1-2'. Leaf auricles notable. Central spikelet stalk Spikelets generally 2/node. Lemmas 3-7, 0.2-0.5” awned or awnless. Sterile shoots at base. long, auricles < 0.08". Central lemma awn 0-0.02". Central floret gen = lateral florets. long, awn to 0.12” long. INVASIVE weed. 0.25-0.7" long. INVASIVE weed. INVASIVE weed.

DALLIS GRASS (Paspalum dilatatum) HARDING GRASS (Phalaris aquatica) COMMON REED (Phragmites australis) Native RABBITFOOT GRASS (Polypogon Naturalized Perennial - Grass Family - Naturalized Perennial - Grass Family - (Apr–Aug) Perennial - Grass Family - (Jul–Nov) - Pond & monspeliensis) Naturalized Annual - Grass (May–Nov) - Disturbed areas - Tufted, weedy. - Disturbed areas, roadsides - Plant 16-79" tall, lake margins, sloughs, marshes - Stem 6.6-13', Family - (Apr–Aug) - Moist places, along streams Stem 1.6-5.7' tall. Leaves to 14" long. Flowering tufted. Flower cluster 0.6-6" long, unbranched. gen < 0.4" diam. Leaf blades gen 8-18" long, - Stem 8-39". Leaf 0.4-8" long, 0.16-0.24" wide. stem w/3-6 branches. Spikelet groups 2-7, each Lower florets 1 or or unequal. Glume wing base gradually narrowed. Flower cluster 6-20". Flower cluster 0.4-6.7" long, plume-like. Glume 0.6-4.7" long. Spikelets ~0.14", paired. untoothed. INVASIVE weed. Spikelet 0.4-0.6", lemmas smooth. awn > 0.14". Lemma awn gen < 0.1". INVASIVE. Revision: 3/2/2014 Grass-like - Green/Brown Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 4

BALTIC RUSH (Juncus balticus subsp. ater) IRIS-LEAVED RUSH (Juncus xiphioides) Native SEACOAST BULRUSH (Bolboschoenus TALL NUTSEDGE (Cyperus eragrostis) Native Native Perennial - Rush Family - (Jul–Nov) - Perennial - Rush Family - (Jul–Oct) - Wet places robustus) Native Perennial - Sedge Family - Perennial - Sedge Family - (May–Nov) - Vernal Moist to ± dry sites - Stem 14-43" tall, round, not - Plant 16-32" tall. Leaf blades 0.2-0.5" wide, flat, (Summer) - Brackish to saline coastal marshes - pools, streambanks - Leaves basal. Flower twisted. No leaf blade. Flowers generally 0.1-0.2" Iris-like. Heads many, few-flowered. Anthers 6, < Plant 20-60" tall. Stem sharply triangular. Flower cluster bracts 4-8. Spikelets 0.2-0.8" long, long. filaments, flowers self-pollinating. cluster dense, stemless, just above bracts. oblong, in heads to 1.6" wide. Seeds Spikelets 5-25, 0.4-1.2" long. short-stalked.

COMMON SPIKERUSH (Eleocharis COMMON TULE (Schoenoplectus acutus var. OLNEY'S THREE-SQUARE BULRUSH SOUTHERN BULRUSH (Schoenoplectus macrostachya) Native Perennial - Sedge Family - occidentalis) Native Perennial - Sedge Family - (Schoenoplectus americanus) Native Perennial - californicus) Native Perennial - Sedge Family - (Spring–summer) - Common. Fresh to brackish (Summer) - Common. Marshes, shores, fens, Sedge Family - (Summer) - Mineral-rich or (Spring–summer) - Common. Brackish to fresh wetland - Stem 8-39" tall, 0.06-0.1" wide. Spikelet shallow lakes, often emergent - Stem 3.3-13' tall, brackish marshes, shores, fens, springs - Stem marshes, shores - Stem 3.3-13' tall, slender, 0.2-1.6" long, 0.08-0.2" wide, style 2-branched. fat, round x-section, blue-green. 1.2-8.2' tall, sharply 3-angled, not leafy. Flower bright green, bluntly 3-angled. Flower cluster cluster head-like. somewhat open. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - Blue/Pink/Purple Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 5

PANICLED / WEEDY WILLOWHERB (Epilobium COMMON WILLOWHERB (Epilobium ciliatum MONTEREY CENTAURY (Zeltnera LONG-BEAKED FILAREE (Erodium botrys) brachycarpum) Native Annual - Evening Primrose subsp. ciliatum) Native Perennial - Evening muehlenbergii) Native Annual-Biennial - Gentian Naturalized Annual - Geranium Family - Family - (Jun–Sep) - Common. Dry open or Primrose Family - (Jun–Oct) - Common. Family - (Jun–Aug) - Moist coastal bluffs, forest (Mar–Jul) - Dry, open or disturbed sites - Stem disturbed woodland, grassland, roadsides - Plant Disturbed places, moist meadows, streambanks, openings - Plant 1.2-12" tall. Leaf 0.6-1" long. 4-35" tall, coarse-hairy. Leaves lobed. Petals 8-79" tall, diffuse. Petals 2-15 mm long, white to roadsides - Plant 20-48" tall, smooth or Flowers pink, 0.5-0.75" mm long, lobes pink, 0.3-0.5" long. Sepals w/reddish tip. Fruit rose-purple. short-hairy. Petals 2-6 mm, white to pink. 0.08-0.28" long; flower stalk < 0.0" long. beak 2-4.7" long.

GREENSTEM FILAREE (Erodium moschatum) CALIFORNIA LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum GRASS-POLY (Lythrum hyssopifolia) Naturalized BULL MALLOW (Malva nicaeensis) Naturalized Naturalized Annual - Geranium Family - californicum) Native Perennial - Loosestrife Annual-Perennial - Loosestrife Family - (Apr–Oct) Annual - Mallow Family - (Mar–Jun) - Disturbed (Feb–Sep) - Open, disturbed sites - Stem 4-24", Family - (Apr–Sep) - Marshes, pond and stream - Marshes, drying pond margins, disturbed places - Stem 0.7-2'. Leaf blade 1.2-4.7" wide, short-hairy. Leaves compound, leaflets toothed. margins - Stem 8-24" tall. Leaves 0.4-2.8" long, ground - Stem 4-24". Leaves 0.2-1.2" long, ~ 5-7 shallow lobes. Bractlets Sepal tip glabrous. Petals 0.4-0.6" long, pink. gray-smooth, linear. Petals purple, 0.2-0.3" long; elliptical. Petals pink, 0.1-0.2" long. 2 awl-like egg-shaped,0.16-0.2" long. Petals pink to Fruit beak 0.8-1.6" long. 2 style forms. appendages. INVASIVE weed. blue-violet, 0.2-0.5" long. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - Blue/Pink/Purple Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 6

RADISH (Raphanus sativus) Naturalized Annual - SPANISH CLOVER (Acmispon americanus var. LEATHER ROOT (Hoita macrostachya) Native SPRING VETCH (Vicia sativa subsp. sativa) Mustard Family - (May–Jul) - Disturbed areas, americanus) Native Annual - Pea Family - Perennial - Pea Family - (May–Aug) - Naturalized Annual - Pea Family - (Mar–Jun) - fields - Stem 16-51" long. Petals 0.6-1" long, (May–Oct) - Coast, chaparral, waterways, Streamsides, marshes, spring-moist places - Roadsides, disturbed areas, grassland, open white to purple. Fruit a fat cylinder w/constrictions roadsides, disturbed areas - Plant 2-24", hairy. Stem erect, < 6.6' tall, much-branched. Leaflets areas in oak and riparian woodlands - Flowers between seeds. INVASIVE weed. Flowers white to pink, solitary, bract lobes >> 0.8-4" long, both sides sticky. Flowers ~0.4" long, 1-2 at leaf bases, pink-purple to white, 0.7-1.2" flower tube. blue to purple. long. Leaflets 0.16-0.4" wide.

WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crassipes) ITALIAN THISTLE (Carduus pycnocephalus BULL THISTLE (Cirsium vulgare) Naturalized SALTMARSH-FLEABANE (Pluchea odorata var. Naturalized Perennial - Pickerel-weed Family - subsp. pycnocephalus) Naturalized Annual - Biennial - Sunflower Family - (May–Oct) - odorata) Native Perennial - Sunflower Family - (Jun–Oct) - Locally abundant. Ponds, sloughs, Sunflower Family - (Mar–Jul) - Roadsides, Common. Disturbed areas - Plant 12-79" tall. Top (Jun–Nov) - Moist, often saline valley bottoms - waterways - Aquatic. Leaf < 4" wide, inflated leaf pastures, disturbed areas - Stems 8-79", narrow of leaves bristly; leaf base forming decurrent Plant 20-48"+, sticky. Leaves 1.6-4.7" long, stalk base. Flower lilac or pale blue to white. spiny-wings. Lower leaves 4-10 lobed, heads 2-5, wings on stem. Flowers purple, gen 1-2" wide. egg-shaped. Flowers purple, ~0.2" long, in leaf NOXIOUS. flower bracts woolly. NOXIOUS. NOXIOUS weed. axils. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - Blue/Pink/Purple Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 7

WEEDY CUDWEED (Pseudognaphalium MILK THISTLE (Silybum marianum) Naturalized SUISUN MARSH ASTER (Symphyotrichum TALL VERVAIN (Verbena bonariensis) luteoalbum) Naturalized Annual - Sunflower Annual-Biennial - Sunflower Family - (Feb–Jun) - lentum) Native Perennial - Sunflower Family - Naturalized Annual-Biennial - Vervain Family - Family - (Apr–Aug) - Disturbed sites, fields, Roadsides, pastures, disturbed areas - Stem (May–Nov) - Marshes - Stem 16-47" tall, not (Jun–Oct) - Disturbed, often wet places, fields - streambeds - Heads 0.12-0.16" long, yellowish, 1-10', stout. Leaves spiny, shiny green w/white hairy. Leaves 1.6-3.1" long, 0.2-0.3" wide. Flower Plant 20-60". Leaf 3-6" long, gen clasping stem. female flowers < 0.08" long, pappus bristles veins and spots. Flowers red-purple. INVASIVE cluster openly branched. Ray flowers violet, Flowers white or purple, 0.2-0.24" long; connected. weed. 20-45, 0.31-0.55" long. 8-17/cluster.

GREEN DOCK (Rumex conglomeratus) CURLY DOCK (Rumex crispus) Naturalized FLOATING MARSH PENNYWORT (Hydrocotyle WHORLED MARSH PENNYWORT (Hydrocotyle Naturalized Perennial - Buckwheat Family - Perennial - Buckwheat Family - (All year) - ranunculoides) Native Perennial - Ginseng Family verticillata) Native Perennial - Ginseng Family - (May–Aug) - Common. Moist places - Stem Abundant. Disturbed places - Stem 16-39" tall. - (Mar–Aug) - Lake margins, ponds, slow-moving (Apr–Sep) - Lake margins, ponds, slow-moving 12-32" tall, unbranched below. Flower cluster Flower cluster dense, valves 0.2-0.24", winged streams - Plant fleshy, floating-creeping. Leaf streams, canals, seeps, springs, marshes - Plant open. Fruit valves ~0.1" long, scarcely winged around tubercles, smooth edged. 1 tubercle 0.8-2" wide, kidney-shaped, deep lobes, 1 creeping. Leaf 0.4-1.6" wide, round, 8-13 shallow around the 3 tubercles, smooth edged. enlarged. INVASIVE. reaching center. lobes. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - Green/Brown Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 8

FAT-HEN (Atriplex prostrata) Native Annual - PACIFIC PICKLEWEED (Salicornia pacifica) RUSSIAN THISTLE (Salsola tragus) Naturalized HORNWORT (Ceratophyllum demersum) Native Goosefoot Family - (Apr–Oct) - Wet places, Native Perennial - Goosefoot Family - (Jul–Nov) - Annual-Perennial - Goosefoot Family - (Jul–Oct) - Annual - Hornwort Family - (Jun–Aug) - Common. marshes - Plant 4-48" tall, branched at base. Salt marshes, alkaline flats - Plant 4-28" tall, Common. Disturbed places - Plant < 5' tall. Stem Ditches, lakes, ponds, pools, slow watercourses; Leaves alternate, blades 0.4-3.5" long, triangular, branching from base, branches opposite. Flower gen red-striped, widely branched. Leaves water 0.1–4 m deep, fresh to ± brackish, medium green, not dense-scaly underneath. clusters 0.8-3.3" long, 0.1-0.2" wide. succulent, 0.3-2" long, upper spine-tipped. to high nutrient levels. - Leaves forked, serrate, NOXIOUS. stiff.

COMMON PLANTAIN (Plantago major) CROTON (Croton californicus) Native Perennial - WESTERN RAGWEED (Ambrosia psilostachya) MUGWORT (Artemisia douglasiana) Native Naturalized Annual-Perennial - Plantain Family - Spurge Family - (Apr–Jul) - Sandy soils, dunes, Native Perennial - Sunflower Family - (Jun–Nov) - Perennial - Sunflower Family - (May–Nov) - (Apr–Sep) - Disturbed areas - Leaves basal, washes - Plant < 39" tall, covered with short, Common. Roadsides, dry fields - Plant 1-6.5' tall, Common. Open to shady areas, often in blades 5-18 cm long, broadly oval, not hairy. matted hairs. 1 sex/plant. Leaf blades 0.8-2.2" upright with long roots. Leaves 1-5" long with drainages - Plant 20-60" tall. Leaves gen 0.4-4" Flowers + stem 2-24" tall, flower cluster gen long, grayer underneath. narrow lobes. Fruits spineless. Allergenic pollen. long, densely hairy below, some 3-5 lobed. 1.2-8" long. Flower bracts hairy. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - Green/Brown Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 9

SPINY COCKLEBUR (Xanthium spinosum) COCKLEBUR (Xanthium strumarium) Native EURASIAN WATER-MILFOIL (Myriophyllum SEASIDE HELIOTROPE (Heliotropium Native Annual - Sunflower Family - (Jul–Oct) - Annual - Sunflower Family - (Jul–Oct) - spicatum) Naturalized Perennial - Water-milfoil curassavicum var. oculatum) Native Perennial - Disturbed, seasonally wet, often alkaline sites, in Disturbed, seasonally wet, often alkaline sites, in Family - (Jul–Sep) - Uncommon. Ditches, lake Borage Family - (Feb–Oct) - Moist to dry, saline grassland, marshes, watercourses - Plant 4-24". grassland, marshes, watercourses - Plant 4-32" margins - Aquatic. Stem > 39" long. Leaf to alkaline soils, gen near water - Plant fleshy. Stem node spines 0.6-1.2" long, golden, gen tall. Stem spineless. Bur 0.4-1.2"+ long. divisions > 28, paired, 0.4" long. Inflor leaves < Leaf 0.4-2.4 cm long. Flowers white w/ yellow 3-lobed. Bur 0.4-0.5" long. 0.12" long. INVASIVE. center, 0.12-0.2" long.

WATER SMARTWEED (Persicaria punctata) KNOTWEED (Polygonum aviculare subsp. POISON HEMLOCK (Conium maculatum) MASON'S LILAEOPSIS (Lilaeopsis masonii) Native Annual-Perennial - Buckwheat Family - depressum) Naturalized Annual - Buckwheat Naturalized Biennial - Carrot Family - (Apr–Jul) - Native Perennial - Carrot Family - (Jun–Aug) - (Jun–Nov) - Shallow water, shores, marshes, Family - (May–Nov) - Disturbed places - Stem Common. Moist, esp disturbed places - Plants Intertidal marshes, streambanks. - Plants < 4" floodplain forest - Flowers ~0.15" long, 5-lobed, 4-20", mat-forming. Flowers 2-8/leaf axil, ~0.1" 2-10' tall. Stems purple-spotted. Leaves fern-like, tall. Leaves tufted, thread-like, cylindric, < 0.05" white margins, gland-dotted. Fruit black, shiny. long, fused 1/2 length, w/white or pink margins. gen 2x divided. Flowers white. TOXIC. INVASIVE wide, 0.1-0.3" long. Petals white. Calif: RARE, weed. SERIOUSLY ENDANGERED. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - White Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 10

WATER PARSLEY (Oenanthe sarmentosa) GARDEN ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis YERBA MANSA (Anemopsis californica) Native CUTLEAF BUGLEWEED (Lycopus americanus) Native Perennial - Carrot Family - (Jun–Oct) - subsp. officinalis) Naturalized Perennial - Lily Perennial - Lizard's-tail Family - (Mar–Sep) - Native Perennial - Mint Family - (Aug–Sep) - Streams, marshes, ponds, gen aquatic - Plant Family - (Mar–Sep) - Disturbed places, Common. Saline or alkaline soil, wet or moist Moist areas, marshes, streambanks - Stem 8-32" 20-60" tall. Young shoots curled, tendril-like. roadsides, fields - Stem 3-10' tall. Flowers areas, seeps, springs - Stems 3-32" long. 4-9 tall, nodes short-hairy. Leaves 0.8-3" long, Leaves twice-pinnate, leaflets alike, broad, green-white, 3-7 mm long. Fruits red, ~0.3" long. petal-like bracts 0.2-1.4" long, white often tinged w/short stems, irregularly lobed and cut. Flowers serrate to lobed. Flowers white. Escaped garden vegetable. red. Was used medicinally. white, ~0.1" long.

WHITE-STEM HEDGE-NETTLEE (Stachys HEDGE BINDWEED (Calystegia sepium subsp. BINDWEED (Convolvulus arvensis) Naturalized PERENNIAL PEPPERGRASS (Lepidium albens) Native Perennial - Mint Family - limnophila) Native Perennial - Morning-glory Perennial - Morning-glory Family - (Mar–Oct) - latifolium) Naturalized Perennial - Mustard Family (May–Oct) - Swamps, seeps - Plant 1.6-8' tall, Family - (May–Jul) - Marshes, riverbanks - Stem Roadsides, open areas in many pl communities - - (Jun–Sep) - Pastures, disturbed areas, fields, densely cobwebby-hairy. Leaf felty, blade 1.2-6" climbing, < 13', smooth (hairy). Flower 1.2-2.4" Trailing. Leaf 0.8-1.2" long, w/round tip, pointed grassland, saline meadows, streambanks, long. Flowers white to pink; tube 0.2-0.4" long, long, white to pink-tinged. Bractlets concealing lobes. Flowers white to pink, 0.8-1" long. sagebrush scrub, edge of marshes - Plant hidden in bracts. flower bracts. NOXIOUS. 14-47". Petals white. NOXIOUS. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - White Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 11

BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum nigrum) WHITE SWEETCLOVER (Melilotus albus) ENGLISH PLANTAIN (Plantago lanceolata) DELTA MUDWORT (Limosella australis) Naturalized Annual - Nightshade Family - Naturalized Annual-Biennial - Pea Family - Naturalized Annual - Plantain Family - (Apr–Aug) Naturalized Annual - Snapdragon Family - (Apr) - (Mar–Oct) - Disturbed places - Flower 0.4" wide (May–Sep) - Locally abundant. Pastures, open - Common. Disturbed areas - Leaves basal, Muddy or sandy intertidal flats, brackish water - w/deep lobes, white. Anthers 0.08" long. Seeds disturbed sites - Stem 1.6-6.6' long. Leaflets 3, hairy, 2-10" long, <= 1" wide. Flowers + stem Leaf 0.4-1.2" long, awl-like, cylindric. Flower stalk 0.08". Bracts 0.08-0.12" long, not curled back in 0.4-1" long, toothed. Flowers white, 0.14-0.2" 8-31" tall, flower cluster 0.8-3" long. INVASIVE, < leaves. Flowers white, 0.12" long w/rounded fruit. long. lawn weed. lobes.

SEASIDE BROOKWEED (Samolus parviflorus) PUNCTURE VINE (Tribulus terrestris) FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare) Naturalized YELLOW WATER PRIMROSE (Ludwigia Native Perennial - Theophrasta Family - Naturalized Annual - Caltrop Family - (Apr–Oct) - Perennial - Carrot Family - (May–Sep) - peploides subsp. peploides) Native Perennial - (Spring–summer) - Moist sites - Stem 6-16" long. Dry, disturbed areas incl roadsides, railways, Roadsides, disturbed sites - Plants 3-6.5' tall, Evening Primrose Family - (May–Oct) - Leaves 0.8-2" long, mostly basal, alternate on vacant lots - Sprawling. Leaflets 6-12. Flowers anise-scented. Stems waxy-blue, canelike. Lakeshores, streambanks, seasonal wetlands - stem. Flowers white, 0.06" wide, at stem ends. yellow, < 0.2" wide. Fruits star-like, spines Flowers yellow. Leaf segments thread-like, edible Aquatic w/floating-creeping stems. Leaves 0.16-0.28" long. NOXIOUS. when young. INVASIVE weed. alternate. Sepals 0.25-0.4", petals 0.35-0.5". Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - Yellow Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 12

HOOKER EVENING-PRIMROSE (Oenothera GOLDEN MONKEYFLOWER (Mimulus guttatus) SHORTPOD MUSTARD (Hirschfeldia incana) BIRD'S-FOOT TREFOIL (Lotus corniculatus) elata subsp. hookeri) Native Biennial - Evening Native Perennial - Lopseed Family - (Mar–Aug) - Naturalized Biennial-Perennial - Mustard Family - Naturalized Perennial - Pea Family - (Jun–Sep) - Primrose Family - (Jun–Sep) - Moist, coastal, Common. Wet places, gen terrestrial, occ (Apr–Oct) - Disturbed areas - Stem 16-60". Open, disturbed areas - Leaflets 5, 0.16-0.9" slightly inland, sandy bluffs - Plant 16-32", emergent or floating in mats - Plant 0.8-60". Longest leaves 1.6-4" long, dense-hairy. Petals long. Flower cluster 3-7 flowered on0.6-4.7" stalk. sticky-hairy. Leaves 1.6-10" long, flat. Petals Flower yellow, gen > 0.8" long; mature bracts pale yellow, ~0.2" long. Fruit appressed. Flowers bright yellow, 0.4-0.55" long, banner yellow, 1-2" long. Seeds all fertile. flattened sideways, inflated in fruit. Fall-blooming. INVASIVE. often reddish.

PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea) Naturalized BUR-MARIGOLD (Bidens laevis) Native YELLOW STAR-THISTLE (Centaurea solstitialis) COMMON SPIKEWEED (Centromadia pungens Perennial - Purslane Family - (Late spring-early Annual-Perennial - Sunflower Family - (Aug–Nov) Naturalized Annual - Sunflower Family - subsp. pungens) Native Annual - Sunflower fall) - Disturbed soil - Stem 1.2-16" long, - Freshwater wetlands - Plant 8"-8' tall, with round (May–Oct) - Invasive, roadsides, disturbed Family - (Apr–Nov) - Grassland, saltbush scrub, spreading. Leaves 0.12-1.2" long, ~ stem. Leaves w/0 stalks, simple, 2-6" long, grassland or woodland - Plant 4-39" tall. Leaves disturbed sites - Spiny. Leaves smooth or rough spoon-shaped, flat. Flowers solitary. Petals serrate edges. Flowers showy, yellow; rays 7-8, woolly, extend down the stem. Flower bract to the touch. yellow, 4-6, 0.12-0.2" long. 0.6-1.2" long. spines 0.4-1" long. NOXIOUS weed. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - Yellow Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 13

BRASS-BUTTONS (Cotula coronopifolia) WESTERN GOLDENROD (Euthamia GREAT VALLEY GUMPLANT (Grindelia BIGELOW SNEEZEWEED (Helenium bigelovii) Naturalized Perennial - Sunflower Family - occidentalis) Native Perennial - Sunflower Family camporum) Native Perennial - Sunflower Family - Native Perennial - Sunflower Family - (Jul–Aug) - (Mar–Dec) - Common. Saline and freshwater - (Jul–Nov) - Marshes, streambanks, meadows - (May–Nov) - Sandy or saline bottomland, Wet meadows, marshes, bogs, fens, marshes, mud flats - Plant 2-16"+ tall, smooth, ± Stem < 6.6', smooth. Leaves < 4" long, <= 0.24" roadsides - Stem non-woody, 2-8' tall, whitish. streambanks, lake margins - Plant 1-4' tall. fleshy. Leaves linear to lance-shaped w/linear wide, w/dark glandular pits. Flowers yellow, rays Leaves gen resinous. Head to 1.2" wide, bracts Flower head spherical, disk flowers 0.1-0.2" long; teeth or lobes. INVASIVE. 0.06-0.1" long. bend downward. rays 0.5-1" long, pointing down.

ROSILLA (Helenium puberulum) Native Biennial - COMMON SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) BRISTLY OX-TONGUE (Helminthotheca TELEGRAPH WEED (Heterotheca grandiflora) Sunflower Family - (Jun–Aug) - Streambanks, Native Perennial - Sunflower Family - (Jun–Oct) - echioides) Naturalized Annual-Biennial - Native Annual - Sunflower Family - (Jun–Oct(± all seepage areas, lake margins - Plant 20-63". Disturbed areas, scrub, grassland, many other Sunflower Family - (All year) - Common. year)) - Disturbed areas, dry streambeds, sand Flower head spherical, disk flowers ~0.1" long, habitats - Plant < 10'. Leaf blades 4-16" long, <= Disturbed areas - Stem 1-6.5' tall, bristly. Leaf dunes - Plant 0.3-8' tall, bristly, sticky, branched yellow on sides, brown-purple on top; rays 2x width. Rays 0.2-2" long, disks reddish. Head 2-8" long, covered with prickly bumps. Flower above. Leaf 0.8-2.8" long, lower clasp stem. Rays 0.15-0.4" long, point down. bracts 0.2-0.3" wide. heads 0.8-1.6" wide. INVASIVE weed. 25-40, 0.2-0.3" long. Revision: 3/2/2014 Herbaceous - Yellow Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 14

WILLOW LETTUCE (Lactuca saligna) PRICKLY LETTUCE (Lactuca serriola) COMMON SOW THISTLE (Sonchus oleraceus) COMMON DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale) Naturalized Annual - Sunflower Family - Naturalized Annual - Sunflower Family - Naturalized Annual - Sunflower Family - (All year) Naturalized Biennial-Perennial - Sunflower Family (Jul–Nov) - Roadsides, grassland - Stem 12-39" (May–Oct) - Abundant. Disturbed places - Stem - Abundant. Disturbed places - Plant 4-55" tall. - (All year) - Abundant. Esp disturbed areas - tall. Leaf lobes entire or few-toothed, no prickles 1.6-10' tall, prickly-bristly. Leaves deeply-lobed, Leaf teeth soft to touch. Basal lobes of upper Stem hollow. Leaves bright green with sharp underneath. Flowers 5-12, pale yellow, open in midvein and edges prickly-bristly. Flowers pale leaves sharply pointed, straight to curving down-pointing lobes. Outer head bracts reflexed. morning. yellow, 0.16-0.2" wide. upward. Fruit ~ brown.

CALIFORNIA ROSE (Rosa californica) Native IODINE BUSH (Allenrolfea occidentalis) Native COAST LIVE OAK (Quercus agrifolia var. N. CALIFORNIA BLACK WALNUT (Juglans Perennial - Rose Family - (Feb–Nov) - Gen ± Perennial - Goosefoot Family - (Jun–Aug) - Flats, agrifolia) Native Perennial - Oak Family - hindsii) Native Perennial - Walnut Family - moist areas in sun, esp streambanks - Shrub hummocks, in alkaline soils - Succulent shrub (Mar–Apr) - Valleys, slopes, mixed-evergreen (Apr–May) - Along streams, disturbed slopes - 2.6-8.2' tall w/thick curved spines, forming 1-5' tall. Jointed stem, each green joint 0.1-0.4" forest, woodland - Tree 30-80'. Leaves convex, Tree 20-75'. Leaflets 13-21, 3-5". Fruit 1.4-2" thickets. Petals pink, 0.6-1" long; sepals unlobed. long by 0.1-0.2" wide. Leaves alternate, hair-tuft below in vein axils. Acorns on 1st year wide. CNPS: SERIOUSLY ENDANGERED scale-like, 0.1-0.2" long. twigs, shell glabrous inside. (unplanted). Revision: 3/2/2014 Woody - Green/Brown Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 15

FREMONT COTTONWOOD (Populus fremontii JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera japonica) WOOLLY FIRETHORN (Pyracantha angustifolia) HIMALAYAN BLACKBERRY (Rubus subsp. fremontii) Native Perennial - Willow Family Naturalized Perennial - Honeysuckle Family - Naturalized Perennial - Rose Family - (Feb–Jun) armeniacus) Naturalized Perennial - Rose Family - (Mar–Apr) - Scattered. Alluvial bottomland, (May–Jul) - Disturbed places - Twining shrub. - Disturbed areas, fencerows, abandoned fields, - (Mar–Jun) - Common. Disturbed areas, streamsides - Tree < 66' tall. Leaves Leaf gen 1.2-3.1" long. Flowers white turning roadsides - Plant < 13', gray-hairy. Leaves roadsides - Shrub w/thorny 5-angled stem. heart-shaped to triangular, coarsely scalloped, yellow, 1-1.6" long, in pairs. Fruits black. narrow, entire. Calyx and below leaves often Leaflets 3-5, white-hairy beneath. Blackberry-type blade 1.2-2.8" long. INVASIVE watch list. woolly. INVASIVE. fruit. INVASIVE.

PEPPER TREE (Schinus molle) Naturalized CALIFORNIA WILD GRAPE (Vitis californica) TREE TOBACCO (Nicotiana glauca) Naturalized HINDS' WILLOW (Salix exigua var. hindsiana) Perennial - Sumac Family - (Jun–Aug) - Washes, Native Perennial - Grape Family - (May–Jun) - Perennial - Nightshade Family - (Apr–Aug) - Native Perennial - Willow Family - (Apr–May) - slopes, abandoned fields - Tree 16-60' tall. Streamsides, springs, canyons - Woody vine to Open, disturbed flats or slopes - Shrub or small Common. Floodplains, sandy gravel - Shrub or Flowers white to yellow. Leaves compound, 33'+long. Leaves deciduous, heart-shaped to tree, waxy-blue. Leaves 2-8" long. Flowers tree < 17' tall. Leaf blades 1.2-6" long, linear, leaflets stemless. Fruits pink to red, 0.2-0.3" kidney-shaped. Fruit purple when mature, gen > yellow, 1.2-1.4" long. INVASIVE. TOXIC to mature dense soft-hairy below. Ovary hairy. diam. 0.3" wide. livestock. Revision: 3/2/2014 Woody - Yellow Wild Plants of Big Break Regional Shoreline - Sorted by Form, Color and Family Page 16

ARROYO WILLOW (Salix lasiolepis) Native Perennial - Willow Family - (Jan–Jun) - Common. Shores, marshes, meadows, etc - Shrub-tree, bark smooth. Leaf-like stipules. Leaf egg-shaped, waxy below. Fruit smooth, bract persistent, dark, stamens 2. Notes:

Decimal Inches

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 .5 2 .5 3 .5 4 .5 5 .5 6 .5 7 .5 8 .5 9

1/8 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3 1/2 4 1/2 5 1/2 6 1/2 7 1/2 8 1/2 9 English Inches

Notes: